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and_o under_o he_o in_o conjunction_n with_o the_o lithuanian_n samogitian_n etc._n etc._n invade_v masovia_n and_o make_v great_a havoc_n of_o that_o country_n but_o afterward_o mendog_v be_v unmindful_a any_o far_o of_o the_o civility_n of_o those_o knight_n turn_v his_o arm_n against_o their_o country_n destroy_v most_o of_o their_o city_n and_o return_v with_o great_a spoil_n next_o mendog_n have_v gather_v together_o a_o great_a army_n and_o be_v likewise_o assist_v by_o swarno_n duke_n of_o russia_n march_v against_o semovitus_n duke_n of_o masovia_n who_o together_o with_o his_o son_n conrade_n he_o surprise_v in_o his_o palace_n of_o jasdow_n where_o swarno_n strike_v off_o semovitus_n his_o head_n with_o his_o own_o hand_n but_o conrade_n be_v preserve_v by_o mendog_n and_o afterward_o ransom_v by_o his_o countryman_n soon_o after_o this_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o russian_n have_v make_v great_a devastation_n in_o masovia_n retire_v with_o the_o spoil_n and_o captive_n into_o their_o several_a country_n the_o next_o year_n the_o same_o people_n not_o be_v content_a with_o their_o former_a eruption_n march_v again_o into_o masovia_n but_o scarce_o find_v any_o thing_n leave_v to_o prey_n upon_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o last_o year_n work_n they_o only_o burn_v and_o plunder_v a_o house_n belong_v to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n and_o so_o return_v home_o at_o length_n heaven_n think_v fit_a to_o favour_v the_o polish_v christian_n by_o take_v away_o king_n mindog_n who_o be_v murder_v by_o his_o nephew_n murder_v stroinat_n and_o his_o son-in-law_n dowmant_n in_o the_o year_n 1263._o 1263._o stroinat_n begin_v his_o reign_n in_o the_o year_n 1263_o by_o the_o murder_n of_o his_o brother_n towcivil_a duke_n of_o polocz_n but_o not_o long_o afterward_o woisalk_v son_n of_o mendog_n though_o then_o a_o russian_a monk_n be_v mindful_a of_o his_o father_n death_n deprive_v he_o also_o of_o life_n and_o immediate_o seize_v on_o his_o dominion_n 1264._o woisalk_n take_v upon_o he_o only_o the_o title_n of_o duke_n and_o begin_v his_o government_n with_o frequent_a eruption_n into_o poland_n mascovia_n and_o prussia_n but_o in_o the_o year_n
john_n iij_o king_n of_o poland_n great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n russia_n prussia_n samogitia_n &c_n &c_n pag._n 163_o the_o history_n of_o poland_n in_o several_a letter_n to_o person_n of_o quality_n give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o ancient_n and_o present_a state_n of_o that_o kingdom_n historical_a geographical_a physical_a political_n and_o ecclesiastical_a viz._n it_o be_v origin_n and_o extent_n with_o a_o description_n of_o its_o town_n and_o province_n the_o succession_n and_o remarkable_a action_n of_o all_o its_o king_n and_o of_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n the_o election_n power_n and_o coronitâ—â—â—_n oâ—â—_n the_o king_n the_o senate_n or_o house_n of_o lord_n the_o 〈◊〉_d and_o form_n of_o government_n the_o privilege_n of_o the_o gâ—â—â—â—ry_a their_o religion_n learning_n language_n custom_n haâ—â—â—s_n manner_n riches_n trade_n and_o military_a affair_n together_o with_o the_o state_n of_o physic_n and_o natural_a knowledge_n 〈◊〉_d also_o a_o account_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n and_o of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n his_o family_n and_o territory_n with_o sculpture_n and_o a_o new_a map_n after_o the_o best_a geographer_n with_o several_a letter_n relate_v to_o physic_n vol._n i._n by_o bern._n connor_n m._n d._n fellow_n of_o the_o royal_a society_n and_o member_n of_o the_o college_n of_o physician_n who_o in_o his_o travel_n in_o that_o country_n collect_v these_o memoir_n from_o the_o best_a author_n and_o his_o own_o observation_n publish_a by_o the_o care_n and_o assistance_n of_o mr._n savage_n london_n print_v by_o j._n d._n for_o dan._n brown_n without_o temple-bar_n and_o a._n roper_n in_o fleetstreet_n m_o dc_o xcviii_o the_o preface_n have_v neither_o a_o genius_n nor_o a_o talon_n for_o history_n much_o less_o for_o politic_n and_o have_v pass_v but_o a_o very_a small_a time_n at_o the_o late_a king_n of_o poland_n court_n i_o can_v neither_o promise_v the_o critic_n nor_o politician_n that_o politeness_n of_o style_n nor_o those_o exact_a rule_n and_o circumstance_n of_o history_n they_o general_o expect_v and_o be_v accustom_a to_o meet_v with_o in_o relaâ—â—ions_n of_o this_o nature_n for_o the_o memoir_n i_o collect_v and_o the_o remark_n i_o make_v in_o that_o nation_n as_o well_o as_o in_o other_o foreign_a country_n be_v first_o intend_v for_o my_o own_o curiosity_n until_o be_v come_v some_o few_o year_n ago_o from_o my_o travel_n into_o england_n and_o find_v there_o have_v not_o be_v yet_o publish_v in_o our_o tongue_n any_o account_n of_o this_o vast_a neighbour_a kingdom_n i_o be_v often_o discourse_v chief_o during_o this_o last_o election_n about_o the_o constitution_n of_o that_o country_n and_o be_v desire_v to_o communicate_v to_o the_o public_a what_o i_o know_v of_o it_o this_o give_v i_o occasion_n to_o revise_v my_o memoir_n and_o to_o consider_v that_o if_o they_o be_v put_v into_o good_a order_n they_o may_v perhaps_o be_v of_o some_o use_n because_o the_o form_n of_o government_n in_o poland_n be_v in_o some_o respect_n like_o that_o of_o we_o but_o the_o first_o year_n i_o come_v over_o i_o spend_v some_o month_n at_o oxford_n to_o publish_v a_o small_a latin_a treatise_n of_o physical_a matter_n and_o to_o communicate_v to_o the_o ingenious_a gentleman_n there_o what_o small_a insight_n i_o be_v think_v to_o have_v in_o anatomy_n and_o in_o the_o materia_fw-la medica_fw-la the_o summer_n follow_v i_o make_v some_o chemical_a and_o anatomical_a demonstration_n at_o cambridg_n these_o two_o last_o winter_n i_o have_v be_v much_o take_v up_o here_o in_o town_n in_o try_v a_o great_a many_o chemical_a and_o anatomical_a experiment_n and_o in_o publish_v my_o treatise_n de_fw-fr medicina_fw-la mystica_fw-la and_o beside_o be_v busy_v in_o my_o other_o occupation_n in_o the_o practice_n of_o physic_n to_o which_o i_o have_v entire_o apply_v myself_o of_o late_a as_o be_v more_o suitable_a to_o my_o temper_n and_o profession_n than_o historical_a one_o i_o neither_o can_v take_v any_o delight_n nor_o have_v any_o leisure_n to_o write_v over_o or_o to_o put_v into_o due_a method_n the_o memoir_n i_o bring_v from_o poland_n so_o that_o the_o public_a be_v indebt_v to_o my_o ingenious_a friend_n mr._n savage_a for_o without_o his_o help_n this_o account_n of_o poland_n can_v not_o doubtless_o have_v thus_o appear_v these_o several_a year_n i_o hope_v ingenuous_a and_o candid_a person_n will_v excuse_v the_o fault_n and_o defect_n they_o will_v undoubted_o meet_v with_o in_o this_o historical_a relation_n since_o what_o i_o design_v only_o to_o do_v at_o my_o own_o leisure_n in_o some_o year_n i_o have_v dispatch_v with_o too_o much_o precipitation_n in_o few_o month_n to_o satisfy_v the_o curiosity_n of_o people_n during_o the_o late_a election_n in_o poland_n who_o long_v to_o see_v some_o account_n of_o that_o kingdom_n publish_v wherefore_o i_o neither_o deserve_v nor_o desire_v any_o other_o reputation_n by_o it_o than_o that_o be_v the_o first_o that_o have_v give_v any_o history_n of_o that_o country_n in_o our_o language_n i_o give_v occasion_n to_o other_o that_o may_v travel_v after_o i_o in_o poland_n to_o give_v a_o more_o satisfactory_a account_n thereof_o i_o admire_v our_o english_a gentry_n who_o travel_n into_o germany_n have_v never_o the_o curiosity_n to_o go_v either_o from_o berlin_n through_o prussia_n or_o posnania_n to_o warsaw_n or_o from_o vienna_n through_o silesia_n to_o cracow_n they_o may_v with_o ease_n perform_v this_o journey_n in_o three_o month_n time_n and_o not_o think_v their_o time_n lose_v for_o though_o there_o be_v not_o so_o many_o rarity_n to_o be_v see_v nor_o that_o conveniency_n of_o travel_v â—â—s_o in_o most_o other_o country_n yet_o they_o may_v observe_v the_o most_o remarkable_a place_n in_o poland_n the_o peculiar_a form_n of_o government_n the_o splendour_n of_o the_o court_n and_o the_o extraordinary_a grandeur_n of_o the_o nobility_n who_o be_v not_o so_o barbarous_a nor_o so_o unpolished_a as_o they_o be_v general_o represent_v for_o these_o sixty_o or_o seventy_o year_n past_a the_o pole_n have_v take_v a_o humour_n to_o travel_v and_o have_v of_o late_o refine_v themselves_o extreme_o have_v have_v french_a queen_n and_o french_a faction_n reign_v among_o they_o during_o the_o four_o last_o reign_n successive_o which_o have_v produce_v this_o good_a effect_n contrary_a to_o the_o private_a design_n of_o france_n that_o not_o only_o the_o rough_a temper_n of_o the_o pole_n be_v make_v more_o polite_a and_o their_o behaviour_n more_o civil_a but_o likewise_o their_o judgement_n improve_v and_o they_o themselves_o render_v more_o capable_a of_o know_v their_o own_o interest_n and_o more_o wary_a than_o former_o of_o a_o despotic_a power_n which_o their_o king_n of_o late_a assist_v by_o the_o french_a have_v labour_v to_o introduce_v for_o the_o pole_n be_v now_o sensible_a that_o the_o french_a king_n who_o be_v absolute_a at_o home_n and_o well_o know_v to_o be_v ambitious_a enough_o to_o enlarge_v his_o conquest_n abroad_o have_v just_a reason_n to_o think_v that_o it_o will_v have_v be_v casy_a for_o he_o to_o manage_v his_o interest_n against_o the_o empire_n with_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n who_o be_v likewise_o absolute_a than_o it_o be_v now_o with_o one_o who_o entire_o depend_v on_o the_o uncertain_a resolution_n of_o a_o free_a parliament_n because_o let_v a_o king_n of_o poland_n be_v ever_o so_o despotic_a his_o kingdom_n be_v poor_a he_o will_v always_o want_v money_n either_o to_o satisfy_v his_o pleasure_n or_o to_o gratify_v his_o ambition_n and_o will_v scarce_o ever_o be_v proof_n against_o fifty_o thousand_o louis-d'or's_a the_o pole_n be_v not_o only_o watchful_a against_o the_o encroach_a faction_n of_o france_n but_o likewise_o they_o begin_v to_o consider_v the_o unhappy_a condition_n of_o their_o enslave_v neighbour_n the_o muscovite_n swede_n dane_n german_n and_o turk_n who_o groan_n under_o the_o heavy_a yoke_n of_o the_o unlimited_a power_n of_o their_o sovereign_n these_o visible_a example_n make_v they_o so_o very_o jealous_a of_o their_o king_n and_o so_o extreme_a fond_a of_o their_o liberty_n that_o they_o will_v not_o only_o always_o keep_v their_o crown_n elective_a but_o likewise_o oblige_v their_o new_a king_n to_o enlarge_v their_o privilege_n which_o be_v at_o this_o time_n more_o ample_a than_o ever_o they_o have_v be_v before_o and_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v imagine_v that_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n will_v become_v despotic_a as_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n do_v because_o in_o denmark_n the_o king_n clergy_n and_o common_a people_n be_v keep_v under_o by_o the_o exorbitant_a power_n of_o the_o nobility_n join_v together_o and_o soon_o bring_v the_o nobility_n to_o declare_v the_o king_n absolute_a choose_v rather_o to_o be_v under_o one_o master_n than_o under_o several_a petty_a tyrant_n but_o in_o poland_n both_o gentry_n and_o clergy_n who_o be_v very_o numerous_a and_o
his_o death_n suentopelus_n declare_v himself_o duke_n of_o pomerania_n and_o conrade_n and_o 111._o call_v into_o poland_n the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n poland_n order_n who_o be_v then_o banish_v out_o of_o syria_n by_o the_o saracen_n and_o settle_v in_o germany_n to_o help_v he_o against_o the_o prussian_n who_o be_v wont_a to_o make_v frequent_a incursion_n into_o his_o country_n to_o who_o for_o recompense_n he_o give_v the_o territory_n of_o culm_n and_o some_o other_o small_a place_n on_o condition_n they_o shall_v act_v vigorous_o against_o the_o prussian_n but_o after_o they_o have_v conquer_v those_o people_n they_o be_v to_o resign_v culm_n etc._n etc._n and_o have_v the_o half_a of_o their_o conquest_n to_o themselves_o these_o auxiliary_a troop_n prove_v afterward_o very_o pernicious_a to_o poland_n have_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o many_o bloody_a war_n in_o that_o country_n this_o agreement_n between_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n as_o they_o be_v likewise_o call_v and_o conrade_n be_v approve_v and_o confirm_v by_o pope_n gregory_n ix_o in_o the_o year_n 1228._o in_o a_o short_a time_n these_o knight_n effect_v what_o they_o undertake_v this_o lescus_n lie_v bury_v in_o the_o cathedral_n at_o cracow_n and_o leave_v behind_o he_o a_o young_a son_n 1228._o boleslaus_n v._o surname_v the_o chaste_a who_o guardian_n he_o order_v to_o be_v his_o brother_n conrade_n and_o henry_n duke_n of_o breslaw_n his_o cousin_n this_o young_a prince_n notwithstanding_o the_o many_o intrigue_n and_o cabal_n conrade_n form_v against_o he_o who_o design_v to_o make_v himself_o king_n be_v elect_v in_o the_o year_n 1228_o and_o reign_v to_o the_o year_n 1278._o he_o marry_v cunigunda_fw-la daughter_n marriage_n to_o bela_n king_n of_o hungary_n but_o after_o they_o be_v bed_v he_o have_v not_o the_o courage_n to_o consummate_v the_o marriage_n and_o therefore_o by_o mutual_a consent_n both_o make_v a_o vow_n of_o chastity_n tartar_n 116._o it_o be_v in_o this_o prince_n reign_n the_o tartar_n make_v their_o first_o eruption_n into_o poland_n whereof_o there_o be_v three_o at_o several_a time_n in_o the_o first_o they_o ravage_v all_o the_o country_n about_o lublin_n and_o russia_n and_o carry_v away_o a_o incredible_a number_n of_o prisoner_n with_o great_a riches_n in_o the_o second_o they_o return_v with_o more_o fury_n and_o not_o be_v content_v with_o the_o plunder_n of_o poland_n spread_v likewise_o all_o over_o silesia_n where_o near_o lignitz_n they_o entire_o defeat_v the_o confederate_a army_n of_o the_o christian_n wherein_o henry_n duke_n of_o breslaw_n boleslaus_n son_n to_o the_o trouble_n duke_n of_o moravia_n pompo_n great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n and_o several_a other_o person_n of_o note_n be_v kill_v 119._o the_o number_n of_o dead_a body_n be_v so_o incredible_a that_o they_o fill_v nine_o great_a sack_n with_o the_o christian_n ear_n cut_v off_o each_o head_n but_o one_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o hannibal_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o cannae_n fill_v several_a bushel_n with_o the_o ring_v cut_v off_o from_o the_o finger_n of_o the_o roman_a knight_n only_o that_o be_v there_o kill_v boleslaus_n have_v not_o the_o courage_n to_o march_v in_o person_n against_o the_o tartar_n when_o they_o come_v a_o second_o time_n to_o invade_v he_o but_o retire_v with_o hungary_n his_o court_n into_o hungary_n and_o thereby_o leave_v his_o subject_n to_o the_o mercy_n of_o their_o enemy_n which_o base_a action_n the_o pole_n be_v extreme_o offend_v at_o intend_v to_o have_v elect_v a_o new_a king_n whereupon_o boleslaus_n son_n to_o henry_n duke_n of_o breslaw_n that_o be_v kill_v in_o the_o battle_n afterward_o be_v name_v but_o conrade_n vigorous_o oppose_v he_o and_o pretend_v to_o have_v more_o right_o the_o gentry_n to_o prevent_v civil_a war_n recall_v their_o former_a king_n bolestaus_fw-la from_o return_v hungary_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n conrade_n die_v not_o long_o after_o the_o tartar_n together_o with_o the_o lithuanian_n which_o be_v hitherto_o pagan_n make_v incursion_n a_o three_o time_n into_o poland_n when_o they_o pillage_v the_o country_n up_o as_o far_o as_o cracow_n which_o city_n meet_v with_o no_o body_n in_o it_o to_o resist'em_v they_o both_o plunder_v and_o burn_v afterward_o they_o go_v to_o vratislaw_n which_o they_o find_v war_n ready_o fire_v to_o their_o hand_n for_o the_o townsman_n have_v have_v timely_a notice_n of_o the_o come_n of_o the_o barbarian_n have_v get_v all_o their_o treasure_n together_o and_o flee_v whilst_o the_o soldier_n distrust_v the_o strength_n of_o the_o place_n and_o sear_v it_o may_v become_v a_o prey_n to_o the_o enemy_n set_v fire_n to_o it_o and_o retire_v into_o the_o castle_n which_o have_v great_o incense_v the_o tartar_n they_o lay_v siege_n to_o the_o castle_n with_o all_o imaginable_a vigour_n and_o will_v soon_o have_v take_v it_o have_v they_o not_o be_v fright_v from_o before_o it_o by_o a_o prodigy_n during_o this_o boleslaus_n march_v in_o person_n against_o the_o lithuanian_n who_o he_o overthrow_v and_o kill_v their_o duke_n mindacus_n the_o prussian_n likewise_o be_v yet_o pagan_n side_v with_o the_o lithuanian_n when_o the_o teutonick_n order_n which_o be_v then_o settle_v in_o prussia_n call_v to_o their_o assistance_n 103._o ottocarus_n king_n of_o bohemia_n who_o quick_o reduce_v the_o prussian_n and_o the_o better_a build_v to_o keep_v they_o in_o awe_o build_v a_o fort_n call_v koningsberg_n or_o royal_a hill_n boleslaus_n be_v a_o pious_a and_o good_a prince_n and_o lie_v bury_v at_o cracow_n in_o a_o monastery_n found_v death_n by_o himself_o he_o build_v other_o religious_a house_n and_o reign_v near_o 50_o year_n and_o have_v make_v a_o vow_n of_o chastity_n leave_v no_o child_n wherefore_o his_o uncle_n son_n by_o the_o father_n 1279._o lescus_n vi_o surname_v the_o black_a succeed_v he_o be_v elect_v in_o the_o year_n 1279_o and_o reign_v only_o to_o the_o year_n 1289._o in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n the_o russian_n summon_v by_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o tartar_n make_v incursion_n into_o war_n poland_n under_o command_n of_o leo_n their_o duke_n but_o be_v defeat_v first_o by_o varsias_n the_o king_n general_n and_o afterward_o be_v beat_v by_o the_o king_n himself_o out_o of_o a_o village_n where_o they_o have_v entrench_v themselves_o which_o from_o that_o call_v general_n be_v name_n have_v be_v since_o call_v 136._o leopol_n and_o be_v now_o a_o sine_fw-la city_n upon_o this_o defeat_n the_o enemy_n be_v force_v to_o retire_v with_o great_a loss_n not_o long_o after_o they_o return_v again_o but_o more_o to_o their_o prejudice_n than_o in_o the_o former_a irruption_n for_o then_o though_o their_o army_n consist_v of_o a_o prodigious_a number_n of_o man_n and_o a_o innumerable_a company_n of_o mastiff_n dog_n train_v up_o to_o war_n yet_o be_v they_o a_o second_o time_n rout_v by_o lescus_n insomuch_o that_o a_o certain_a people_n call_v jazyges_n who_o then_o inhabit_v a_o part_n of_o lithuania_n and_o come_v only_o to_o plunder_v in_o poland_n be_v so_o total_o destroy_v that_o there_o remain_v nothing_o leave_v of_o they_o except_o the_o name_n but_o at_o length_n the_o tartar_n make_v another_o irruption_n have_v better_a success_n for_o they_o not_o only_o vanquish_v lescus_n but_o also_o carry_v away_o beside_o man_n marry_a woman_n and_o child_n above_o twenty_o thousand_o maid_n into_o captivity_n insurrection_n after_o this_o defeat_n a_o insurrection_n be_v raise_v against_o lescus_n by_o paul_n bishop_n of_o cracow_n for_o that_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o boleslaus_n the_o chaste_a lescus_n have_v keep_v he_o about_o a_o month_n in_o prison_n hereupon_o conrade_n duke_n of_o masovia_n be_v invite_v to_o accept_v the_o crown_n who_o come_v into_o poland_n for_o that_o purpose_n be_v meet_v at_o sendomir_n by_o general_n varsias_n paul_n the_o bishop_n and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o the_o nobility_n upon_o this_o lescus_n perceive_v himself_o forsake_v flee_v into_o hungary_n hungary_n to_o king_n vladislaus_n but_o the_o city_n of_o cracow_n still_o bear_v a_o respect_n to_o he_o continue_v loyal_a and_o prepare_v to_o sustain_v a_o siege_n whereupon_o have_v be_v summon_v to_o surrender_v their_o answer_n be_v that_o they_o can_v not_o be_v treaâ—â—berous_a to_o their_o lawful_a sovereign_n lescus_n but_o will_v defend_v his_o right_n to_o the_o last_o drop_n of_o their_o blood_n hereat_o the_o noble_n be_v grievous_o nettle_v resolve_v to_o sit_v down_o with_o their_o army_n before_o that_o city_n but_o upon_o their_o approach_n find_v it_o empty_a the_o inhabitant_n be_v retire_v into_o the_o castle_n they_o set_v sire_n to_o it_o think_v by_o those_o mean_n to_o bring_v the_o enemy_n soon_o to_o a_o compliance_n this_o do_v lescus_n have_v obtain_v a_o considerable_a army_n of_o king_n vladislaus_n be_v march_v direct_o towards_o cracow_n to_o relieve_v his_o
besiege_a friend_n when_o meet_v with_o conrade_n who_o come_v to_o oppose_v he_o near_o the_o river_n roba_fw-la he_o entire_o rout_v success_n he_o and_o force_v he_o back_o again_o into_o his_o own_o country_n this_o happen_v about_o the_o year_n 1285._o death_n this_o prince_n die_v and_o be_v bury_v in_o the_o monastery_n of_o the_o trinity_n at_o cracow_n lescus_n the_o vi_o leave_v no_o child_n his_o kingdom_n consequent_o fall_v into_o great_a distraction_n for_o vladislaus_n locticus_n his_o brother_n seize_v on_o the_o palatinate_n of_o siradia_n and_o boleslaus_n duke_n of_o ploskow_n brother_n to_o conrade_n duke_n of_o masovia_n on_o the_o palatinate_v of_o cracovia_n and_o sendomir_n but_o this_o latter_a be_v soon_o dispossess_v by_o 1290._o henry_n duke_n of_o breslaw_n surname_v the_o honest_a of_o the_o family_n of_o piastus_n in_o the_o year_n 1290_o who_o be_v likewise_o not_o long_o after_o turn_v out_o by_o locticus_n but_o soon_o restore_v and_o reign_v in_o quality_n of_o king_n for_o the_o space_n of_o five_o year_n though_o i_o do_v not_o read_v he_o be_v crown_v he_o appoint_v premislus_n duke_n of_o great_a poland_n for_o his_o successor_n be_v of_o the_o family_n of_o piastus_n likewise_o this_o premislus_n also_o have_v the_o province_n of_o pomerania_n leave_v he_o by_o miescingus_n prince_n of_o that_o country_n 1296._o premislus_n in_o the_o thirty_o eight_o year_n of_o his_o age_n be_v crown_v king_n at_o gnesna_n by_o james_n swinka_n archbishop_n of_o that_o city_n in_o the_o restore_v year_n 1296_o which_o be_v a_o honour_n that_o have_v not_o be_v 40._o do_v to_o any_o prince_n of_o poland_n before_o for_o above_o two_o hundred_o year_n since_o boleslaus_n the_o bold_a kill_v stanislaus_n at_o the_o altar_n but_o premislus_n do_v not_o long_o enjoy_v this_o title_n for_o seven_o month_n after_o his_o coronation_n he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v murder_v 97._o murder_v by_o some_o brandenburg_n emissary_n that_o marquis_n be_v afraid_a of_o this_o king_n who_o be_v master_n of_o pomerania_n which_o join_v to_o his_o country_n he_o be_v bury_v among_o his_o predecessor_n at_o posnan_n after_o the_o murder_n of_o king_n premislus_n 1296._o uladislaus_n locticus_n so_o call_v from_o the_o word_n 77._o lokiec_n a_o ell_n have_v his_o name_n from_o his_o low_a stature_n brother_n of_o lescus_n the_o black_a be_v choose_v in_o the_o year_n 1296_o and_o reign_v only_o four_o year_n he_o go_v upon_o a_o expedition_n against_o the_o silesian_n that_o be_v war_n incline_v to_o assist_v the_o bohemian_n against_o he_o who_o then_o pretend_v a_o right_n to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n these_o locticus_n subdue_v and_o have_v considerable_o ravage_v their_o country_n return_v home_o where_o he_o afterward_o give_v himself_o up_o to_o a_o lewd_a and_o debauch_a life_n insomuch_o that_o vice_n he_o neglect_v the_o care_n of_o all_o public_a business_n and_o mind_v nothing_o but_o his_o own_o private_a pleasure_n these_o his_o intolerable_a vice_n bring_v upon_o he_o the_o ill-will_a of_o his_o subject_n insomuch_o that_o after_o three_o year_n reign_n they_o pronounce_v he_o unworthy_a of_o the_o sceptre_n and_o resolve_v to_o elect_v another_o hereupon_o locticus_n be_v dethrone_v dethrone_v they_o invite_v 1300._o winceslaus_fw-la king_n of_o bohemia_n to_o accept_v their_o crown_n who_o be_v marry_v to_o rixa_fw-la daughter_n of_o king_n premislus_n and_o crown_v king_n of_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1300_o but_o reign_v only_o to_o 1305._o after_o he_o come_v to_o reign_v he_o persecute_v locticus_n who_o hide_v himself_o for_o some_o time_n but_o be_v force_v at_o last_o to_o quit_v the_o kingdom_n when_o winceslaus_fw-la thus_o see_v himself_o secure_a at_o home_n by_o the_o flight_n of_o locticus_n and_o after_o have_v put_v bohemian_a garrison_n into_o the_o several_a city_n of_o poland_n which_o seem_v very_o policy_n uneasy_a to_o that_o nation_n he_o think_v it_o high_a time_n to_o go_v and_o settle_v affair_n in_o bohemia_n during_o this_o vladislaus_n locticus_n have_v a_o considerable_a party_n in_o the_o kingdom_n which_o daily_o increase_v on_o account_n of_o discontent_n against_o winceslaus_fw-la and_o have_v get_v together_o several_a troop_n out_o of_o hungary_n he_o march_v direct_o war_n towards_o poland_n hear_v that_o the_o bohemian_a government_n be_v somewhat_o burdensome_a to_o that_o nation_n at_o first_o locticus_n have_v considerable_a advantage_n over_o the_o bohemian_n but_o by_o the_o death_n of_o winceslaus_fw-la which_o follow_v soon_o after_o he_o have_v all_o the_o success_n he_o can_v desire_v for_o the_o bohemian_n who_o have_v possession_n of_o the_o garrison_n find_v themselves_o in_o a_o strange_a country_n and_o moreover_o hate_v and_o ill_o think_v on_o by_o the_o people_n be_v afraid_a of_o a_o insurrection_n against_o they_o and_o therefore_o make_v no_o great_a difficulty_n of_o surrender_v to_o locticus_n all_o those_o city_n and_o town_n they_o have_v possession_n of_o as_o cracow_n sendomir_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o mean_a time_n young_a winceslaus_fw-la come_v with_o a_o army_n to_o dispute_v his_o father_n kingdom_n with_o locticus_n be_v 118._o murder_v in_o the_o expedition_n it_o be_v think_v by_o order_n of_o the_o emperor_n albert_n and_o since_o his_o time_n the_o bohemian_n have_v ever_o be_v govern_v by_o foreign_a prince_n winceslaus_fw-la king_n death_n of_o poland_n and_o bohemia_n die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o 147._o prague_n in_o the_o year_n 1305._o 1305._o after_o the_o death_n both_o of_o winceslaus_fw-la the_o father_n and_o son_n vladislaus_n locticus_n be_v restore_v almost_o by_o common_a consent_n in_o the_o year_n 1305_o and_o reign_v to_o the_o year_n 1333._o and_o this_o they_o do_v either_o because_o they_o think_v he_o have_v have_v time_n to_o repent_v and_o mend_v his_o former_a life_n or_o by_o reason_n they_o be_v afraid_a of_o civil_a war_n if_o they_o shall_v elect_v any_o other_o 119._o notwithstanding_o difficulty_n the_o palatinate_n of_o posnania_n and_o kalisch_n have_v a_o fresh_a memory_n of_o his_o past_a dissolute_a life_n will_v never_o acknowledge_v he_o their_o king_n also_o the_o governor_n of_o pomerania_n which_o then_o belong_v to_o poland_n be_v bribe_v by_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n deliver_v up_o to_o he_o all_o the_o city_n of_o that_o province_n as_o likewise_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n except_o the_o castle_n which_o the_o governor_n thereof_o one_o bogussa_n be_v true_o loyal_a to_o his_o king_n will_v by_o no_o mean_n surrender_v prussia_n in_o these_o day_n the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n be_v full_o settle_v in_o prussia_n be_v both_o very_a strong_a and_o very_a rich._n they_o be_v establish_v there_o by_o agreement_n with_o conrade_n brother_n to_o king_n vladislaus_n lasconogus_n for_o assist_v he_o against_o the_o prussian_n when_o he_o be_v oppress_v by_o they_o they_o there_o build_v some_o year_n before_o the_o city_n of_o 120._o marienburg_n appoint_v for_o build_v residence_n of_o their_o great_a master_n here_o locticus_n be_v oblige_v to_o crave_v their_o aid_n against_o the_o rebel_n of_o pomerania_n and_o dantzic_n which_o they_o ready_o grant_v on_o condition_n that_o half_o the_o garrison_n of_o the_o castle_n of_o dantzic_n shall_v be_v of_o their_o troop_n by_o which_o mean_n they_o soon_o become_v master_n of_o the_o whole_a for_o they_o afterward_o not_o only_o turn_v the_o pole_n out_o of_o the_o pole_n castle_n but_o both_o brandenburgher_n and_o pomeranian_o out_o of_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n itself_o and_o likewise_o under_o pretence_n of_o assist_v the_o king_n of_o poland_n conquer_v all_o pomerania_n for_o themselves_o when_o be_v master_n thereof_o they_o offer_v to_o buy_v the_o title_n of_o locticus_n for_o money_n which_o he_o refuse_v then_o they_o offer_v the_o same_o sum_n to_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n to_o renounce_v his_o right_n to_o that_o province_n which_o he_o though_o he_o have_v no_o title_n to_o sell_v yet_o be_v wise_a enough_o to_o accept_v their_o prosser_n the_o pole_n be_v very_o sensible_a of_o all_o these_o affront_v and_o injustice_n offer_v they_o by_o the_o teutonic_n order_n but_o before_o they_o proceed_v to_o revenge_n they_o think_v it_o advisable_v to_o 123._o acquaint_v the_o pope_n therewith_o who_o live_v then_o at_o avignon_n who_o after_o four_o year_n delay_n and_o debate_n order_v the_o knight_n to_o give_v due_a fatisfaction_n to_o the_o pole_n but_o they_o have_v have_v four_o year_n respite_n to_o fortify_v themselves_o and_o to_o make_v strong_a alliance_n with_o some_o neighbour_a prince_n and_o beside_o have_v a_o very_a considerable_a army_n on_o foot_n answer_v his_o holiness_n that_o they_o have_v often_o do_v great_a service_n for_o poland_n that_o that_o kingdom_n owe_v they_o sum_n of_o money_n and_o that_o they_o presume_v that_o not_o only_o the_o land_n they_o be_v in_o possession_n of_o in_o prussia_n and_o pomerania_n
about_o 100000_o captive_n of_o which_o the_o great_a part_n be_v russian_n the_o moldavian_n and_o valachian_n quick_o return_v home_o but_o the_o turk_n out_o of_o covetousness_n of_o plunder_n stay_v till_o the_o great_a frost_n and_o snow_n surprise_v they_o when_o not_o be_v use_v to_o such_o excessive_a cold_a as_o this_o country_n be_v subject_a to_o above_o 40000_o of_o they_o be_v freeze_v to_o death_n 201._o some_o among_o they_o that_o escape_v be_v force_v to_o cut_v open_a their_o horse_n belly_n and_o thrust_v themselves_o into_o they_o to_o preserve_v their_o natural_a heat_n after_o this_o turk_n john_n albert_n make_v peace_n with_o the_o valachian_n and_o bajazet_n emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n next_o he_o go_v in_o person_n into_o prussia_n to_o oblige_v frederic_n duke_n of_o saxony_n then_o great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n to_o take_v oath_n of_o fidelity_n to_o he_o which_o he_o have_v for_o some_o time_n refuse_v but_o die_v sudden_o at_o thorn_n before_o he_o can_v effect_v death_n his_o design_n albert_n leave_v no_o child_n the_o diet_n think_v fit_a to_o elect_v his_o brother_n 1501._o alexander_n great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n the_o better_a to_o renew_v their_o alliance_n with_o that_o country_n this_o prince_n be_v proclaim_v king_n come_v to_o cracow_n where_o by_o his_o brother_n frederic_n cardinal_n and_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n he_o be_v crown_v in_o the_o year_n 1501_o and_o reign_v only_o five_o year_n but_o the_o archbishop_n 90._o refuse_v to_o do_v the_o like_a office_n for_o his_o queen_n helena_n because_o she_o be_v of_o the_o greek_a church_n be_v daughter_n to_o john_n great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n which_o country_n be_v all_o of_o that_o persuasion_n soon_o after_o that_o he_o be_v crown_v his_o father-in-law_n war_n the_o great_a duke_n make_v war_n upon_o he_o and_o besiege_v the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n capital_a of_o a_o large_a province_n of_o the_o same_o name_n but_o alexander_n come_v in_o time_n to_o relieve_v it_o oblige_v the_o muscovite_n to_o make_v peace_n for_o six_o year_n in_o his_o time_n also_o the_o moldavian_n and_o tartar_n make_v eruption_n into_o poland_n but_o be_v beat_v back_o with_o great_a loss_n insomuch_o that_o it_o be_v say_v there_o be_v kill_v only_o of_o the_o tartar_n in_o that_o action_n near_o 20000._o the_o king_n be_v not_o in_o person_n at_o this_o victory_n he_o then_o lie_v sick_a at_o vilna_n capital_a death_n of_o lithuania_n where_o he_o die_v soon_o after_o and_o be_v bury_v in_o that_o city_n character_n 356._o he_o be_v of_o a_o middle_a stature_n have_v a_o long_a visage_n and_o black_a hair_n be_v very_o strong_a build_v but_o exceed_v dull-witted_a and_o consequent_o but_o a_o little_a talker_n he_o exceed_v all_o his_o brother_n in_o generosity_n and_o be_v wont_n to_o delight_n much_o in_o musician_n and_o such_o trifle_a artist_n nevertheless_o this_o his_o liberality_n be_v general_o esteem_v but_o prodigality_n insomuch_o that_o some_o be_v so_o hold_v as_o to_o say_v that_o he_o die_v in_o time_n or_o else_o both_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n may_v have_v be_v lavish_v away_o to_o prevent_v the_o like_a pernicious_a generosity_n for_o the_o future_a 90._o the_o diet_n make_v a_o law_n call_v it_o statutum_n alexandrinum_n by_o which_o they_o revoke_v all_o this_o king_n be_v profuse_a gift_n alexander_n leave_v no_o child_n and_o but_o two_o brother_n the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n die_v before_o he_o 1507._o sigismond_n be_v prefer_v to_o vladislaus_n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n either_o because_o the_o gentry_n be_v more_o affect_v to_o he_o be_v breed_v among_o they_o or_o by_o reason_n they_o be_v afraid_a of_o vladislaus_n great_a power_n he_o be_v elect_v at_o petricovia_n in_o the_o year_n 1507_o and_o reign_v forty_o one_o year_n when_o sigismond_n leave_v his_o government_n of_o lithuania_n to_o come_v into_o poland_n he_o substitute_v one_o glinski_n a_o great_a â—â—avourite_n of_o the_o late_a king_n be_v in_o his_o room_n etc._n this_o palatin_n have_v great_a authority_n among_o the_o lithuanian_n become_v so_o ambitious_a as_o to_o think_v of_o make_v himself_o absolute_a which_o conceal_v for_o a_o good_a while_n at_o length_n he_o agree_v with_o basilius_n great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n to_o allow_v he_o his_o share_n of_o that_o province_n in_o case_n he_o will_v afford_v he_o his_o assistance_n which_o proposal_n the_o great_a duke_n be_v please_v with_o ready_o consent_v to_o and_o with_o all_o expedition_n dispatch_v away_o a_o army_n to_o glinski_n but_o as_o such_o great_a design_n be_v not_o army_n to_o be_v carry_v on_o without_o great_a noise_n and_o suspicion_n sigismond_n come_v soon_o to_o hear_v of_o this_o treacherous_a enterprise_n whereupon_o draw_v up_o all_o his_o force_n to_o oppose_v the_o intend_a invasion_n he_o meet_v and_o defeat_v their_o army_n ravages_n and_o destroy_v their_o country_n and_o at_o last_o oblige_v they_o to_o sue_v for_o peace_n which_o he_o not_o without_o some_o difficulty_n grant_v war_n afterward_o the_o valachian_n and_o tartar_n make_v incursion_n into_o russia_n and_o poland_n he_o force_v they_o to_o return_v home_o with_o great_a loss_n the_o muscovite_n likewise_o make_v war_n upon_o he_o a_o second_o time_n and_o take_v the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n with_o all_o the_o country_n about_o it_o he_o beat_v their_o army_n in_o several_a engagement_n and_o have_v kill_v in_o all_o above_o 30000_o of_o their_o man_n retake_v smolensko_n and_o make_v they_o accept_v of_o a_o peace_n the_o second_o time_n for_o five_o year_n he_o soon_o after_o marriage_n marry_a buona_n sforza_n daughter_n to_o john_n galeatio_n duke_n of_o milan_n afterward_o he_o make_v order_n war_n with_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n the_o reason_n of_o which_o be_v because_o albert_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n his_o sister_n son_n and_o then_o great_a master_n refuse_v to_o take_v a_o oath_n as_o it_o be_v agree_v in_o the_o late_a war_n hereupon_o sigismond_n take_v from_o he_o some_o town_n and_o have_v great_a advantage_n over_o he_o in_o several_a engagement_n but_o however_o albert_n have_v considerable_a succour_n send_v he_o from_o germany_n prolong_v the_o war_n for_o a_o good_a while_n in_o prussia_n about_o this_o time_n martin_n luther_n doctrine_n come_v to_o be_v know_v in_o these_o part_n and_o most_o of_o the_o citizen_n of_o 226._o dantzic_n embrace_v it_o for_o which_o at_o first_o the_o king_n be_v very_o severe_a with_o they_o but_o at_o length_n fear_v that_o to_o preserve_v their_o religion_n they_o may_v side_n with_o the_o teutonic_n order_n against_o he_o he_o grant_v they_o liberty_n of_o conscience_n all_o this_o while_n that_o order_n make_v vigorous_a resistance_n and_o with_o equal_a loss_n on_o both_o side_n fatigue_v the_o polish_v army_n till_o at_o last_o it_o be_v agree_v by_o both_o party_n to_o make_v the_o emperor_n charles_n v._o and_o lewis_n king_n of_o hungary_n arbitrator_n who_o determine_v that_o sigismond_n shall_v relinquish_v to_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n all_o the_o eastern_a part_n of_o prussia_n which_o be_v above_o half_a of_o that_o great_a province_n and_o that_o he_o and_o his_o heir_n shall_v mediation_n for_o ever_o enjoy_v it_o as_o they_o have_v actual_o do_v ever_o since_o without_o any_o disturbance_n from_o sigismond_n but_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n as_o duke_n of_o prussia_n for_o himself_o and_o his_o heir_n be_v to_o take_v a_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o to_o send_v to_o their_o service_n every_o year_n in_o time_n of_o war_n a_o hundred_o horse_n ready_a equipt_n which_o those_o king_n be_v to_o maintain_v at_o their_o own_o charge_n from_o the_o time_n they_o go_v out_o of_o prussia_n at_o this_o time_n the_o house_n of_o austria_n be_v not_o a_o little_a jealous_a of_o the_o exorbitant_a power_n and_o vast_a dominion_n of_o the_o family_n of_o jagello_n for_o not_o only_a sigismond_n possess_v poland_n the_o great_a dutchy_n of_o lithuania_n smolensko_n and_o severia_n and_o likewise_o all_o the_o country_n between_o the_o euxine_a and_o baltic_a sea_n but_o also_o his_o nephew_n lewis_n son_n of_o vladislaus_n be_v king_n of_o hungary_n bohemia_n and_o silesia_n insomuch_o that_o they_o secret_o raise_v several_a enemy_n against_o they_o whereupon_o the_o muscovite_n moldavian_n and_o tartar_n come_v a_o three_o time_n to_o molest_v poland_n but_o be_v force_v to_o withdraw_v after_o have_v do_v some_o mischief_n about_o this_o time_n solyman_n the_o great_a emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n make_v war_n with_o hungary_n and_o gain_v the_o famous_a battle_n of_o mobac_n where_o king_n lewis_n and_o the_o flower_n of_o his_o army_n be_v slay_v and_o the_o better_a part_n of_o hungary_n subject_v to_o the_o turk_n this_o king_n lewis_n leave_v only_o one_o daughter_n silesia_n which_o be_v
then_o busy_v in_o other_o war_n answer_v he_o can_v spare_v they_o none_o but_o give_v they_o leave_v to_o have_v recourse_n to_o who_o protection_n they_o think_v fit_a some_o therefore_o among_o they_o put_v themselves_o under_o eric_n king_n of_o sweden_n but_o the_o archbishop_n of_o riga_n and_o the_o great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n with_o all_o the_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n request_v the_o assistance_n of_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n who_o will_v by_o no_o mean_n grant_v it_o they_o unless_o they_o will_v submit_v themselves_o entire_o to_o his_o obedience_n and_o take_v oath_n of_o fidelity_n according_o next_o that_o they_o shall_v give_v up_o all_o their_o town_n and_o country_n and_o last_o annex_v livonia_n for_o ever_o to_o poland_n to_o these_o term_n the_o livonian_o be_v neither_o ready_a nor_o willing_a to_o submit_v however_o at_o length_n they_o think_v it_o better_a to_o condescend_v to_o these_o proposal_n than_o be_v force_v to_o accept_v of_o worse_a from_o the_o irresistible_a fury_n of_o the_o muscovite_n and_o therefore_o poland_n have_v mature_o deliberate_v on_o the_o matter_n consent_v that_o gothotre_v ketler_n a_o gentleman_n of_o westphalia_n then_o great_a master_n and_o general_n of_o their_o army_n shall_v public_o abdicate_v his_o mastership_n and_o give_v up_o to_o nicholas_n radzivil_n palatin_n of_o vilna_n depute_v for_o that_o purpose_n by_o the_o king_n the_o city_n and_o citadel_n of_o riga_n and_o declare_v livonia_n from_o thenceforward_o subject_a to_o poland_n which_o be_v according_o do_v and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n by_o order_n of_o the_o king_n his_o master_n radzivil_n proclaim_v semigallia_n gothotre_v ketler_n 8._o duke_n of_o curland_n and_o semigallia_n which_o be_v two_o province_n of_o livonia_n and_o next_o day_n by_o further_a order_n declare_v he_o viceroy_n and_o governor_n of_o livonia_n these_o two_o province_n of_o curland_n and_o semigallia_n ketler_n posterity_n have_v enjoy_v ever_o since_o by_o hereditary_a succession_n but_o still_o as_o vassal_n to_o poland_n upon_o this_o agreement_n the_o king_n declare_v muscovite_n war_n immediate_o against_o the_o muscovite_n who_o be_v then_o very_o strong_a have_v just_a before_o take_v from_o the_o tartar_n the_o kingdom_n of_o astracan_a and_o casan_n nevertheless_o he_o defeat_v their_o army_n upon_o the_o frontier_n of_o lithuania_n and_o force_v they_o to_o retire_v into_o their_o own_o country_n but_o they_o soon_o return_v a_o second_o time_n command_v by_o their_o czar_n john_n basilowit_v though_o with_o as_o little_a success_n as_o before_o 255._o this_o czar_n be_v report_v to_o have_v be_v a_o most_o cruel_a tyrant_n it_o have_v be_v his_o chief_a diversion_n to_o invent_v new_a way_n of_o torture_v insomuch_o that_o it_o be_v say_v that_o to_o boil_v and_o roast_v both_o his_o own_o subject_n and_o the_o prisoner_n he_o take_v be_v the_o least_o punishment_n he_o make_v they_o suffer_v it_o will_v be_v both_o tedious_a and_o horrid_a to_o hear_v all_o the_o torture_n he_o use_v towards_o man_n woman_n and_o child_n he_o be_v wont_a to_o recompense_v such_o as_o invent_v new_a way_n of_o torture_n but_o these_o his_o inhuman_a cruelty_n do_v so_o exasperate_v his_o subject_n that_o sigismond_n find_v no_o great_a difficulty_n to_o force_v he_o to_o a_o peace_n after_o this_o sigismond_n send_v a_o small_a army_n into_o valachia_n to_o support_v bogdan_n in_o his_o intention_n to_o make_v himself_o prince_n thereof_o but_o the_o valachian_n assist_v by_o the_o turk_n soon_o oblige_v the_o pole_n to_o return_v home_o propagate_v etc._n in_o this_o king_n reign_n the_o lutheran_n religion_n get_v great_a ground_n in_o poland_n the_o cause_n of_o which_o be_v a_o quarrel_n upon_o account_n of_o a_o whore_n between_o the_o courtier_n and_o scholar_n which_o induce_v the_o latter_a to_o retire_v into_o germany_n where_o they_o first_o imbibe_v these_o principle_n and_o which_o upon_o their_o return_n they_o not_o a_o little_a propagate_v in_o their_o own_o country_n the_o first_o person_n of_o note_n that_o embrace_v this_o religion_n be_v johannes_n a_o lasco_n palatin_n of_o lanschet_fw-mi who_o in_o the_o year_n 1540_o leave_v his_o government_n and_o go_v into_o holland_n and_o england_n and_o at_o his_o return_n convert_v several_a to_o that_o persuasion_n all_o this_o while_n the_o king_n give_v disturbance_n to_o none_o that_o abjure_v the_o roman_a faith_n but_o rather_o 394._o favour_v they_o have_v hear_v several_a of_o their_o preacher_n in_o his_o court_n particular_o two_o johannes_n cosminis_fw-la and_o laurencius_fw-la prasnitius_n which_o occasion_v most_o of_o the_o bishop_n to_o be_v incline_v to_o that_o belief_n here_o can_v well_o be_v omit_v a_o great_a escape_n king_n sigismond_n have_v at_o koningsberg_n in_o ducal_z prussia_n whither_o be_v invite_v by_o albert_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o at_o his_o reception_n salute_v with_o all_o the_o cannon_n by_o negligence_n of_o a_o gunner_n a_o bullet_n be_v leave_v in_o one_o of_o they_o which_o when_o fire_v come_v so_o near_o the_o king_n as_o to_o dash_v out_o one_o etc._n wisnoviec_n brain_n who_o march_v just_a behind_o he_o babina_n in_o sigismund_n 395._o time_n flourish_v the_o jocular_a commonwealth_n of_o babina_n consist_v of_o several_a merry_a gentleman_n of_o lublin_n who_o meet_v together_o at_o a_o place_n call_v babin_n to_o exercise_v their_o wit_n upon_o all_o occasion_n this_o meeting_n to_o procure_v the_o great_a respect_n for_o their_o proceed_n they_o model_v into_o the_o form_n of_o the_o government_n of_o the_o kingdom_n elect_v a_o king_n and_o senate_n together_o with_o divers_a officer_n and_o magistrate_n as_o whenever_o any_o among_o they_o talk_v out_o of_o his_o sphere_n and_o meddle_v with_o matter_n that_o do_v no_o way_n belong_v to_o he_o they_o create_v he_o a_o archbishop_n or_o palatin_n such_o a_o one_o as_o make_v a_o great_a many_o blunder_n and_o delight_v in_o contradiction_n they_o choose_v for_o their_o speaker_n or_o chancellor_n and_o whoever_o boast_v too_o inordinate_o of_o his_o valour_n they_o prefer_v to_o be_v their_o general_n pass_v immediate_o a_o patent_n for_o that_o purpose_n and_o which_o be_v to_o be_v present_v to_o he_o with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o submission_n by_o the_o bragadochio_n of_o a_o minor_a character_n but_o if_o the_o person_n elect_v refuse_v this_o command_n they_o persecute_v he_o with_o hiss_v and_o hoot_v till_o he_o have_v accept_v it_o thus_o they_o create_v several_a other_o senator_n of_o different_a quality_n whence_o it_o follow_v that_o in_o short_a time_n they_o become_v judicious_a censurer_n wary_a talker_n modest_a observer_n humble_a performer_n and_o true_a relater_n of_o any_o exploit_n whenever_o they_o admit_v any_o of_o their_o society_n they_o first_o inquire_v into_o his_o ability_n and_o require_v a_o specimen_fw-la of_o his_o part_n and_o this_o to_o determine_v the_o better_a what_o office_n or_o employment_n he_o be_v fit_a to_o execute_v in_o their_o commonwealth_n they_o have_v several_a other_o of_o a_o inferior_a rank_n beside_o those_o we_o have_v already_o mention_v as_o if_o any_o one_o introduce_v a_o impertinent_a discourse_n of_o his_o hound_n or_o his_o hawk_n he_o they_o immediate_o make_v either_o their_o huntsinan_n or_o their_o faulkoner_n likewise_o if_o a_o man_n run_v out_o too_o much_o upon_o religion_n he_o be_v constitute_v their_o chaplain_n and_o where_o any_o deal_v too_o much_o in_o matter_n of_o controversy_n he_o be_v forthwith_o ordain_v their_o inquisitor_n last_o where_o a_o man_n be_v too_o exuberant_a in_o his_o discourse_n about_o horse_n or_o household_n affair_n he_o they_o either_o promote_v to_o be_v their_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n or_o their_o majordomo_n by_o these_o mean_n in_o a_o little_a time_n they_o reform_v most_o of_o the_o abuse_n and_o indecorum_n creep_v into_o the_o government_n of_o poland_n and_o prove_v than_o the_o force_n of_o satyr_n be_v of_o no_o less_o benefit_n than_o that_o of_o oratory_n at_o length_n this_o pleasant_a constitution_n come_v to_o the_o king_n ear_n who_o be_v often_o delight_v with_o hear_v of_o their_o transaction_n and_o one_o day_n inquire_v after_o their_o dignify_a member_n he_o ask_v whether_o they_o have_v any_o king_n among_o they_o to_o which_o the_o starosta_n of_o babina_n who_o be_v most_o celebrate_v for_o his_o pleasant_a countenance_n and_o jocular_a humour_n reply_v far_o be_v it_o from_o we_o most_o serene_a monarch_n that_o we_o shall_v make_v choice_n of_o any_o other_o king_n while_o your_o majesty_n be_v live_v which_o answer_v so_o extreme_o please_v sigismond_n that_o he_o laugh_v hearty_o and_o be_v so_o far_o from_o show_v any_o sign_n of_o dislike_n that_o by_o several_a expression_n which_o drop_v from_o he_o he_o occasion_v great_a mirth_n in_o all_o the_o company_n afterward_o there_o arise_v some_o grave_a dispute_n in_o this_o society_n
present_v amount_v to_o the_o value_n of_o 100000_o rix_n dollar_n the_o hospodar_n of_o moldavia_n send_v she_o a_o pair_n of_o pendant_n of_o a_o considerable_a value_n this_o custom_n of_o make_v present_n to_o the_o bride_n be_v not_o only_o for_o king_n daughter_n but_o for_o every_o one_o else_o according_a to_o their_o quality_n and_o the_o gentleman_n daughter_n do_v not_o so_o much_o reckon_v upon_o the_o portion_n their_o father_n give_v they_o as_o upon_o their_o number_n of_o relation_n and_o friend_n who_o be_v to_o make_v they_o present_v and_o the_o husband_n be_v as_o diligent_a to_o know_v how_o many_o relation_n she_o have_v as_o how_o much_o her_o father_n will_v give_v she_o ambassador_n upon_o the_o day_n of_o marriage_n prince_n james_n the_o young_a bride_n brother_n take_v upon_o he_o by_o the_o king_n and_o the_o elector_n of_o bavaria_n consent_n the_o quality_n of_o ambassador_n for_o that_o day_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o court_n will_v not_o receive_v as_o 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church_n be_v about_o three_o hundred_o pace_n after_o they_o prince_n james_n lead_v the_o bride_n the_o french_a ambassador_n mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr polignae_fw-la lead_v the_o queen_n and_o the_o king_n come_v last_o alone_o with_o a_o grave_n majestic_a countenance_n the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o marriage_n be_v perform_v by_o cardinal_n radziouski_n the_o present_a primate_n who_o be_v the_o king_n relation_n afterward_o they_o return_v to_o the_o palace_n where_o they_o be_v noble_o entertain_v for_o four_o day_n together_o with_o feast_n ball_n firework_n and_o a_o italian_a pastoral_n in_o nature_n of_o a_o opera_fw-la make_v upon_o this_o occasion_n by_o the_o secretary_n of_o the_o pope_n nuncio_n journey_n after_o the_o ceremony_n be_v over_o a_o splendid_a equipage_n be_v prepare_v for_o the_o princess_n journey_n from_o warsaw_n to_o brussels_n the_o bishop_n of_o ploskow_n be_v name_v ambassador_n and_o the_o palatine_a of_o vilna_n lady_n prince_n czartoriski_n daughter_n 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waistcoat_n of_o cloth_n of_o gold_n set_v with_o diamond_n button_n and_o a_o girdle_n of_o fine_a turkey_n leather_n wrought_v with_o gold_n with_o massy_a gold_n clasp_v likewise_o set_v with_o jewel_n a_o scimitar_n with_o the_o handle_n rich_o adorn_v with_o diamond_n and_o ruby_n and_o a_o emerald_n ring_n of_o great_a value_n with_o a_o rich_a zibelin_n muff._n in_o the_o afternoon_n we_o all_o journey_n past_a the_o river_n and_o next_o day_n the_o baggage_n follow_v all_o the_o coach_n the_o king_n guard_n and_o most_o of_o the_o retinue_n return_v back_o into_o poland_n for_o by_o the_o article_n of_o marriage_n no_o body_n be_v to_o stay_v with_o she_o except_v two_o page_n two_o woman_n and_o a_o she_o dwarf_n the_o elector_n guard_n and_o coach_n be_v on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o river_n to_o receive_v the_o princess_n she_o go_v through_o antwerp_n to_o mecklin_n and_o from_o thence_o to_o brussels_n where_o we_o arrive_v after_o two_o month_n journey_n on_o the_o 12_o the_o of_o january_n i_o need_v not_o acquaint_v your_o lordship_n with_o all_o the_o preparation_n make_v here_o by_o his_o highness_n for_o the_o reception_n of_o his_o electoress_n nor_o of_o the_o present_v he_o give_v to_o her_o retinue_n nor_o the_o opera_n and_o comedy_n purposely_o make_v for_o the_o solemnity_n of_o her_o marriage_n i_o will_v only_o say_v that_o i_o never_o see_v a_o genteeler_n court_n better_a order_n more_o formality_n more_o variety_n of_o dress_n nor_o the_o punctilio_n of_o honour_n and_o courtesy_n more_o strict_o observe_v there_o be_v great_a rejoice_n all_o the_o first_o week_n until_o the_o court_n receive_v the_o unwelcome_a news_n of_o the_o death_n of_o our_o late_a queen_n mary_n sometime_o afterward_o have_v leave_v the_o care_n of_o the_o princess_n health_n to_o monsieur_n pistorini_n the_o elector_n physician_n i_o take_v my_o leave_n of_o her_o highness_n and_o go_v for_o holland_n from_o whence_o i_o arrive_v at_o london_n in_o the_o 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shall_v persist_v only_o in_o the_o use_n of_o the_o bark_n with_o which_o they_o have_v cram_v she_o for_o three_o month_n before_o all_o the_o rest_n follow_v his_o opinion_n i_o speak_v last_o and_o sum_v up_o all_o their_o argument_n to_o compare_v they_o with_o her_o distemper_n and_o declare_v against_o their_o method_n and_o intimate_v that_o i_o believe_v she_o can_v not_o live_v long_o let_v they_o change_v their_o method_n ever_o so_o much_o for_o the_o better_a this_o alarm_v the_o whole_a court_n in_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o hour_n the_o physician_n assure_v the_o contrary_a and_o urge_v that_o i_o be_v a_o stranger_n to_o the_o climate_n and_o to_o the_o princess_n constitution_n and_o disease_n and_o they_o promise_v in_o a_o little_a time_n though_o some_o of_o they_o begin_v to_o be_v dissident_n to_o set_v she_o upon_o her_o leg_n again_o notwithstanding_o she_o grow_v worse_a and_o worse_o every_o day_n and_o die_v in_o a_o month_n time_n in_o the_o 62_o d_o year_n of_o her_o age._n the_o queen_n order_v she_o to_o be_v open_v and_o three_o bishop_n be_v present_a but_o none_o of_o the_o physician_n will_v come_v but_o myself_o we_o find_v not_o only_o a_o abscess_n in_o her_o liver_n but_o likewise_o a_o great_a many_o square_a stone_n like_o dice_n in_o her_o gall_n bladder_n and_o other_o stone_n in_o one_o of_o her_o kidney_n beside_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o gravel_n in_o her_o liver_n which_o grate_v and_o crumble_v its_o whole_a substance_n into_o putrid_a matter_n issue_n this_o princess_n leave_v only_o a_o son_n and_o a_o daughter_n duke_n radzivil_n her_o son_n marry_v a_o relation_n of_o prince_n sapieha_n and_o her_o daughter_n be_v marry_v to_o prince_n lubomirski_n duke_n radzivil_n tell_v i_o that_o he_o travel_v here_o in_o england_n when_o king_n james_n ii_o be_v
successive_o for_o above_o eight_o hundred_o year_n but_o hereafter_o it_o be_v likely_a to_o prove_v otherwise_o for_o the_o gentry_n of_o poland_n be_v so_o jealous_a of_o their_o own_o king_n and_o so_o covetous_a to_o be_v enrich_v by_o foreign_a prince_n that_o probable_o henceforward_o they_o will_v choose_v no_o native_a beside_o the_o pope_n will_v undoubted_o always_o use_v his_o utmost_a authority_n and_o interest_n in_o that_o kingdom_n to_o get_v protestant_a prince_n elect_v for_o when_o i_o be_v former_o at_o rome_n i_o hear_v the_o politician_n say_v that_o the_o best_a method_n to_o make_v the_o protestant_a prince_n of_o the_o north_n roman_n catholic_n be_v to_o elect_v they_o successive_o to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n so_o that_o if_o the_o pope_n see_v that_o the_o present_a king_n of_o poland_n child_n be_v confirm_v in_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n he_o will_v doubtless_o after_o his_o death_n make_v the_o same_o endeavour_n to_o advance_v to_o that_o throne_n either_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n or_o the_o elector_n of_o hanover_n as_o he_o have_v do_v in_o favour_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n who_o have_v be_v elect_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n not_o so_o much_o by_o the_o power_n of_o his_o wealth_n and_o credit_n in_o the_o kingdom_n as_o by_o the_o influence_n of_o the_o clergy_n private_o instigate_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o pope_n this_o i_o gather_v from_o a_o letter_n send_v i_o last_o summer_n from_o warsaw_n by_o my_o friend_n baron_fw-fr scarlati_fw-la envoy_n extraordinary_a at_o that_o court_n from_o the_o elector_n of_o bavaria_n thus_o my_o lord_n i_o have_v give_v you_o as_o large_a a_o account_n of_o john_n the_o iiid_n life_n and_o of_o what_o pass_v remarkable_a at_o warsaw_n in_o my_o time_n as_o we_o need_v perhaps_o know_v of_o so_o remote_a a_o country_n or_o i_o can_v myself_o learn_v in_o so_o short_a a_o time_n as_o i_o have_v the_o honour_n to_o reside_v at_o that_o prince_n court_n where_o i_o be_v so_o much_o take_v up_o in_o the_o practice_n of_o physic_n that_o i_o have_v neither_o opportunity_n nor_o time_n to_o make_v all_o the_o political_a remark_n which_o another_o perhaps_o that_o have_v nothing_o else_o to_o do_v but_o to_o converse_v with_o courtier_n and_o lady_n may_v have_v leisurely_o do_v i_o can_v therefore_o pretend_v to_o give_v as_o be_v usual_a a_o character_n of_o the_o king_n favourite_n nor_o of_o other_o great_a man_n about_o he_o nor_o to_o acquaint_v your_o lordship_n with_o the_o different_a cabal_n and_o private_a intrigue_n of_o that_o numerous_a court_n that_o be_v a_o subject_a fit_a for_o a_o statesman_n than_o for_o i_o to_o write_v of_o my_o genius_n and_o profession_n prompt_v i_o only_o to_o make_v observation_n in_o physic_n and_o not_o in_o state-affair_n i_o hope_v therefore_o your_o lordship_n will_v excuse_v the_o deficiency_n of_o this_o letter_n when_o you_o consider_v it_o be_v write_v by_o a_o physician_n and_o one_o who_o value_v himself_o only_o upon_o it_o in_o be_v with_o all_o respect_n my_o lord_n your_o lordship_n be_v most_o obedient_a humble_a servant_n b._n c._n letter_n v._n to_o the_o right_n honourable_a charles_n lord_n townsend_n of_o the_o extent_n and_o product_n of_o poland_n together_o with_o a_o description_n of_o the_o chief_a town_n and_o province_n of_o the_o kingdom_n my_o lord_n i_o know_v your_o natural_a sagacity_n improve_v so_o much_o by_o your_o travel_n and_o constant_a application_n to_o science_n and_o politic_n be_v no_o less_o inquisitive_a after_o the_o extent_n and_o product_n of_o country_n than_o after_o their_o maxim_n of_o state_n and_o form_n of_o government_n and_o this_o i_o discover_v in_o your_o lordship_n as_o well_o when_o i_o meet_v you_o some_o year_n ago_o in_o holland_n as_o since_o your_o return_n to_o england_n and_o because_o you_o then_o discourse_v i_o often_o about_o my_o travel_n into_o poland_n i_o think_v a_o geographical_a description_n of_o that_o country_n may_v not_o be_v unacceptable_a to_o you_o i_o must_v confess_v i_o be_v not_o long_a enough_o in_o that_o kingdom_n to_o survey_v it_o exact_o therefore_o have_v take_v pain_n to_o learn_v not_o only_o from_o the_o native_n themselves_o but_o also_o from_o their_o correct_a author_n a_o account_n of_o such_o part_n of_o that_o kingdom_n which_o i_o can_v not_o visit_v myself_o i_o must_v first_o take_v notice_n to_o your_o lordship_n that_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n dominion_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o different_a state_n which_o be_v the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n the_o constitution_n language_n custom_n and_o genius_n of_o both_o which_o nation_n be_v as_o different_a as_o those_o of_o england_n and_o scotland_n except_o that_o one_o parliament_n or_o diet_n serve_v both_o which_o must_v nevertheless_o have_v one_o session_n in_o lithuania_n to_o two_o in_o poland_n and_o the_o senator_n and_o deputy_n of_o each_o nation_n must_v meet_v together_o as_o well_o in_o the_o great_a duchy_n as_o in_o the_o kingdom_n for_o no_o law_n can_v be_v legal_o make_v without_o the_o mutual_a consent_n of_o both_o poland_n therefore_o be_v a_o distinct_a nation_n of_o itself_o i_o will_v here_o as_o i_o have_v promise_v present_a your_o lordship_n with_o a_o short_a description_n of_o it_o alone_o my_o lord_n poland_n poland_n when_o first_o found_v by_o lechus_n in_o the_o year_n 550_o like_o all_o other_o nation_n in_o their_o minority_n be_v but_o a_o small_a tract_n of_o land_n in_o respect_n of_o what_o it_o afterward_o grow_v to_o be_v for_o at_o first_o it_o contain_v only_o high_a and_o low_a poland_n with_o silesia_n but_o in_o process_n of_o time_n either_o through_o marriage_n or_o conquest_n it_o become_v the_o large_a and_o most_o powerful_a kingdom_n in_o europe_n and_o raise_v as_o well_o the_o envy_n as_o jealousy_n of_o its_o neighbour_n conquest_n the_o first_o acquisition_n to_o this_o crown_n be_v the_o province_n of_o pomerania_n conquer_v by_o lechus_n by_o his_o have_v kill_v regulus_n its_o prince_n boleslaus_n chrobry_n likewise_o make_v bohemia_n russia_n moravia_n and_o prussia_n tributary_n but_o casimir_n ii_o entire_o conquer_v all_o prussia_n in_o the_o year_n 1183_o and_o casimir_n the_o great_a subdue_v all_o russia_n in_o the_o year_n 1338_o when_o maslaus_n the_o duke_n of_o masovia_n also_o submit_v to_o the_o polish_v crown_n some_o time_n after_o valachia_n and_o moldavia_n be_v unite_v to_o poland_n by_o conquest_n and_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n add_v by_o jagello_n marriage_n with_o hedwigis_fw-la queen_n of_o poland_n the_o large_a and_o fertile_a province_n of_o livonia_n be_v conquer_v about_o the_o year_n 1500_o and_o afterward_o the_o pole_n extend_v their_o conquest_n towards_o moscovy_n when_o they_o take_v the_o great_a dutchy_n of_o smolensko_n severia_n and_o czernicovia_n and_o in_o vladislaus_n the_o viith_n time_n conquer_v all_o that_o country_n they_o in_o like_a manner_n enlarge_v their_o dominion_n towards_o the_o black_a sea_n for_o they_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o all_o vkraina_n policy_n over_o and_o above_o these_o vast_a conquest_n the_o pole_n likewise_o grow_v very_o considerable_a by_o elect_v several_a potent_a neighbour_n for_o their_o king_n whereby_o they_o add_v to_o their_o own_o strength_n that_o of_o bohemia_n hungary_n sweden_n and_o transylvania_n as_o they_o have_v likewise_o at_o this_o juncture_n that_o of_o the_o electorate_v of_o saxony_n in_o short_a the_o pole_n in_o process_n of_o time_n grow_v so_o exorbitant_o powerful_a from_o the_o xiiith_o to_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o xviith_o century_n have_v in_o their_o possession_n all_o the_o land_n between_o austria_n moscovy_n and_o the_o baltic_a and_o euxine_a sea_n that_o they_o give_v their_o neighbour_n the_o turk_n tartar_n muscovite_n swede_n and_o german_n just_a reason_n to_o grow_v jealous_a of_o they_o whereupon_o these_o several_a potentate_n at_o different_a time_n make_v most_o bloody_a war_n upon_o they_o till_o by_o degree_n they_o have_v bring_v their_o territory_n to_o a_o narrow_a compass_n and_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o they_o for_o the_o emperor_n get_v from_o they_o the_o several_a country_n of_o hungary_n bohemia_n transylvania_n silesia_n and_o moravia_n valachia_n and_o moldavia_n now_o choose_v hospodar_n or_o governor_n of_o their_o own_o though_o they_o be_v nevertheless_o tributary_n to_o the_o turk_n the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n be_v master_n of_o podolia_n and_o the_o best_a part_n of_o vkraina_n which_o they_o overrun_v in_o king_n michael_n korybuth_n time_n and_o the_o muscovite_n conquer_v the_o other_o part_n of_o it_o kiovia_n as_o likewise_o all_o the_o vast_a dutchy_n of_o severia_n smolensko_n and_o czernicovia_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n also_o be_v now_o in_o possession_n of_o
gules_a palatinate_n the_o second_o palatinate_n of_o the_o province_n of_o masovia_n be_v that_o of_o ploskow_n lie_v towards_o the_o east_n between_o the_o vistula_n and_o prussia_n it_o be_v divide_v into_o four_o district_n viz._n the_o district_v of_o ploczkow_n zancren_n mlava_n and_o stenen_n in_o all_o which_o be_v these_o principal_a city_n and_o town_n viz._n ploczkow_n bish_n cap._n sieprcz_n srensko_n mlaw_n and_o radzanow_n the_o capital_a of_o all_o which_o be_v ploczko_n ploczkow_n or_o ploczko_n metropolis_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o that_o name_n which_o stand_v on_o a_o high_a bank_n of_o the_o weissel_n or_o vistula_n from_o whence_o one_o may_v have_v a_o very_a fair_a prospect_n of_o a_o pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a country_n this_o city_n be_v considerable_o enrich_v by_o the_o navigableness_n of_o its_o river_n be_v very_o populous_a and_o have_v be_v long_o dignify_v with_o a_o bishop_n see_n beside_o the_o cathedral_n there_o be_v divers_a other_o church_n and_o monastery_n rich_o endow_v especial_o the_o abbey_n of_o benedictin_n in_o the_o suburb_n where_o among_o other_o relic_n the_o head_n of_o st._n sigismond_n be_v keep_v in_o gold_n which_o be_v give_v by_o king_n sigismond_n iii_o sieprcz_n sieprcz_n a_o wooden_a town_n build_v on_o a_o hill_n among_o the_o marsh_n and_o about_o five_o mile_n from_o ploczkow_n srensko_n srensko_fw-mi a_o timber-built_a town_n seat_v in_o a_o plain_a with_o a_o castle_n found_v among_o the_o bog_n this_o place_n be_v about_o ten_o mile_n from_o ploczko_n mlaw_n mlaw_o a_o town_n build_v on_o the_o confine_n of_o prussia_n and_o wash_v by_o the_o river_n of_o its_o own_o name_n it_o be_v also_o about_o ten_o mile_n from_o ploczkow_n radzanow_n radzanow_n a_o timber-built_a town_n on_o the_o river_n vkra_fw-mi with_o a_o castle_n found_v upon_o a_o rock_n among_o the_o marsh_n this_o town_n be_v about_o eight_o mile_n from_o ploczkow_n ploskow_n the_o senator_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v the_o bishop_n palatin_n and_o castellan_n of_o ploskow_n the_o castellan_n of_o sieprcz_n and_o radzanow_n arms._n the_o standard_n or_o arm_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v a_o eagle_n expanse_v sable_n with_o a_o p_o on_o the_o breast_n all_o in_o a_o field_n gules_a palatinate_n the_o three_o palatinate_n of_o the_o province_n of_o masovia_n be_v that_o of_o dobrina_n lie_v towards_o the_o west_n between_o cujavia_n and_o prussia_n it_o abound_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o fruit_n and_o fish_n and_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o district_n viz._n the_o district_n of_o dobrina_n ripin_n and_o slonsk_n in_o all_o which_o be_v these_o principal_a city_n and_o town_n viz._n dobrina_n cap._n ripin_n slonsk_n and_o gorzno_n of_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v dobrina_n dobrina_n a_o timber-built_a city_n seat_v on_o a_o rock_n near_o the_o river_n vistula_n it_o have_v former_o a_o castle_n which_o be_v demolish_v by_o the_o teutonick_n knight_n ripin_n ripin_n a_o wooden_a town_n build_v in_o a_o plain_a on_o the_o river_n odleck_n it_o be_v about_o five_o mile_n from_o dobrina_n slonsk_n slonsk_n a_o town_n in_o a_o plain_a situate_a upon_o the_o river_n vistula_n and_o about_o two_o mile_n from_o dobrina_n gorzno_n gorzno_n or_o gurzno_n a_o wood-built_a town_n tolerable_o well_o defend_v by_o nature_n and_o art_n it_o be_v about_o six_o polish_v miles_n from_o dobrina_n this_o palatinate_n be_v former_o the_o cause_n of_o frequent_a war_n between_o the_o pole_n teutonick_n knight_n and_o prussian_n dobrina_n the_o senator_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o dobrina_n ripin_n and_o slonsk_n arms._n the_o arm_n and_o standard_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v a_o man_n head_n proper_a double_o crown_v or_o and_o argent_fw-fr all_o in_o a_o field_n gules_a province_n the_o six_o province_n of_o this_o kingdom_n be_v samogitia_n have_v in_o it_o no_o palatinate_n though_o many_o capitany_n of_o which_o the_o chief_a starosta_n be_v he_o of_o the_o province_n who_o have_v a_o place_n in_o the_o senate_n though_o no_o other_o of_o the_o same_o dignity_n have_v the_o like_a throughout_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n except_o he_o be_v otherwise_o qualify_v this_o province_n be_v indifferent_o large_a and_o fruitful_a though_o it_o be_v very_o much_o overrun_v with_o wood_n to_o the_o north_n it_o be_v bound_v by_o curland_n and_o the_o bound_n baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o west_n it_o have_v ducal_z prussia_n and_o the_o baltic_a and_o towards_o the_o south_n and_o east_n it_o border_n on_o lithuania_n it_o have_v several_a city_n as_o well_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n as_o the_o gentry_n which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v all_o build_v with_o wood._n this_o province_n take_v its_o name_n from_o its_o situation_n which_o be_v low_a and_o marshy_a the_o word_n samogitz_n in_o the_o language_n of_o this_o country_n denote_v as_o much_o it_o abound_v with_o lake_n and_o inaccessible_a mountain_n yet_o afford_v great_a quantity_n of_o honey_n pure_a than_o that_o either_o of_o lithuania_n or_o livonia_n and_o breed_v horse_n which_o be_v very_o much_o admire_v for_o their_o swiftness_n the_o ordinary_a people_n here_o live_v in_o people_n cottage_n for_o the_o most_o part_n seat_v near_o lake_n or_o river_n and_o cover_v either_o with_o thatch_n or_o board_n they_o plough_v the_o ground_n not_o with_o iron_n but_o wood_n though_o the_o soil_n be_v most_o common_o fat_a and_o stiff_a which_o custom_n they_o be_v addict_v to_o even_o to_o superstition_n for_o when_o a_o certain_a starosta_n of_o that_o country_n think_v to_o introduce_v iron_n plowshare_n among_o they_o and_o the_o season_n not_o happen_v to_o prove_v as_o kind_a as_o usual_a they_o attribute_v all_o the_o cause_n to_o this_o change_n of_o instrument_n whereupon_o they_o be_v permit_v to_o return_v to_o their_o old_a way_n for_o fear_n of_o a_o insurrection_n their_o horse_n be_v general_o so_o small_a that_o one_o will_v wonder_v how_o they_o can_v undergo_v the_o fatigue_n they_o put_v they_o to_o most_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o country_n differ_v little_a in_o manner_n habit_n or_o language_n from_o the_o lithuanian_n yet_o some_o of_o they_o still_o retain_v several_a idolatrous_a worship_n especial_o superstition_n in_o the_o desert_n where_o they_o pay_v devotion_n to_o a_o fourfooted_a serpent_n under_o the_o name_n of_o givosit_n and_o you_o will_v hardly_o find_v a_o family_n in_o these_o part_n without_o one_o of_o these_o household_n go_n nay_o even_o at_o this_o day_n in_o many_o village_n both_o of_o prussia_n and_o lithuania_n the_o poor_a peasant_n although_o they_o profess_v christianity_n yet_o keep_v adder_n in_o their_o house_n to_o which_o they_o pay_v a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a veneration_n imagine_v that_o some_o great_a mischief_n will_v befall_v they_o if_o these_o idol_n shall_v come_v to_o any_o harm_n to_o be_v more_o particular_a with_o this_o country_n your_o lordship_n may_v understand_v that_o their_o house_n except_o only_o those_o of_o the_o gentry_n be_v build_v low_a and_o long-way_n with_o a_o hearth_n in_o the_o middle_n and_o but_o one_o room_n which_o serve_v not_o only_o for_o themselves_o but_o their_o cattle_n the_o better_a sort_n drink_v out_o of_o horn_n cup_n and_o eat_v out_o of_o wooden_a platter_n the_o honey_n here_o be_v extraordinary_a have_v but_o little_a wax_n and_o some_o of_o it_o be_v perfect_o white_a with_o which_o the_o wood_n be_v every_o where_o almost_o line_v sacrifice_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o pagan_a sacrifice_n and_o feast_n in_o samogitia_n keep_v at_o this_o day_n about_o the_o end_n of_o october_n be_v as_o follow_v first_o the_o place_n of_o meeting_n be_v assign_v the_o man_n with_o their_o wife_n child_n and_o servant_n punctual_o appear_v thereat_o when_o spread_v a_o cloth_n upon_o the_o straw_n several_a loaf_n be_v set_v in_o due_a order_n and_o between_o each_o loaf_n a_o large_a pot_n of_o beer_n then_o beast_n of_o divers_a kind_n both_o male_a and_o female_a be_v bring_v in_o and_o sacrifice_v after_o the_o ancient_a custom_n thus_o first_o the_o augur_n or_o priest_n after_o have_v mumble_v over_o some_o few_o word_n strike_v they_o with_o a_o wand_n he_o hold_v in_o his_o hand_n on_o the_o back_n belly_n etc._n etc._n when_o all_o that_o be_v present_a likewise_o follow_v his_o example_n cry_v out_o o_o zimiennick_n for_o so_o they_o call_v their_o god_n these_o offering_n we_o make_v to_o thou_o for_o protect_v we_o so_o merciful_o hitherto_o and_o we_o most_o humble_o implore_v thou_o to_o have_v the_o like_a compassion_n on_o we_o for_o the_o future_a as_o to_o preserve_v we_o from_o fire_n sword_n pestilence_n and_o our_o enemy_n which_o say_v they_o immediate_o fall_v to_o but_o first_o cut_v off_o a_o bit_n from_o every_o plate_n and_o throw_v they_o about_o the_o room_n cry_v o_o zimiennick_n gracious_o partake_v of_o our_o sacrifice_n and_o favour_v thy_o adorer_n after_o
1267_o endeavour_v to_o subdue_v russia_n he_o be_v circumvent_v by_o leo_n duke_n thereof_o who_o build_v leopol_n and_o slay_v in_o the_o monastery_n of_o wrowsko_n lithuania_n with_o he_o the_o family_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o lithuania_n be_v extinct_a vtenus_n or_o vcienus_n utenus_fw-la descend_v from_o the_o kitauri_fw-la prince_n in_o that_o country_n be_v unanimous_o elect_v first_o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n and_o samogitia_n who_o have_v have_v divers_a war_n with_o the_o russian_n and_o prussian_n die_v and_o leave_v his_o dominion_n to_o his_o son_n swintorohus_n swintorohus_n who_o reign_v but_o little_a though_o very_o well_o died_z and_o leave_v behind_o he_o his_o son_n germontus_n germontus_n who_o rule_v also_o a_o very_a little_a while_n and_o be_v succeed_v by_o his_o son_n trahus_n trahus_o who_o govern_v well_o both_o in_o war_n and_o peace_n for_o some_o time_n and_o build_v a_o town_n and_o castle_n after_o his_o own_o name_n this_o great_a duke_n leave_v behind_o he_o five_o legitimate_a child_n viz._n narimundus_n dowmantus_n holsanus_fw-la giedrutus_n and_o troidenus_n who_o all_o separately_z succeed_v their_o father_n in_o his_o dominion_n narimundus_n narimundus_n the_o elder_a have_v for_o his_o part_n the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n with_o samogitia_n both_o which_o he_o have_v a_o right_a to_o by_o the_o prerogative_n of_o his_o birth_n he_o translate_v the_o ducal_z seat_n from_o novogrodec_n to_o kiernow_n his_o first_o war_n be_v in_o conjunction_n with_o his_o brother_n upon_o poland_n russia_n masovia_n and_o prussia_n then_o he_o declare_v war_n against_o his_o brother_n dowmant_n for_o take_v away_o his_o wife_n who_o he_o soon_o recover_v and_o drive_v his_o brother_n out_o of_o his_o dominion_n who_o fly_v to_o the_o russian_n of_o polocz_n be_v universal_o receive_v for_o their_o prince_n this_o duke_n be_v record_v in_o the_o russian_a annal_n to_o have_v be_v the_o first_o inventor_n of_o the_o lithuanian_a arm_n which_o be_v in_o a_o field_n gules_a a_o person_n arm_v cap-a-pe_n sables_n ride_v full_a speed_n on_o a_o horse_n argent_fw-fr and_o flourish_v a_o sword_n over_o his_o head_n of_o the_o three_o to_o he_o succeed_v his_o brother_n troidenus_n but_o first_o a_o account_n of_o the_o other_o brother_n dowmant_n dowmant_n have_v for_o his_o share_n the_o district_n of_o cosnia_n where_o he_o build_v the_o castle_n of_o vcian_n holsanus_fw-la holsanus_n the_o three_o brother_n be_v allot_v his_o division_n beyond_o the_o river_n wilia_n towards_o the_o east_n giedrutus_n giedrutus_n or_o giedrotus_n the_o four_o brother_n build_v a_o castle_n upon_o a_o lake_n call_v it_o after_o his_o own_o name_n and_o where_o he_o fix_v the_o seat_n of_o his_o duchy_n who_o descendant_n be_v famous_a even_o to_o this_o day_n troidenus_n the_o five_o brother_n troidenus_n succeed_v narimundus_n in_o lithuania_n and_o samogitia_n who_o have_v gather_v together_o a_o army_n of_o about_o 30000_o man_n divide_v they_o into_o three_o part_n one_o whereof_o he_o send_v against_o masovia_n and_o the_o other_o two_o against_o the_o teutonick_n knight_n in_o prussia_n where_o have_v destroy_v divers_a town_n he_o return_v with_o a_o great_a booty_n of_o captive_n and_o cattle_n the_o same_o year_n cujavia_n be_v overrun_v by_o the_o lithuanian_n some_o small_a time_n after_o which_o dowmant_n prince_n of_o polocz_n be_v provoke_v to_o see_v his_o young_a brother_n on_o his_o father_n throne_n hire_v three_o rustic_n to_o murder_v he_o as_o he_o go_v into_o a_o bath_n which_o they_o effect_v but_o dowmant_n march_v with_o a_o formidable_a army_n to_o take_v possession_n of_o lithuania_n be_v meet_v and_o vanquish_v by_o rimunt_fw-la rimunt_fw-la son_n to_o troidenus_n who_o thereupon_o succeed_v his_o father_n for_o a_o while_n but_o afterward_o call_v a_o diet_n at_o kiernow_n he_o public_o renounce_v his_o right_n and_o retire_v to_o a_o monastical_a life_n constitute_v 1281._o vithenes_n of_o the_o family_n of_o the_o kitauri_n descend_v of_o the_o roman_a prince_n great_a duke_n this_o prince_n be_v a_o person_n of_o a_o brave_a and_o warlike_a spirit_n wherefore_o rimunt_fw-la when_o it_o be_v demand_v of_o he_o why_o he_o put_v by_o the_o family_n of_o his_o uncle_n giedrutus_n and_o holsanus_n answer_v because_o there_o be_v none_o but_o child_n among_o they_o when_o a_o prince_n of_o lithuania_n ought_v to_o correspond_v with_o the_o arm_n of_o that_o country_n invent_v by_o his_o uncle_n narimund_n which_o be_v a_o warrior_n on_o horseback_n arm_v cap-a-pe_n and_o post_v to_o subdue_v his_o enemy_n this_o great_a duke_n vithenes_n begin_v his_o reign_n in_o the_o year_n 1281._o the_o year_n follow_v he_o invade_v the_o palatinate_n of_o lublin_n and_o continue_v destroy_v it_o for_o fifteen_o day_n together_o till_o at_o length_n lescus_n the_o black_a king_n of_o poland_n be_v animate_v thereto_o by_o a_o vision_n meet_v and_o fight_v he_o between_o the_o river_n narew_n and_o niemen_n where_o the_o latter_a gain_v a_o signal_n victory_n in_o testimony_n whereof_o he_o found_v a_o parochial_a church_n at_o lublin_n and_o dedicate_v it_o to_o st._n michael_n the_o archangel_n 1287._o in_o the_o year_n 1287_o the_o lithuanian_n prussian_n and_o samogitian_n make_v a_o descent_n upon_o dobrina_n and_o surprise_v the_o capital_a city_n thereof_o on_o sunday_n when_o its_o inhabitant_n be_v busy_v at_o devotion_n kill_v and_o carry_v away_o great_a number_n of_o they_o into_o slavery_n 1289._o afterward_o in_o 1289_o the_o lithuanian_n to_o the_o number_n only_o of_o 8000_o invade_v a_o part_n of_o prussia_n burn_v kill_a and_o destroy_v wherever_o they_o come_v but_o before_o the_o country_n can_v make_v head_n against_o they_o they_o be_v retire_v with_o great_a spoil_n to_o requite_v which_o next_o year_n the_o prussian_n march_v into_o lithuania_n where_o they_o kill_v and_o take_v vast_a number_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n as_o likewise_o possess_v themselves_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o the_o commendador_n of_o koningsberg_n of_o the_o strong_a castle_n merabde_v afterward_o memer_n great_a master_n of_o prussia_n enter_v lithuania_n with_o a_o formidable_a army_n and_o entire_o destroy_v two_o district_n not_o long_o after_o this_o vithenes_n invade_v cujavia_n and_o burn_v and_o destroy_v all_o the_o country_n about_o bressici_fw-la and_o likewise_o carry_v away_o great_a number_n into_o captivity_n 1293._o in_o the_o year_n 1293_o conradus_n stange_n commendador_n of_o ragneta_n take_v the_o castle_n of_o mindog_n in_o lithuania_n which_o vithenes_n soon_o requite_v by_o enter_v prussia_n and_o destroy_v it_o eighty_o day_n together_o 1294._o afterward_o in_o 1294_o vithenes_n with_o a_o body_n only_o of_o 1800_o horse_n march_v through_o wood_n and_o by-road_n surprise_v a_o great_a concourse_n of_o people_n meet_v in_o the_o collegiate_n church_n of_o lanschet_fw-mi whereof_o the_o great_a part_n he_o kill_v and_o the_o other_o consist_v chief_o of_o ecclesiastic_n he_o carry_v away_o for_o slave_n the_o church_n he_o robe_v and_o those_o that_o flee_v he_o stifle_v by_o fire_v all_o the_o house_n around_o they_o after_o which_o march_v about_o the_o country_n he_o drive_v away_o all_o their_o cattle_n but_o upon_o his_o return_n meet_v with_o casimir_n palatine_n of_o lanschet_fw-mi he_o be_v brave_o oppose_v for_o a_o while_n till_o number_n supply_v the_o defect_n of_o valour_n and_o he_o entire_o rout_v the_o christian_n near_o soâ—â—aczow_n which_o have_v effect_v he_o return_v peaceable_o into_o his_o country_n this_o vithenes_n have_v a_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n name_v gediminus_n who_o be_v of_o a_o haughty_a and_o ambitious_a temper_n conspire_v together_o with_o the_o great_a duchess_n to_o take_v away_o his_o master_n life_n which_o in_o a_o short_a time_n he_o bring_v about_o and_o have_v marry_v his_o princess_n he_o seize_v upon_o the_o crown_n 1300._o gedeminus_n become_v great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n in_o the_o year_n 1300_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o who_o reign_n the_o prussian_a and_o livonian_a knight_n have_v get_v together_o a_o numerous_a army_n invade_v samogitia_n which_o they_o soon_o overrun_v burn_v and_o destroy_v wherever_o they_o come_v and_o take_v the_o strong_a castle_n of_o kunossow_n by_o assault_n wherein_o they_o make_v prisoner_n the_o grand_a general_n of_o lithuania_n the_o year_n follow_v gedeminus_n to_o revenge_v these_o insupportable_a injury_n have_v raise_v a_o considerable_a body_n of_o his_o own_o subject_n together_o with_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o russian_n and_o tartar_n march_v direct_o against_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n when_o meet_v they_o near_o the_o river_n okmiena_n both_o army_n come_v to_o blow_n and_o so_o continue_v for_o several_a hour_n till_o at_o length_n the_o samogitian_n forsake_v the_o knight_n side_n come_v over_o to_o gedeminus_n who_o strength_n thereby_o be_v great_o augment_v as_o that_o of_o his_o enemy_n weaken_v he_o fall_v furious_o in_o among_o they_o and_o soon_o put_v
they_o to_o flight_n this_o victory_n be_v thus_o lucky_o obtain_v gedeminus_n prosecute_v it_o into_o the_o very_a heart_n of_o prussia_n where_o he_o find_v nothing_o able_a to_o withstand_v he_o except_o only_o the_o two_o castle_n of_o ragneta_n and_o cilza_n but_o which_o nevertheless_o he_o take_v in_o a_o short_a time_n afterward_o have_v make_v a_o miserable_a havoc_n in_o that_o country_n as_o also_o total_o regain_v his_o duchy_n of_o samogitia_n he_o return_v peaceable_o home_o 1304._o in_o the_o year_n 1304_o this_o great_a duke_n have_v a_o quarrel_n with_o some_o of_o the_o russian_a prince_n make_v great_a preparation_n against_o they_o when_o march_v forthwith_o into_o russia_n he_o first_o meet_v and_o fight_v vlodomirus_fw-la duke_n of_o volhynia_n who_o he_o slay_v and_o rout_v his_o whole_a army_n then_o he_o bend_v his_o force_n against_o leo_n duke_n of_o luceoria_n who_o he_o also_o vanquish_v and_o take_v his_o chief_a city_n lutzko_n both_o which_o prince_n be_v thus_o defeat_v make_v he_o absolute_a master_n of_o all_o volhynia_n next_o spring_n be_v tire_v out_o with_o idleness_n he_o carry_v his_o arm_n against_o stanislaus_n duke_n of_o kiovia_n who_o he_o overthrow_v together_o with_o several_a prince_n his_o neighbour_n that_o come_v to_o assist_v he_o with_o this_o victory_n gedeminus_n be_v not_o a_o little_a encourage_v proceed_v and_o take_v most_o of_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o russia_n when_o after_o have_v complete_v a_o glorious_a conquest_n he_o return_v triumphant_o into_o his_o own_o country_n afterward_o gedeminus_n go_v to_o hunt_v about_o five_o mile_n beyond_o the_o river_n wilia_n occasional_o build_v a_o castle_n there_o near_o a_o lake_n and_o a_o city_n name_v it_o troki_n whither_o he_o then_o translate_v build_v his_o court_n from_o kicrnow_n after_o this_o in_o the_o year_n 1305_o gedeminus_n go_v a_o hunt_v again_o towards_o the_o east_n after_o various_a fortune_n become_v great_o fatigue_v with_o that_o sport_n whereupon_o night_n draw_v on_o he_o be_v force_v to_o take_v up_o a_o lodging_n upon_o a_o mountain_n then_o call_v krzyunagora_n now_o turzagoria_n or_o lissa_n where_o soon_o fall_v asleep_a he_o dream_v that_o he_o see_v and_o hear_v roar_v a_o huge_a iron_n wolf_n which_o have_v above_o a_o hundred_o wolf_n of_o the_o same_o mettle_n in_o his_o belly_n which_o roar_v likewise_o after_o a_o amaze_a manner_n whereat_o be_v extreme_o fright_v he_o wake_v and_o next_o morning_n put_v this_o dream_n to_o his_o courtier_n to_o expound_v when_o every_o one_o have_v deliver_v his_o opinion_n a_o different_a way_n at_o last_o a_o pagan_a priest_n name_v ledzieiko_n say_v to_o have_v be_v find_v in_o a_o eagles_n nest_n who_o practice_n be_v to_o foretell_v futurity_n expound_v it_o thus_o the_o iron_n wolf_n quoth_v he_o denote_v a_o strong_a city_n and_o the_o other_o wolf_n in_o his_o belly_n a_o formidable_a multitude_n of_o inhabitant_n hereupon_o he_o immediate_o advise_v gedeminus_n to_o build_v a_o fortify_v city_n and_o castle_n there_o whence_o this_o priest_n come_v to_o have_v the_o name_n of_o radzivil_n that_o be_v a_o counsellor_n to_o build_v vilna_n from_o this_o person_n be_v family_n have_v descend_v a_o great_a many_o famous_a hero_n who_o have_v all_o sufficient_o distinguish_v themselves_o both_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n and_o war._n gedeminus_n be_v easy_o move_v by_o these_o persuasion_n forthwith_o erect_v two_o castle_n near_o that_o place_n one_o on_o a_o high_a hill_n and_o the_o other_o in_o build_v a_o plain_a add_v moreover_o a_o city_n call_v vilna_n from_o the_o river_n wilia_n run_v by_o it_o which_o be_v now_o very_o populous_a and_o capital_a of_o that_o great_a duchy_n to_o which_o city_n he_o not_o long_o after_o transfer_v his_o residence_n from_o troki_n 1306._o in_o 1306_o the_o lithuanian_n have_v have_v intelligence_n that_o the_o pole_n be_v lull_v in_o sloth_n and_o security_n march_v through_o wood_n and_o by-road_n into_o low_a poland_n where_o they_o burn_v and_o plunder_v kalisch_n with_o several_a other_o city_n and_o town_n kill_v the_o old_a people_n and_o child_n and_o carry_v the_o other_o away_o captive_a the_o same_o year_n henry_n de_fw-fr pleczko_n a_o saxon_a great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n in_o prussia_n surprise_v and_o take_v the_o castle_n of_o gartin_n in_o samogitia_n and_o put_v all_o the_o lithuanian_n find_v therein_o to_o the_o sword_n they_o likewise_o proceed_v in_o this_o war_n by_o help_n of_o the_o german_n and_o after_o have_v total_o destroy_v the_o district_n of_o karsovin_n return_v with_o great_a number_n of_o spoil_n and_o captive_n into_o prussia_n 1307._o in_o 1307_o the_o lithuanian_n make_v a_o irruption_n into_o siradia_n and_o kalisch_n where_o do_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o mischief_n they_o sudden_o return_v into_o their_o own_o country_n 1308._o in_o 1308_o olgerdus_n son_n of_o gedeminus_n march_v with_o a_o great_a army_n into_o prussia_n where_o he_o make_v havoc_n with_o fire_n and_o sword_n wherever_o he_o come_v carrying_z off_z likewise_o great_a booty_n these_o favour_n the_o lithuanian_n and_o prussian_n do_v frequent_o and_o alternative_o for_o one_o another_o within_o the_o space_n of_o few_o year_n in_o 1315_o the_o lithuanian_n surprise_v the_o territory_n 1315._o of_o dobrina_n where_o they_o make_v great_a devastation_n and_o likewise_o take_v the_o city_n of_o that_o name_n and_o burn_v and_o plunder_v it_o in_o 1322_o 1322._o they_o likewise_o enter_v livonia_n lay_v all_o waist_n for_o many_o mile_n together_o in_o the_o same_o year_n in_o wintertime_n david_n starosta_n of_o gartin_n not_o be_v discourage_v by_o cold_a destroy_v that_o country_n up_o as_o far_o as_o raval_n carry_v away_o great_a spoil_n and_o many_o prisoner_n afterward_o in_o the_o same_o winter_n they_o take_v the_o castle_n of_o memel_fw-la and_o also_o enter_v prussia_n and_o kill_v the_o comendador_n of_o capion_n in_o a_o set_a battle_n david_n of_o gartin_n likewise_o invade_v masovia_n at_o the_o same_o time_n and_o entire_o ruin_v a_o great_a many_o town_n and_o village_n 1323._o in_o 1323_o the_o lithuanian_n come_v clandestine_o upon_o dobrina_n again_o and_o do_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o damage_n there_o in_o the_o follow_a year_n the_o starosta_n of_o gartin_n enter_v masovia_n again_o near_o ploczko_n wherein_o he_o destroy_v and_o burn_v above_o one_o hundred_o and_o thirty_o village_n thirty_o town_n and_o carry_v away_o about_o four_o thousand_o captive_n whilst_o another_o army_n make_v a_o descent_n upon_o livonia_n and_o serve_v that_o country_n after_o the_o like_a manner_n 1325._o in_o 1325_o ann_n daughter_n to_o gedeminus_n marry_v casimir_n son_n to_o vladislaus_n king_n of_o poland_n by_o which_o all_o that_o have_v be_v former_o take_v from_o the_o polander_n be_v restore_v and_o a_o peace_n conclude_v between_o those_o two_o nation_n afterward_o at_o the_o siege_n of_o the_o castle_n of_o fribourg_n belong_v to_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n in_o samogitia_n this_o great_a duke_n gedeminus_n receive_v a_o wound_n with_o a_o arrow_n which_o cost_v death_n he_o his_o life_n this_o prince_n have_v seven_o son_n viz._n montividus_fw-la narimundus_n olgerdus_n keijstutus_n koriatus_n jawnutus_n and_o lubartus_fw-la with_o some_o daughter_n one_o of_o which_o be_v marry_v as_o before_o among_o these_o son_n he_o divide_v his_o dominion_n while_o he_o live_v give_v to_o montividus_fw-la montividus_n his_o elder_a kyernow_n and_o slonim_n with_o the_o territory_n thereunto_o belong_v to_o narimundus_n narimundus_n his_o conquest_n and_o other_o acquisition_n in_o russia_n on_o olgerdus_fw-fr olgerdus_n he_o bestow_v krewo_n and_o all_o from_o thence_o to_o beresina_n to_o keijstutus_n keijstutus_n he_o give_v samogitia_n troki_n witebsko_n etc._n etc._n to_o koriatus_n koriatus_n the_o city_n of_o novogrodec_n with_o its_o territory_n but_o on_o his_o belove_a jawnutus_n jawnutus_n he_o confer_v the_o metropolis_n of_o lithuania_n vilna_n as_o also_o osmian_n and_o braslaw_n together_o with_o the_o supreme_a command_n over_o all_o his_o brother_n dominion_n lubartus_fw-la the_o young_a son_n lubartus_fw-la have_v no_o share_v with_o his_o brother_n because_o by_o his_o marriage_n with_o the_o duke_n of_o russia_n daughter_n in_o his_o father_n life-time_n he_o have_v obtain_v the_o succession_n to_o that_o duchy_n among_o these_o brother_n olgerdus_n and_o keijstutus_n being_n most_o vex_v to_o see_v their_o young_a brother_n jawnutus_n so_o high_o promote_v conspire_v together_o after_o their_o father_n death_n to_o drive_v he_o out_o of_o vilna_n for_o the_o execution_n of_o which_o they_o fix_v a_o certain_a time_n but_o olgerdus_n happen_v then_o to_o be_v absent_a on_o some_o extraordinary_a occasion_n be_v force_v to_o fail_v of_o his_o appointment_n nevertheless_o keijstutus_n firm_o adhere_v to_o his_o vow_n resolve_v to_o accomplish_v the_o design_n alone_o and_o consequent_o march_v secret_o towards_o vilna_n surprise_v and_o take_v
it_o with_o both_o its_o castle_n when_o jawnutus_n fly_v towards_o a_o neighbour_a wood_n be_v there_o take_v by_o keijstutus_n his_o man_n and_o be_v bring_v back_o to_o his_o brother_n be_v by_o he_o order_v to_o be_v clap_v in_o chain_n a_o little_a while_n afterward_o olgerdus_n return_v keijstutus_n will_v have_v surrender_v to_o he_o the_o crown_n as_o be_v his_o elder_a brother_n but_o which_o olgerdus_n refuse_v say_v it_o be_v due_a neither_o to_o his_o fortune_n nor_o merit_n and_o therefore_o he_o will_v not_o pretend_v to_o deserve_v it_o by_o birth_n but_o at_o length_n they_o both_o agree_v to_o divide_v those_o dominion_n between_o they_o and_o vilna_n with_o the_o supreme_a authority_n fall_v to_o olgerdus_fw-fr but_o nevertheless_o they_o both_o bind_v themselves_o by_o oath_n to_o entrench_v upon_o neither_o dominion_n to_o their_o brother_n jawnutus_n they_o yield_v the_o palatinate_n of_o braslaw_n in_o russia_n olgerdus_fw-fr olgerdus_fw-fr be_v thus_o possess_v of_o the_o throne_n begin_v his_o reign_n with_o invade_v prussia_n and_o livonia_n where_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n do_v not_o dare_v to_o oppose_v he_o so_o that_o have_v overrun_v all_o those_o country_n and_o load_v his_o army_n with_o spoil_n he_o return_v triumphant_o to_o lithuania_n where_o he_o sacrifice_v the_o captive_a knight_n to_o his_o father_n ghost_n who_o they_o have_v kill_v the_o same_o year_n olgerdus_n march_v silent_o against_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n which_o he_o destroy_v and_o plunder_v up_o as_o far_o as_o frankfurt_n and_o all_o along_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n oder_fw-ge next_o he_o drive_v the_o tartar_n out_o of_o podolia_n build_v about_o which_o time_n caminiec_n be_v build_v by_o his_o brother_n son_n afterward_o janowitz_n czar_n of_o muscovy_n be_v puff_v up_o with_o his_o great_a power_n send_v to_o olgerdus_n then_o lie_v sick_a of_o a_o fever_n at_o witebsko_n that_o before_o a_o month_n be_v at_o a_o end_n he_o will_v make_v he_o such_o visit_n as_o shall_v fright_v he_o into_o a_o ague_n to_o which_o haughty_a message_n olgerdus_n only_o return_v that_o since_o he_o know_v his_o mind_n he_o will_v prevent_v his_o journey_n and_o wait_v on_o he_o at_o moscow_n whereupon_o leap_v out_o of_o his_o bed_n he_o expose_v his_o life_n to_o his_o honour_n but_o which_o as_o it_o happen_v do_v well_o enough_o for_o he_o recover_v in_o few_o day_n and_o get_v speedy_o together_o a_o considerable_a army_n he_o march_v forthwith_o into_o moscovy_n lay_v siege_n to_o moscow_n and_o take_v it_o together_o with_o the_o baffle_a czar_n who_o he_o force_v before_o he_o leave_v he_o to_o agree_v to_o a_o dishonourable_a peace_n and_o leave_v he_o in_o possession_n of_o great_a part_n of_o his_o empire_n after_o which_o he_o reduce_v the_o major_a part_n of_o russia_n which_o he_o join_v to_o his_o dominion_n they_o have_v former_o be_v only_o wont_a to_o pay_v tribute_n to_o lithuania_n this_o prince_n have_v by_o mary_n his_o wife_n twelve_o son_n of_o which_o jagello_n and_o skiergelo_n only_o be_v great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n after_o he_o his_o brother_n keijstutus_n have_v six_o son_n whereof_o vitoldus_n and_o sigismundus_n come_v to_o be_v great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n 1381._o olgerdus_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1381_o jagello_n ascend_v his_o throne_n with_o consent_n of_o his_o uncle_n keijstutus_n this_o duke_n have_v a_o favourite_n courtier_n one_o voidilus_n a_o man_n of_o a_o obscure_a descent_n and_o who_o he_o have_v raise_v from_o his_o baker_n to_o be_v his_o secretary_n and_o prime_a minister_n this_o person_n he_o affect_v so_o dear_o that_o he_o give_v he_o his_o sister_n in_o marriage_n which_o be_v high_o displease_v to_o his_o uncle_n who_o protest_v earnest_o against_o it_o whereupon_o this_o subtle_a upstart_n fear_v lest_o keijstutus_n may_v one_o day_n or_o other_o put_v he_o out_o of_o favour_n with_o his_o prince_n he_o prevail_v with_o jagello_n to_o look_v upon_o his_o uncle_n as_o his_o enemy_n and_o to_o proceed_v against_o he_o according_o which_o jagello_n be_v young_a be_v easy_o persuade_v to_o do_v therefore_o clap_v up_o a_o secret_a truce_n with_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n with_o who_o he_o be_v before_o in_o war_n he_o make_v all_o imaginable_a preparation_n against_o his_o uncle_n which_o keijstutus_n be_v inform_v of_o be_v immediate_o alarm_v at_o till_o his_o son_n vitoldus_n quiet_v his_o suspicion_n by_o persuade_v he_o that_o jagello_n will_v never_o attempt_v any_o such_o thing_n but_o at_o length_n jagello_n march_v against_o the_o russian_n of_o polocz_n which_o be_v then_o his_o uncle_n subject_n his_o design_n be_v pass_v all_o doubt_n and_o therefore_o keijstutus_n get_v together_o what_o force_v he_o can_v upon_o so_o short_a a_o warn_v and_o invade_v his_o nephew_n territory_n where_o he_o take_v vilna_n and_o will_v have_v proceed_v have_v it_o not_o be_v for_o his_o son_n vitoldus_n who_o still_o continue_v jagello_n friend_n but_o afterward_o keijstutus_n be_v busy_v in_o subdue_a the_o traitor_n koributh_n jagello_n not_o only_o retake_v vilna_n but_o also_o besiege_v and_o gain_v troki_n by_o treachery_n which_o keijstutus_n march_v to_o recover_v he_o together_o with_o his_o son_n vitoldus_n be_v betray_v into_o jagello_n hand_n by_o mean_n of_o his_o brother_n skergelo_n who_o pretend_v to_o bring_v these_o two_o prince_n amicable_o together_o but_o jagello_n have_v once_o get_v his_o uncle_n into_o his_o clutch_n detain_v he_o and_o throw_v he_o into_o chain_n and_o afterward_o order_v he_o to_o be_v strangle_v in_o his_o prison_n at_o kreva_n his_o cousin_n german_n vitoldus_n he_o ungrateful_o keep_v a_o long_a while_n in_o bond_n at_o vilna_n who_o afterward_o be_v remove_v to_o kreva_n and_o a_o time_n appoint_v for_o his_o death_n escape_v by_o mean_n of_o his_o wife_n who_o always_o have_v free_a access_n to_o he_o by_o exchange_v habit_n with_o one_o of_o her_o servant_n get_v her_o husband_n away_o in_o she_o own_o hence_o he_o flee_v to_o his_o kinsman_n john_n duke_n of_o masovia_n but_o not_o think_v himself_o secure_a there_o he_o afterward_o go_v into_o prussia_n where_o at_o first_o he_o be_v reprove_v by_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n for_o have_v recourse_n to_o they_o only_o in_o time_n of_o adversity_n but_o afterward_o he_o be_v more_o courteous_o receive_v and_o promise_v their_o assistance_n to_o re-establish_a he_o in_o his_o paternal_a dominion_n whereupon_o together_o with_o the_o samogitian_n who_o favour_v vitoldus_n his_o interest_n they_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o lithuania_n and_o take_v troki_n but_o they_o be_v afterward_o nevertheless_o force_v to_o surrender_v it_o at_o length_n jagello_n by_o secret_a message_n recall_v his_o kinsman_n out_o of_o prussia_n and_o upon_o his_o promise_n to_o be_v faithful_a to_o he_o settle_v he_o in_o his_o hereditary_a estate_n a_o little_a while_n after_o this_o the_o throne_n of_o poland_n become_v vacant_a by_o lewis_n of_o hungary_n death_n jagello_n be_v invite_v thither_o to_o accept_v that_o crown_n under_o certain_a condition_n which_o may_v appear_v more_o at_o large_a in_o his_o life_n among_o those_o king_n whilst_o jagello_n be_v thus_o absent_a in_o poland_n with_o great_a number_n of_o his_o subject_n who_o go_v to_o wait_v on_o he_o into_o that_o kingdom_n the_o great_a master_n of_o prussia_n and_o livonia_n find_v a_o fit_a opportunity_n enter_v lithuania_n destroy_v with_o fire_n and_o sword_n as_o far_o as_o the_o castle_n of_o lucom_a in_o russia_n which_o also_o they_o take_v and_o have_v furnish_v with_o all_o necessary_a defence_n place_v in_o it_o andrew_n jagello_n brother_n upon_o who_o request_n this_o expedition_n have_v be_v undertake_v about_o the_o same_o time_n swetoslaus_n duke_n of_o smolensko_n invade_v russia_n and_o take_v mscislaw_n and_o several_a other_o place_n by_o force_n both_o which_o action_n jagello_n be_v soon_o inform_v of_o immediate_o dispatch_v away_o his_o brother_n skirgelo_n and_o kinsman_n vitoldus_n into_o lithuania_n who_o find_v the_o teutonic_n army_n retire_v forthwith_o lay_v siege_n to_o the_o castle_n of_o lucom_n which_o have_v take_v they_o proceed_v to_o mscislaw_n which_o they_o likewise_o take_v and_o kill_v swetoslaus_n who_o be_v in_o possession_n of_o it_o afterward_o have_v recover_v all_o the_o other_o revolt_a dominion_n which_o have_v side_v with_o duke_n andrew_n they_o make_v he_o prisoner_n and_o carry_v he_o into_o poland_n he_o be_v order_v by_o his_o brother_n jagello_n to_o be_v cast_v into_o a_o noisome_a dungeon_n whence_o upon_o the_o request_n of_o the_o good-natured_a vitoldus_n he_o be_v not_o long_o after_o deliver_v after_o jagello_n death_n though_o there_o be_v several_a great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n yet_o see_v they_o be_v tributary_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n itself_o be_v afterward_o unite_v to_o poland_n under_o