Page 89 Sensible Plant Page 130 Sheeps-dung Page 205 Sives Page 169 Scarlet Beans Page 130 171 Skins to mix with Earth Page 203 Skirret Page 162 Smalledge Page 188 Snap-dragon Page 127 Snails to destroy Page 225 Snow-drop vide Bulbous Violet Soot to mix with Earth Page 203 Sorrel Page 187 What Weather to sow in Page 238 Sow-bread Page 103 Spider-wort Page 102 Spinage Page 186 Spirea frutex Page 89 Springs Page 37 38 Squashes Page 184 Star-flower of Arabia ibid. Of Aethiopia ibid. Star-flowers Page 98 Statues Page 54 Stock-gilliflowers Page 118 To make double Page 119 Free-Stone-Crop Page 64 Time to remove Page 77 Stone-Walls and their building Page 20 Stoves of several sorts Page 141 Straw to mix with Earth Page 210 Strawberries Page 189 Strawberry Tree Page 64 Time to remove Page 77 Succory Page 187 Suckers cutting off Page 239 Suckers to blanch Page 247 Sugar Pease Page 173 Sultan's Flower vide Musk Scabious Sweet-bryar Page 26 Swines-dung Page 107 Sympathy of Plants Page 234 Syringa vide Lilac T. TAnsie Page 191 Tarragon Page 188 Tender Plants to set them dry Page 227 Terrace-Walks Page 31 Globe-Thistles Page 131 Thorny Apple ibid. Thyme Page 190 Mastick Thyme Page 146 Tillage encouraged ibid. Its Objections answered Page 147 Tilia Page 72 Time to remove Page 77 Toad-flax Page 131 Tobacco Page 210 Trees for Ornament Page 59 For Shade Page 71 Trees bearing Flowers Page 78 Tuberous-rooted Flowers Page 106 Turnips Page 158 To keep long Page 159 Tulips Page 92 How to order Page 93 Tulips early Page 94 V. BUlbous Violet Page 99 Violets Page 189 Virginian Silk Page 137 Urine to mix with Earth Page 203 W. WAlks Round Page 15 Square Page 17 Of Gravel Page 28 Of Stone Page 27 Of Grass Page 30 Terrace-Walks Page 31 Wall-Flowers Page 118 Waters Page 37 Water-works Page 46 Fat Waters Page 211 Watering of Gardens ibid. By Filtration Page 216 Watering-Pots Page 217 To preserve them Page 218 White-thorn Hedge Page 25 Sweet Williams Page 117 Winter-greens Page 59 Rotten Wood to mix with Earth Page 210 Woodbinds vide Honey-suckles Wolfs-bane Page 131 Woollen Rags to mix with Earth Page 204 Worms to destroy Page 210 225 261 THE END A CATALOGUE of some Books Printed for W. 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Lassitude or the Heat Rain or scorching beams of the Sun render the open Walks unpleasant to repose your self under some pleasant Tree or in some Covert or Shade until you are willing to try the Air again SECT I. Of Walks and Meterials for them WHerefore to accommodate you for all 1. Stone-Walks Seasons wet or dry hot or cold it is convenient to have Walks and Places of Repose in your Garden As for Walks the best for the Winter and wet Seasons are those paved with Stone about the breadth of five foot in the midst of a Gravel-walk of about five or six foot Gravel on each side the Stone or of Grass which you please for on these flat Stones may you walk securely under-foot in all Weathers without prejudice to your self or Walks Next unto the paved Stone are the Gravel-walks 2. Gravel Walks walks to be preferred which if made with a fine skreened red Gravel do very much adorn your Garden and being laid round and kept rolled with a Stone-roler cast off the Water and are very useful in moist Weather to walk on The Gravel-walks are best under your Fruit-walks because the beams or rays of the Sun reflect from them against the Walls much better than from Grass and very much advantage your Fruit. The great inconveniences these Walks are subject unto are Weeds and Moisture To prevent the Weeds you must be sure to remove all manner of earth clean from the place before you bring in your Gravel and in case the Earth be not stiff enough of it self it would not be amiss to support the sides with two or three courses of Brick or at least a Brick set on end edge by edge to prevent the falling in or mixture of the said Earth with your Gravel yet so that the upper part of your Brick may be an inch beneath the surface of your Walk that it may not be discerned If your Ground be good and apt to run to Weeds seven or eight inches deep ought your Gravel to lie lest the Weeds find their way through you ought also to cleanse the Ground under from the Roots of Grass Weeds as Nettles Docks c. least they find their way through the Gravel You may fill your Walk with ordinary coarse unskreened Gravel five or six inches and after that is levelled then lay on your last Course of fine Gravel and roll it well if your upper Course of Gravel be two or three inches thick and at any time your Walk grow discoloured or mossy you may stir it with a Spade as far as the fine Gravel lyes and finely rake it then roll it again and it will appear to be as fresh as at the first The other inconvenience these Walks are subject unto is Moisture especially after a Frost which very much loosens the Gravel and long soaking Rains make it apt to stick to your Feet For the best red Gravel hath a mixture of Clay or Loam in it which makes it in dry weather bind the better to prevent which several Expedients are lately made use of Some do grind or beat small the shels of Fish gathered on the Sea-shore and therewith add a thin coat on the Gravel which by constant rolling incorporates with it and is not apt to adhere to your Shooes as is the Gravel it self Others that live near to Brick-kilns make use of the refuse parts of Bricks that are under burnt which will easily pulverize and lay that on the Gravel-Walks which prevents the same inconvenience and adds much to the beauty of your Walk and is easily renewed as there is occasion On the edge of your Gravel-Walks you may lay on each side a narrow Walk of Turf for your use in hot weather or when you are willing to favour your Feet or your Gravel which being kept out strait on the edges beautifies your Gravel But if you will have your Walk only Gravel then will it be necessary to edge it with Brick three or four inches above the surface to prevent Earth or Rubbish from intermixing with it Bricks set on one end side by side is the securest and most lasting way for this purpose Walks of Grass are very pleasant and much 3. Green Walks to be preferred in the Summer to any of the other being cold and easie to the Feet They are either made by laying them with Turf or by raking them fine and sowing them with Hay-dust or Seed which may be had at the bottom of a Hay-mow or Rick and well rolled and weeded from all gross Weeds will soon become a fine Grass-walk if these Walks also be laid a little rounding they will cast off the water the better and be more commodious for your use than if flat A Water-table on each side of two or three inches deep cut every year anew not only receives the waste water but preserves the Grass or Weeds from mixing with your Borders and presents your Walk much more pleasant to your eye than if it were otherwise To destroy Weeds in the Gravel-walks or paved Walks where you cannot conveniently eradicate them you must water it with very salt Water or with the Liquor they have at the Salters which they call Bittern which absolutely destroys all Vegetation where it is cast in an indifferent good quantity It is none of the least oblectations a Garden 4. Of Terrace-walks affords to have Terrace-walks on which you have the benefit of the Air and prospect on your Garden These in former Ages and now also in more hot Countries were much celebrated the Hortipensiles or Pendant-gardens were after this manner made above the ordinary level for the advantage of the Air and pleasure of the Eye and somewhat to add to the magnificence of the Place being very beautiful as well as commodious They are usually made where much Earth or Rubbish is to spare which would cost time and labour to remove and here is disposed of to advantage with the only expence of a Wall on the out-side to support it or if you please on both but the inner-side to your Garden may be made declining and cloathed with Turf The Wall on the out-side surmounting the Top of the Walk about three foot and on the Edge towards your Garden may be set a Rail or Rail and Ballisters or a Pallisade or a quick tonsile Hedge of about the same height the Wall is of that neither side prevent the Air nor impede your Prospect In some Gardens where water is at your command the sinking of an Aquaeduct or Piscary will afford you Materials for your Terrace-walk both of which are best and most proper to be made at the farthest distance from your House SECT II. Of Arbors and Places of Repose TO make your Garden pleasant at all times and in all seasons either in respect of the great variety of weather or your own disposition or indisposition it will be very necessary to accommodate it with places of Shade to skreen you from the
scorching Sun-beams Canopies to preserve you from the Rain and Boxes to seclude you from the too cold Breezes That although you are not willing to expose your self too much in the intemperate Air or your present inability or unaptness for a Walk be such that you cannot with delight enjoy it yet that you may not lose those exhile rating Pleasures your Garden most times affords For cool Recessss in the hottest times it 1. Of Arbours hath been usual to erect or frame Arbors with Poles or Rods and plant them about with shady Trees which are an Ornament to some Gardens but to be rejected 1. Because they require much repair and care to preserve them for in your Garden of Pleasure you ought to be frugal of cost and pains left your Delights become occasions of Prodigality and your Recreations burthensome to you 2. Because the Seats are apt to be moist and foul it being apt to impair your health to sit on a cold Seat Salubrity being one of the advantages expected from a Garden 3. After a shower in the Summer is the pleasantest time to recreate your Senses amongst your odorous Plants and then this place of recess is wholly useless the dripping continuing long after the shower 4. The usual cool breezes that you will sensibly feel in those Arbors to your prejudice balance all the conveniences you can expect from them But if the Weather and time of the day invite you to sit in the Air without inconvenience a Seat under the shade of some Platanus Lin-Tree or the like is much more pleasant than to be Hood-winked in an Arbor You may have a Seat made of thin and light 2. Of Seats Materials and painted with a white colour in Oyl or as best pleases your fancy which may be moveable with a little help and placed sometimes in one place and sometimes in another as the weather happens This Seat may be made close behind and covered that being set with the back to the Wind will be both warm and dry In the Nieches of your Wall may you place Seats covered over that you may rest your self in at your pleasure At the ends of your Walks are the most proper places for such Seats that whilst you sit in either of them you have the view of your Garden The best Form for these Seats is round the one semicircle within the Wall the other without with a Cupulo the outward part to be supported by three or four or more columns of Timber or Stone the other part resting on the Wall the top covered with Lead Slate or Shingle with its due Cornish about that part that is off from the Wall Or you may make them of a long square Form about two Foot in the Niech of the Wall and as much without covered as the round but casting the drip side-ways or backward Having several of these Seats facing to each Coast be the Wind or Sun either way you have a place to defend your self from it You may also cover your Benches or Stools with Mat and lay the Floors with Board which will much conduce to your own ease and health Arbors Benches and Seats are very necessary 3 Of Pleasure-houses being present expedients for them that are weary but that which crowns the pleasure of a Garden is a place of repose where neither Wind Rain Heat nor Cold can annoy you This small Edifice usually term'd a Pleasure-house or Banquetting-house may be made at some remote Angle of your Garden For the more remote it is from your House the more private will you be from the frequent disturbances of your Family or Acquaintance and being made at an Angle part within your Garden and part without you will have the priveledges and advantages of Air and View which otherwise you will want and which render it much more pleasant than to be without them The Windows and Doors the one or other respecting every Coast may be glazed with the best and most transparent Glass to represent every Object through it the more splendid with skreens of painted and printed Sarcenet to prevent in the day and shutters of thin Wainscot in the night others from disturbing your solitary Repose Also you may reap the pleasure and advantage of the Air from either Coast by opening that side of your small Edifice from whence you would receive it excluding on the other side that which might otherwise annoy you In the other corner of your Garden or some 4. Of Repositeries for tender Plants opposite place to such Pleasure-houses may you erect another of the same Form to answer it as to your view which may serve as a place to preserve your tender Plants in during the extremity of the Winter and is usually term'd a Green-house because several Winter-Greens are therein preserved that will not endure the severity of that Season in it also may you dispose on shelves your dry Roots of Flowers and Seeds until the time of the year mind you of interring them On these small Edifices may you bestow what cost you can afford and make them as they deserve to be the principal Ornaments of your Ville It is not unusual to raise a Mount with the 5. Of Mount waste Earth or Rubbish you may otherwise happen to be troubled withal at some convenient distance from your House on which as on your Terrace-walks you have the advantage of the Air and prospect and whereon you may erect a Pleasure or Banqueting-house or such like place of Repose The most famous of this kind is that near Marlborough whether first raised by Art or Nature is not yet determined however it hath a most pleasant and easie ascent and from the Summit whereof you have a good Air and a fair prospect CHAP. IV. Of Springs Rivers Fountains Water-works and Grotto's necessary for a Garden IT is not to be denied that a kind and fruitful Soil may produce all sorts of Plants proper for a Garden of Pleasure Use or Advantage which may render such a Place delightful yet cannot such a Garden ever be said to be complete nor in its full splendour and beauty without this Element of Water Wherefore Rapinus adviseth thus You then who would your Villa's Grace augment And on its Honour always are intent You who imploy your time to cultivate Your Gardens and to make their Glory great Among your Groves and Flowers let Water flow Water 's the Soul of Groves and Flowers too Besides the particular uses you may put it to in watering your several Gardens it is very pleasant to have your Piscaries Rivulets Fountains c. about your Ville SECT I. Of Springs MAny pleasant Seats Vills and Gardens there are that are very well scituate for Air and Prospect that are of themselves dry which defect may be supplied from Springs of Water rising at some distance and may be conveyed by Pipes to such places in your Ville or Garden as you desire In places where Wood is plenty the
doth it from the extremity of Cold in the Winter Neither hath the Wind or Morning Air in that Season so great an advantage over a Plant thus posited as it hath if it be on a level SECT II. Of such Plants that least endure the Cold. OTher Plants there are whose descent have been from a more hot Climate and are of themselves of a more tender Nature than the other before mentioned Whereof the Orange-Tree is the most principal Of the Orange and deservedly in great esteem not only for its Beautiful though acid Fruit but for its most fragrant Flowers of which is made so rich an Essence and whose distilled Water is of so transcendent Vertues that they will sufficiently recompence your diligence and care in nourishing and preserving the Tree These Trees preserved in strong Boxes may be with ease removed into your Conservatory and thence in the Summer plac'd in several Places of your Garden NO Tree your Gardens or your Fountains more Adorns than what th' Atlantic Apples bore A deathless Beauty Crowns its shining Leaves And to dark Groves its Flower lustre gives Besides the splendor of its golden fruit Of which the boughs are never destitute They are raised of the Kernels sown in March in Cases of rich Earth These Fruits were unknown in former Ages to the Europeans and the Trees have not been long introduc'd and not many years hath that more noble kind the China Orange been propagated in Portugal and Spain which annually furnish us with those pleasant Fruits yet there in a few years have they degenerated as to size and taste It 's probable the Kernels of those may prosper better with us than the African China being not so hot The Fruit with us although it ripeneth not so well as in Spain yet in such years that our old stock of imported Fruit is decay'd they serve for many Physical uses But the Flowers here are much more valuable than the Fruit. Therefore if a Wall be built near the House and well defended behind and on either side from cold Winds and several Leaves or Doors of close Board made to shut before your Wall and the top well secured from Rain against this Wall may you plant your Orange-Trees and prune them against it without ever removing them only in the Spring season you may open your Leaves or Doors by Degrees and at length open it quite before and on the top only in the main stays until the next Winter In the building of this Wall may you contrive Concavities through which the heat of Fire made in several places for that purpose may pass behind your Trees or you may have other Fires in this Shed as in your Green-house The most proper Earth wherein to Plant your Orange-Trees is that which is taken out of a Melon or Cucumber-bed and equally mix'd or temper'd with a fine loamy Earth and so to remain the whole Winter then sifted into the Cases Instead of the fat Earth of a Melon or Cucumber-bed you may use Neats-dung and order it as the Melon Earth Before you put your Earth into your Cases lay on the bottom a good quantity of Osier or Withy Sticks or such like which will preserve it light if they are in a small quantity mixed throughout it will be the better Place them in your Conservatory before any Frosts happen and in hard Weather give them some warmth As the Spring appears so acquaint them by degrees with the Air opening the Doors at Noon first and shutting them again then for a whole Day if the Weather permit The like discretion you must use when you set them into your Conservatory not to shut them up too close until extremity of Weather require it As the Trees grow large so you may enlarge your Cases and take out the Trees Earth and all and place them in your new Cases I have heard of a Gentleman that annually makes a Shed or House over his Orange-Tree and as the Tree encreaseth so he enlargeth his House and that his Tree is very large and beareth plentifully You must gather the Flowers as they blow leaving but few to knit into Fruit else will your Tree spend it self in Fruit. You must take care to brush the Spiders Webs off this Tree very gently for they delight to work on it the fragrant Blossoms attracting many Flies The Kernels may be Planted in hot Beds and will bring fair Plants the sooner Easie Stoves or Heats will serve until the Frosts be very hard then you must kindle greater Fires but let not any Fire come too near your Trees nor any Smoak annoy them But if your Conservatory be made very close with Mats that Water will not freeze in it then there needs not any Fire You must water them gently when you find they require it which may be discerned by the Leaf which will soon complain but give them rather too little than too much and wet not the Leaves You ought to renew and alter the Earth as tenderly as you can by abating the upper part of it and stirring it up with a Fork taking heed to the Roots and applying the prepared Earth in the room of it which may be done in May and September If you kindle some Charcoal and when they have done smoaking put them in a hole sunk a little into the Floor about the middle of it it is the best Stove and least annoys your Plants The Water wherewith you irrigate your Orange-Trees ought to be prepared as well as the Earth you may therefore mix it with Sheeps-dung or Neats-dung and let it stand two or three days in the Air or Sun and it will be very fit for your purpose Lemmons may be ordered after the same Lemmons manner as the Oranges but they are not capable of giving you so large a requital Amomum Plinii so called being a Plant by Amomum Plinii him esteemed and by him reported to be naturally growing in divers parts of Asia and yielding a rich and costly Berry used in Perfumes is now nursed up in our Climate by careful preserving it in the Winter in the close Conservatory where it requires the same care as doth the Orange-Tree Geranium nocte olens which smelleth pleasantly Geranium in the Night only is a tender Plant and deserves a place in your Conservatory The Tuberose Hyacinth famous for its aspiring Head and most fragrant Flowers seeming to contend with the Orange-Tree is a very tender Plant impatient of Cold or Wet The Root must be taken up in April carefully parted without breaking the greater Fibers and then replanted the bottom of the Pot filled with prepared Earth but the Roots covered only with natural fresh Earth and then the Pot filled with Earth prepared as before place this Pot in a hot Bed and there let it stand without watering until the Root spring then set the Pot under a South-wall in dry Weather water it easily In August it will yield its rich Flowers
excellent surely by a continued improvement to this day must they needs now be much better There are several kinds of them as the more ordinary which run up tall and bear small heads which are very hardy and are usually called the Thistle-Artichoaks the other sorts are more large and grow low and much to be preferred but are more tender and unable to endure the severity of the Winter The best and largest sort is that called the Globe-Artichoak bearing a very large Fruit of near twelve inches over The meanest is that called the Red Artichoak with the Plants whereof many have been deceived expecting a more excellent than ordinary Fruit when instead thereof they produced the worst of Artichoaks They are increased by Slips taken from the sides of the old Roots at the time of dressing them in the Spring with as much root to them as you can Artichoaks delight in a rich and deep Soyl and not very dry which Soyl must be trenched about two foot deep and mixed very well with good old rotten Dung and so laid up into Beds of what form you think best for you may go between them as you please the Artichoak roots very deep and if it likes its ground will grow very large and continue many years You may plant them four foot apart at least that they may have room to spread their leaves and at their first planting be fure to water them in dry Weather until you observe them to grow The best times for the planting them is in the beginning of April and you may sow any Sallet-Herbs between them that may be gathered and disposed of before the Artichoaks spread too far These Plants will some of them yield heads in the Autumn following If you throughly water your Artichoaks with water enriched with Sheeps-Dung it will make them very large Watring of them in dry Land or in dry Years much advantageth them for in moist Years they are much more plentiful and large than in dry Years and the better it will be in case the Water be fat Water drawn from Ashes or improved by any fixed Salt is very good for the same purpose for I have known that Artichoaks have been the larger for Turf-ashes casually with Dung laid at their Roots to preserve them in Winter In November or the beginning of December it will be a good time to secure your Artichoaks from the Frost by raising the Earth about them and encompassing them with long Dung or any hawmy substance but not to cover them lest it perish them for it 's the Frost that perisheth the Roots and the wet and want of Air that perish the Leaves About London where they have great Gardens of Artichoaks they cannot so well cover them with long Dung but instead thereof they cut off all the Greens which they sell for feeding of Cows after the rate of 20 s. per Acre as they themselves tell me and then cover the plants over with Earth to defend them from Frosts so that it is not necessary to preserve the Greens over the Winter But this way of covering them with Earth did not preserve them in the great Frost of 1683 when all so covered were killed and at the same time those that were covered well with long Dung were preserved in the smaller Gardens remote from London and some that were buried in Dung all that winter being cast out of the Gardens were found in the Spring to be living Some prescribe to whelm over them an earthen Pot Bee-hive or such like open at the top to give them Air which may serve if the Winter be not too sharp About the middle of March you may gently move the Dung from them and at the end the Earth that was cast up and the first week in April may you dress them by digging deeply about each Root and slipping of every Set as low as possibly you can leaving two or three of the greatest and most distant the one from the other for Bearers then fill them up round with good old Dung or rich Soil mixt with the Earth and they will afford you fair Heads If you would have latter Artichoaks you must cut the first Crops betimes or expect them from your new set plants A small spot of ground thus planted and ordered will furnish your Table with many of these Fruits in a year and are equal to the best of Vegetables for Food charge and trouble and very little in comparison of the advantage They will continue six eight or ten years sometimes twenty years and more according to the goodness of the Land they grow in and then must be renewed when you perceive them to degenerate which they surely do if they like not the ground The young Buds of Artichoaks may be eaten raw with Pepper and Salt as usually Melons Figs c. are eaten The Chard of the Artichoaks which is the Stalk of a young Artichoak arising out of an old Root and preserved from the Air and from heading by winding it about with Straw to blanch it and make it tender is by the French esteem'd an excellent Dish The Roots Stalks and Leaves of them whilst young and tender are delicate Meat especially if so preserved and blanched as is by some affirmed and it is not improbable for I have often found that by covering a Winter Bud to preserve it from Frost the Snails have greedily devour'd it Those esculent Herbs that are perennial because they are not so much used for Food as for Condiment I shall discourse of in another Chapter CHAP. II. Of Esculent Roots THere are several Roots that have afforded us great plenty of substantial pleasant Of Turnips and wholesome Food whereof the Turnip is esteem'd the best there are several sorts of them the round long and yellow of which the round is the most common though the others are very good the long are usually called Navews they have been an ancient Food throughout Europe Southward and have been very much improved in England of late years They will grow on the meanest Land in its first tilth and much the more if the Season prove moist or dripping The Season of sowing them is about Midsummer that they may be ready to improve upon the Autumnal Rains which maketh them much sweeter than the Vernal They are fickle at their first coming up in a too dry Season and if being sown early they happen to fail you may at the end of July or beginning of August new sow your Ground These Seeds are much sought for and devoured by small Birds who will smell them in the ground and when they first send their pale heads above the earth the Birds will draw them out and eat of their Seeds and leave the naked Shoots on the ground Those that escape the Birds in small Gardens or places amongst or near to Trees and Groves as well as in the larger Fields the Flies in dry and hot Summers usually devour so that few or none escape them which
made fine both these and so do Deer and Goats retain their Meat longer than Horses or Swine who feed more grosly and hastily the Dung of the one being like whisps of Hay of the other like a mixture of all sorts of Filth Also Sheep and Deer drink but little which make their Dung and their Urine which also is very rich could it be preserved very fertile Neat drink much which very much tempereth and allayeth the heat and fertile Nature of the Soyl. Earth thus mixed with Sheeps Dung dissolved is very excellent for most sorts of Fibrous rooted Flowers because the decay of the Dung which will be in time leaves the ground porous that the Fibres thereby as well insinuate themselves and spread abroad as they do contract the richness the Dung affords them Tuberous rooted Flowers also affect this mixture Artichoaks delight in it exceedingly and Sheeps Dung applyed to the Roots of them and then often watered whereby the Vertue of it may be conveyed into them makes the Plant yield you fair Fruit most Garden-Tillage affect it for it is not only a very rich Soil but renders the Ground light and porous which is very advantageous to Tillage A mixture of Neats Dung after the same Neats Dung manner is very good for most of the same uses as is that of Sheeps Dung And better in some particular Cases for that if you have occasion to remove or plant any good Flower in the Summer time or out of its proper Season such a mixture of Earth and Neats Dung made into a liquid Pap and the Tree or Flower placed in it that the liquid Matter may encompass the Root will so adhere to it and be so cool and moist that it will cause the Plant to thrive as well as if it had been planted or removed in its proper season Horse Dung whilst new is the hottest of Horse Dung Dungs laid in a great quantity together by reason that a Horse chews his Meat but little feeds hastily and evacuates it in a short time so that like chopt Straw or Hay but beginning to ferment in the Belly of the Horse it continues fermenting after it is in the Dunghil but if it be laid up with the Litter that is usually moistned with the Urine of the Horse and after it is throughly rotten which will be much the sooner if it lie in a moist place or be often watred by Rain or by Hand and turned withal or cast as the Husbandman usually terms it it then makes an excellent Compost for your Kitchin Garden In your Swine-yard or places where Swine Swines Dung usually tread or feed the Earth is very much improved by their dunging and pissing which trampled into and mixt with the Earth makes it become a very good Compost especially to allay that rankness or over-freeness of some very light and rich Soils that breed the Canker in Trees and too many Worms and other Vermin and Insects that destroy your choicest Plants This Dung or Earth so inriched being a fat cooling Compost may be with success used in both your Gardens but rather amongst your Fruit-Trees where it excels Asses Dung is near of the nature of Sheeps Asses Dung Dung Deers Dung c. spoken of before altho' not altogether so rich The Dung of all Corn fed Fowl is very hot Pigeons Dung at the first especially that of Pigeons because they feed hastily and evacuate the same digested in a short time and urine not so that their Drink is no more but only to digest and nourish and not to carry away any of the Vertue of the Meat nor lessen the strength or fertility of the Dung Experience hath taught the Husbandman that in the Champion Countries where great store of Pigeons Dung is to be had the same sown but thinly with Barley makes a poor Ground yield a good Crop for when but thinly sown the Rain and Air soon qualifie its present heat which if it were laid thick would burn the Corn especially at that season or else make it grow too rank which is as great a fault as its being too short Therefore you may well conclude that these Dungs laid in a heap in the open Air and moistned by the Rain or otherwise until their heat is over will make a most rich Compost for either Garden but more especially for your Kitchen Garden I only here give you a Caution not to use Malt-dust Malt-dust in your Garden for there are many Seeds of pernicious Weeds in it that have passed all the imbibitions fermentations and exsiccations of the Malt and yet retain their vegetating nature and will furnish you with new species of Weeds out of the Fields that your Garden before was not acquainted withal The Setlings of Waters where there is least Mud of Ponds Current is the best but the Mud or Residence of any Water unless it be over-much sandy is excellent to qualifie the Nature of your Ground If your Ground be light then use stiff Mud if your Ground be stiff or cold then use light or sandy Residences These Mixtures are good for all sorts of Garden-ground The Washings of Streets or High-ways after Rain yield great store of Setling or Mud that is very profitable for Garden-ground especially the Residency of such Water that descends from Chalky Hills applied to light Ground The Mud in the bottom of Pools wherein Horses are usually washed is also very good if duely applied Any Ashes or other Matter whatsoever that Salts contains Salt is good so that the quantity of the Matter containing the Salt doth not too far exceed the Salt contained in it as usually Wood-ashes after they have been in the Wash-house Soap-house or elsewhere have the most of their Salt extracted and then applied to your Ground sterilizeth it unless it be to a strong Clay-ground then it will make it lighter although not richer The Ashes of any burnt Vegetables are excellent as before we observed a Mixture of Lime is very good in most Grounds but the Salt of Lime extracted by Water and your Ground watered therewith is much to be preferred It hath also this singular Property that it makes the Worm soon leave the Place watered therewith and expose themselves to the Air where they soon perish or to the Birds who devour them The same Effect is wrought by any Alkalizate Salts or Salts produced by Fire The Murc or Refuse after the Pressings of Murc Cider and rotten Fruit are very good to mix with your Earth but it must be after it hath lain a long time in some Pit or Heap until it hath lost its Savour and until the Seeds or Kernels are dead lest they germinate and incommode your Garden Any drezy Wood or the Dust of the Wood-pile Rotten Wood. but more especially rotten Willow is excellent to make the Earth light for most fibrous rooted Flowers The same is Saw-dust if it first lie in a moist Place until it
be rotten and hath its Acidity abated or digested Straw or any dry Vegetables become rotten Straw and mix'd with Earth maketh it light and fit for your choicest Anemonies and all fibrous rooted Flowers Tobacco dried or cur'd and afterwards Tobacco mix'd with your Garden-mould will doubtless exceedingly enrich it For it is of a very high and strong nature and containeth much of a Volatile Nitrous Salt in it and is reported to be equally as effectual in the tanning of Leather as the Bark of the Oak which if it be true as I have no reason to doubt it it may prove a considerable Improvement of many Country Farms and of great benefit and advantage to the Nation in general either of which Uses is better than that to which it is now usually put unto SECT I. Of Watering Gardens BEsides the Mixture of several Materials Fat Waters and Composts with Land to make it fruitful you may add enriched Waters which serve where you cannot conveniently change your Ground or remove your Plant as in several Flower-trees and Artichoaks Asparagus c. That Water is very good that is taken out of standing Pools where Cattel usually resort to shade or cool themselves in hot Weather and leave their Dung in it which by the stirring of their Feet enricheth the Water Ducks and Geese also much improve standing Pools where they frequent Several Waters may be prepared in which you may steep or macerate your Seeds or Pulse to make them sprout the sooner or come the fairer and with the same Water may you irrigate your Ground Many Receipts there are to that end I shall only mention some of them Take Sheeps Dung well dissolved in warm Water and after it hath stood twelve Hours strain it through a course Cloth with compression for it is so slimy that it comes through with difficulty therefore I suppose a Decantation may serve To two or three Gallons of this Liquor add a handful of Bay-salt and somewhat a lesser proportion of Salt-petre and let them both be dissolved in the former Water which to expedite let it be made luke-warm and stirred often in which Liquor let your Seeds lie for twenty four hours or more till they are throughly swelled Pulse need not lie so long Then take out your Seeds or Pulse and expose them thinly on some Floor to the Air not the Sun until they be half dry then sow them It is also prescribed that the remainder of the Sheeps Dung that was not made liquid should be dried and calcined and the fix'd Salt extracted out of it and added to the former Composition but it 's more probable that another parcel of Sheeps Dung calcined would yield more and better Salt than the remaining part of the dissolved Dung. This latter part makes the process too difficult and troublesom and adds but little to the vertue of it any other fixed Salt having the same effect as that so hard to be obtained This Liquor is more effectual for the watering of Plants than it is for the maceration of Seeds and so are any other salt Waters Some add a greater quantity of Salt-petre and Bay-salt some only Salt-petre others use Pigeons Dung in stead of Sheeps Dung also Lime-water after that manner enrich'd with Sheeps Dung Pigeons Dung or Neats Dung is equal in vertue if not exceeding that to which Salt-petre or Bay-salt is added Every Husbandman hath experimented the Effect of Lime the Salt only extracted by the Rains enriching the Earth occasioning so plentiful a Crop the other remaining part like a Caput Mortuum only tempereth the Land for the future and maketh it more sad where before it was too light which if the Land did not require it then doth Lime after its Salt is wasted much injury to the Land whereon it is laid Nitre or Salt-petre only dissolv'd in Water a Pound to four or five Gallons is held to be very effectual to enrich barren Mould This agrees with our Observations about Earth covered with Building or otherwise defended from Sun and Rain for the generation of Nitre Some commend the sprinkling of Milk and rain-Rain-water on the Beds first sifted over with Lime pulverized whether by pounding or slacking with Water it mattereth not neither of which can improve or abate the vertue or quantity of its Salt the thing we desire and after every Watering sifting more Lime This way may not be amiss for such Lands that the Caput Mortuum of the Lime remaining after the Salt is extracted will not prejudice and for such Plants that the Lime lying on the Ground will not injure The Milk may be left out not signifying so much as the value of it amounts unto the Liquor wherein Flesh Meats whether Fresh or Salt have been boyled is much better and easier obtained The Salt of Lime extracted with Water in some large wooden Vessel containeth in it the same improving Vertue and is less troublesom to make use of and free from the Inconveniences that attend the other way Much more might be said concerning these improving Liquids as well as Solids but that the most learned and experienc'd of Rural or Mr Evelyn Hortulane Authors hath lately been very copious on the same Subject Only I may here advise the unexperienced not to water his Plants in either Garden with a cold Spring or Well-water if he can obtain any other which if he cannot then to expose this to the Sun or Air some time before he useth it or enrich it by some pinguid Mixtures as Lime Ashes Dung or such like which will quickly qualifie it for his purpose by abating the sudden Coldness of it to the Plant For it is a very great Injury to most tender Plants to be diluted with cold Water from the Well or Spring and checks their Growth exceedingly as may be observed in a bleeding Vine to the naked Roots of which if you pour store of cold Spring or Well-water it suddenly checks the ascension of the Sap by means whereof the Bleeding ceaseth and the Wound consolidates again before the more liberal ascent of the Sap much more then will it check the Growth of a weak Herb or Flower Also as it is observed to sow in the Dust whereby the Seeds gradually swell from the cold Dews of the Night and Air and are made ready to sprout with the next Rains so it is not good to water new-sown Seeds until the long defect of Showers invite you to it lest you wash off the Earth from them before they have sprouted whereby they fasten themselves the better to endure a Watering Some Seeds as Radish Lettuce Gilliflower-seed c. remain not long in the Earth and therefore may in two or three Days for want of Rain be watered by hand but Tulip Auricula Parsley Carrot-seed c. lie longer in the Ground and require not so speedy an Irrigation All Seed ought to be watered by the smallest or Rain-like Drops as you can and not too much
for hasty Watering and hasty Showers discover them For most Flowers and Plants whose Leaves lie near the Ground it is best to water them at some distance by making a Ring round the Plant a little hollow and pouring the Water into it whereby you annoy not the Leaves with your discolouring Water or chill them with the Coldness of it In all warm Weather the Evening is the best Season to water in because the Water will have time to sink into the Earth and the Plant to attract it before the Heat of the Sun exhales it but in cold Weather and when the Nights are cold the Morning is the most proper time that the superfluous Moisture may be evaporated before the cold Night overtake you and chill your Plant. By no means use Liquors either naturally hot as Spirits or artificially made so by heating it over the Fire A Plant that delights in Moisture or a drooping Plant that you may suppose Water will preserve may be watered by Filtration which is by placing an earthen Pot full of Water near the Plant and putting therein the end of a List of Woollen-cloth the other end thereof to hang down on the outside of the Pot to the Ground near the root of the Plant by means of which List if it be thick enough the Water will filtrate or distil over the Brim of the Pot through the List of Woollen so long as any Water is in reach of the List in the Pot always observing that the end of the List in the outside of the Pot be longer than that in the inside and that the List be thorowly wet before you add it The Reasons of this Operation which many Country Colona's daily experiment we will not here discourse of To water your Flower-pot that the Water Watering of Flower-pots may the easier descend to the bottom and throughout the whole Pot you may before you fill it with Earth place in it a Pipe of Lead Latton or such like close at the bottom with divers Holes at the sides of it let the Pipe extend in height to the top of the Pot and when the Pot is full of Earth and planted with Flowers and that you cannot conveniently otherwise water it then with a Funnel fill the Pipe with Water and reiterate your filling of it until you think there is enough and by the Holes on the sides of the Pipe the Water will moisten the whole Pot of Earth The Water you use here ought to be meliorated by some of the former ways For Earth thus separated from the Ground is more apt to decay than that which is remaining on its natural Foundation which continually receives an Improvement by perspiration of the vegetating Spirit There are several sorts of Watering-pots in Watering-pots use for Gardens the most useful is the common Watering-pot made of tinn'd Plate or Latton the Nose or end of the Spout whereof is covered with a Cover wherein are many small Perforations that the Water may force through in small Streams and besprinkle your Plants or Seeds like unto Rain This Cover is made to take off and on to cleanse at pleasure There is another sort of Watering-pot that hath a small Hole at the bottom and another at the top so that when you sink it into a Vessel of Water it will fill by the lower Pipe or Hole the Air passing out at the Hole at the top where the Handle is also When it is full take it by the Handle and stop the Hole with your Thumb and when you come to the Plant you intend to water you may ease the Hole whereon your Thumb lies and as you please let the Water out at the Pipe in the bottom for as the Air comes in at the top the Water will issue out at the bottom and so may you stop it and open it with your Thumb at your pleasure With this Pot you may easily let the Water down on your Plants that can bear with a washing Shower You may water any Ground by the first sort of Watering-pot with any enriched or thick Water if you take off the Cover of the Pipe and convey the same Water about the Roots of any Plants without fouling the Leaves or Flowers Also you may have a small Engine made like one of the Engines for the raising of Water to extinguish Fire withal and place it in a Frame to drive to and fro about your Garden you may fill it with Water and the Spout or Pipe with a perforated Cover like unto the common Watering-pots but not so broad as to spread the Water so much with this Engine may you imitate Rain over any of your Beds at a distance and wash your Wall-trees from Vermine and refresh them at your pleasure Any of these Watering-pots may be preserved To preserue your Watering-pots for many Years from Rust to which they are very apt by painting them over with Linseed Oyl and Red Lead SECT IV. Of making Hot-Beds IT is evident to all that most Plants do naturally observe the Season of the Year in their Germination Growth and Maturation and although they are removed into another Climate yet do they incline to the Observation of the same Time as they did in their own former natural Place of their Growth as the Persian Iris American Strawberry and several others which make them the more acceptable as they come earlier or later than others of the same Kind So is it with many other Flowers Fruits or Herbs For we annually observe how acceptable a Dish of early Pease is over what they are when later and common and so are Asparagus Cucumbers Melons c. The Growth of most Plants is quickned by a warm Position as under a warm Fence or Wall and by an artificial Heat as by being planted against a Place where Fire is usually kept or by watering them with Waters impregnated by hot Dungs which will very much accelerate Germination If you would have Herbs to sprout immediately To raise a Sallad in few Hours then lay a Bed of unslak'd Lime powdered with a Mixture of Ashes if you please or without on that a Lay of hot Dung and on that another Lay of Lime and then on that a Lay of fine rich Mould wherein sow your Seeds as Lettuce Purslain Corn-Sallad Parsley c. first steep'd in White-wine or some of the former prepared Waters and water them when sown with some of the same richest Waters and they will suddenly appear above ground and as you water them so will they prosper This should be done within doors lest the coldness of the Air should impede their growth the often watering them facilitates their nourishment But the Hot-beds that are most useful and whereon you are to raise your tender Exoticks and your early Flowers and also to raise and bring forward your Melons Cucumbers Cauly-flowers c. is usually made in February or March and after several manners Some prescribe the making of
Marygold Snap-Dragon Candy Tuft Sweet Scabious Spanish Scabious London Pride Capsicum Indicum Venus Looking-glass White Venus Looking-glass Venus Navel-wort French Honey-suckle White French Honey-suckle Scarlet Lychnis Rose Campion Noli me Tangere Marvel of Peru. Nasturtium Indicum Sweet Sultan Red Valerian White Valerian Greek Valerian Branch'd Sun-Flower Canterbury Bell. Flos Adonis Fox Tail Iron-colour Fox-glove Nigella Romana Urtica Romana Primrose Tree Belvedere Amaranthus Purpureus Amaranthus Coccineus Amaranthus Tricolor Princes Feather Green Amaranthus Love Apple Thorn Apple Double Poppy strip'd Double Hollyhock Lobel's Catch Fly Goats Rue Spanish Mallow-tree Monks Hood Convolvulus Major Convolvulus Minor Bottles of all Colours Globe Thistle Great blue Lupines Small blue Lupines Yellow Lupines White Lupines Scarlet Beans Everlasting Pease Snails and Caterpillars Horns and Hedghogs Tulip Anemone Auricula Polianthos Primrose Sensible Plant. Humble Plant. Seeds of Ever-green and Flowering Trees Cypress Silver Firr Norway Firr Scotch Firr Great Pine Pinaster Phillyrea vera Alaternus Phyracantha Arbutus Horn-beam Laurus Tinus Amomum Plinii Mezerian Berries Cedar Berries Holly Berries Laurel Berries Bay Berries Juniper Berries Yew Berries Mirtle Berries Ever-green Oak-Acorns Cork-Tree Acorns Lime-Tree Seed Sena Seed Althaea frutex Seed Laburnum Majus Laburnum Minus Spanish Broom Seed Chesnuts Acatia Almonds Sorts of Pease Beans c. Barns Hot-spur Pease Short Hot-spur Pease Long Hot-spur Pease Sandwich Pease Grey Rouncival Pease White Rouncival Pease Blue Rouncival Pease Green Rouncival Pease Maple Rouncival Pease Large white Sugar Pease Small white Sugar Pease Grey Sugar Pease White Rose Pease Grey Rose Pease Egg Pease Wing Pease Sickle Pease Windsor Beans Sandwich Beans White Kidney Beans Speckled Kidney Beans Canterbury Kidney Beans Lentils Seeds to improve Land Clover-Grass Hop-Clover cleans'd Hop-Clover in the Husk Sain Foine La Lucern Spury French Furz Dantzick Flax. Hemp-seed Rape-seed Mustard-seed Canary-seed Flower Roots Ranuncula's all sorts Double Anemones all sorts French Anemones Tulips all sorts Double July-flower all sorts Auricula's double strip'd and plain Poliantho's all sorts Primroses all sorts Iris Persian Chalcedonian Dwarf c. Crown Imperial yellow double and single Fraxinella's purple and white Hepatica double blue and Peach-colour white blue and Peach-colour single Crocus's all sorts Narcissus all sorts Hyacinthus Tuberosus Junquils double and single Peonies black red purple and strip'd Fritillaria all sorts Hellebor white black and Christmas Colchicum Chio purple strip'd c. Gladiolus all sorts Cyclamen Vernum and Autumnale Lillies all sorts Sorts of Choice Trees and Plants Oranges strip'd and Hermaphrodite Lemons Citrons Pomgranats Myrtles broad-leav'd Box-leav'd Orange-leav'd Birds-nest upright and double-flower'd Two sorts of upright Myrtles The upright Myrtle of Portugal The broad-leav'd Myrtle of Portugal The broad-leav'd Myrtle of Spain A broad-leav'd Myrtle the Leaves tipt with White like Silver Rhus Tritifolia Virginianum the Myrtle-leav'd and Virginian Sumach Oleander Red and White Phillyrea serrato folio Augusto-folio foliis leviter serratis Alaternus strip'd with Yellow and White Cytisus Lunatus Secundus Clusii Amomum Plinii Hollies strip'd with Yellow with white and yellow Berries Arbutus Paliurus Olive-Tree Cedrus Libani Aloes Americana sive Sempervivum Aloes of America Agnus Castus Arber Judae Platanus Orientalis Occidentalis Tragacantha Horse Chesnut Jessamines Spanish yellow Persian white c. Cistus all sorts Geranium necte Olens Jucca Peruana Nightshade variegated Woodbine variegated Althaea frutex purple white c. Terebenthus Lentischus Laurus Tinus Latifolia Laurus Tinus Augustifolia Laurocerasus the Cherry-Bay The strip'd Laurel Juniperus Hispanicus the Juniper of Spain Chamela Tricoccos or Widow-wail Laurus Alexandrina Hippoglossum mas the Horse-tongue Bay Laurus Alexandrina Genuvina the true Bay of Alexandrina Jacobaea Marina incana Sea Ragwort Azedarach the Bead-Tree Piracantha The Maracock of Virginia Pistatia Virginiensis Trifolia the three-leav'd Virginian Bladder-Nut Jasminianum Virginianum the Virginian Jasmine With many other Sorts At which Places you may be likewise furnished with Spades Hoes Reels Lines Sheers Sythes Wyre-Sieves Watering-Pots Bass-Mats Melon-Glasses c. proper for the Use of Gardiners As also with all sorts of Fruit-trees and Ever-greens and Artichoke Asparagus Liquorice Cauly-Flowers Cabbage and Tarragon Plants AN ALPHABETICAL TABLE A. AConites vide Wolfs-bane African Marigold Page 128 Alaternus Page 62 Gilded Page 68 Time to remove Page 76 Alisanders Page 187 Almonds Dwarf Page 88 Althaea Fruticosa vide Shrub-Mallow Amaranthus Purpureus Page 128 Common Page 131 Amomum Plinii Page 142 Anemones Page 106 Early Page 108 Late Page 109 Antipathy of Plants Page 234 Anterrhinum vide Snapdragon Apples of Love Page 131 Aqua Coelestis Page 200 Arach Page 189 Arbours Page 33 Arbutus Page 64 Time to remove Page 76 Arbor Judae vide Judas Tree Arbor Vitae Page 65 Time to remove Page 77 Artichoaks Page 153 Their ordering Page 154 Late Page 156 Artichoaks of Jerusalem Page 163 Asses Dung Page 208 Asparagus Page 150 Their ordering Page 151 Asphodils Page 102 Aviary Page 57 Auricula's Page 122 Blue Borage-leav'd Page 143 B. BLaustium vide Pomegranate Balm Page 91 Balsam Apple Page 131 Banquetting-house vide Pleasure-house Bay-Tree Page 61 When and how to plant and remove Page 76 Rose-Bay Page 135 Basil Page 191 Batchelor's Button Page 131 Beans Page 170 Bean Trefoil Page 89 Bears-ears vide Auricula's Bears-ears Sanicle Page 143 Bee-flowers Page 103 Beets Page 163 To keep long Page 164 Bell-flowers Page 131 Bindweed Page 128 Bluebottles Page 131 Blood to mix with Earth Page 203 Bloodwort Page 189 Bona Vista's Page 172 Bones to mix with Earth Page 204 Double Virgins Bower Page 90 Box Tree Page 62 When and how to plant Page 77 Gilded Box Page 68 Brick-walls and their manner of building Page 19 Flower of Bristol Page 131 Brooklime Page 192 Spanish Broom Page 89 Bulbous-rooted Flowers Page 102 Bugloss Page 187 Burnet Page 191 Burrage Page 187 C. CAbbage Page 175 To keep long Page 176 Calceolus Mariae vide Ladies-slipper Camomil Page 191 Double Page 131 Campions ibid. Candy Tufts ibid. Caraways Page 189 Carrots Page 160 To keep long Page 161 Castanea Equina Page 73 Time to remove Page 77 Caterpillars to destroy Page 232 Caterpillars to prevent Page 238 Cauly-flowers Page 178 Cauleworts Page 175 178 Cedar Page 64 Time to remove Page 76 Celastras Page 65 Time to remove Page 76 Chalky Land Page 9 Its Improvement Page 12 Champignons Page 193 Cherry double-flower'd Page 91 Christ's Thorn Page 74 Time to remove Page 77 Chibbols Page 167 Chards of Artichokes Page 157 Of Beets Page 164 Chervil Page 187 Cistus Mas Page 136 Cistus Ledon Page 136 Clayie Land Page 11 Its Improvement ibid. Clary Page 189 Coastmary Page 191 Colchicum vide Meadow Saffron Columbines Page 126 Convolvulus Page 128 Corn-sallad Page 186 Corn-flags Page 102 Green Corn Page 192 Cortusa Matthioli vide Bears Sanicle Cowslips Page 124 Cranes Bill Page 131 Garden Cresses Page 188 Indian Cresses ibid. Water Cresses Page 192 Crocus