of the matter Then if the lading or part of the lading be Waxe Pytche or Tarre or Hony or such lyke Gummes or what soeuer it be that is heauier then the water the consideration of the rule Staticall before rehearsed wyll shewe vnto you the truth of the matter accordingly as is bfore rehearsed in al points and if the ladyng or any part thereof be such thinges as doo penetrate or doo receiue or drynke in lyquor or water vppon that matter there may grow some error But to take away some part of that errour you shal haue this remedye or helpe and that is thys If it be Wool or Woollen cloth or Cotten Sylke Flaxe Hempe or Lynnen cloth or any such other lyke then shall you make your proofe in this manner as before is rehearsed in the Chapters goyng before and that is thus Fyll some vessel with that kinde of water that the Ship is sunck into then marke the edge of the water and that being doone if there bee any great quantitie of that kynde of goodes or marchaundize then take of that sorte drye as the goodes were before it was laden whether it be Wooll or woollen Cloth or Cotten c. And then that being drye waigh it and then open it loosely that the water may drynke into it and that being soked by imagination as the goods is or may bee then take out so much of the water as is rysen by that meanes of the wooll or woollen cloth or what soeuer it bee and then the waight of the water being knowne pull the waight of the water from the waight of such thinges as you haue made proofe thereof and that waight which doth remayne shal bee the waight that the sayde goodes dooth waygh in the Water And furthermore yf the ladyng of the Shyppe bee such as dooth requrie kintlege or ballast if it be wines or oyles and such other lyke for that kind of goods is of no waight in the water for it is rather lighter then the water then you must make account of the Kintledge or Ballast and if it be stones then the order or Art Staticall dooth shew you what it may contayne in wayght very wel by making your proofe as before is rehearsed But if the Ballast bee earth or Sande then put the Sande or earth into the water then let the earth or sande settle vnto the bottome that being done you shal see the water wyll be cleare aloft and then take out of the water vntil the water be of that height that it was before thē waigh the water thē pulling the true waight of the water frō the waight of the earth or sand then that waight which dooth remayne shal be that waight that so much earth or sād shal waigh in the water And thē doing as before is rehersed by the waight of a litle by the proportion of the waight of a greater is knowne what it doth waigh in the water And furthermore there is some kynde of goods although it be heauier then the water yet in remaining long in the water it will consume that is suger or salt c. But most kynd of goodes the longer it remaineth in the water the heuier it is for that the water soketh into it throughly And also any ship being long sunke there groweth diuers accidēts to make it the heuier that is by the means ther wil settle both sand owes into her also the dry timber that is a loft in a ship wyl becō heuier by the soking of the water for this is to be noted that a ship would not sinke vnto the bottome but by the meanes of the ballast or such other like heauy goodes therefore for the very holde of the Shyppe as much as is Tymber a verie smal allowaunce wyll serue for the wayght of it in the water For although it besoked yet it is but lyttle more then the waight of the water for the Tackle or ropes wyll waigh more in the water then the holde of the Shyppe wyll for they be much the heauier for the pitch and tarre that is vpon them Wherefore you must take a note what number of Cables and other ropes may be in her and their waight being known then make your proofe as before is rehearsed by the Arte Staticall But if that any part of the loding be oyle or Wine or Tallow or such other like it is not heauier then the water all such kynde of goods is of no wayght in the water but wyll rather helpe then hynder And also if any parte of the ladyng be of Timber as Mastes or Sparres Deales or Waynscot or such other lyke all such kynde of goods wyll rather helpe it to swimme then hynder any thing And now this being done and you knowing what kynde of goodes there is in the Shyp and how much of euery sort and your proofe beyng made by this Arte Staticall and you knowing the waight of euery particuler thing what it dooth contayne in the water as well the waight of the Ordinaunce Cables Ankers Ropes and the Ballast c. And then addyng all your numbers together then shall you see very neare what all the whole wayght of the Shyp with her ladyng dooth waygh in the water and that being knowen then you doo know what number of Tunnes wyll waygh the Shyp vp agayne and that being knowne then the matter is the more easyer to know how to make prouision for to waigh her vp agayne The seuenth Chapter sheweth howe to waygh a Shyppe that is sunke where it dooth ebbe and flowe c. NOwe you knowyng the wayght of any Shyppe that is sunke if you woulde waygh her vp agayne then when you doo make your prouision for to waygh her take as many Shyppes Hoyes or Lyghters as will beare that number of tunnes that the sunke Shyppe dooth waigh in the water and in euery .40 or 50. tunnes take .10 tunnes more for that it is better to haue too muche then any thing too litle And looke that you haue good Ropes that are able to beare so much in wayght as the sunken Shyppe dooth waygh in the water and thē when you haue made your Cables hawseres ropes faste vppon the sunken Shyppe you muste take suche order in the making fast of your Cables or Ropes that euery Shyp Hoye or Lyter may waygh or lyft vp the wayght of her proper burthen for els you may be deceyued for that I haue seene by experience that the Shyppe which hath beene sunke in the water hath not wayghed .40 tunnes and the Hoyes or Lyters woulde carrye more then .60 tunnes and yet they were not able to waygh the sayd Shyp but were dryuen to let go theyr fastes or Cables and ropes agayne or els they shoulde haue ben sunke and that was but for lacke of knowledge in that matter for the Shyppes Hoyes or Lyters wyll waygh or lifte moste from the bottome when they haue no lading
ende and also it is not good to haue your square vessel too broade for the narower that it is the more certayne and also you may not shifte your water into to many thinges and especially if it be wood for that same water wyll hang vpon it and also wood wyll receiue or drynk water And al these may be causes that may hinder the exact truth and also this order of measuring is very good to know if any thing be made in golde for that it is a very heauy mettall and no other mettall so heauy as it is if there were made any vessell in golde and any deceipt in it then putting that vessell into water then marke how high the water dooth ryse than take out of that water the vessell agayne then take that waight of golde and put it into the water and yf the vessell dyd rayse the water higher then the golde then there is deceipt in the vessel but if the water be at both the times of one lyke height then there is no deceipt in it as this was the very way that Archimedes found the deceipt of the Crowne of gold also this art or order of mesuring doth not altogether shew the contents of ynches or feete but also you may know the diuersitie of waight of euery seueral sortes of mettal how much the â—ne sort is heauier then the other as thus you hauing of 2 sortes of mettal the water being fyrst marked then waighing the mettal before you do put it into the water theÌ„ mark the water how hie it ryseth and then marke it there agayne then take that mettal out of the water and then put in of the other mettall so much in quantitie tyll that it rayse the water vnto that iust height that it was before and it maketh no matter although it be of many peeces so that it be al of one sorte of mettall and then take out the mettal and waigh it iustly and so shal you see certaynly how much in waight it dooth differ quantitie for quantitie or otherwyse you may know the diuersitie of the waight of mettals by wayghing two sortes of mettal and let them be both of one waight iust and then the water being marked put in the one sort of mettall fyrst and then take out that water as much as is rysen by the meanes of the mettall vnto the fyrst marked place and put that into the hollow Cube as before is rehearsed and then cast the contentes how many ynches it contayneth iustly and that doone then take that mettall out of the water and put in the water that is in the hollow Cube or square agayne into the vessell that the water may stande at the fyrst appoynted marke iustly agayne and then put in the other sort of mettall that is of the iust waight the other was before and then take all that water out and put it into the Cube and if that the water in the Cube bee fewer number of ynches then it was before then that mettall is heauier then the fyrst mettal as the proportion of the number of ynches wil shew you iustly and if there be more water at the later time then there was at the fyrst time then that mettall is lighter then the fyrst mettall and the number of ynches wyll shew you the true quantitie by multiplying them as before is rehearsed And if the water at both the times bee of one height or measure in the litle cube then both the mettals are of one waight And by this meanes or Art Statical you may know the diuersitie betweene the waight of Stone and mettall or the diuersitie of waight of one kinde of Stone and an other for that all sortes of Stone is not of one kynde of weight as all sortes of mettals are not of one waight And also by this Arte Staticall you may know the diuersytie of the waight of woode and stone or any other kynde of mettall although the one sorte dooth swimme and the other sort sinketh and that you must doo in this manner All those kynde of woodes that doo swimme and if theyr forme be such that you may measure them then the matter is of no oportunitie to know the contents thereof for that it requireth no other thing but to measure the contents in ynches to waigh them how many pound they doo both contayne and if the forme in woode be such that you cannot easely measure it by such order as afore is declared you may know the contents of the woode by putting it downe into the water by some slight although it would swimme to synke it you waighing it before it commeth into the water to know how many pounde it contayneth And as touching all these matters before rehearsed it is a very easye matter to know how many ynches and partes of an ynche wyll make a pounde waight of any kynde or sortes of mettall or water or woode as thus You knowing how many ynches that any stuffe doth containe whether it be Golde Siluer Copper Lead Tinne Iron stone wood or water the waight being knownâ— then deuide the contentes of the number of ynches by the number of poundes and that wyll shew you the true contentes how many ynches and partes of an ynch wyll make a pounde waight The syxt Chapter sheweth by Arte Staticall to know the waight of any Shyppe that is sunke into the Sea or any other riuer too know how many tunne wyll waigh her vp agayne AND furthermore insomuch as I haue declared heretofore how to know the true waight of any kinde of mettall that is sunke into the Water â–ª nowe I thinke it conuenient too shew vnto you how too geue a neare gesse or an estimation yf any Shyppe by any misfortune should be sunke eyther in the Sea or in a hauen or ryuer to know how many tunnes would waigh her vp agayne that is to say to know how many tunne in waight she dooth waigh in the water being sunke which is to be done in this maner fyrst they must knowe what kynde of goodes the Ship is laden withal that is sunke and to set downe a remembrance or note of euery sorte how much of euery sort of the sayd goods also to set downe a remeÌ„brance or note of the conteÌ„ts of the waight of her ordinance ankors also if it be such goods as do require knitlege or ballast you must know how many tuns there may be therof also what kind of ballast it is whether it be sand or stones or earth al these being knowne then according as the kinde of goodes is then trye how many tunnes euery sort of that goods may weigh in the water as thus if it be Copper Lead Tinne Iron Steele or stone or such other lyke that doo not penetrate or doo not drynke or suck in any lyquor or water and the waight therof knowne then for al those matters by the rules before rehersed do shew vnto you the trueth
the Transitorie was from the ende and founde it .54 then in lyke manner I looked howe many tymes .6 there was in .54 and founde .9 times .6 Then I must needes conclude the distance vnto the Towre to bee .9 tymes .4 score that is 36. score as by ensample of these figures following The whole distaunce vnto the Towre is .36 score Nowe furthermore you may take the height of any wall or Towre or Steeple or any other thing so that you set one of your plates or wings with the very middle of your Transitorie with the myddle plate be sure to take the foote or base of the Towre Steeple Wall or tree or else you may commit errour And by the staffe you may knowe the wydenesse of waters with diuers other most necessarie thinges as this When that you bee in a towne for to knowe the distaunce of any place whose length or wydenesse that you doo knowe as by the length of a pyke or the wydenesse or distaunce betweene .2 Bushes or .2 stones or any other thing beyng sure that you take your sight true vppon your markes holding your handes steedie tyll you may see your .2 markes ende wyth your 2. plates or .2 endes of your Transitorie setting the ende of your long staffe close to the vtter parte of your eye winking with your other eye standing vpright with your necke and heade and thys dooyng you shall not fayle of the truth For if that you erre the fault shall bee in your selfe for that you haue not taken it truely Therefore that is very good to haue a rest to laie your long staffe on for to take a hey â—uâ— you muâ—t turne the Transuastorie one ende vpwardes and the other ende downewardes and then you must holde the ende of the long staffe close to the corner of your eye ¶ The fourteenth Chapter sheweth vnto you how that you shall knowe the diâ—taunce of any shippe from you and you beyng in another shippe and both the shippes vnder sayle and goyng by the Crosse staffe c. ANd furthermore by the Crosse staffe you maye knowe the distaunce vnto any shippe sayling on the Sea very exactly you beyng in another shippe sayling after them or before them or beside them although that diuers men are not of that opinion for that both the markes are moueable whereby they cannot get any certaine station or standyng as this is declared in the eight Chapter goyng before how to knowe whether that one shyppe doth ouer toppe the other by the sending of one vp vnto the toppe of the shippe to looke how the Horizon cutteth vpoÌ„ the toppe of the other shippe and by that he dooth knowe whether that the other shippe dooth ouertoppe or vndertoppe the shippe that he is in and then you knowing how many foote that your owne shippes toppe is in height from the toppe downe vnto the water then you may knowe by that howe many foote the other shippes toppe is in height in lyke maner from the water very exactly But if that you doo not knowe the iust height of your owne shippes toppe vnto the water then you may knowe it thus by sendâ—â—g one vp vnto the toppe with a leade or a Plomet made fast vnto a lyne and so let downe vnto the superficiall parte of the water and then measuring the lyne you may see the height of the shippes toppe that you are in downe vnto the water and then by the height of your owne shippes toppe you may iustly knowe the true heyght of the other c. And now to knowe the distaunce vnto the other shippe with the Crosse staffe you must doo this take your Crosse staffe and remoue the two plates or winges of the Transuastorie vnto the myddle of the staffe and set them at a knowne distaunce betweene the two winges or plates as at an ynche or halfe an ynche a sunder at your discretion and that beyng done then set the long staffe harde vnto the corner of your eye wynking wyth your other eye then remouing the Transuastorie forwardes or backwardes vntâ—ll that you may see and serue it truely the toppe of the shippe iust with the vpper plate and the lower part â—f the shippe harde vnto the water with the edge of the lower winge or plate and that doone then looke howe many times the wydenesse betweene the two plates that the transuastorie is from the end next vnto your eye so many times the height of the toppe downe vnto the water as that commeth vnto shall bee the true distaunce betweene the two shippes which you shall worke in this manner First the number of feete that the other shippe is from the toppe vnto the water beyng knowne then looke howe many tymes the distaunce of the two wynges or plates bee a sunder then looke how many times that quantitie the Transuastorie is from the ende nexte vnto your eye then doo thus multiplie the number of feete from the toppe vnto the water by the number of the distance betweene the two plates or wynges from the ende nexte your eye and then looke what that number commeth vnto and then deuide that by .60 and so many scores the two shippes bee a sunder iustly As for an ensample thus by a shippe that was founde by the order before rehearsed to bee .65 foote from the toppe of the toppe Matte vnto the water and the two winges or plates were set iust an ynche asunder And then in the obseruyng the Transuastorie was remouyng forwardes and backwardes vntyl that he dye see the toppe of the Maste and the lower parte of the shippe harde vnto the two plates or winges and that doone then he lookeâ— how many ynches the Transuastorie was from the end nexte vnto his eye and founde it .54 ynches iust Wherefore he multiplyed .65 by .54 for that .65 foote was the height of the toppe vnto the water and the plates or winges were iuste one ynche asunder and the Transuastorie .54 ynches from the eâ—â—eâ— and of that multiplication there commeth 3510. Wherefore deuide that .3510 by .60 and that will shewe vnto you the number of scores and that .3510 deuided by .60 there will stande in the quantiue lyne .58 and .30 remayneth ouer So that you may conclude the distaunce betweene the two shippes to be iust 58. score and ½ and by this order you may know the true distance betweene any two shippes c. And yet for your better vnderstanding I will giue a second ensample more easier to be vnderstood by a shippe that was iust .60 foote from the toppe vnto the water that being a iust score and no more the two winges or plates being iust one ynche a sunder and the shippe being obserued and was founde to bee where as the two plates did agree with the toppe and the lower part that the Transuastorie was .40 ynches from the ende Therefore they maye conclude that the distaunce betweene the two shippes was iust .40 score
needes draw it for that it is able to beare sayle and then the winde must needes force it to goe c. And fyrste thus as touchinge the cause that any Ship doth stere wel is this that the quicke water of the way of the Shippe doth come vnto the Ruther being put eyther the one way or the other way that must needes cause the Ship to cast or turne accordingly and the faster that the shippe goeth the nimbler or quicker the ship steereth or turneâ—h Therefore when soeuer that they doe builde or make anye Shyppes then it is good for to lette them make the moulde of a Shyppe to haue a sufficient tucke or runne whiche tucke or runne must bee in length the thyrde parte of the length of the Reele and in height by the stearne post three quarters of that depth that the Shyppe goeth into the Water and so to growe narrower and narrower forwardes for it is the sufficientnesse of the tucke or runne that maketh a Shyppe to stere well For if that bee not well made then it requireth to haue the broder Ruther and that is euell in two respectes the one is this the Helme beynge putte ouer and yf that the Shyppe wyll not feele the Ruther quicklye then the Ruther lyeth crosse the Stearne of the Shyppe and the Ruther beynge broade then it must needes hynder or lette the goynge or way of the Shyppe verye muche Whereas a Shyppe that hath but a narrowe Ruther and yet is yare or quicke of sterrage then the Ruther cannot hynder the goynge or way of the Ship c. And also it is euill in an other respecte to haue a broade Ruther and that is this for a Shyppe beinge at Sea in foule weather a broade Ruther the Sea doth beate it one waye and an other way by the meanes of the labouring of the Shyp to and fro that it is apte to breake the tyller or the head of the Ruther Ruther Irons and besydes that it is vneasye for the Shyppe in lyke manner c. And thus I doe omitte the rest of the proportion of the moulde of the Shippe vnto the discretion of the Naupeger or Shyppe Carpenter as touchinge the fore waye and the flowringe of the Shyppe and the leadyng of all the rest of the woorke c. And furthermore as touching this poynte to cause a Shyppe to haue a stiffe syde to beare a good sayle then this must be consydered in the buildinge or makynge thereof and fyrste thus that commonly those Shippes that haue a sufficient breadth accordynge vnto their biggnesse and length wil beare a resonable good saile for that the breadth doth beare it vp But commonly those be not the best and fynest Saylers neyther are they of the best qualities in diuers respects Yet notwithstanding in my opinion this is the principallest poynt to obserue in the building of ships to haue them to beare a good sayle and that is this for to lay the breadth of the Shippe aboue the water a foote or a foot and a halfe more or lesse according vnto the bignesse of the shippe and to hange wel of that is to say to be 4. or 6. ynches on a syde broder then it is iuste at the edge of the water and to be more or lesse according vnto the bignesse of the Shippe and then vpwardes the worke may be housed inwardes that is too saye narrower and narrower vpwardes which wyll doo well both for the ease of the Shyppe in the Sea and lesse charge of Tymber bathe in wayght and otherwyse and in so dooing the Shyppe wyll beare a good Sayle what lengthe so euer it haue howe fine so euer the mould is so that it haue quarters proportionally vntoo it c. And the cause thereof is this the breadth of the Shyppe being aboue the water in such sorte as if the Shyppe come vnto heelding that the same broder place dooth come into the water then the Nadry or Reele of the shippe dooth growe the further of by the meanes of the hanging ofwardes of the syde or worke of the Shyppe And for that the ballast or the lading of the Shippe the waightiest part lyeth downewardes towardes the Reele therfore it maketh the shippe the lother to helde a tosyde for that the syde hangeth outwardes and then the water doth supporte it vp for that the bigger or broder parte is out of the water as the reason thereof more playnelye shall appeare in the fourth Booke of the propertie of Water in waight called Statick wherein you shal see the reason thereof more manifestly c. Whereas those Shyppes that haue an vpright syde must needes helde much the sooner for that the Water doth not supporte the syde not vntyll it doe helde very much Wherefore thus much I haue sayde as touchinge the moulde of Shippes as concerning theyr qualyties as thus a Shippe that hath Tucke or Runne ynough wyl steare well a Shippe that doth hange well of on the nayle aboue the water wyll beare a good sayle a Shippe that doth draw a reasonable good drafte of Water and well wayed forwardes wyll sayle well by the winde and beinge well bowed and not to fatte buttocked wyll goe well a head the sea and also ryde well at rode and also wyll hold well at the Sea loose and floty Shippes that sâ—eere well and wyll beare a good sayle wyll sayle well the â—ynde beyng large c. And thus I doe ende this thyrde Booke c. FINIS ⧠A Table of the Contentes of the Chapters of the thirde booke called a rteasure for Trauailers The first Chapter of the thyrde Booke sheweth you howe to caste the contentes of lande by Arithmeticke and also by the husbande mans rule which is by the accounte of money c. The seconde Chapter sheweth how to measure board and Glasse and too caste the contentes thereof with other necessary thinges belonging therunto The thirde Chapter dooth shewe howe for too measure Tymber and to bring it too a square aswell without Artihmetike as otherwyse and also howe for too knowe the true contentes of any peece of Tymber The fourth Chapter sheweth howe for to measure all manner of bodies as Tymber or stone Cubes or Globes and too knowe what proportion of measure or waight the one hath vnto the other The fyfthe Chapter sheweth howe for to measure Globes and to know their contents in ynches or feete The syxt Chapter sheweth howe for too builde Shyppes by proportion that is to saye if that you haue one Shippe for an ensample if you woulde haue an other as bigge agayne more or lesse this Chapter doth shewe vnto you howe you may doe it keeping that moulde and proportion in all poyntes that is too saye by extractynge of the Cubicke roote The seuenth Chapter dooth shewe in lyke manner the making of shippes by proportion sauing that the Cubike roote is extracted already with an easye way howe to make them of what tonnage or burthen you liste and
euery foote square of the moulde of the Ship dooth waigh iustly and then if that you doo multiply the contentes of the number of feete that the moulde is and the waight that one foote of the water dooth waigh in poundes and partes then accordyng vnto that number the Shyp with all her ladyng dooth waigh iustly without any fayle so that you haue measured the moulde of the Shyp truely and also waighed iustly the contentes of one foote of the water and then by that number you may say iustly it contayneth so many Tunnes in waight as thus by diuidyng the number of the waight of the Shippe by .2240 for that a Tunne conteyneth 20. hundreth waight and euery .100 waight to contayne 112. pounds And furthermore you may measure the moulde of a Shyp in this maner with such a thing as the Shyppe Carpenters doo take the moulde of a Ship and that they doo call a moulde or lynck ginne and that is made of many peeces of a foote long or there about and it is clenched togeather with roffe and clenche that the ioyning wyll be put to and fro at your pleasure and wyll stande stiffe as you doo leaue it And now with this instrument you may woorke more easely then before is rehearsed for to know the contentes or quantity of the moulde of any Shyp in this maner Take at euery place the halfe of the true breadth of the shyp and then in lyke manner the true deepenesse that the shyp dooth goe into the water at euery place that you doo measure the Shyp at for that all shyppes doo draw more water at the Sterne then they doo at the head and then you may put three pinnes of wood into the grounde the one pinne to be at the midle of the ship and the other to be for the outsyde of the ship and the thyrde to be for the middle of the Keele of the Shyp and to set them truely in distaunce accordyng vnto the halfe breadth of the shippe and the other vnto the true deepnesse that tht ship dooth goe into the water and so shall that pinne for the middle of the Shyp make a square Angle vnto the pinne for the syde and the keele of the shyppe and then with the instrument lay that vnto the syde of the shyp and put it in and out as the ship dooth rounde from the place of the vpper edge of the water vnto the Keele and then laying that moulde of the Shyppe vnto the two pinnes that is to say to that pinne for the side and the pinne for the Keele of the Shyp and then measuryng that in closer as you doo a platforme the trueth of the contents shall appeare and then doublyng that nūber it wil shew you the contēts of the whole breadth of the Shyp and then to multiply so much in length as dooth keepe one proportion And thus doyng as often tymes as the proportion of the moulde dooth alter and then addyng al your numbers together and casting the contentes in all poynts as before is rehearsed the trueth of the solid body of the moulde of the Ship shall appeare and so taking the true waight of one foote of that water as before is expressed in all poyntes And thus I doo make an ende of the measuryng of the moulde of Shyppes for that there wanteth or lacketh nothing but to shew how to measure plat formes and as for those matters there are diuers bookes extant sufficient ynough for that purpose as Maister Leonarde Digges in his booke called Tectonicon and Maister Thomas Digges his booke called Pantometria with other The thyrde Chapter sheweth you an easyer way then before rehearsed by the Arte Saticall to knowe the true waight of any Shyppe with al hir lading and all the rest of hir furniture AND furthermore for that it is somewhat tedious and asketh longe woorke beesydes diuers other incombraunces that must bee vsed to measure the true proportion of the moulde of a Shyppe I wyll shewe vnto you a more pleasaunter and easyer waye by the Arte Scaticall both very true and exacte for to know the true wayghte of any Shyp with all her ladynge Mastes Sayles Ancors Cables and Ordynaunce with all other implementes in her And any Noble manne or Gentleman may doe it at home in hys Chamber that hath any knowledge in the Mathematicall Sciences as thus Fyrste cause the Carpenter that dooth builde the Shyppe or otherwyse yf that you desyre to knowe it by any other Shyppe that is builded already yf that Shyppe haue any occasion for to come a grounde then get some cunninge Carpenter to take the true moulde of that Shyppe as though that hee shoulde builde an other of that moulde and proportion in all poyntes as muche as is buried into the water when the Shippe is loade vnto her lode marke that being exactly done then cause hym for to make the true moulde and proportion then cause the Carpenter for to cut out of a peece of Tymber the true proportion of the moulde of the Shyppe in all poyntes as thus For euery foote long make the moulde in Tymber in length an ynche and for the breadth in lyke manner for euery foote make the other an ynche and also for euery foote in deepenesse that the Shyp swymmeth into the water make the moulde in Tymber one ynche and so consequently euery parte and place bothe of the roune and way and floore with the quarters of the Shyp to cutte the moulde for euery foote and part of a foote an ynch with those partes euen as the woorke or moulde of the Shyppe dooth runne in all poyntes and that beeing exactly doone then let there be made in some kinde of mettall as Leade or Tynne the true proportion of the moulde hollowe and thight that it may holde water as the moulde in woode will shewe or leade them howe to doo it verye truly and then that beeyng doone then cause an other square vessel too bee made of mettall in Cubicke wyse suche a one as you may measure the hollowe thereof as easilye as you may measure a square peece of Tymber and if that there were lynes or prickes at euery ynche in deepenesse it were all the better And then this beeing doone then fyll that vessell that is made for the moulde of the Shyppe with that water that the Shyppe doeth swymme in and that beeyng exactly fylled then put that water into the other vessel and looke that there be none of the water shed then you may knowe iustlye howe many ynches square that the water is by measuring the water with an ynche rule and that beyng knowne then you doe knowe howe manye foote that the solled body of the moulde of the Shyppe doeth conteyne And then waying instlye one foote square euery way of that water and then you knowing howe manye poundes and partes of a pounde that one foote square of water doeth waye then multiplye the number of feete of the Ship with that you
seene of any thyng that is put into the water as thus Take a Raske as a Pype or Hogshead or a Barrel and put it into the water the thyng beyng thyght the tenth part of the bygnesse or magnitude dooth not goe into the water for that it is so lyght And yet notwithstandyng if any one part of the kaske be heauyer then the other that same part wil turne downewards And if you doo turne it vpwardes as soone as euer you doo let it goe it presently turneth of it selfe downewardes agayne So that experience dooth shewe this to be true that the heauyest part of any thyng that is in the water dooth alwayes turne and seeketh downewardes Therfore we may perfectly conclude thus of any shyp if the ballast be cast or heaued ouer vnto the syde of any shyp that the shyp dooth turne ouer accordyngly alwayes to haue the heauyest part downewardes Wherfore contrary vnto the vayne opinions of a number of persons that shoulde be wyse that if the ballast be throwen ouer vnto the syde that the shyp shal swymme vpon the side and yet the ballast shal neuer slyppe for that alwayes the shyp dooth turne of itselfe to bryng it vnto the leuel except it be let by some cause whiche is eyther by makyng it fast or els by some other accidental matter or els it wyl followe accordyngly c. And some people haue bene of that opinion that no Shyp dooth swimme vpright but that there is as much waight or more belowe in the water as is aboue the water but that is vntrue as before it dooth appeare by the ensample of a Raske or Barrel For you doo see that it wyll swymme and the heaâ—yest part wyll turne downwards if that it be not one quarter of a pound heauier on the one syde then it is on the other that part wyll turne downewardes and yet for all that that part that is in the water wyll not waygh the .10 part of that which is aboue the water Therefore you may conclude that if the ballast doo lye all vppon the one syde of the Shippe the Ship shal swimme vpon that syde and the Keel shall come out of the water And if that the ship syde be â—hight there is no more daunger in her swimming on the one syde than if she were vpright in the water And also the Ship dooth not swim so deepe into the water lying on the one syde as she dooth swim when shee is vpright for that the Shippe is more lancker or slenderer or sharper that is to saye not so full and rounde by the means of her Tuck and Runne and the Foreway as the syde is rounde and full Therfore it cannot go so deepe into the water for as before is sayde that nothing can goe no further into the water then the proportion of so much water in waight Wherfore the syde being rounde and full it is the more boyenter a great deale c. And also it is very good to bring a Shippe in ouer a barre or shulde for lying vpon the syde it dooth draw much lesse water then when it dooth swimme vpright c. But notwithstandyng it is not so good for to Karrene the Queenes maiesties Shippes as it is the Marchants Shippes for two speciall caues and the fyrst is this the Queenes highnesse Shippes haue alwayes as muche ballast in them as they doo vsually goe to the Sea withall to be fast to beare a sayle which is no small quantitie in her bigger sorte of Shippes and then what a charge is it to take the greatest part of the ballast out of them and too take it in agayne for they must take more then .3 quarters of the Ballast out when they doo Karren them whereas the Marchauntes Shippes doo delyuer all the ballast out when they do lade their ships therfore the Marchants shal not occupy the 20. part of the charges that the Queenes Shippes must And the seconde cause is this that in the Queenes Shippes the ballast is alwayes fyrme and harde by the meanes that it is seeldome or neuer styrred and also the Cooke roome is made vp with bricke vppon the ballast and also there is set vp in the Cooke roome with Brycke worke the furnases to boyle theyr beefe and other prouision that is made for the dressing of mens vittailes as Quens and hatches c. which were no smal charge to remoue and make vp agayne whereas in the grounding of them all these two great charges are saued that Marchauntes shyps in theyr karrening shall not neede to bee at c. And thus I ende the fourth Booke ⧠A Table of the Contentes of the Chapters of the fourth booke called a Treasure for Trauailers The fyrst Chapter of the fourth Booke sheweth you by the proportion of a Shyppe swimming in the water for to knowe the true waight of any Shippe with al her tackle ordinaunce furniture and lading c. The seconde Chapter sheweth how for to measure the proportion of the mould of any Shyp wherby is knowen the waight of any Shyppe with all her ladynge and furniture The thyrde Chapter sheweth you an easyer waye then before rehearsed by the Arte Statical to knowe the true waight of any Shyppe with al her lading and all the reste of her furniture The fourth Chapter sheweth by the Arte Statical the wayght of anye mettall or stone howe much or what wayght that it dooth waygh in the water to bee lyfted or waighed from the bottome vnto the brimme of the water The fyfth Chapter sheweth howe too knowe the true measure in ynches or feete of any straunge forme such as Geometrie can giue no order for the measuring thereof as to measure a braunche in mettal or a piller that is enbowed and ful of hollownesse in diuers places and boyles out in some places and also how to know the diuersitie of the waight of mettall or the diuersity between the waight of Stone and mettall The syxt Chapter sheweth by the Art Statical to knowe the waight of any ship that is sunke into the Sea or anye riuer too knowe howe many tunne wyll waigh her vp agayne The seuenth Chapter sheweth how to waigh a Shyp that is sunke where it dooth ebbe and flowe c. The eyght Chapter sheweth howe to waigh a Shyppe where it dooth not ebbe and flowe c. The nynth Chapter sheweth howe to bring in any ship ouer a shulde or barre and to make the Shyp beare Saile when al the ballast is out and also if neede shoulde requyre how to lyft the shyppe higher out of the waterwards to the intent to bring her in c. The tenth Chapter dooth shewe vnto you howe for to come vnto the Keele of anye Shyppe without the groundyng of her wherby you may collect any Shyppe and make her thight vnto the Keele which is called carenning of them c. FINIS ⧠The fyfth Booke of the treasure for Trauaylers Wherein is shewed the cause of dyuers thynges that
some Ilande long agone by the often soussing of the bellowes or waues of the Sea that neuer standeth styll the other substaunce or stuffe is beaten and consumed away through the great deepenesse of the sea the other substaunce or stuffe is tumbled to the bottome and is no more seene And as the mynerals in the ground be of diuers kinds of substaunces as some earth and some sande and some stones to conclude of a hundred seuerall sortes so that all those loose substaunces that woulde be mollysted with the water are beaten and washed away so that there dooth remayne nothing but the harde myne of stone and so he dooth stande in the sea as a pynacle or Rock as by experience is seene in a number of places to the west Occian as the West part of Englande and the West part of Brittayne on the Coast of Fraunce and such other lyke places whereas there be innumerable companyes of Rocks some being of a gret height aboue the water other some do shew thēselues iust with the water and other some are sunken Rockes being rounded with the water some deeper then other some which would not bee knowne but onely by the breaking of the sea ouer them c. And this is my opinion as concerning Rocks in the sea that haue beene of long time agone parcell of the mayne lande though they be now Rockes in the sea Then it may be sayde that the lande is much lesser then it hath beene before time and so it is And yet it is but a trifle in respect of any great quantytie or bignes as it may be compared vnto the ragged edges of a peece of cloth and yet the ragged edges thereof being pared away the thing hath not much chaunged his fashion or forme neither in respect is become litle the worse c. The syxt Chapter sheweth the naturall cause of the ebbing and flowing of the Sea and the ebbyng and the flowing of the Hauens and Ryuers AND furthermore as concerning the ebbing and flowing of the sea and other riuers we do see by common experience that the Moone dooth alwayes gouerne the same Wherefore it may bee supposed that the waters doo seeke and repaire or most speciallye are drawne by the power of the Moone that when the Moone is in the midst of the skie that is to say vpon the Meridian then the waters are deepest or thickest and also in lyke manner in the opposite part or els it would ebbe and flow but once in .24 houres and 4 ◠partes accordyng vnto the dayly motion of the Moone which we do se by experiēce that it doth ebbe flow but once in 12. houres ⅖ part of an houre and then by this reason it shoulde flow or be a full sea in all places at a South Moone and a North Moone so as the Moone passeth vnto the Westwardes to be a ful sea in those partes and so to goe with the diurnall or dayly motion of the heauens which we see by experience is contrary for we doo see by dayly experyence that vpon the Coast of Spayne and all those partes that are vpon the West Occian Seas that the Moone in the Southwest dooth make a full sea which is 3. houres after the Moone is vppon the Meridian and yet notwithstanding it woulde bee a full sea alwayes where as the Moone is vpon their Meridian and so to folow the daily motiō of the moone as the moone is caried with primū Mobile so that it were not let by this gret accidēce that this West Occian Sea is shot in betweene the firme lande of Ameryca on the West part and the mayne lande of Afryca and Europe on the East side by which meanes the waters cannot folow to bee a full Sea accordyng vnto the Moones course as she doth goe in her dayly motion accordyng vnto the Moones commyng vnto the Meridian Wherefore it is to bee supposed that yf there were no suche accidence in the Sea to be let by the lande that then it would follow orderly that the waters in the Sea woulde goe rounde accordyng vnto the Moones course in .24 houres and so the streme or currant to goe from the East into the West and so rounde about c. But nowe wee see that the waters in the ebbing and flowyng are let by this great impediment for Ameryca dooth inclose the West part and Europe and Afryca the East part and yet we doo see by experience that the Moone dooth gouerne the ebbyng the flowyng of the waters of the Sea in two great and notable respectes The one is this as it is daylye seene in euery place wheras it dooth ebbe and flow that the Moone in one quarter of the Skye dooth make a full sea for euer in that place or hauen or harborow And the other great effect of the Moone is this as it is alwayes seene that at the full of the Moone and also at the chaunge of the Moone how that the waters are quickened and doo rayse or lyft them selues muche higher then they doo at any other times and also dooth descend much lower where by it maketh the tyde or streme to runne much the swifter as it is seene by dayly experience in such places whereas it dooth ebbe flow at which times it is called in the time of the full Moone and the chaunge of the Moone spring tydes or spring stremes in the quarters of the Moone it is called Nepe tydes or Nepe stremes for that the waters doo not lyft them selues or flowe so high as they doo at any other time neyther doo they descende or ebbe so low as they doo at any other times of the Moone and by that meanes the streme doth not runne so swift as it doth at other times for as in spring tydes it dooth flowe or lift it selfe higher and descende or ebbe lower then of custome So in neape Tides it doth lift or flow lesse in height also ebbe or descende lesse in deepenesse then it dooth of custome as it is seene dayly by common experience c. But yet furthermore as touching the ebbyng and flowing of the water both in the Sea and also in Hauens and Ryuers and although that it dooth keepe an order or methode in anye one assigned place yet is there great varietye in places harde by yea in one Ryuer it shal be a full Sea in one parte of the Ryuer and in that Ryuer and at that instant a lowe water as the proofe thereof maye be manyfestly seene here in the Ryuer of Thames as it is not vnknowen that the Moone in the South dooth make a full Sea on the landes end at the entraunce of the Ryuer of Thames and the Moone in the Southwest dooth make a full Sea at London and then it is halfe ebbed on the landes ende But in Rychmonde aboue London there the Moone in the West dooth make a ful Sea and then on the landes end there it is a lowe
water as it is manifestly to be seene c. And furthermore as touching the ebbyng and flowyng vpppon the Coast of the Occient Sea for that it floweth generally a Southwest Moone so mine opinion is this by the meanes of the shuttyng or inclosyng of the Sea betweene America and Europe and Africa that it commeth to passe thus for the water cannot followe the course of the Moone for after that the Moone is past the Meridian in the Bay of America commonly called the Bay of Mexico that then the waters can no longer followe the course of the Moone for that it is letten by the mayne lande And then when the Moone dooth come rounde about vnto the Southeast then the powers of the Moone doo tracte or draw the waters vnto the Eastwardes by whiche meanes the waters hauing a great course or swaye vnto the Eastwardes are drawen so vehementlye by the powers of the Moone vntyll suche tyme as the Moone dooth come vnto the Meridian that it cannot sodaynely reuerse although the Moone bee paste the Meridian to the Westwarde as we maye see manye tymes by common experience that any thing forced to moue violentlye is not presently stayed but that it must haue a tyme in the staying as the force of the dryfte dooth decay which must be by litle and litle c. And so by that meanes the Mone is in the Southwest before the waters wylbe descended and for proofe thereof if that you doo put water in any broade or long vessell and sturre the water in such sort that it may swaye from one ende vnto the other and after that it hath begunne to sway from ende vnto end it wyll be a long tyme before it wyll stande styll for you cannot make it to staye vppon the sodayne but it wyll sway too and fro vntil that it dooth stay it selfe by litle and litle c. And furthermore as touching the ebbyng and flowyng in the other inferior Seas and Hauens and Ryuers that happeneth by this meanes as it is a full Sea in all the places vppon the West parte towardes the Occian Sea so that when it door finde the water of our inferior Sea lower then that which dooth come out of the Occian Sea then it runneth in vntil that it commeth to be leuel For the propertie of water is alwayes to runne vnto the lower partes and so by that meanes and also the sway that it hath it runneth and floweth into al Hauens and Harbours and Riuers as long as it fyndeth any place lower or inferior in hight vnto it selfe And then as soone as it fyndeth the water behynde it lower then it is before it then it stayeth and beginneth to runne backe agayne for as is sayde before the propertie of waters is alwayes to runne to the lower partes and by this meanes it floweth into al ryuers Hauens and Crickes vppon the Sea coast and in some place it dooth hygher flowe more water vpryght and dooth ebbe more water in lyke manner downe right then that it dooth in some other places and that happeneth by this meanes and if any place haue a wyde enterance and then afterwardes is shut vp into a narow roume hauing some distance to reuerse backe agayne then the water dooth ryse and flowe very hygh for that thâ— water commeth in with a great sway and will not vppon the sodayne reuerse backe agayne as by ensample it may be seen in Seuern that commeth vp to Bristow and as before is sayde by the Ryuer of Thames that it is not a ful Sea in all places at one instant For when that it is entred in at the mouth and hath taken his sway withal then it runneth in by the meanes that the water is lower within then it is with out at the Sea for that it is a quarter flood and more at the Sea before that the flood entreth into the Ryuer and so floweth vpwardes for it must haue a tyme before that it can hygh so much water at the mouth or enterance to be hygher then it is within vp into the Ryuer for it is three parts flood vpon the landes end before that it be anye flood at London for that the distance is a great way in the Ryuer very crooked and narrow and many poynts and Naases that doo let and stay the Tyde but afterwardes when it is in and hath taken his sway then it cannot so soone reuerse backe vntyll that the water is well descended or ebbed behynde it too the Seawardes as it dooth manifestly appeare by experience And by this order it floweth into all Hauens and Ryuers accordyng vnto the indraught The seuenth Chapter sheweth the cause of Currantes or streames that runneth in the Sea in such places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe and of Currantes or streames in the Sea there are three seuerall sortes as in the Chapter it dooth appeare c. AND furthermore as touchyng the Currantes or the streame in many places in the Sea whereas it dooth not ebbe and flowe as that is perceyued in manye places as by experience is seene and knowen in the Sea And to let you vnderstande what those Currantes or Strames bee that it is a continuall runnyng of the water in the Sea alwayes one way and not reuersyng or commyng backe wardes to and fro as it dooth in such places where it doth ebbe and flow but that the water alwayes in those Seas or partes doth â—unne continually one waye or els at the least a long tyme according vnto the naturall cause of that currant And of these currantes I doo fynde three seuerall sortes that doo come of three seuerall causes and the cause of euery one of them is contrary vnto the nature of the other And fyrst concerning the naturall cause of the principallest Currantes as by experience of them is seene in diuers places by those that haue trauayled into those partes by the Sea as thus The currant ruÌ„neth forceably and continually from the East vnto the West at the Cappe bone speraunce the Southermost Cappe of Africa or Ethiopia and so reboundeth vpon the Coast of America which is drawen by the powers of the Moone by ber dayly motion as in the Chapter next before is rehearsed as it dooth appeare by the ensample of ebbyng and flowing and so rebounding vppon the Coast of America by that impediment that it cannot get passage that way accordyng vnto the dayly motion then it is forced to seeke other passages so that parte thereof dooth seeke and dooth goe thorowe the strayghtes of Magelenâ—s into the South Sea and there the currant dooth go continually from the East into the West But that strayght or passage beyng vnsufficient for that it is so narrowe the currant is forced to seeke some other waye Wherefore partly it dooth deuide it selfe and so dooth runne vp vnto the Coaste of Brasyll towardes the Equinoctiall by Cappe Crucis and Saint Dâ—myngs and so into the great Bay of
Amerrica or Bay of Mexico and so reuerseth backe agayne and so thorowe the Cannel or Chanell of Bayhaina between the Cappe of Terra Florriday the great Ilande of Coba goyng from the West into the East which is the cause that those that doo go into the West Indies doo fyrst goe to the Cannaries and so to the Westwardes to the intent to haue the currant to the Westwardes into the Bay of Mexico and then when they doo returne home then they doo go by the North part of the Bay of Mexico through the chanel of Baphamea for that the currant dooth reuerse backe from the West into the East so that they haue the currant or streame to help them backe home agayne c. And theÌ„ in lyke maner partlye the currant that commeth about Cape bone sperance being beaten by the mayne lande of America as is sayde before part runneth or goeth thorowe the strayght of Magalenus and partly thorowe the great Golfe or Bay of Mexico as before is rehearsed and part dooth reuerse or goe backe alongest the coast of the South land that lyeth on the South side of the straightes of Magalenus where the South pole or pole Anterticke is raysed more theÌ„ .50 degrees and so goeth backe from the West into the East alongest the South Coast vntyl it dooth come into the East Occian sea agayne c. And this is the principallest currant as those that doo occupie those partes by sea doo knowe and these currantes are wel knowen to runne continually alwayes one way c. The seconde sort of currantes or streames is this as it is seene in dyuers places that they shall haue a currant or streame where it dooth not ebbe flow that alwayes doth goe vnto the windewards But that neuer happeneth but in the tyme of great wind and the cause thereof is this that the sea beyng wrought or troubled with great stormes of wynd dooth rayse great bellowes or waues or great knottes in the sea and that runneth rollyng with the wynde and dooth cause the water too bee vnleuell or vneuen as it is the nature of water to seeke to the lower partes tyll that it doth come vnto his leuel so by that meanes as the wind beareth the water in the sea with great waues or bellowes so the currant in the water dooth goe agaynst the wynd to come vnto his leuel againe as the experience thereof is seene in dyuers places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe as in the myddle earth sea or leuant seas and within the SouÌ„d that is to say within Elson Nore that hath narrowe enterances and yet is great seas within which dooth take away the effect of ebbing and flowing for that the straight is not sufficient to let in water yeâ—â—ugh for to cause it too ebbe and flowe And this effecte in lyke manner is many tymes seene sometyme on the coast of Barbary and in such other lyke places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe c. The thirde sort of currants or streames that runneth in the Sea where it dooth not ebbe and flowe as by experience is seene in diuers places is caused by the sailyng into the Sea of some great and myghty Ryuer that the lande water commyng forceably downe the Ryuer and so emptyeth or runneth into the Sea dooth cause a currant to goe in the sea agaynst the mouth of the Ryuer as it is seene in the middle earth Sea agaynst the mouth of Nilus and also it is many tymes seene in the North partes at the spryng of the yeare when the Snowe and the Ise is melted or consumed into water And then agaynst the mouthes of such Ryuers as doo emptye them into those seas dooth cause a great currant to runne a great distance from the lande in such places as this effect happeneth in those seas c. The eyght Chapter sheweth the cause that the waters of the Sea are salt c. AND furthermore as touchyng the naturall cause that the water of the Sea is salt whereas the opinion of some Authors is as Aristotle other that it is made salte by the powers of the Sunne by the drawing of the fyne substance of the water vp into the ayre the Sea is made salt by that meanes Then if that were the whole cause theÌ„ the water of the Sea shoulde be most saltest vnder or neare the Equinoctiall For that the Sunne hath a greater force by the meanes of the direction of the shadow of the Sunne whereby the Sunne shoulde drawe or distil it more faster then it dooth in any of the other Clymates Yet notwithstandyng it is seene by experience that the water of the Sea is as salte in the Latitude of .60 degrees in the Occian Sea as it is vnder the Equinoctiall And as some haue sayde it is as salte in Iselande and at the North Cappe which is within the Polle or Cyrcle neare fyue degrees And there the Sunne cannot haue any great power for that the Sunne hath but a very glaunsyng shadowe in Iune And in the Wynter part of the yeare the Sunne wyll not appeare or ryse vnto them in the space of tenne Weekes And furthermore if the water of the sea were made salte onely by the powers of the Sunne then those seas must needes become freshe by another great cause and that is this For in the Spring of the yeare in the meltyng of the Snowe and the Ise there falleth such abundance of freshe water that it would make it freshe and yet the water is verye salt insomuch that in dyuers places in the North parte they doo make salt of the sea water although that it is not made by the heate or powers of the Sunne as it is made in Spayne and in Fraunce for that they doo make it in Scotlande with the heate of the fyre so as some haue sayde it is made in Rosey not farre from Sainct Nicolas And furthermore as it may be prooued the water is not made salt by the power of the Sunne for that the heade of the great Ryuer Nylus that commeth from the Mountaynes of the Moone hath Latitude beyond the Equinoctial twelue degrees And so in sundry places standeth in sundry great pooles not farre from the Equinoctial and so passeth from vnder the Equinoctiall vnto the Northwards and dooth empty it selfe in the middle earth sea and yet that water is fresh and not salt So that it is manifest that the powers of the Sun are not altogether the cause that the water of the sea is salt Wherfore in mine opinion the water of the sea is become salt by the Minerals or substance of the nature of the ground which is salt properly of it self and so mollified or soked that it turneth vnto water hauing anye moysture or lyquor to come vnto it As for an ensample that in sundrie places it is knowen that there is Salt found and dygged out of the ground and is perfect Salt and
opinion is this by the meanes before rehearsed that there may be some vaynes in the grounde that may be of the substance of salt as before is rehearsed and yet may be inclosed with other mynes rounde about it as we may see by experience howe often that the vaines of the ground may alter and in a smal circuite as in some place may be hard stone and in another place chalke and in another place claye or sande or the oure of diuers kyndes of mettalles with a number of sundry sortes of substances that I doo emyt c. Now this myne or substance of salt being inclosed round aboute with other substances or stuffe as before is sayde and the springes of water in the grounde comming vnto it both soke it molifyeth it that it is turned vnto water then being water it is apt to runne in the vaynes of the ground yet it can not depart to go from that place vntyl that it doth draw ayre thither And looke as the aire doth fynd â—ent thorow the powers in the ground doth repaire vnto that place so the water doth decrease ruÌ„neth in the vaines of the grouÌ„d vnto other places thus in proces of tyme the substaÌ„ce of salt being turned vnto water shal be diminished or gon and the roome thereof fylled full of ayre and yet the grounde aloft shall stande fyrme and fast for that it is borne vp or supported by rocky or stony substaunce c. Now it is possible that some will make argument and say how shoulde ayre come thither for that it is so low in the ground and that there is no place open vnto the ayre wherby it may come thyther But they doo not consyder this that no place can bee vacant but that it is furnished with somwhat either with earthy substance or water or ayre or Fyre euery one of theÌ„ is finer in substaunce then the other as the earthy substance is grosse and harde so the watry substaunce is thinner and yet ponderous and heauy so that there can be no place hollow or concaue in the earth but it is filled with water or ayre For the water by his ponderousnes dooth descend and seeke to the lower parts And then looke where as the water is not sufficient to fyll the hollow place then ayre dooth repayre thyther to fulfyll the rest takyng his place next aboue hym as we may see by experyence that if wee doo dygge in the grounde wee shall meete with Sprynges of water as by the ensample of the digging of Wels in the grounde that when they haue dygged so low and haue founde but a small spryng then letting it stande a certayne time thither wyl repayre a great quaÌ„titie of Water afterwardes And then this being true that the water dooth fynde passage through the vaynes in the grounde then it is a playne case that ayre must the rather fynde passage for that it is an Element more thinner and subtyller then water and wyll soke through any small thing sooner For the nature of ayre is to descende very deepe into the earth if it bee not fylled with other substaunces So in lyke manner water although it be ponderous and heauy wyll ascende vpwardes yf the ayre cannot come thyther by the meanes of the closenesse or thightnesse of the thing that the water is inclosed aloft or ouer it and also the water wyll not descende or fall downe sodaynlye although the ayre be vnder it being inclosed in it that the water by his â—underousnesse or waight dooth cause the ayre to seeke through the water which wyll be a long time except the water and the ayre bee be styred by some accidentall cause And now to returne to the cause of Earthquakes my simple opinion is this The ayre being inclosed in the bowels of the earth which hath happened by the meanes before rehearsed or by diuers other meanes which I am not able to rehearse that the ayre may bee inclosed in the grounde or earth and then when it shal please almighty God to bring it so to passe for God is the worker of all thinges either by one meane or another that the waters may arise and encrease in the grounde and especially after any great and continuall rayne and the water being ponderous and heauy dooth seeke into the earth expelling or thrusting out the ayre that is neare the superficiall part of the earth and so by his ponderousnesse setleth it selfe lower and lower and then the great and continuall rayne dooth lode the superficiall face of the earth with water and dooth cause the earth to swel and shutte it selfe close aloft on the vpper part of the earth and that water in the earth by setlyng it selfe lower and lower and the earth by his closenesse wyll not suffer the ayre to depart out of the earth so that there is no roome in the earth to holde or contayne both the Ayre and the water but that the ayre in the earth is forced to rent the earth to haue roome sufficient And also at that time the earth is more apter to seperate it selfe then it is at any other time for that the earth is soked and made soft by the great moysture that is in it And by this meanes in such places whereas this cause dooth happen that the grounde dooth quake and tremble and the buildings that are neare thereabout vntill such time as the ayre doth fynde passage to get out of the ground and if that it cannot fynde passage then it dooth split and rent the grounde casting al things that are ouer it or in the way of the ayre that breaketh so out of the ground ouer it and possible to turne the buildings vnderneath the earth or grounde to the great and maruaylous destruction both of the people and buildinges where this happeneth c. And by this meanes those places that haue beene Lande may become Water being neare vnto the Sea or any great Ryuer And in lyke manner whereas there haue bene any Pooles or Ryuers may be dryed vp as cleane as though there had neuer beene any Poole or Ryuer or water there by this meanes for after that the ayre in the earth hath rent the earth to seeke passage out then this thing happening there or neare vnto the water may run or descende into that place wheras the ayre was before and also in the turning vp or splitting of the grounde there may bee some hilles or cliffes standyng vp much higher then the grounde was before And so by this meanes the places that haue bene dry land may become sea and water and in lyke manner that place that hath beene water may become dry lande c. And furthermore in lyke manner there may by this meanes before rehearsed be Ilandes cast vp in the sea by the meanes of the ayre breaking out of the earth c. for that is the propertie of ayre to runne and to seeke into all places that is not
are to be seene on the Sea and the Sea Coastes and the cause of Rockes and sandes in the Sea and the cause of the ebbyng and flowyng of the water and the cause of currantes in the Sea with such other like matters c. Being very necessary for al sortes of Trauaylers either by Sea or by lande to knowe c. Wrytten by William Bourne To the Reader GEntle Reader it is possible that some wyll thinke that I haue taken vpon mee to meddle with those causes that are past my capacity for that this fyfth and last boke is as concerning the naturall causes of Sands in the Sea and riuers and the cause of marish ground and Cliffes by the sea Coasts and rockes in the Sea and also the cause that the sea dooth ebbe and flow and the cause that the water in the Sea is salt and the cause of Earth quakes with other matters And for that my opinion dooth differ from some of the auncient writers in naturall Phylosophy it is possible that it may be vtterly dislyked of and condemned to be no trueth But yet notwithstanding they may geue such credit vnto it as the sequell of the reasons shall support vnto them for that they bee but my simple opinions wherfore they may beleeue them as they lift Therfore gentle Readers I desyre you to beare with me for that I am so bolde to shew my simple opinion vnto the world for it is possible that some people may mallice me for that I am so bolde to deale in these causes consydering what a great number of so excellent learned menne there are in Englande bothe in the Vniuersyties and in diuers other places in this Lande The fifth Booke of the treasure for trauailers The fyrst Chapter of the fyfth Booke sheweth the naturall causes how Sandes and Bankes are ingendered or made both in the Sea and Riuers NOw beginneth the fifth Booke which is concerning the naturall causes of sundry things that are to bee seene in traueilyng vppon the face of the earth And although there bee nothing that happeneth but the prouidence of almightye God dooth bring it to passe yet notwithstanding it hath a naturall cause why it is so although it seemeth supernaturall or vnpossible for that God dooth woorke all thinges by a meanes and yet doth come to passe by some naturall cause And fyrst of the naturall cause of Sandes and Bankes in the Sea and ryuers my opinion is this that whereas a great number of Sandes and Banks are many times seene at the mouthes and entraunce of many great riuers both into the Sea and also vp into the riuer that it happneth by this meanes by the shalownesse of those seas and the great indraft of the Ryuer And then by the meanes of the soyle of the Countrye in the riuers beyng a good distaunce from the sea and especially after any great raine dooth bring downe the soyle for all the lande water dooth alwaies runne downe towardes the sea where as it dooth ebbe and flow and sometime the water ouerfloweth the banks and then the swiftnes of the running of the water dooth fret away the bankes and sometime it happeneth in the winter after a great frost And such other lyke causes sometyme from sandye grounde sometime from clay grounde sometime stony grounde other good moulde dooth fall into the Ryuer and so is myxed and tumbled too and fro with the water and is alwayes caried towardes the sea by the violence of the streame for that alwaies where it doth not ebbe flow the streame runneth towards the sea wheras it doth ebbe flow there the ebbe doth runne both swifter longer then the floods doo so by that meanes it is alwayes caried towardes the sea also any thyng is apter to rolle or runne down the hyll rather then agaynst the hyll And thus the soyle of the countrey beyng tumbled too fro in the water is washed and soked in such sorte that the water is made thycke therewith and the fat or clammye substance become owes but the greety or sandy or grauelly substāce doth alwaies keepe towards the bottome for that it is more pōderous or heauier then the fatty or clammy substance and then this grauelly or sandye substance beyng dryuen downe towardes the sea by the violence of the streame goyng by the bottome then where it dooth find any place to staye at by the way there it resteth and so groweth more and more and so becommeth a sande and then the Tyde by the meanes of ebbing and flowyng dooth make or scoure out a chanel or pasadge betweene one sande or bancke and another And alwayes thys happeneth whereas the Sea is but shalowe and the Ryuer or hauen hath a great indraught that is to say to run a great distāce into the lande whereby there is much soyle brought downe by the meanes afore rehearsed And then the Sea beyng but shallowe it hath no great descent to runne downe the hyll And then by the meanes of the floods the bellowes of the Sea dooth cause it to be stayed although that sometyme it happeneth that one sande or bancke doth decrease and weare away and another dooth increase and waxe bigger and many tymes the chanels doo alter sometymes deeper and sometymes shallower and sometymes whereas a chanel was becommeth a sande sometyme whereas a sande was is become a chanel as experience hath many tymes shewed which happeneth manye tymes by some stormes or great wyndes sometymes from one quarter of the world and sometyme from another quarter And by that meanes the greatnesse of the bellowes of the Sea dooth beat or washe awaye the sande from one place and so dooth rest vppon another place and then the Tyde or streame doth scoure or frette a newe Chanell betweene one sande and another c. As we maye see by experience in dyuers places as the mould of the Ryuer of Thames and Humber and the Ryuer of Roane and suche other lyke places whiche I doo omitte at this tyme. The seconde Chapter sheweth the natural cause of Marish ground and other plaine meadowes or ground by the sydes of Ryuers c. AND furthermore as touching the naturall cause of Maryshes or Marish grounde and other playne and leuell grounde that is by the sydes of great Ryuers c. and in such other lyke places mine opinion is this as in the Chapter before is expressed by the bringing downe of the soyle of the countrey which is ground or earth of al kinde of sorts whiche is fallen into the water and brought downe by the streame And as before is rehearsed the grauelly or sandye substance dooth dryue with the streame by the bottome but the fatty or clammy substance is mingled with the water for although you shoulde take any earth or substance and washe it and tumble it in water neuer so much yet notwithstanding it cannot be consumed all away but if you doo let it stande styll then it
wyl settle it selfe vnto the bottome and you shall fynde the substance agayne So although the earth is mingled with water by the meanes of the fretting of the streame and the Tide and also the soussyngs of the bellows in great winds tossyng it to fro in stormy weather yet notwithstanding in fayre and calme weather in such places whersas there dooth not runne a great Tyde or streame then that earthye substance doth settle it selfe agayne on such places as are defended by some Naase or poynt and in some Bay or place that the grating of the Tyde or streame dooth not greatly trouble it is then called Owes or as the common people that be not neare dwellers vnto such Ryuers doo call it Durt Myre or Mud. And then in such places where it dooth ebbe or stowe being setled nowe a litle and then a litle the winde and the Sunne doo somethyng harden it vntyll at the last through the setling nowe some and then some and styll dryed with the wynde and the Sunne that it is as high as the common foule Seas and then it will beginne to beare some greene thyng and so it wyl become Marishe ground in tyme and so is ouerflowed in the spring tides but in the Neape Tydes it is bare at a full Sea And then many tymes it happeneth that those that are the dwellers there aboutes or els the Lordes of those soyles doo Inne that same grounde and make the walles for the defence thereof And in processe of tyme it becommeth maine lande and by this meanes commeth all your playne and leuelled groundes neare vnto Riuers sides And this kinde of grounde must needes be verye fertyle and riche so that it be not ouerflowed with salt water for that all the stonye and sandy substance is washt out thereof and it must needes bee playne and leuell for that it is braught to be leuell with the water at a ful Sea c. And furthermore it happeneth diuers times as in the Chapter before is rehearsed by great wyndes and stormes in sundrie ages of the worlde that the Channel◠doo alter by the washyng or fretting away of some poynt or firme lande or Naase and then that which hath been many yeeres before mayne grounde may be fretted awaye and be ouerflowen agayne And the substance of the grounde maye be landed in some other place as by experience in manye places hath beene seene so that that place that hath beene before meayne grounde hath become Sea and water and that place that hath beene before sea and water hath become drye lande And these things haue happened in pracesse of tyme by the meanes of the chaunging of the chanels which doo alter the setting of the Tydes in Ryuers and Hauens whose principal cause hath happened as before is rehearsed by frettyng awaye some Naase or poynt and then some Naase or poynt hath turned the Tyde some other waye and so worne or fretted a newe chanell so that whereas the Tyde or streame hath runne most swiftest hath become an eady and so in processe of tyme grounde in lyke manner c. The thyrde Chapter sheweth the naturall causes of the hyghe clyffes by the Sea coastes c. AND furthermore as touchyng the naturall causes of clyffes that are by the Sea coastes as wee maye see some of harde stone and some of Chaulke and of a monstrous height and some of Claye and other of earth c. My opinion is thys as the age of the worlde is of no small tyme so in processe of tyme the often sufferynges of the bellowes of the Seas haue beaten away the feete of those hilles that are by the sea coastes And so vndermyning it although it were of harde stone yet the wayght of that which was vndermined hanging ouer in rayny wether or after great frost must needes fall downe into the Sea And then that sayle or substaunce that fell downe in processe of time was beaten or washed away agayne by the often soussing of the bellowes of the sea in the time of great wyndes and stormes And then the stuffe so fallen down being washed and consumed away the sea doth begin to vndermine it agayne by litle and lytle tyll at the length by the meanes before rehearsed there falleth downe an other portion of the sayde substaunce or stuffe from the hyll so that in the ende they become such monsterous Cliffes as wee may see by experience are on the sea coastes in a number of places And thus they do were away by litle and lytle vntil that an other place is become aforelande without that lande that is to say an other Naase or head land to stande further out into the sea then that dooth and then that Clyffe wyl stay without fallyng downe any more of the substaunce or stuffe of long time by the meanes of some beache or shingle or sande or stones that shall be brought thither by the cossing to and fro of the bellowes of the sea and that shall lye there and defende the foote of the sande cliffe as by experiēce we may see in a nūber of places by the sea coasts and then doth we are away an other Cliffe in some other place of the sea coastes for it happeneth many times in sundrye ages that at one time one place dooth were awaye and an other dooth increase agayne and in an other age agayne that whiche dyd increase shal weare away and the other shal stay or perhaps increase agayne by the meanes there is some head land or Naase without that which dooth breake away the fretting or gratyng of the tyde For many times it happeneth vpon the sea Coastes through some great and huge storme that maketh a breache by the monstrousnesse of the great bellowes that teareth away some great quantitie of ground from some one place in short time and the bellowes of the sea shall dryue or bring it or lande it in some other place yea euen in a short space as experyence hath many tymes shewed it and as it many tymes hapneth that in one age of the world that the great huge windes or stormed doo happen sometime in one quarter of the Worlde and at an other time in an other quarter For as we may see that in some yeares the most great winds and stormes doo blow in the East quarter of the worlde and in other yeares in the West quarter of the world and in other yeres in the South quarter of the worlde and in other yeares in the North quarter of the worlde c. By which meanes it fretteth at one time away the substaunce or stuffe from one place and then the bellowes of the sea doo driue or force it to lande in an other place and so it continueth for a certayne time vntill such tyme that the great windes or stormes doo blowe in a contrary quarter of the world and then the stuffe or subtaunce is beaten by the bellowes of the Sea and dryuen and