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force_n of_o so_o great_a a_o momentum_fw-la the_o three_o experiment_n 3._o we_o order_v a_o thin_a large_a vessel_n of_o silver_n to_o be_v cast_v and_o fill_v it_o with_o water_n cool_v very_o well_o with_o ice_n and_o screw_v the_o cover_n on_o with_o a_o very_a close_a screw_n then_o we_o begin_v to_o hammer_v the_o vessel_n gentle_o every_o where_o and_o the_o batter_a silver_n which_o be_v so_o little_o ductile_a do_v not_o at_o all_o thin_a and_o distend_v itself_o as_o refine_a gold_n lead_v and_o other_o soft_a metal_n do_v lessen_v and_o compress_v the_o inward_a capacity_n of_o the_o vessel_n by_o degree_n yet_o the_o water_n for_o all_o this_o suffer_v not_o the_o least_o compression_n for_o at_o every_o stroke_n we_o perceive_v it_o to_o sweat_v through_o the_o vessel_n at_o all_o the_o little_a pore_n of_o the_o metal_n as_o quicksilver_n when_o press_v with_o a_o piece_n of_o leather_n spirit_n through_o in_o little_a drop_n this_o be_v what_o we_o think_v worth_a relate_v of_o these_o three_o experiment_n but_o be_v not_o yet_o able_a to_o say_v whether_o if_o the_o same_o experiment_n be_v repeat_v in_o vessel_n of_o great_a strength_n and_o if_o the_o rarefaction_n of_o the_o water_n be_v augment_v in_o the_o first_o experiment_n and_o so_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n or_o if_o the_o height_n of_o the_o mercurial_a cilind_a be_v increase_v in_o the_o second_o or_o if_o in_o the_o last_o the_o vessel_n be_v successive_o make_v of_o thick_a silver_n i_o say_v we_o be_v not_o positive_a whether_o the_o water_n may_v not_o at_o last_o happen_v to_o be_v compress_v this_o be_v certain_a that_o water_n in_o comparison_n of_o air_n resist_v the_o compression_n we_o may_v almost_o say_v infinite_o more_o which_o confirm_v what_o we_o say_v at_o the_o begin_n of_o these_o experiment_n that_o if_o experience_n do_v not_o reach_v the_o very_a bottom_n of_o the_o inquire_v truth_n yet_o it_o go_v hard_a if_o it_o strike_v not_o out_o some_o light_n 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in_o those_o of_o 100_o deg_n especial_o of_o 300_o deg_n the_o small_a inequality_n and_o error_n commit_v in_o make_v one_o with_o a_o large_a ball_n and_o small_a neck_n be_v very_o easy_a to_o be_v discover_v so_o that_o they_o will_v show_v great_a disagreement_n and_o inequality_n when_o compare_v together_o the_o four_o thermometer_n 3._o this_o four_o instrument_n have_v a_o spiral_n canale_n yet_o differ_v not_o much_o from_o the_o former_a indeed_o it_o come_v not_o near_o the_o same_o scale_n of_o proportion_n it_o be_v impossible_a to_o draw_v so_o very_o long_o a_o neck_n equal_a and_o of_o the_o same_o size_n and_o bear_v throughout_o the_o whole_a length_n because_o there_o be_v a_o necessity_n to_o pass_v and_o repass_v it_o often_o over_o the_o flame_n to_o bend_v it_o whence_o it_o can_v be_v avoid_v when_o the_o metal_n be_v soften_v by_o the_o flame_n but_o the_o cane_n will_v be_v straighten_a and_o contract_v in_o some_o place_n and_o in_o other_o relax_v and_o 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bubble_n make_v a_o scale_n of_o equal_a difference_n that_o be_v from_o 10°_n to_o 10_o deg_n as_o likewise_o whence_o this_o instrument_n be_v more_o gross_a than_o the_o rest_n in_o that_o it_o show_v by_o the_o rise_n and_o fall_v of_o the_o bubble_n the_o alteration_n of_o the_o air_n but_o to_o every_o 10_o the_o degree_n of_o that_o thermometer_n which_o be_v divide_v into_o 100°_n and_o to_o about_o every_o 4_o the_o or_o 5_o the_o of_o that_o of_o 50_o deg_n and_o to_o every_o 40°_n of_o that_o of_o 300°_n let_v these_o bubble_n so_o try_v and_o choose_v and_o it_o will_v do_v well_o if_o they_o be_v of_o colour_a glass_n to_o be_v the_o more_o discernible_a in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o liquor_n be_v enclose_v in_o a_o large_a cane_n of_o glass_n fill_v with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n but_o not_o quite_o to_o the_o top_n leave_v some_o space_n for_o the_o liquor_n to_o rarefie_v when_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o season_n shall_v require_v it_o and_o then_o seal_v it_o hermetical_o if_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o room_n be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o make_v the_o thermometer_n rise_v to_o 60_o it_o may_v be_v help_v by_o put_v the_o vessel_n in_o a_o bath_n of_o warm_a water_n increase_v the_o heat_n by_o gradual_a pour_v in_o boil_a water_n if_o needful_a and_o so_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n contain_v therein_o will_v not_o be_v more_o heat_v in_o one_o part_n than_o another_o but_o take_v its_o temperature_n as_o gentle_o and_o equal_o as_o possible_a the_o description_n of_o a_o instrument_n to_o discover_v the_o difference_n of_o moisture_n in_o the_o air._n have_v already_o treat_v of_o those_o instrument_n which_o serve_v to_o show_v the_o alteration_n happen_v to_o the_o air_n from_o heat_n and_o cold_a we_o come_v next_o to_o describe_v another_o useful_a to_o discover_v the_o change_n which_o the_o air_n be_v subject_a to_o pure_o from_o humidity_n and_o though_o there_o may_v be_v many_o and_o different_a instrument_n of_o this_o nature_n which_o have_v be_v invent_v by_o several_a ingenious_a person_n yet_o we_o will_v describe_v this_o one_o of_o which_o since_o it_o have_v its_o be_v first_o in_o this_o court_n we_o will_v say_v something_o out_o of_o gratitude_n concern_v its_o invention_n and_o use_v though_o perchance_o it_o be_v write_v of_o by_o other_o it_o be_v part_n of_o a_o cone_n of_o cork_n hollow_a within_o and_o pitch_v and_o cover_v on_o the_o outside_n over_o with_o tin_n at_o the_o small_a end_n it_o be_v insert_v into_o a_o vessel_n of_o glass_n with_o a_o conical_a point_n shape_v as_o in_o the_o figure_n 5._o and_o close_v hermetical_o the_o vessel_n be_v so_o make_v and_o place_v upon_o its_o pedestal_n be_v to_o be_v fill_v with_o snow_n or_o small_a beat_a ice_n the_o water_n whereof_o as_o it_o melt_v shall_v have_v its_o issue_n by_o the_o pipe_n make_v in_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o glass_n the_o use_n of_o it_o be_v this_o the_o subtle_a moisture_n carry_v about_o by_o the_o air_n adhere_v by_o little_a and_o little_a to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o vessel_n cover_v it_o at_o first_o but_o with_o a_o dew_n or_o mist_n till_o by_o the_o come_n of_o more_o moisture_n it_o gather_v into_o great_a drop_n and_o at_o last_o steal_v down_o the_o side_n of_o the_o conical_a glass_n drop_v into_o a_o tall_a cup_n in_o the_o shape_n of_o a_o mum-glass_n divide_v into_o equal_a deg_n and_o make_v on_o purpose_n to_o receive_v it_o it_o be_v evident_a as_o the_o air_n be_v more_o or_o less_o full_a of_o moist_a vapour_n the_o force_n of_o the_o cold_a condense_n a_o great_a or_o less_o quantity_n of_o water_n measure_v by_o the_o graduated_a glass_n cilind_a wherefore_o desire_v to_o compare_v
experiment_n to_o show_v more_o evident_o that_o where_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n be_v want_v the_o bear_n up_o of_o the_o fluid_n be_v lessen_v in_o a_o cane_n of_o any_o length_n and_o upon_o the_o return_n of_o the_o same_o pressure_n raise_v up_o again_o tab_n 5_o p_o 29_o note_v that_o kl_n be_v about_o the_o fourteen_o part_n of_o the_o whole_a height_n of_o the_o water_n ml_o for_o what_o cause_n may_v be_v tell_v present_o but_o when_o it_o do_v exceed_v it_o as_o it_o may_v sometime_o happen_v it_o be_v from_o two_o cause_n first_o either_o the_o water_n wherewith_o the_o vessel_n be_v fill_v be_v not_o pour_v in_o so_o hot_a that_o the_o vacuum_n leave_v by_o it_o in_o condense_v be_v capable_a of_o receive_v all_o the_o quick_a silver_n fall_v from_o the_o cane_n of_o for_o when_o the_o space_n ai_fw-fr leave_v by_o the_o condense_a water_n be_v fill_v by_o the_o subside_v mercury_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o vessel_n gb_n raise_v all_o the_o water_n there_o can_v no_o more_o mercury_n descend_v out_o of_o the_o cane_n of_o and_o so_o it_o will_v be_v above_o 1_o 14_o of_o the_o height_n ml_o or_o second_o the_o other_o cause_n may_v be_v when_o this_o void_a space_n a_z be_v indeed_o sufficient_a for_o the_o mercury_n in_o the_o cane_n but_o not_o for_o the_o air_n which_o may_v rise_v either_o from_o the_o mercury_n in_o the_o ball_n or_o from_o the_o water_n in_o the_o vessel_n which_o air_n require_v a_o large_a field_n to_o expatiate_v in_o theâ—_n the_o void_a ai_fw-fr may_v possible_o make_v some_o impression_n upon_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o water_n and_o so_o communicate_v it_o to_o the_o cane_n and_o bear_v up_o the_o mercury_n a_o little_a high_o than_o the_o bare_a weight_n and_o pressure_n of_o the_o water_n will_v have_v sustain_v it_o at_o a_o experiment_n from_o whence_o be_v show_v the_o efficacy_n which_o the_o pressure_n of_o another_o fluid_a join_v with_o the_o air_n have_v upon_o the_o sustain_v mercurial_a cilind_a 2._o the_o vacuum_n be_v make_v with_o the_o cane_n abc_n wherein_o the_o simple_a pressure_n of_o the_o air_n raise_v the_o mercury_n to_o d_o ¼_n the_o usual_a height_n of_o 28_o 6_o 10_o inch_n pour_fw-fr water_n upon_o the_o stagnant_a level_n ebb_n and_o fill_v it_o up_o to_o a_o and_o you_o shall_v see_v the_o level_n d_o raise_v to_o f_o and_o the_o space_n fd_n will_v be_v 1_o 14_o of_o the_o water_n ab_fw-la pour_v in_o and_o that_o because_o to_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o cilind_a of_o mercury_n df_n the_o weight_n of_o the_o other_o cilind_a of_o water_n will_v upon_o trial_n be_v find_v equal_a have_v the_o same_o basis_n and_o of_o the_o height_n of_o ab_fw-la but_o if_o instead_o of_o water_n the_o same_o space_n ab_fw-la be_v fill_v with_o oil_n the_o mercury_n will_v rise_v to_o g_z only_o if_o with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n to_o h_n whence_o we_o may_v from_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o height_n of_o the_o fluid_fw-la ab_fw-la encompass_v the_o cane_n to_o the_o height_n of_o the_o increase_n cause_v by_o that_o fluid_a in_o the_o mercurial_a cilind_a above_o the_o first_o height_n of_o 28_o 6_o 10_o inch_n cause_v by_o the_o air_n find_v the_o proportion_n of_o specific_a gravity_n between_o the_o mercury_n and_o any_o of_o the_o ambient_fw-la fluids_n ¼_n and_o likewise_o as_o easy_o that_o of_o the_o specific_a gravity_n of_o the_o fluid_n in_o respect_n of_o each_o other_o the_o same_o may_v also_o be_v obtain_v without_o a_o vacuum_n with_o a_o plain_a cilindrical_a glass_n ab_fw-la in_o the_o former_a fig._n into_o which_o by_o put_v a_o little_a mercury_n and_o the_o small_a cane_n ac_fw-la now_o suppose_v open_a at_o each_o end_n and_o then_o pour_v a_o equal_a quantity_n of_o several_a fluid_n seperatim_fw-la upon_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o mercury_n ebb_n and_o all_o to_o the_o same_o height_n suppose_v a_o from_o the_o different_a height_n of_o the_o mercury_n in_o the_o little_a cane_n fg_v hd_a cause_v by_o their_o respective_a gravity_n we_o may_v not_o only_o have_v the_o proportion_n of_o their_o specific_a gravity_n with_o the_o mercury_n but_o also_o that_o of_o the_o fluid_v compare_v with_o one_o another_o note_v that_o in_o this_o and_o all_o like_a experiment_n where_o it_o happen_v that_o the_o inward_a or_o outward_a level_n of_o the_o mercury_n be_v alter_v by_o the_o pressure_n of_o some_o fluid_a or_o otherways_o than_o the_o letter_n point_v at_o those_o operation_n in_o the_o figure_n be_v suppose_v to_o be_v remove_v to_o the_o place_n requisite_a and_o successive_o follow_v the_o level_n as_o it_o gradual_o move_v from_o place_n to_o place_n a_o experiment_n show_v that_o where_o the_o air_n press_v not_o at_o all_o a_o vacuum_n may_v be_v make_v not_o only_o with_o mercury_n but_o also_o with_o water_n to_o any_o height_n of_o the_o tube_n provide_v less_o than_o that_o whereto_o it_o use_v to_o be_v sustain_v by_o it_o braccio_n let_v there_o be_v a_o glass_n vessel_n ab_fw-la contain_v about_o 6_o l._n of_o water_n and_o the_o mouth_n a_o big_a enough_o to_o receive_v the_o cane_n cd_o 22_o 9_o 10_o inch_n long_o seal_v at_o c_o but_o oblique_o open_a at_o d_o this_o cane_n must_v have_v at_o a_o the_o place_n whereto_o it_o be_v let_v down_o into_o the_o vessel_n ab_fw-la two_o small_a anulet_n of_o glass_n close_o together_o that_o the_o bladder_n with_o a_o hole_n therein_o may_v be_v tie_v very_o fast_o between_o those_o two_o rug_n then_o fill_v the_o whole_a vessel_n ab_fw-la with_o water_n as_o hot_a as_o possible_a and_o the_o cane_n cd_o with_o cold_a put_v upon_o it_o at_o the_o low_a end_n d_o the_o plate_n of_o glass_n e_z fit_v to_o shut_v the_o mouth_n of_o the_o vessel_n ab_fw-la immerse_v the_o cane_n therein_o turn_v down_o the_o bladder_n gather_v it_o together_o and_o bind_v it_o close_o about_o the_o neck_n of_o the_o vessel_n have_v first_o press_v out_o the_o air_n from_o its_o fold_n now_o as_o the_o water_n cool_v part_n of_o the_o vessel_n fg_v will_v be_v empty_a and_o likewise_o as_o in_o the_o former_a experiment_n part_v of_o the_o cane_n ch_z where_o the_o water_n will_v rest_v nor_o move_v but_o upon_o some_o alteration_n of_o the_o external_n heat_v and_o cold_a but_o upon_o prick_v the_o bladder_n the_o air_n forcible_o enter_v upon_o the_o level_n of_o the_o water_n in_o the_o vessel_n will_v refill_z the_o cane_n as_o at_o first_o it_o be_v think_v by_o some_o that_o the_o water_n in_o the_o cane_n do_v not_o fall_v at_o first_o when_o the_o vacuum_n be_v make_v to_o the_o same_o level_n with_o that_o in_o the_o vessel_n suppose_v the_o space_n agnostus_n capable_a of_o receive_v it_o it_o may_v be_v from_o a_o cause_n mention_v in_o a_o forego_n experiment_n i._n e._n from_o some_o air_n which_o raise_v itself_o from_o the_o water_n into_o the_o void_a space_n perhaps_o too_o narrow_a for_o its_o full_a expansion_n whence_o they_o imagine_v that_o if_o the_o experiment_n be_v make_v with_o wine_n oil_n spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o other_o liquor_n from_o a_o great_a or_o lesser_a vacuum_n remain_v in_o the_o cane_n it_o may_v be_v determine_v which_o of_o the_o fluid_n have_v most_o air_n disperse_v through_o its_o particle_n a_o experiment_n first_o make_v in_o france_n and_o after_o by_o our_o academy_n whence_o it_o be_v probable_a a_o more_o cogent_a argument_n for_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n may_v be_v draw_v m._n pecquet_n in_o his_o book_n of_o new_a anatomical_a experiment_n write_v that_o it_o have_v be_v observe_v by_o many_o that_o the_o height_n of_o the_o mercurial_a cilind_a in_o vacuo_fw-la vary_v according_a to_o the_o place_n where_o the_o experiment_n be_v make_v whence_o in_o high_a place_n it_o be_v less_o and_o in_o low_a place_n and_o deep_a pit_n great_a provide_v the_o height_n be_v pretty_a considerable_a as_o that_o of_o the_o high_a mountain_n of_o auvergne_n at_o the_o top_n whereof_o the_o mercury_n want_v much_o of_o the_o usual_a height_n which_o have_v be_v say_v to_o happen_v because_o the_o high_a air_n which_o be_v find_v upon_o the_o top_n of_o vast_a mountain_n have_v a_o lesser_a weight_n upon_o it_o make_v a_o more_o faint_a pressure_n nor_o be_v able_a to_o raise_v the_o mercury_n to_o that_o height_n whereto_o the_o low_a air_n of_o valley_n and_o plain_n easy_o mount_v it_o howsoever_o the_o truth_n of_o this_o assign_a cause_n may_v prove_v of_o which_o it_o be_v not_o at_o present_a our_o intent_n to_o discourse_n yet_o we_o have_v observe_v the_o very_a same_o effect_n on_o the_o high_a tower_n at_o florence_n 142._o which_o be_v 271_o foot_n high_a as_o likewise_o on_o divers_a of_o those_o small_a hill_n which_o surround_v the_o city_n and_o we_o find_v it_o
with_o a_o wind_n instrument_n because_o it_o receive_v its_o tremble_a not_o from_o percussion_n as_o a_o bell_n but_o from_o the_o impetus_fw-la of_o the_o air_n rush_v out_o of_o it_o and_o because_o it_o may_v be_v too_o hard_a a_o task_n if_o not_o impossible_a to_o place_v such_o a_o instrument_n in_o a_o vacuum_n make_v with_o mercury_n we_o resolve_v to_o enclose_v it_o in_o a_o vessel_n exhaust_v of_o its_o air_n by_o attraction_n so_o as_o it_o have_v be_v late_o practise_v by_o mr._n boil_v with_o admirable_a success_n in_o those_o his_o curious_a and_o noble_a experiment_n among_o which_o this_o be_v think_v of_o also_o though_o it_o be_v not_o put_v in_o practice_n for_o want_v of_o a_o fit_a artificer_n to_o make_v the_o apparatus_fw-la now_o though_o the_o vessel_n can_v never_o be_v empty_v so_o perfect_o by_o that_o way_n as_o by_o mercury_n yet_o the_o air_n be_v always_o so_o far_o rarify_v as_o from_o the_o manifest_a difference_n which_o appear_v in_o those_o effect_n that_o depend_v real_o upon_o the_o ordinary_a natural_a pressure_n of_o the_o air_n upon_o they_o we_o may_v easy_o come_v to_o form_v a_o right_a judgement_n what_o they_o will_v be_v in_o a_o perfect_a vacuum_n we_o will_v here_o true_o relate_v what_o we_o happen_v to_o observe_v confess_v that_o it_o be_v more_o to_o show_v the_o manner_n and_o method_n we_o think_v of_o to_o make_v the_o experiment_n than_o for_o any_o certainty_n we_o be_v able_a to_o gain_v thereby_o since_o it_o may_v be_v say_v we_o rather_o fail_v than_o make_v the_o experiment_n for_o this_o purpose_n we_o make_v a_o little_a organ_n 7._o as_o abcd_v of_o but_o one_o pipe_n and_o with_o the_o bellows_o have_v communication_n with_o the_o pipe_n by_o a_o hollow_a conveyance_n in_o the_o basis_n bc._n this_o organ_n we_o include_v in_o the_o brass_n box_n f_o 8._o and_o put_v the_o handle_n he_o through_o the_o mouth_n g_o of_o this_o box._n this_o handle_n we_o rest_v upon_o the_o pillar_n or_o prop_n kl_n when_o we_o have_v first_o put_v it_o through_o the_o ring_n m_o soder_v to_o a_o small_a iron_n rod_n pass_v each_o way_n through_o the_o board_n of_o the_o bellows_o and_o fasten_v to_o they_o so_o that_o by_o move_v the_o handle_n this_o way_n and_o that_o way_n either_o the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o be_v open_v and_o shut_v force_v the_o air_n into_o the_o pipe_n then_o take_v a_o piece_n of_o soft_a leather_n and_o make_v a_o hole_n in_o it_o we_o put_v it_o over_o the_o handle_n bind_v it_o fast_o upon_o the_o mouth_n g_o and_o likewise_o gather_v it_o together_o we_o tie_v it_o about_o the_o handle_n as_o in_o the_o fig._n so_o that_o all_o ingress_n of_o the_o air_n may_v be_v prevent_v and_o through_o the_o pliantness_n of_o the_o leather_n the_o handle_n easy_o move_v every_o way_n all_o be_v so_o prepare_v and_o the_o cover_v e_z cement_v on_o very_o close_a we_o begin_v to_o exhaust_v the_o air_n out_o of_o the_o box_n with_o a_o pump_n screw_v on_o to_o a_o hole_n in_o the_o cover_n n_o 9_o and_o at_o every_o draught_n turn_v the_o stop-cock_n o_o that_o when_o the_o sucker_n be_v force_v down_o to_o drive_v out_o the_o attract_a air_n at_o the_o valve_n and_o nose_n p_o the_o air_n may_v not_o re-enter_v into_o the_o box_n f_o and_o frustrate_v the_o labour_n of_o the_o operator_n after_o many_o draught_n that_o the_o air_n become_v so_o rerify_v as_o the_o leather_n which_o close_v the_o mouth_n g_z be_v quite_o draw_v in_o and_o the_o force_n of_o a_o very_a strong_a man_n be_v unable_a to_o draw_v back_o the_o sucker_n or_o plug_n we_o begin_v to_o move_v this_o way_n and_o that_o way_n the_o handle_n so_o to_o convey_v the_o subtle_a air_n out_o of_o the_o bellows_o into_o the_o organ-pipe_n and_o listen_v to_o the_o sound_n but_o the_o truth_n be_v we_o can_v not_o perceive_v it_o to_o differ_v at_o all_o not_o only_o from_o that_o which_o be_v make_v in_o the_o same_o box_n when_o shut_v up_o full_a of_o air_n in_o its_o natural_a state_n but_o also_o not_o sensible_o from_o that_o make_v in_o the_o box_n when_o we_o have_v by_o the_o pump_n force_v and_o condense_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o air_n therein_o wherefore_o some_o do_v say_n jest_o either_o that_o the_o air_n have_v nothing_o to_o do_v in_o the_o production_n of_o sound_n or_o be_v able_a to_o do_v it_o alike_o in_o any_o state_n a_o experiment_n of_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o magnet_n in_o vacuo_fw-la hang_v a_o needle_n by_o the_o thread_n by_o which_o the_o bell_n be_v fasten_v before_o 4._o we_o apply_v a_o magnet_n to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o ball_n and_o find_v it_o be_v attract_v at_o the_o same_o distance_n as_o when_o the_o vessel_n be_v full_a of_o air_n a_o experiment_n of_o the_o raise_n of_o fluid_n in_o small_a hollow_a cane_n in_o vacuo_fw-la among_o other_o effect_n of_o the_o air_n pressure_n some_o have_v reckon_v that_o of_o almost_o all_o fluid_n rise_v up_o in_o small_a cane_n therein_o immerse_v believe_v that_o the_o small_a cilind_a of_o air_n press_v through_o the_o little_a cane_n upon_o any_o fluid_a suppose_n the_o water_n act_v more_o faint_o by_o reason_n it_o be_v lessen_v or_o straighten_a by_o the_o great_a adhaesion_n of_o the_o fluid_a to_o the_o inside_n of_o so_o small_a a_o vessel_n as_o on_o the_o contrary_n they_o judge_v that_o the_o air_n which_o free_o press_v upon_o the_o large_a superficies_n of_o the_o fluid_a round_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o same_o cane_n be_v permit_v to_o bear_v upon_o it_o with_o its_o whole_a force_n raise_v it_o therein_o until_o the_o momentum_fw-la of_o the_o water_n raise_v together_o with_o that_o little_a pressure_n within_o the_o cane_n counterpoise_n that_o of_o the_o external_a air_n to_o have_v some_o light_n as_o to_o the_o truth_n of_o this_o discourse_n we_o attempt_v to_o see_v what_o the_o effect_n will_v be_v in_o vacuo_fw-la we_o therefore_o prepare_v the_o former_a ball_n as_o be_v direct_v for_o fish_n tab._n 10._o fig._n 1._o that_o be_v by_o fill_v the_o upper_a half_n with_o water_n 1._o into_o this_o we_o immerse_v the_o small_a cane_n ab_fw-la represent_v in_o the_o table_n of_o its_o full_a bigness_n which_o be_v open_a at_o each_o end_n and_o have_v cement_v upon_o it_o in_o the_o middle_a a_o hollow_a button_n of_o glass_n counterpoise_v to_o keep_v the_o cane_n upright_o in_o the_o water_n 1._o then_o close_v the_o mouth_n of_o our_o large_a ball_n ac_fw-la we_o make_v the_o vacuum_n the_o water_n stand_v to_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o ball_n 1._o and_o the_o small_a cane_n stand_v erect_a by_o reason_n of_o its_o hollow_a button_n and_o the_o water_n rise_v in_o it_o up_o to_o c_o then_o the_o low_a mouth_n be_v stop_v with_o a_o finger_n that_o the_o air_n enter_v may_v not_o empty_v our_o large_a vessel_n we_o unbind_v it_o above_o and_o open_v the_o mouth_n ac_fw-la to_o see_v if_o the_o air_n be_v admit_v to_o press_v upon_o the_o water_n that_o great_a and_o more_o violent_a impulse_n will_v cause_v 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it_o in_o opake_v vessel_n as_o those_o of_o silver_n brass_n and_o gold_n be_v hitherto_o make_v use_n of_o in_o the_o freezing_n wherefore_o not_o to_o fail_v in_o this_o which_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o very_a life_n of_o all_o these_o experiment_n we_o have_v recourse_n to_o vessel_n of_o crystal_n and_o glass_n hope_v by_o the_o transparency_n of_o the_o material_n to_o be_v satisfy_v in_o the_o procedure_n of_o the_o experiment_n since_o upon_o every_o motion_n of_o the_o level_n in_o the_o neck_n we_o may_v take_v the_o vessel_n out_o of_o the_o mixture_n and_o mark_v the_o correspondent_a alteration_n therein_o but_o the_o truth_n be_v we_o find_v great_a trouble_n than_o at_o first_o we_o imagine_v to_o gain_v any_o certainty_n as_o to_o the_o period_n of_o these_o accident_n but_o to_o relate_v the_o success_n more_o distinct_o you_o must_v know_v that_o upon_o the_o first_o immersion_n of_o the_o ball_n as_o soon_o as_o ever_o it_o touch_v the_o freeze_a mixture_n we_o observe_v in_o the_o water_n in_o the_o neck_n a_o little_a rise_n but_o very_o quick_a which_o soon_o subside_v it_o fall_v in_o the_o neck_n with_o a_o motion_n regular_a enough_o and_o a_o moderate_a velocity_n retire_v to_o the_o ball_n till_o arrive_v at_o a_o certain_a degree_n it_o stop_v for_o some_o time_n as_o far_o as_o our_o eye_n can_v judge_v immovable_a then_o by_o little_a and_o little_a it_o emount_v but_o with_o a_o very_a slow_a motion_n and_o apparent_o equal_a and_o then_o of_o a_o sudden_a without_o any_o proportionate_a acceleration_n it_o fly_v up_o with_o a_o furious_a spring_n at_o which_o time_n it_o be_v impossible_a to_o follow_v it_o any_o long_o with_o the_o eye_n instantaneous_o run_v through_o the_o decade_n of_o degree_n and_o as_o this_o fury_n begin_v of_o a_o sudden_a so_o of_o a_o sudden_a it_o cease_v change_v from_o that_o great_a swiftness_n to_o a_o movement_n though_o very_o fast_o yet_o incomparable_o less_o swift_a than_o the_o precedent_n and_o with_o this_o it_o continue_v to_o rise_v most_o common_o till_o it_o run_v over_o the_o top_n of_o the_o neck_n and_o all_o the_o while_n these_o thing_n happen_v be_v observe_v several_a little_a corpuscle_n of_o air_n or_o some_o other_o more_o subtle_a body_n to_o arise_v and_o pass_v through_o the_o water_n sometime_o in_o a_o great_a sometime_o in_o a_o less_o proportion_n this_o separation_n be_v not_o visible_a till_o the_o water_n begin_v to_o receive_v a_o intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a as_o if_o the_o force_n of_o the_o cold_a have_v the_o faculty_n of_o secrete_v such_o a_o matter_n from_o the_o water_n after_o this_o we_o be_v willing_a to_o see_v if_o these_o alteration_n keep_v any_o kind_n of_o equality_n or_o proportion_n with_o each_o other_o wherefore_o we_o repeat_v the_o freezing_n scarce_o one_o ice_n be_v dissolve_v but_o we_o set_v it_o again_o to_o freeze_v but_o the_o water_n always_o freeze_v with_o the_o same_o series_n of_o change_n yet_o because_o they_o do_v not_o still_o every_o time_n rise_v to_o the_o same_o mark_n or_o degree_n in_o the_o neck_n we_o begin_v to_o imagine_v there_o be_v no_o fix_a period_n for_o which_o it_o seem_v we_o have_v some_o reason_n at_o last_o it_o happen_v that_o in_o often_o repeat_v these_o experiment_n we_o by_o chance_n let_v the_o water_n in_o the_o bolt-head_n freeze_v in_o the_o neck_n first_o of_o which_o we_o speak_v in_o the_o four_o experiment_n of_o freeze_a 2._o and_o so_o break_v our_o vessel_n whereupon_o we_o be_v force_v to_o make_v another_o this_o we_o blow_v less_o than_o the_o former_a that_o the_o cold_a might_n soon_o insinuate_v itself_o through_o all_o the_o water_n we_o also_o make_v the_o neck_n long_o to_o the_o height_n of_o 45_o â—_o 10_o inch_n brac._n that_o it_o shall_v not_o run_v over_o this_o we_o fill_v to_o 160_o deg_n and_o set_v it_o to_o freeze_v in_o ice_n very_o diligent_o hee_v it_o we_o find_v at_o first_o that_o all_o the_o accident_n of_o subside_v rise_a rest_a remount_v swift_o run_v up_o and_o stop_v again_o be_v the_o very_a same_o i._n e._n happen_v always_o when_o the_o level_n of_o the_o water_n be_v at_o the_o same_o mark_n or_o degree_n in_o the_o neck_n for_o upon_o put_v it_o in_o the_o ice_n we_o observe_v it_o be_v reduce_v to_o the_o same_o degree_n as_o in_o the_o former_a trial_n that_o be_v to_o say_v at_o the_o same_o temperament_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a take_v the_o whole_a instrument_n for_o a_o nice_a thermometer_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o largeness_n of_o the_o ball_n and_o proportion_n of_o the_o neck_n be_v satisfy_v so_o far_o we_o proceed_v to_o find_v the_o exact_a time_n of_o freeze_a and_o to_o obtain_v this_o we_o take_v the_o ball_n out_o
of_o the_o mixture_n often_o yet_o as_o often_o as_o we_o try_v it_o we_o be_v never_o so_o successful_a as_o to_o find_v the_o first_o small_a vein_n or_o stiriae_fw-la of_o ice_n but_o it_o be_v either_o all_o fluid_a or_o all_o over_o freeze_v whence_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o gather_v that_o the_o act_n of_o glaciation_n must_v be_v very_o quick_a and_o whoever_o shall_v happen_v to_o take_v it_o out_o of_o the_o mixture_n in_o the_o very_a instant_n that_o the_o water_n begin_v its_o swift_a carrere_o may_v certain_o observe_v some_o notable_a alteration_n therein_o and_o because_o we_o have_v so_o often_o take_v out_o and_o immerse_v the_o ball_n into_o the_o mixture_n we_o be_v not_o well_o assure_v of_o the_o point_n of_o its_o change_n we_o let_v it_o stand_v therefore_o and_o be_v reduce_v to_o its_o first_o mark_n and_o place_v it_o again_o in_o the_o mixture_n and_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o degree_n whereat_o it_o begin_v to_o mount_v so_o swift_o and_o half_o a_o degree_n before_o it_o come_v to_o it_o we_o take_v it_o out_o and_o very_o needful_o regard_v it_o with_o the_o eye_n the_o water_n in_o the_o ball_n through_o the_o transparency_n of_o the_o vessel_n be_v easy_o discern_v to_o be_v yet_o all_o fluid_a but_o the_o before_o receive_v impression_n of_o cold_a still_o act_v though_o it_o be_v now_o take_v out_o of_o the_o ice_n when_o it_o be_v just_o arrive_v at_o the_o point_n with_o a_o swiftness_n indiscernible_a by_o the_o eye_n and_o therefore_o scarce_o to_o be_v conceive_v force_v the_o water_n through_o the_o neck_n and_o in_o a_o instant_n take_v away_o all_o transparency_n from_o the_o ball_n and_o change_v its_o fluidity_n into_o ice_n there_o be_v no_o reason_n to_o doubt_v of_o its_o be_v whole_o convert_v into_o ice_n and_o that_o it_o be_v not_o only_o outward_o crust_v over_o because_o in_o thaw_v it_o loosen_v first_o from_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n lessen_v by_o degree_n till_o at_o last_o it_o be_v like_o a_o small_a lens_fw-la of_o ice_n which_o be_v in_o the_o end_v dissolve_v we_o be_v well_o satisfy_v by_o often_o repeat_v the_o experiment_n that_o it_o be_v just_a as_o we_o have_v relate_v it_o and_o that_o we_o be_v not_o impose_v upon_o tab._n 14._o p._n 81._o we_o be_v after_o this_o very_o desirous_a to_o see_v the_o order_n and_o method_n observe_v by_o divers_a liquor_n in_o freezing_n which_o for_o brevity_n be_v set_v down_o in_o the_o follow_a table_n wherein_o naturale_fw-la state_n natural_a signify_v the_o degree_n whereat_o the_o water_n or_o other_o fluid_n stand_v before_o glaciation_n in_o the_o neck_n of_o the_o vessel_n immersione_n rise_v upon_o immersion_n be_v the_o first_o leap_v make_v by_o the_o water_n upon_o the_o ball_n first_o touch_v the_o freeze_a mixture_n this_o as_o the_o follow_a experiment_n will_v more_o clear_o show_v proceed_v not_o from_o any_o intrinsic_n alteration_n of_o the_o fluid_a but_o from_o the_o extrinsic_n cause_n of_o the_o vessel_n whence_o it_o be_v that_o vary_v sometime_o a_o little_a it_o communicate_v some_o variety_n to_o the_o other_o change_n through_o which_o the_o liquor_n pass_v in_o freeze_a but_o whereas_o this_o be_v itself_o but_o small_a its_o variety_n be_v also_o but_o little_a and_o what_o it_o communicate_v to_o the_o subsequent_a change_n very_o inconsiderable_a quiet_n abatement_n or_o fall_v denote_v the_o degree_n to_o which_o the_o water_n be_v reduce_v after_o the_o rice_n upon_o immersion_n when_o it_o just_o begin_v to_o receive_v the_o impression_n of_o cold._n rest._n be_v the_o degree_n whereat_o the_o water_n stand_v for_o some_o time_n after_o its_o fall_n without_o any_o apparent_a motion_n sollevamento_fw-la remount_v show_v likewise_o the_o degree_n to_o which_o the_o water_n be_v raise_v from_o its_o low_a fall_n by_o mean_n of_o rarifaction_n with_o a_o very_a slow_a and_o seem_o equal_a motion_n altogether_o like_o the_o first_o wherewith_o it_o subside_v agghiacciamento_n spring_z upon_o glaciation_n signify_v the_o degree_n to_o which_o the_o water_n rise_v with_o that_o extreme_a velocity_n upon_o the_o very_a point_n of_o glaciation_n we_o say_v before_o that_o after_o this_o spring_n or_o start_v the_o water_n do_v not_o stop_v upon_o a_o sudden_a but_o continue_v to_o rise_v with_o a_o motion_n swift_a enough_o though_o incomparable_o less_o than_o the_o precede_a but_o of_o this_o subsequent_a motion_n we_o have_v take_v no_o account_n it_o proceed_v only_o from_o the_o prosecution_n of_o rarifaction_n in_o the_o ice_n already_o make_v or_o to_o say_v better_o from_o the_o ice_n shoot_v in_o the_o ball_n by_o little_a and_o little_a as_o it_o harden_v after_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o first_o impetus_fw-la this_o we_o call_v the_o first_o shoot_v of_o ice_n which_o be_v as_o we_o have_v find_v upon_o break_v the_o ball_n from_o a_o very_a tender_a and_o weak_a beginning_n and_o like_o sherbet_n when_o it_o be_v a_o little_a too_o hard_o be_v of_o no_o close_o a_o consistence_n than_o the_o first_o coagulation_n of_o liquor_n moreover_o it_o happen_v that_o this_o way_n of_o freeze_a show_v not_o the_o utmost_a rarefaction_n of_o fluids_n violent_o freeze_v it_o be_v impossible_a without_o burst_v our_o instrument_n to_o reduce_v the_o ice_n to_o a_o perfect_a solidity_n we_o have_v likewise_o to_o show_v our_o utmost_a diligence_n and_o exactness_n make_v use_v of_o a_o thermometer_n and_o pendulum_n in_o each_o experiment_n of_o freeze_a that_o with_o the_o thermometer_n we_o may_v see_v at_o what_o degree_n of_o cold_a and_o with_o the_o pendulum_n at_o what_o time_n every_o change_n happen_v to_o the_o liquor_n wherefore_o in_o the_o same_o box_n with_o the_o ball_n 3._o or_o bolt-head_n we_o put_v a_o thermometer_n of_o 400_o deg_n but_o indeed_o we_o find_v great_a inconvenience_n both_o in_o note_v the_o degree_n of_o cold_a show_v by_o the_o thermometer_n and_o the_o space_n of_o time_n give_v by_o the_o vibration_n of_o the_o pendulum_n so_o that_o we_o must_v confess_v all_o our_o diligence_n be_v fruitless_a through_o the_o difficulty_n and_o impracticableness_n of_o apply_v a_o equal_a proportion_n of_o cold_a to_o the_o ball_n and_o to_o the_o thermometer_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o inequality_n of_o the_o piece_n of_o ice_n and_o quantity_n of_o salt_n sprinkle_v and_o the_o cause_n be_v that_o in_o artificial_a freeze_a we_o make_v use_v of_o snow_n or_o ice_n which_o though_o ever_o so_o well_o bruise_v and_o as_o it_o be_v ground_n to_o powder_n yet_o upon_o mix_v it_o with_o the_o salt_n they_o become_v one_o solid_a mass_n and_o as_o hard_o as_o stone_n so_o that_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o close_v it_o round_o about_o the_o vessel_n or_o be_v assure_v that_o it_o touch_v every_o where_o alike_o yet_o rather_o than_o be_v deficient_a we_o have_v set_v both_o down_o in_o our_o table_n that_o be_v the_o degree_n of_o the_o thermometer_n and_o the_o vibration_n of_o the_o pendulum_n leave_v it_o to_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o reader_n to_o make_v a_o due_a estimation_n of_o such_o remark_n the_o first_o freeze_a of_o spring_n water_n  _fw-fr the_n deg._n of_o the_o vessel_n differ_v deg._n of_o therm_n differ_v vibrat_fw-la diff._n state_n natural_a 142_o  _fw-fr 139_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr rice_n upon_o immer_n 143_o ½_o 1_o ½_o 133_o 6_o 23_o 23_o abatement_n 120_o 23_o ½_o 69_o 64_o 255_o 232_o rest_n 120_o  _fw-fr 49_o 20_o 330_o 75_o remount_v 130_o 10_o 33_o 16_o 462_o 132_o spring_n upon_o glaciat_fw-la 166_o 36_o 33_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr note_n that_o 65_o of_o the_o vibration_n of_o the_o pendulum_n set_v down_o in_o this_o and_o the_o four_o follow_a table_n make_v one_o minute_n the_o second_o freeze_a of_o the_o same_o spring_n water_n  _fw-fr deg._n of_o vessel_n diff._n deg._n of_o therm_n diff._n vibrat_fw-la diff._n state_n natural_a 144_o  _fw-fr 141_o ½_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr rice_n upon_o immer_n 146_o ½_o 2_o ½_o 118_o 23_o ½_o 25_o 25_o abatement_n 119_o ½_o 27_o 38_o 80_o 280_o 255_o rest_n 199_o ½_o  _fw-fr 28_o 10_o 415_o 135_o remount_v 131_o 11_o ½_o 17_o 11_o 882_o 467_o spring_n upon_o glaciat_fw-la 170_o 39_o 17_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr the_o third_z freeze_a of_o the_o same_o deg._n of_o vessel_n diff._n deg._n of_o therm_n diff._n vibrat_fw-la diff._n state_n natural_a 143_o  _fw-fr 141_o ½_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr rice_n upon_o immersion_n 145_o 2_o 125_o 16_o ½_o 23_o 23_o abatement_n 119_o ½_o 25_o ½_o 51_o 74_o 369_o 346_o rest_n 119_o ½_o  _fw-fr 44_o 7_o 565_o 196_o remount_v 129_o ½_o 10_o 38_o 6_o 933_o 368_o spring_n upon_o glaciat_fw-la 169_o 39_o ½_o 38_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr from_o these_o three_o example_n of_o freeze_a the_o same_o water_n may_v be_v observe_v that_o the_o state_n natural_a of_o the_o water_n be_v not_o all_o
thick_a and_o broad_a at_o one_o end_n and_o more_o acute_a at_o the_o other_o like_o little_a dagger_n from_o the_o side_n of_o these_o shoot_v out_o other_o small_a thread_n close_o together_o like_a feather_n or_o palm_n branch_n these_o be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o first_o warp_a and_o with_o a_o confuse_a and_o disorderly_o fill_v up_o they_o proceed_v shoot_v and_o increase_v till_o the_o woof_n close_v all_o with_o a_o total_a freeze_a of_o the_o water_n the_o superficies_n whereof_o may_v be_v perceive_v to_o be_v all_o raze_v and_o full_a of_o strait_a line_n like_o crystal_n scratch_v with_o a_o fine_a graver_n at_o first_o the_o superficies_n of_o all_o these_o ice_n appear_v plain_a but_o when_o the_o freeze_a be_v thorough_o finish_v and_o all_o the_o water_n congeal_v it_o at_o last_o become_v raise_v in_o hillock_n but_o without_o any_o regular_a figure_n this_o effect_v make_v some_o call_n to_o mind_n what_o be_v register_v in_o our_o first_o experiment_n of_o artificial_a freeze_a where_o the_o innermost_a cover_n of_o the_o silver_n vessel_n be_v find_v crack_v and_o all_o coated_a over_o with_o a_o thin_a ice_n make_v of_o the_o water_n that_o get_v out_o of_o the_o vessel_n at_o the_o crack_n in_o the_o instant_n of_o freeze_a thereupon_o they_o say_v that_o the_o first_o crust_n of_o ice_n which_o spread_v itself_o over_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o water_n and_o shut_v it_o close_o than_o any_o cover_n can_v by_o stick_v fast_o to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o vessel_n do_v not_o leave_v space_n enough_o for_o the_o water_n under_o it_o to_o rarify_v in_o as_o it_o freeze_v but_o it_o be_v force_v to_o seek_v room_n where_o it_o can_v and_o find_v the_o cake_n of_o ice_n weak_a than_o the_o side_n of_o the_o vessel_n it_o make_v its_o way_n there_o and_o heap_n itself_o up_o more_o in_o one_o place_n than_o another_o according_a to_o the_o inclination_n of_o the_o plain_n in_o which_o it_o break_v when_o the_o first_o cake_n split_v which_o afterward_o likewise_o freeze_a form_n that_o little_o swell_v mention_v this_o happen_v sometime_o to_o break_v the_o vessel_n which_o as_o they_o think_v be_v most_o probable_o cause_v by_o the_o slowness_n of_o the_o water_n freeze_v at_o the_o bottom_n whereby_o the_o cake_n of_o ice_n at_o the_o top_n become_v so_o hard_a that_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o break_v the_o side_n of_o the_o vessel_n than_o the_o icey_n cover_v but_o no_o certain_a rule_n can_v be_v give_v concern_v these_o matter_n since_o there_o may_v be_v many_o case_n wherein_o either_o the_o vessel_n be_v only_o burst_v or_o the_o cover_v only_o or_o first_o one_o than_o the_o other_o or_o both_o at_o the_o same_o time_n according_a as_o the_o external_n accident_n of_o the_o air_n vary_v as_o to_o cold_a calmness_n or_o wind_n and_o from_o the_o inequality_n of_o the_o vessel_n resistance_n or_o from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o liquor_n themselves_o before_o we_o put_v a_o end_n to_o this_o discourse_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o relate_v a_o trifle_a accident_n observe_v this_o year_n which_o though_o of_o small_a moment_n may_v nevertheless_o be_v some_o help_n to_o the_o former_a opinion_n a_o cup_n of_o water_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n in_o the_o evening_n we_o find_v in_o the_o morning_n all_o the_o water_n freeze_v and_o in_o the_o high_a part_n of_o its_o superficies_n it_o have_v a_o point_n of_o ice_n a_o finger_n high_a like_o a_o small_a sharp_a splinter_n of_o rock_n crystal_n this_o in_o all_o likelihood_n be_v no_o other_o than_o the_o water_n issue_v out_o at_o a_o crack_n in_o the_o first_o incrustation_n be_v force_v by_o the_o freeze_a underneath_o which_o violent_o rise_v in_o a_o small_a stream_n and_o predispose_v to_o frieze_n by_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o external_a air_n be_v congeal_v to_o a_o hard_a ice_n in_o that_o very_a instant_n not_o have_v time_n to_o fall_v the_o second_o experiment_n of_o the_o freeze_a of_o water_n in_o vacuo_fw-la we_o have_v likewise_o try_v to_o frieze_n water_n in_o a_o vacuum_n make_v with_o mercury_n and_o that_o we_o may_v compare_v it_o with_o that_o make_v in_o the_o air_n we_o put_v water_n in_o a_o vessel_n like_o that_o include_v in_o the_o vacuum_n therefore_o expose_v they_o all_o night_n we_o find_v in_o the_o morning_n both_o freeze_v yet_o with_o this_o difference_n that_o the_o ice_n make_v in_o vacuo_fw-la seem_v more_o equal_a and_o hard_a and_o less_o transparent_a and_o porous_a than_o the_o other_o and_o upon_o examination_n be_v heavy_a in_o specie_fw-la the_o way_n we_o take_v to_o discover_v this_o be_v by_o turn_v a_o piece_n of_o each_o ice_n like_o a_o cilind_a and_o of_o the_o same_o bulk_n as_o near_o as_o we_o can_v and_o put_v they_o in_o spirit_n of_o wine_n upon_o which_o gentle_o pour_v some_o red_a wine_n we_o see_v the_o ice_n make_v in_o the_o air_n rise_v up_o before_o that_o make_v in_o vacuo_fw-la and_o when_o upon_o the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n it_o swim_v 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and_o thinness_n equal_o encompass_v with_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o beat_a ice_n and_o the_o one_o be_v sprinkle_v with_o sal-armoniac_a the_o other_o with_o the_o same_o proportion_n of_o nitre_n they_o be_v not_o freeze_v in_o the_o same_o space_n of_o time_n for_o a_o thermometer_n of_o 100_o deg_n be_v when_o it_o stand_v at_o 20_o deg_n immersed_a in_o water_n set_v to_o freeze_v with_o nitre_n subside_v but_o to_o 7_o ½_o deg_n when_o at_o the_o same_o time_n a_o like_a thermometer_n put_v in_o water_n encompass_v with_o the_o mixture_n of_o sal-armoniac_a fall_v down_o to_o 5_o deg_n and_o the_o water_n begin_v to_o be_v skin_v over_o we_o have_v already_o say_v upon_o another_o account_n that_o not_o only_a salt_n but_o strong-water_n
wonderful_o intend_v the_o freeze_a and_o if_o beside_o the_o strong-water_n you_o add_v salt_n it_o will_v prove_v most_o powerful_a nay_o sugar_n produce_v such_o a_o effect_n but_o not_o much_o in_o comparison_n of_o common_a salt_n nitre_n and_o sal-armoniac_a which_o we_o find_v much_o more_o successful_a in_o the_o operation_n of_o freeze_a than_o all_o the_o rest_n the_o six_o experiment_n touch_v what_o metal_n preserve_v ice_n best_a put_v ice_n in_o vessel_n of_o several_a different_a metal_n to_o observe_v which_o keep_v it_o the_o long_a unthaw_v yet_o of_o this_o we_o can_v obtain_v nothing_o certain_a though_o we_o may_v say_v at_o large_a from_o a_o very_a great_a number_n of_o experiment_n which_o we_o make_v that_o it_o be_v preserve_v best_o of_o all_o in_o lead_n very_o well_o in_o tin_n argento_n but_o a_o short_a time_n in_o copper_n and_o iron_n less_o in_o gold_n and_o yet_o a_o lesser_a time_n in_o silver_n nevertheless_o at_o sometime_o this_o order_n be_v change_v it_o melt_v soon_o in_o tin_n and_o lead_n than_o in_o silver_n and_o gold_n wherefore_o as_o we_o hint_v this_o experiment_n be_v not_o to_o be_v much_o confide_v in_o but_o propose_v here_o rather_o to_o excite_v other_o to_o attempt_v it_o by_o some_o more_o secure_a way_n than_o to_o show_v any_o certainty_n we_o obtain_v in_o our_o observation_n the_o seven_o experiment_n of_o freeze_a a_o piece_n of_o ice_n to_o a_o table_n gassendus_n write_v and_o it_o be_v very_o true_a that_o if_o a_o plate_n of_o ice_n be_v lay_v upon_o a_o flat_a table_n and_o well_o sprinkle_v above_o with_o salt_n it_o will_v freeze_v fast_o down_o to_o the_o table_n we_o be_v desirous_a to_o make_v the_o same_o experiment_n with_o nitre_n but_o it_o succeed_v not_o so_o as_o to_o show_v we_o the_o least_o beginning_n of_o adhaesion_n we_o have_v often_o observe_v in_o those_o stick_v down_o with_o common_a salt_n that_o we_o much_o more_o easy_o separate_v they_o from_o the_o table_n by_o lift_v 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snow_n in_o the_o vessel_n begin_v to_o alter_v with_o the_o strong_a water_n or_o salt_n there_o be_v also_o a_o exhalation_n or_o cloudy_a moist_a vapour_n rise_v up_o as_o it_o seem_v from_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n whence_o proceed_v a_o very_a cold_a air_n which_o beside_o that_o it_o sensible_o affect_v the_o hand_n be_v likewise_o more_o discernible_a by_o the_o agitation_n which_o it_o cause_v in_o the_o flame_n of_o a_o candle_n bring_v near_o it_o this_o experiment_n we_o repeat_v by_o put_v ice_n sprinkle_v with_o strong_a water_n and_o salt_n in_o several_a vessel_n of_o different_a figure_n and_o metal_n acquarzente_fw-la to_o observe_v if_o either_o the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o afford_v any_o variety_n in_o the_o smoke_n and_o as_o to_o the_o material_n we_o can_v not_o perceive_v any_o diversity_n whether_o the_o cup_n be_v of_o glass_n earth_n wood_n metal_n or_o precious_a stone_n but_o as_o to_o the_o figure_n it_o seem_v to_o we_o that_o whereas_o in_o beer-glass_n bicchieri_n and_o all_o other_o tall_a narrow_a vessel_n the_o smoke_n begin_v above_o sparse_fw-mi on_o the_o contrary_a in_o wide_a bowl_n it_o smoke_v from_o the_o bottom_n free_o upward_o for_o a_o short_a space_n in_o a_o golden_a boul_a we_o observe_v a_o effect_n which_o ought_v to_o be_v universal_a in_o all_o vessel_n though_o it_o be_v less_o observable_a in_o some_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o shape_n it_o be_v this_o when_o the_o smoke_n cease_v that_o crust_n of_o ice_n begin_v to_o let_v fall_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o dew_n a_o fine_a ice_n like_o powdered_a glass_n and_o continue_v till_o the_o ice_n in_o the_o boul_a be_v dissolve_v that_o thin_a outward_a cover_n likewise_o melt_v the_o exhalation_n say_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o ice_n seem_v very_o different_a from_o that_o of_o any_o combustible_a matter_n and_o much_o resemble_v the_o morning_n mist_n that_o rise_v from_o the_o earth_n the_o nine_o experiment_n of_o reflect_v cold._n we_o be_v willing_a to_o try_v if_o a_o concave_a glass_n set_v before_o a_o mass_n of_o 500_o l._n of_o ice_n make_v any_o sensible_a repercussion_n of_o cold_a upon_o a_o very_a nice_a thermometer_n of_o 400_o deg_n place_v in_o its_o focus_n the_o truth_n be_v it_o immediate_o begin_v to_o subside_o but_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o nearness_n of_o the_o ice_n it_o be_v doubtful_a whether_o the_o direct_a or_o reflect_v ray_n of_o cold_a be_v more_o efficacious_a upon_o this_o account_n we_o think_v of_o cover_v the_o glass_n and_o whatever_o may_v be_v the_o cause_n the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n do_v indeed_o present_o begin_v to_o rise_v for_o all_o this_o we_o dare_v not_o be_v positive_a but_o there_o may_v be_v some_o other_o cause_n thereof_o beside_o the_o want_n of_o the_o reflection_n from_o the_o glass_n since_o we_o be_v deficient_a in_o make_v all_o the_o trial_n necessary_a to_o clear_v the_o experiment_n experiment_n touch_v a_o effect_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a late_o observe_v as_o to_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o inward_a capacity_n of_o glass_n and_o metalline_a vessel_n we_o say_v in_o the_o experiment_n of_o artificial_a freeze_a that_o the_o first_o motion_n observe_v to_o be_v make_v by_o the_o liquor_n expose_v in_o vessel_n to_o freeze_v be_v a_o small_a rise_n up_o there_o call_v rise_v upon_o immersion_n because_o it_o happen_v upon_o the_o vessel_n first_o touch_v the_o freeze_a mixture_n and_o you_o must_v know_v the_o contrary_a to_o this_o be_v observable_a when_o it_o be_v immerse_v in_o hot_a water_n for_o the_o level_n of_o the_o contain_v fluid_n sensible_o subside_o and_o then_o as_o it_o be_v take_v time_n to_o rise_v again_o which_o they_o do_v with_o a_o quick_a spring_n up_o to_o the_o degree_n they_o stand_v at_o when_o first_o immerse_v in_o the_o hot_a water_n and_o thence_o successive_o rise_v as_o the_o heat_n receive_v continue_v to_o rarify_v lighten_v and_o raise_v they_o on_o the_o other_o side_n though_o they_o be_v raise_v upon_o the_o first_o immersion_n into_o cold_a water_n or_o ice_n yet_o they_o not_o only_o subside_o again_o to_o the_o former_a height_n but_o continue_v to_o do_v so_o for_o many_o degree_n till_o at_o last_o sometime_o after_o a_o little_a rest_n sometime_o without_o any_o they_o all_o remount_v oil_n and_o spirit_n of_o wine_n except_v until_o the_o whole_a freeze_a be_v finish_v this_o effect_n be_v by_o some_o attribute_v to_o a_o cause_n much_o favour_v by_o several_a follow_a experiment_n their_o apprehension_n be_v that_o the_o appearance_n of_o this_o sudden_a motion_n in_o water_n and_o other_o fluid_n be_v not_o real_o from_o any_o intrinsic_n alteration_n of_o rarity_n or_o density_n at_o that_o moment_n wrought_v in_o their_o natural_a temperament_n by_o the_o power_n of_o any_o tab._n 15._o p._n 105._o contrary_a quality_n of_o the_o outward_o apply_v ambient_fw-la which_o some_o by_o a_o note_a word_n call_v antiperistasis_n but_o rather_o to_o speak_v first_o of_o the_o subside_v upon_o the_o immersion_n of_o vessel_n in_o hot_a water_n their_o thought_n be_v that_o it_o come_v from_o the_o fix_v of_o several_a volatile_a corpuscle_n of_o the_o fire_n evaporate_v from_o the_o hot_a water_n into_o the_o external_a pore_n of_o the_o glass_n which_o as_o so_o many_o wedge_n force_v and_o separate_v the_o part_n thereof_o must_v necessary_o distend_v and_o enlarge_v the_o internal_a capacity_n thereof_o till_o they_o find_v a_o way_n through_o the_o hide_a passage_n of_o the_o glass_n to_o the_o liquor_n therein_o contain_v that_o on_o the_o other_o side_n cold_a bind_v up_o and_o contract_v those_o pore_n of_o the_o glass_n make_v the_o vessel_n become_v too_o scanty_a for_o the_o bulk_n of_o water_n in_o it_o before_o that_o bulk_n of_o water_n yet_o unaffected_a by_o the_o cold_a contract_v likewise_o in_o fine_a that_o the_o
with_o ice_n and_o then_o set_v it_o to_o freeze_v it_o be_v cool_v first_o lest_o if_o it_o have_v be_v put_v into_o the_o vessel_n at_o all_o rarefy_a by_o heat_n upon_o the_o first_o refrigerate_v it_o shall_v contract_v and_o by_o that_o mean_n gain_v room_n to_o dilate_v in_o afterward_o in_o freeze_a when_o it_o be_v think_v the_o ice_n outward_o apply_v have_v do_v its_o work_n we_o take_v the_o vessel_n out_o and_o open_v the_o first_o cover_n which_o be_v concave_a we_o find_v the_o second_o cover_v crack_v and_o cover_v over_o with_o a_o thin_a cake_n of_o ice_n cause_v by_o the_o water_n force_v thither_o by_o the_o rarefy_v of_o that_o within_o the_o vessel_n as_o it_o freeze_v neither_o can_v it_o be_v think_v that_o this_o crack_n be_v cause_v rather_o by_o condensation_n of_o the_o water_n in_o freeze_a which_o be_v constrain_v by_o the_o violent_a force_n of_o the_o cold_a to_o withdraw_v itself_o into_o a_o less_o space_n for_o the_o avoid_v a_o vacuum_n gradual_o draw_v down_o the_o cover_n as_o it_o retire_v till_o at_o last_o unable_a to_o stretch_v any_o far_a it_o crack_v i_o say_v this_o be_v improbable_a for_o if_o so_o we_o shall_v have_v find_v the_o cover_v bend_v inward_o whereas_o it_o be_v force_v outward_o and_o considerable_o raise_v from_o the_o flatness_n it_o have_v before_o as_o be_v also_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o ice_n in_o the_o vessel_n moreover_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o crack_v turn_v outward_o whence_o we_o gather_v how_o great_a the_o impetus_fw-la must_v necessary_o be_v that_o cause_v it_o and_o will_v have_v be_v much_o more_o considerable_a if_o a_o large_a proportion_n of_o water_n have_v be_v congeal_v whereas_o break_v the_o first_o cake_n we_o find_v almost_o all_o the_o water_n fluid_n tab._n 12._o p._n 72._o the_o second_o experiment_n 2._o find_v that_o the_o force_n of_o freeze_a far_o surpass_v the_o resistance_n of_o this_o our_o first_o instrument_n we_o think_v of_o make_v a_o ball_n of_o cast_n 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a_o large_a almond_n without_o the_o shell_n this_o experiment_n be_v repeat_v after_o by_o we_o with_o the_o same_o success_n the_o three_o experiment_n there_o be_v some_o that_o wonder_v at_o this_o unexpected_a accident_n seem_v at_o first_o view_n to_o contradict_v not_o only_o the_o opinion_n of_o galileo_n but_o what_o be_v more_o to_o be_v inconsistent_a with_o itself_o see_v though_o this_o ice_n appear_v condense_v and_o heavy_a in_o respect_n of_o that_o make_v by_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o air_n without_o any_o art_n yet_o it_o must_v necessary_o be_v light_a than_o water_n because_o it_o in_o some_o measure_n still_o swim_v thereon_o and_o so_o much_o the_o less_o can_v they_o satisfy_v themselves_o as_o they_o see_v the_o vacuity_n always_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o water_n congeal_v whence_o it_o seem_v necessary_a to_o conclude_v that_o the_o water_n which_o fluid_a suffice_v to_o fill_v the_o ball_n be_v freeze_v withdraw_v itself_o into_o so_o much_o a_o less_o 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