bread is verie ill kept or not at all looked vnto in the countrie townes and markets Browne bread Panis Cibarius Summer wheat and winâ—er barâ—eie verie rare in England Drinke Malt. Making of malt Bruing of beere Charwoore Cider Perrie Metheglin Mead. Hydromel Lesse time spent in eating than heretofore Canutus a glutton but the Normans at the last excéeded him in that vice Long sitting reprehended * That is at thrée of the clocke at afternoone Li. 4. epig. 8. Andrew Boord Strange cuâ—s Much cost vpon the bodie and little vpon the soule Beards Excesse in women Ezeâ—h 16. Attire of merchants The parlement house diuideth the estate of the realme into nobilitie and the commons Time of summons Of the vpper house Places of the peeres Of the lower house Speaker Petitions of the speaker Clerke of the parlement Of the nether house Samothes Albion Brute Mulmutius The praise of Dunwallon Martia Martian law Saxon law Dane law Ordalian law Fire Water The cup yet in vse Water Ciuill law Canon law Lawiers of England not alwaies constant in iudgment Parlement law Number of congregates in the parlement Common law Customarie law Prescription Terme Deceipt Manie of our lawiers stoope not at small fées Poore men contentious Promooters séeke matters to set lawiers on worke withall The times of our termes no hinderance to iustice Thrée sorts of poore A thing often séene At whose hands shall the bloud of these men be required Thomas Harman Halifax law Mute Cleargie Pirats Three things greatlie amended in England Chimnies Hard lodging Furniture of household This was is the time of generall idlenesse By the yeare Six and twentie cities in England Sitomagus Nouiomagus Neomagus Niomagus Salisburie of Sarron Sarronium Sarrous burg Greater cities in times past when husbandmen also were citizens The cause of the increase of villages Leouitius placeth yorke in Scotland de eclipsibus A legion conteined sixtie centuries thirtie manipuli thrée cohortes Cair Segent stood vpon the Thames not farre from Reding When Albane was martyred Asclepiodotus was legat in Britaine Sullomaca and Barnet all one or not far in sunder This soundeth like a lie The best keepers of kingdomes The wandles in time past were called windles King Hen. 8. not inferior to Adrian and Iustiman White hall S. Iames. Oteland Ashridge Hatfield Enuéeld Richmond Hampton Woodstocke 〈◊〉 Gréenewich Dartford Eltham Of the court 〈…〉 Traines of attendants Striking within the court and palace of the prince 〈…〉 The Britons fasted all the while they were at the sea in these ships Suborned bodgers Bodgers licenced Tillage and mankind diminished by parkes The decaie of the people is the destruction of a kingdome Gipping of going vp to anie place Pegened Lespegend Nunc sortè Tringald Ealdermen Tineman Michni Hundred law Warscot Muchehunt Ofgangfordell Purgatio ignis triplex ordaliâ— Pegen Forathe Helfehang Pere Pite Gethbrech Ealderman Staggon or Stagge Frendlesman Bubali olim in Anglia Ilices aliquando in BritaÌ„nia nisi intelligatur de quercu Greihounds Uelter Langeran Ramhundt Pretium hominis mediocris Pretium liberi hominis Great abundance of wood sometime in England Desire of much wealth and ease abateth manhood ouerthroweth a manlie courage The like haue I séene where hens doo féed vpon the tender blades of garlike * This gentleman caught such an heate with this sore loade that he was faine to go to Rome for physicke yet it could not saue his life but hée must néeds die homewards Marises and tennes Chap. 25. The Pyritis is found almost in euerie veine of mettall in great plentie diuersities and colour and somtimes mixed with that mettall of whose excrements it consisteth Crosse bath Common bath King bath Hot houses in some countâ—res little â—etter than brodels Colour of the water of the baths Taste of the water Fall or issue of the water Hot good to enter into baths at all seasons Sterbirie a place where en armie hath lien Copper monie Siluer restored Old gash New gold Oxen. Athenaeus lib. 10. cap. 8. Horsses Geldings Shéepe Shéepe without hornes Goats Swine Bores Brawne of the bore Baked hog Flat fish Round fish Long fish Legged fish Woolfes Tribute of woolfes skins Foxes Badgers Beuers Marterns Stags Hinds haue béene milked * Galenus de Theriaca ad Pisonem * Plin. lib. 10. cap. 62. Adder or viper Sée Aristotle Animalium lib. 5. cap. vltimo Theophrast lib. 7. cap. 13. Snakes Sol. cap. 40. Plin. lib. 37. cap. 11. Todes Frogs Sloworme Efts. Swifts Flies Cutwasted whole bodied Hornets Waspes Honie Sée Diodorus Siculus Homelie kind of dogs Tie dogs Some 〈…〉 Some bite and barke not Occasion of the name Paung Gathering Sée 〈◊〉 Raising The lord Mountioy Gold Siluer Tin Lead Iron Copper Stéele Geat Laon. Chalchonvtle Triall of a stone Lib. 7. A common plague in all things of anie great commoditie for one beateth the bush but another catcheth the birds as we may see in batfowling Priuileges doo somtimes harme Night Vesper Crepusculum Concubium Intempestum Gallicinium Conticinium Matutinum Diluculum Watches Houre weeke * Ferias Moneth Triuethus in Antartico Britannia Pag. 5 6 7 8 15. 16 28 29 of the description and pag. 202 of the historie of England The originall of nations for the most part vncerteine whither Britaine were an Iland at the first Geog. com lib. No Ilands at the first as some coniecture In the first part of the acts of the English votaries Britaine inhabited before the floud Genesis 6 Berosus ant lib. â— Noah In comment super 4. lib. Berosus de antiquit lib. 1. Annisus vt supr Iaphet and his sonnes Iohannes Bodinus ad fac hist. cogn Franciscus Tarapha Britaine inhabited shortlie after the floud Theophilus episcop Antioch ad Anâ—ol lib. 2. The words of Theophilus a doctor of the church who liued an Dom. 160. Gen. 2. De migr gen Cent. 1. Anti. lib. 1. Bale script Brit. cent 1. Caesar commenâ— lib. 8. In epithes temp De aequiuocis contra Appionem Lib. de Magic success lib. 22. Script Brit. cent 1. De ant Cant. cent lib. 1. This I le called Samothes Magus the son of Samothes Lib. 9. Annius in coâ— men super â—â—dem Geogr. De diui lib. 1. DE fastis li. 5. H. F. Sarron the sonne of Magus De ant Cant. lib. 1. Bale script Brit. cent 1. Lib. 6. Druis the son of Sarron De morte Claud Anti. lib. 5. Annius super euâ—ndem De bello Gallico lib. 9. De belio Gallico 6 Hist. an lib. 1. De diui lib. 1. Hiâ—t Sâ—oti li. 2. Demigr gen 〈◊〉 2. Marcellinus Anna. B oiorum lib. 22. De ant Caut. Bardus the sonne of Druis Berosus ani lib. 2. Annius in comâ—en super eurâ—dem Ant. Cant. li. 1. script Britain cent 1 Nonnius Marcel Strabo Diodor. Sicul. lib. 6. â—arol Stepha â—n dict hist. Bale Iohn Prise Lucan lib. 1. H. F. Iohn Bale script Britan. cent 2. Iohn Prise defen hist. Brit. Caius de ant Cant lib. 1. Iohn Leland syllab an
village standing thereby the mouth whereof lieth almost directlie against Porchester castell which is situat about three miles by water from Portesmouth towne as Leland dooth report Then go we within halfe a mile further to Forten creeke which either giueth or taketh name of a village hard by After this we come to Osterpoole lake a great créeke that goeth vp by west into the land and lieth not far from a round turret of stone from whence also there goeth a chaine to another tower on the east side directlie ouer against it the like whereof is to be séene in diuerse other hauens of the west countrie wherby the entrance of great vessels into that part may be at pleasure restreined From hence we go further to Tichefeld water that riseth about Eastmaine parke ten or twelue miles by northeast or there abouts from Tichefeld From Eastmaine it goeth parting the forrests of Waltham and Eastberie by the way to Wicham or Wicombe a pretie market towne large through-fare where also the water separateth it selfe into two armelets and going vnder two bridges of wood commeth yer long againe vnto one chanell From hence it goeth three or foure miles further to a bridge of timber by maister Writhoseleies house leauing Tichfeld towne on the right side and a little beneath runneth vnder Ware bridge whither the sea floweth as hir naturall course inforceth Finallie within a mile of this bridge it goeth into the water of Hampton hauen whervnto diuerse streames resort as you shall heare hereafter After this we come to Hamble hauen or Hamelrish créeke whose fall is betwéene saint Andrewes castell and Hoke It riseth about Shidford in Waltham forrest when it is past Croke bridge it méeteth with another brooke which issueth not farre from Bishops Waltham out of sundrie springs in the high waie on Winchester from whence it passeth as I said by Bishops Waltham then to Budeleie or Botleie and then ioining with the Hamble they run togither by Prowlingsworth Upton Brusill Hamble towne and so into the sea Now come we to the hauen of Southhampton by Ptolomie called Magnus portus which I will briefelie describe so néere as I can possiblie The bredth or entrie of the mouth hereof as I take it is by estimation two miles from shore to shore At the west point therof also is a strong castell latelie builded which is rightlie named Caldshore but now Cawshot I wote not by what occasion On the east side thereof also is a place called Hoke afore mentioned or Hamell hoke wherein are not aboue thrée or foure fisher houses not worthie to be remembred This hauen shooteth vp on the west side by the space of seuen miles vntill it come to Hampton towne standing on the other side where it is by estimation a mile from land to land Thence it goeth vp further about thrée miles to Redbridge still ebbing and flowing thither and one mile further so farre as my memorie dooth serue mée Now it resteth that I describe the Alresford streame which some doo call the Arre or Arle and I will procéed withall in this order following The Alresford beginneth of diuerse faire springs about a mile or more frō Alresford or Alford as it is now called and soone after resorting to one bottome they become a broad lake which for the most part is called Alford pond Afterward returning againe to a narrow chanell it goeth through a stone bridge at the end of Alford towne leauing the towne it selfe on the lest hand toward Hicthingstocke thrée miles off but yet it commeth there it receiueth two rils in one bottome whereof one commeth from the Forrest in maner at hand and by northwest of old Alresford the other frō Browne Candiuer that goeth by Northenton Swarewotton Aberstone c vntill we méet with the said water beneath Alford towne Being past Hichinstocke it commeth by Anington to Eston village and to Woorthie where it beginneth to branch and ech arme to part it selfe into other that resort to Hide and the lower soiles by east of Winchester there seruing the stréets the close of S. Maries Wolueseie and the new college verie plentifullie with their water But in this meane while the great streame commeth from Worthie to the east bridge and so to saint Elizabeth college where it dooth also part in twaine enuironing the said house in most delectable maner After this it goeth toward S. Crosses leauing it a quarter of a mile on the right hand then to Twiford a mile lower where it gathereth againe into one bottome and goeth six miles further to Woodmill taking the Otter brooke withall on the east side and so into the salt créeke that leadeth downe to the hauen On the other side of Southhampton there resorteth into this hauen also both the Test the Stockbridge water in one bottome whereof I find this large description insuing The verie head of the Stockewater is supposed to be somewhere about Basing stoke or church Hockleie and going from thence betwéene Ouerton and Steuenton it commeth at last by Lauerstocke Whitchurch and soone after receiuing a brooke by northwest called the Bourne descending from S. Marie Bourne southeast from Horsseburne it procéedeth by Long paroch and the wood till it meet with the Cranburne on the cast side a pretie riuelet rising about Michelneie and going by Fullington Barton and to Cramburne thence to Horwell in one bottome beneath which it meeteth with the Andeuer water that is increased yer it come there by an other brooke whose name I doo not know This Andeuer streame riseth in Culhamshire forrest not far by north from Andeuer towne and going to vpper Clatford yer it touch there it receiueth the rill of which I spake before which rising also néeer vnto Anport goeth to Monketon to Abbatesham the Andeuer and both as I said vnto the Test beneath Horwell whereof I spake euen now These streames being thus brought into one bottome it runneth toward the south vnder Stockbridge and soone after diuiding it selfe in twaine one branch thereof goeth by Houghton a little beneath meeteth with a rill that commeth from bywest of S. Ans hill and goeth by east of vpper Wallop west of nether Wallop by Bucholt forrest Broughton and called as I haue béene informed the Gallop but now it is named Wallop The other arme runneth through the parke by north west of kings Somburne and vniting themselues againe they go forth by Motteshunt and then receiue the Test a pretie water rising in Clarendun parke that goeth by west Deane and east Deane so to Motteshunt and finallie to the aforesaid water which from thencefoorth is called the Test euen vnto the sea But to procéed After this confluence it taketh the gate to Kimbebridge then to Rumseie Longbridge and beneath the same receiueth a concourse of two rilles whereof the one commeth from Sherefield the other from the new Forrest and ioining in Wadeleie parke
made with little reparations one of the strongest things in England For it standeth on a great high terrible crag inuironed with the sea There is a chappell yet standing in the dungeon thereof dedicated to saint Ulet Tintagell towne and Treuenni are not a mile in sunder The next creeke is called Bosinni which is a mile from Tintagell and to the same Tredwie water resorteth and so they go to the sea betwixt two hils whereof that on the one side lieth out like an arme or cape and maketh the fashion of an hauenet or peere whither shiplets sometime doo resort for succour A frier of late daies tooke vpon him to make an hauen at this place but in vaine There lie also two blacke rocks as Ilets at the west northwest point or side of this créeke the one sauing that a little gut dooth part them ioining with the other and in these by all likelihood is great store of gulles I can not tell whether this be the water that runneth by Boscastell or not but if it be not then haue I this description of the latter Boscastell créeke that lieth east of Tintagell is but a small thing running at the most not aboue two miles into the land yet it passeth by foure townes whereof the first is called Lesneth the second saint Iuliet the third Minster and the fourth Boscastell or Bushcastell as some men doo pronounce it In Bede baie I find the Bedewater whose chiefe head is not farre from Norton Thence running to Stratâ—on it receiueth the Lancels rill before it come at Norham And here also it crosseth another whose head is east of saint Marie wâ—ke from whence it runneth by Wolston and Whalesborow and thence into the sea betweene Efford and Plough hill And thus much of the waters that lie betweene the point of Cornewall and the Hartland head vpon the north side of Cornewall Now let vs doo the like with those that remaine of Deuonshire whereof the said Hartland is the verie first point in this our poeticall voiage Hauing therefore brought Hartland point on our backs we come next of all to Barstable bar and so into the hauen where into two principall streams doo perpetuallie vnburden their chanels The first and more westerlie of these is called Ocus whose head is not farre west of the head of Darnt and doth in Darntmore Rising therefore in the aforesaid place it runneth northwest to Snorton and so to Okehampton beneath which towne it méeteth with an other water comming from southeast riseth not much west from the head of Tawe From hence it goeth to Stow Exborne Moonke Okington Iddesleie where it taketh in the Tanridge a verie pretie streamelet whose issue is not full a mile by east from the head of Thamar thrée miles by north east from Hartland Comming therefore by west and east Putford Bulworthie Bockington Newton and Shebbor it receiueth a forked rill that runneth from ech side of Bradworthie by Sutcombe Treborow Milton so to Thornebirie where méeting with an other forked water whereof one head comming from Dunsâ—and ioineth with the other north of Cockbirie it goeth with speed into the Tanridge water After this confluence it runneth on to Shéepewash by west whereof falleth in the Buckland water from by north thence to high Hainton and so to Haitherlaie north wherof it taketh in a rill from by south and endeth his race at Iddesleie by ioining with the Oke Hence then the Ocus hasteth to Dowland and betwéene it and Doulton receiueth one rill from by east as it dooth an other betwéene Doulton and Marton from by west and so procéeding on with his course it commeth cast of Torrington the lesse and taking in a water at east that runneth from thrée heads by Wollie parke betweene which Combe and Roughborow are situat it descendeth to Torington the more and meeting with the Langtrée water on the one side and the Ware brooke on the other it procéedeth to Bediford crossing a rill by the waie that commeth vnto it betwéene Annarie Littham From Bediford bridge it goeth without anie increase to Westleie Norham Appledoure and so into the hauen The Taw of both is the more noble water notwithstanding that his hauen be barred with sand and thereby dangerous and hath most rils descending into his chanell Howbeit by these two is all the hart of Deuonshire well watered on the northside of the moores The Tawy riseth directlie at south west of Throwleie and north of the head of Darnt or as Leland saith in Exmoore south east from Barstable From thence also it runneth to Sele South Taueton Cockatre Bath Northtaueton Ashridge Colridge and soone after receiueth the Bowmill créeke wherof one head riseth at Bow the other at Mill and meeting beneth Bishops Morchard they fall into the Taw north of Nimeth Rowland as I haue béene informed From hence then it runneth by Edgeforth to Chimligh by south whereof it méeteth with a rill comming downe of two heads from about Rakenford by Wetheridge and Chawleie Thence it goeth to Burrington and Chiltenholtwood and there taketh in the Moulebraie water consisting of two in one chanell wherof the Moll dooth rise aboue north Moulton and comming to Moulton receiueth another rill running from Molland and soone after the second that growing by two brookes the head of one being at Knawston and of the other west of Crokeham and both vniting themselues beneath Mariston dooth fall into the same yer long also and so go togither till it crosse the Braie which being the second of the two that maketh the Moulbraie riseth at Braie commeth by Buckland and south of Holtwood dooth make his confluence with Taw. Being past the wood it goeth on to Brightleie hall Taueton Tauestocke Berstable sometime a pretie walled towne with foure gates but now a little thing and such in déed as that the suburbes thereof are greater than it selfe I suppose that the name of this towne in the British speach was Abertaw bicause it stood toward the mouth of Taw and Berdnesse pronounced short as I gesse for Abernesse As for Staple it is an addition for a market therefore hath nothing to doo in the proper name of the towne King Athelstane is taken here for the chiefe priuileger of the towne This is also worthie to be noted hereof that the houses there are of stone as most are in all the good townes thereabout But to proceed with our purpose Beneath this towne there falleth in a water that hath one head néere about Challacombe another at east Downe whereof this descending by Stoke riuer and the other by Sherwell they vnite themselues within thrée miles of Berstaple Soone after also it taketh in another that descendeth from Bitenden by Ashford and the last of all east of saint Anthonies chappell named the Doneham bicause one head is at west Done and the other at Ham both of them méeting west
this suffice for the description of the Iuell whose streame dooth water all the west part of Summersetshire and leaueth it verie fruitfull The Brier Bruer or Bréer riseth of two waters wherof one is in Selwood forrest commeth downe by Bruecombe Bruham and Bruton The other which Leland nameth Mellos is northest of Staffordell towne and going by the same it runneth by Redlinch to Wike where it méeteth with the other head and thence go on as one to Awnsford Alford where it taketh in a water called Dulis from by north that riseth néere Dolting and commeth by Euerchurch parke then to the Lidfords Basborow wood the Tor hill Pont perilous whereinto they fable that Arthur being wounded to death did throw Calibur his sword by Glastenburie and so into the Méere Beside this riuer there are two other also that fall into the said Méere whereof the one called Sowaie commeth from Créechurch parke and Pulton by Hartlacke bridge the other named Cos or the Coscombe water from aboue Shepton Mallet which east of Wike taketh in a water comming from Welles by Wike Gedneie and so into the Méere Finallie returning all into one chanell it runneth to Burtlehouse and soone after diuiding it selfe one arme goeth by Bastian aliàs Brent bridge to High bridge leauing Huntspill a market towne by southwest the other by Marke to Rokes bridge Hebbes passage and so into the sea leauing a faire Iland wherin beside Brentmarsh are seuen or eight townes of whose names I haue no knowledge Now as touching the water that commeth from Welles which falleth as I said into the Coscombe water on the right hand of the Cawseie you shall vnderstand that as manie springs are in Wels so the chiefe of them is named Andres well which riseth in a medow plat not farre from the east end of the cathedrall church and afterward goeth into the Coscombe in such place as I haue noted Leland speaketh of the Milton Golafer waters which should fall likewise into the Brier but whether those be they whereof the one riseth aboue Staffordell and in the descent runneth by Shipton Pitcombe and so to Awnsford on the one side as the other dooth rise betwéene Batcombe and Upton noble on the other halfe or vnto whether of them either of these names are seuerallie to be attributed as yet I doo not read The second Axe which commeth by Axe towne in old time called Uexa issueth out of Owkie hole from whence it goeth by Owkie towne afterward meeting with the Chederbrooke that commeth from the Cheder rocks wherein is an hole in old time called Carcer Aeoli wherof much hath béene written surmised past credit It runneth by Were Ratcliffe and after a little compasse into the northeast branch of the aforesaid riuer last described betweene Rokes bridge and Hebbes passage as I haue beene informed From the fall of Axe we come to an other called Bane northeast of Woodspring whose head is about Banwell parke or else in Smaldon wood Then to an other and to the third called Artr◠which riseth about Litton and going by the Artroes Ubbeie Perribridge receiuing a rill yer it come thither from by south beneath Cungesbirie or as I learne betwéene Kingston and Laurence Wike it méeteth with the sea Sottespill water riseth betwéene Cheueleie and Naileseie howbeit it hath no increase before it come into the sea at Sottespill more than the next vnto it which is named Cleueden water of a certeine towne neere to the fall thereof It riseth southeast of Barrow goeth by Burton Naileseie and so vnto Cleuedon The Auon commonlie called the third Auon is a goodlie water and growne to be verie famous by sundrie occasions to be particularlie touched in our description of Bristow Yet thus much will I note héere thereof as a rare accident how that in king Edgars daies the verie same yeare that the old monasterie of Euesham fell downe by it selfe a porpasse was taken therein neere to the said monasterie and neuer anie before or since that time heard of to haue béene found in that streame And euen so not manie yeares before I first wrote this treatise a sturgion was taken aliue in Rochester streame which the bishop gaue vnto your honor and you would as gladlie haue sent it to the quéenes maiestie if she might haue béene presented withall aliue as it was taken Certes both these rare occurrents gaue no lesse occasion of strange furmises to the inhabitants of both places than the blockes of Brerton when they appeare doo vnto that familie of which the report goeth that they are neuer séene but against some mischéefe or other to befall vnto that house But how farre am I gone from my purpose The Auon therefore riseth in the verie edge of Tetburie and goeth by long Newton to Brokenton Whitchurch and Malmsburie where it receiueth two waters that is to saie one from by west comming by Foxeleie and Bromleham which runneth so néere to the Auon in the west suburbe of Malmsburie that the towne thereby is almost made an Iland Another from Okeseie parke by Hankerton Charleton and Garesden After this confluence it hasteth to Cole parke then goeth it toward the southeast till it méet with a water comming from southwest betwéene Hullauington and Bradfield by Aston and soone after with another at the northside from Binall by Wootton Basset through the parke to Gretenham and Idouer bridges and after the confluence to Dauntseie Segar Sutton Christ-malford Auon Calwaies house and then to west Tetherton Beneath this towne also it taketh in a water increased by two brookes whereof one comming from Cleue by Hilmarton Whitleie house and Bramble and there receiuing another that commeth by Calne passeth on by Stanlie into the Auon which from thence foorth goeth to Chippenham Rowdon Lekham and then receiuing Cosham water goeth to Lacocke Melsham and yer it come at Whaddon crosseth two other in one chanell whereof one riseth about Brumham house and goeth to Sene the other about the Diuizes and from thence runneth to Potterne wood Creke wood Worton Maston Bucklington and ioining with the other aboue Litleton they run by Semmingto◠and north of Whaddon aforesaid into the maine streame whereof I now intreat From hence our Auon runneth to Stauerton and southwest of that towne méeteth with the Were that commeth from Upton by Dilton Brooke parke there crossing a rill called Bisse from Westbirie vnder the plaine then to north Bradleie Trubridge and so into Auon that goeth from thence to Bradford within a mile or there abouts before it come at Freshford it méeteth with the Frome whose description dooth insue The Frome riseth in the east part of Mendip hils and from thence runneth by Astwti◠the Cole pits Lie vnder Mendip Whateleie Elmesbridge and soone after taketh in the Nonneie water comming from Nonneie castell thence to Walles and Orcharleie bridge where it
Leadon Leadon court and there taking in one rill that commeth from Linton by Areknoll and another beneath it from Tainton by Rudford it falleth into the said branch on the right side before it come at Glocester The Sauerne therefore being past Glocester it méeteth with a litle rill on the right hand and thence holding on his course by Elmore Minsterworth Longneie to Framilode it receiueth yer it come at this latter the Strowd brooke which rising not farre from Side goeth by Massade Edgeworth Frampton Strowd and receiuing there a water that commeth from Panneswijc Lodge by Pittescombe on the one side and another from Radbridge on the other it prosecuteth his voiage to Stone house Eslington white Misen so toward Framilode where the said Strowd dooth fall into the Sauerne After the fall of Strowd the Sauerne goeth from thence to Newenham and Arlingham and soone after receiuing a water on each side whereof one commeth from Uleie by Cham and Chambridge the other by Blackneie and Catcombe it goeth foorth till it méet with another water on ech side whereof that on the English halfe is forked so that one head thereof is to be found about Boxwell the other at Horton and méeting aboue Tortworthie they run by Stone and Barkeleie castell and so into the Sauerne That on the Welsh halfe is named Newarne which coÌ„meth from the forrest of Deane and so into the Sauerne Of such waters as fall into the sea in compasse of the Iland betweene the Sauerne aâ—d the Humber Chap. 14. THe Sauerne being thus described it resteth that I go forward with the names of those that lie vpon the coast of Southwales making my entrie at the ferrie ouer betweene Aust in Glocestershire and a village on the further banke of Sauerne not farre from Tarendacus chappell in the mouth of the riuer Wie which ferrie is about three miles ouer saith Leland or else my memorie dooth faile me This riuer Guie or Wie beginneth as I said before on the side of the hilles where the Sauerne dooth arise and passing through Wenceland that is southeast by Raiader Guie to Buelt where the Irwon meeteth withall it goeth to Glasburie Hereford Monmouth and finallie into the Sauerne sea at Chepstow for so they call Monhafren which seuereth Wales from Summersetshire Deuonshire Cornewall as for the Rhidoll which is the third sister it hath the shortest course of all for it runneth northward and into the sea at Aberistwith which is not farre off as the writers doo report Leland writing of this riuer Guie or Wie saith thus The Wie goeth thorough all Herefordshire by Bradwarden castell belonging to sir Richard Uehan and so to Hereford east thence eight miles to Rosse a market towne in Herefordshire and in this riuer be vmbers otherwise called grailings It is also found by common experience that the salmon of this riuer is in season when the like fish to be found in all other riuers is abandoned and out of vse wherof we of the east parts doo not a little maruell But let vs not staie vpon these descriptions sith an other is come to my hand more exact than either of these The Guie therefore riseth out of the blacke mounteines of Wales out of which the Sauerne springeth in Radnorshire and comming by Lhangerike and Raiadargoie it receiueth one rill from the west called Darnoll and another from by northeast comming by saint Harmon Thence it goeth to Lhanuthell and in the waie betwixt Raiader and Lhanuthell it ioineth with the Elland whose head is neere to Comerrstwith and taketh likewise into him the Clardwen that diuideth for a season Radnorshire from Brecknoch which Clardwen is likewise increased by the Clarthie within thrée miles of his head and lesse hauing his course from southwest hillie soile adiacent From Lhanuthell it goeth west of Dissart where it receiueth the Ithan a riuer rising aboue Lhanibister and from whence it runneth to Landwie and Lambaderne vawr beneath which it crosseth a water on ech side whereof that on the right hand consisteth on the Dulesse and the Cluedoch after their confluence the other hight Lomaron whose head is aboue Lanihangle and in the forrest of Blethwag After these confluences it runneth on crinkeling in strange manner vnder the name of Ithor till it come to Dissart taking in the Hawie on the left side yer it come there and then into the Wie on the north side which directeth his course further to Bealt where it receiueth the Yrwon a notable streame descending from the hilles aboue Lanihangle Abergwessen and thence comming downe by Lanurid Lang marsh Lanauan Uechan Langantan and so to Beth or Bealt being inlarged by the waie with sundrie faire waters as the Weuereie whose head is about Lanauan moore the Dulasse or as some call it the Dowlasse that commeth from the hilles west of the head of Weuereie The Comarch whose head and course is west of the Dowlasse on the north side and likewise by two other on the southwest and Dilasse from by southwest which last rehearsed falleth into him halfe a mile and more aboue the influence of the Comarch which lieth on the other side After this our Yrwon goeth to Lhanuareth where it crosseth the Dehon on the southwest side then to Aberedwie and there receiueth the Edwie on the northeast which ariseth in the hilles aboue Botins chappell and commeth downe by Crigend and Lanhaderne thence the Guie goeth on to Lanstephan and there or a little aboue taketh in the Machaweie that commeth by castell Paine and so going on in processe of time with the Leuenni whereof Leland in his commentaries doth write as here insueth The Leuenni otherwise called the Euer or Euerie is a farre streame rising in Welch Talgarth hard by Blaine Leuenni among the Atterill hilles from whence it goeth to Brecknoch mere which is two miles long and a mile broad and where men doo fish in Vniligneis or botes of one peece as they doo in Lhin Seuathan which is foure miles from Brecknoch Finallie bringing great store of red sand withall and there with the Brennich water that hath his originall issue at Mennith gader and is increased with the Trufrin it falleth into the Wie aboue Glesbiriâ— three miles from Haie at a place that of the onelie fall of this brooke is named Aberlenenni after this the Guie Being come to Haie a pretie towne where much Romane coine is found which they call Iewes monie and after it hath passed or crossed a little brooke which commeth from Lanigon it meeteth with the Dulesse that commeth also from the Atterill by Kersop and from thence goeth to Clifford castell being now entred into Herefordshire and leauing Radnor wherevnto it hath for a long course béene march then to the Whitneies Winferton Letton Bradwarden Broberie Monington Biford Bridgesalers Eaton Brinton and Hereford
waie sundrie salt créekes as the maine chanell dooth from thence foorth vntill it passe the Sandie hauen the Dale rode whither a sillie fresh rill commeth of small value be come about againe to the large Ocean Hauing thus shewed the courses of those few fresh waters that come to Milford hauen we cast about by the Blockehouse and S. Annes chappell to Gateholme I le that lieth betwéene S. Annes and the Wilocke point directlie ouer against Stockeholme Iland that is situat further off into the sea toward the southwest and is full halfe so great as the Scalmeie that I elsewhere described Betwéene the Willocke point also and the Scalmeie directlie west is the Midland I le full so great as the Gateholme As for the two rocks that lie by north and south of the Scalmeie of which the one is called the Yardland stone the other Mewstone it shall not be greatlie requisit to stand on their discourses sith they are such as may hardlie be taken for Ilands and euen in like sort we may iudge of S. Brides Ile which is southwest of Calthrop rode likewise of the Gresholme whereof I find this short description The Gresholme lieth directlie west of Scalmeie from whence if you saile thither on the south side you must néeds passe by the Mewstone rocke if on the north of Scalmeie you must leaue the Yarland stone on your left hand Wherto if you note well the situation of these Ilands alreadie named and confer them with the Ramseie and S. Dauids land you shall find them to produce as it were two dangerous points including the Brid baie wherein notwithstanding the greatnesse are 1000 perils and no fresh brookes for me to deale withall Finallie hauing doubled the Willocke point we thought it not good altogether to leaue that baie vnsearched at lestwise to sée what Ilands might there be found long entred into the same we beheld one which the men of the countrie call S. Brides Iland a verie little place and situate néere the land before I came at Galtroie rode From thence we went about by the little hauen Doluach hauen Caruaie hauen Shirelace rocke Carnbuddie and Earnaie baies Portelais and so into the found betwéene Ramseie and the point In this sound likewise is a little I le almost annexed to the maine but in the middest thereof I meane of the sound is a rocke called the horsse a mile and more by north of Ribbie rocke that lieth south east of Ramseie and more infortunate than ten of Seians colts but thanked be God I neuer came on his backe Thence passing by S. Stephans and Whitesand baies we saluted the Bishop and his clerks as they went in procession on our left side being loth to take anie salted holie water at their hands and came at last to the point called S. Dauids head which Ptolomie calleth Octapitanum promontorium except I be deceiued But here gentle reader giue me leaue to staie a while and insert the words of Leland touching the land called S. Dewies or S. Dauids land whereof some men may peraduenture haue vse his words are these Being therefore past this hauen and point of Demetia in casting about the coast we come to S. Dewies or S. Dauids land which Ptolomie calleth Octapitanum promontorium I read to be separated from the rest of the countrie much after this maner although I grant that there may be and are diuerse other little creekes betwixt Newgale and S. Dauids head and betwixt S. Dauids and Fischard beside those that are héere mentioned out of a register of that house As we turne therefore from Milford S. Dauids land beginneth at Newgale a créeke serued with a backe fresh water Howbeit there is a baie before this creeke betwixt it and Milford From hence about foure miles is Saluach creeke otherwise called Sauerach whither some fresh water resorteth the mouth also thereof is a good rescue for balingers as it I meane the register saith Thence go we to Portelais three miles where is a little portlet whither the Alen that commeth through saint Dewies close dooth run It lieth a mile southwest from S. Dewies saint Stinans Chappell also is betwéene Portelais and Portmaw The next is Port Maw where I found a great estuarie into the land The Pendwie halfe a mile from that Lhand Uehan is thrée miles from Pendwie where is a salt créeke then to Tredine three miles where is another creeke to Langunda foure miles and another créeke is there in like sort where fishermen catch herrings Héere also the Gwerne riuer diuideth Penbidiane from Fischerdine Kemmeis land From Langunda to Fischard at the Gwerne mouth foure miles and here is a portlet or hauenet also for ships And thus much of S. Dauids land Besides this also Leland in a third booke talketh of lhinnes and pooles but for asmuch as my purpose is not to speake of lakes and lhinnes I passe them ouer as hasting to Teifie in Latine Tibius and after Ptolomie Tuerobius or Tiuirobius which is the next riuer that serueth for my purpose And yet not forgetting to touch the Gwerne for after we came from saint Dauids head we coasted along toward the southeast till wée came ouer against saint Catharins where going northwards by the bread hauen and the Strombles head we sailed thence northeast and by north to Langlas head then flat south by the Cow and Calfe two cruell rockes which we left on the left hand so coasted ouer to Abergwin or Fischard where we found a fresh water named Guin or Gwerne whose course is in maner directlie out of the east into the west from Uremie hils by pont Uaunt and Lanichair vntill it come within a mile of the foresaid towne It riseth flat north of the Perselie hill from whence it goeth by Pont vaine Lauerillidoch Lanchar Landilouair so to Abergwine or Abergwerne for I read both From Abergwine we cast about by Dinas head till we come to the fall of Neuerne where Newport standeth The head of this riuer is aboue Capell Nantgwin from whence it runneth by Whitchurch but yer it come at Kilgwin it taketh in a little water that riseth short of Wrenie vaure and thence go foorth as one vntill they come to Newport Cardigan hauen is the next fall that I did stumble on wherein lieth a litle Iland ouer against the north point Hereinto also commeth the Teifie a noble riuer which riseth in Lintinie and is fraught with delicate samons and herein and not else where in all the riuers of Britaine is the Castor or Beuer to be found But to procéed The verie hed thereof I saie is foure miles aboue Stradflore in Luitie and after it hath run from thence a little space it receiueth a brooke from southeast that commeth out of Lin Legnant and then after the confluence runneth on to Stradflore abbeie beneth which it
thus passed the Were entered into the Bishoprijc yer we come at the mouth of the These almost by two miles ouer passing a rill that runneth by castell Eden and Hardwijc and likewise Hartlepoole towne which lieth ouer into the sea in maner of a byland or peninsula we meet with a prettie fall which groweth by a riuer that is increased with two waters whereof one riseth by northwest about Moretons and goeth by Stotfeld and Claxton the other at Dawlton going by Breerton Owtham and Grettam finallie ioining within two miles of the sea they make a prettie portlet but I know not of what securitie The These a riuer that beareth and féedeth an excellent samon riseth in the Blacke lowes aboue two miles flat west of the southerlie head of Were called Burdop and south of the head of west Alen and thence runneth through Tildale forrest and taking in the Langdon water from northwest it runneth to Durtpit chappell to Newbiggin and so to Middleton receiuing by west of each of these a rill comming from by north of which the last is called Hude and likewise the Lune afterward by southwest that riseth at thrée seueral places whereof the first is in the borders of Westmerland and there called Arnegill becke the second more southerlie named Lunebecke and the third by south at Bandor Skarth hill and méeting all aboue Arnegill house they run togither in one bottome to Lathekirke bridge and then into the These Hauing therefore met with these it runneth to Mickelton there taking in the Skirkwith water it goeth to Rombald kirke crossing there also one rill and the Bander brooke by south west and then going to Morewood hag and Morewood parke till it come to Bernards castell Here also it receiueth the Thuresgill water comming east of Rere crosse in Yorkeshire from the spittle in Stanmore by Crag almost southwest and being vnited with the These it goeth by Stratford Eglesdon Rokesbie Thorpe Wickliffe Ouington Winston and betweene Barfurth and Gainfurth méeteth with another rill that commeth from Langleie forest betwéene Rabie castell and Standorpe of whose name I haue no knowledge But to procéed The These being past Ramforth runneth betwéene Persore and Cliffe and in the waie to Croffs bridge taketh in the Skerne a pretie water which riseth about Trimdon and goeth by Fishburne Bradburie Preston Braforton Skirmingham the Burdons Haughton and Darlington there finallie meeting with the Cocke becke or Dare it falleth in the These beneath Stapleton before it come at Croffs bridge and as it should séeme is the same which Leland calleth Gretteie or Grettie From thence it runneth to Sockburne nether Dunsleie Middleton row Newsham Yarne crossing a brooke from Leuen bridge called Leuen or Leuinus in Latine whose crinkling course is notable and the streame of some called Thorpe which I find described in this maner The Thorpe riseth of sundrie heads wereof one is aboue Pinching Thorpe from whence it goeth to Nonnethorpe and so to Stokesleie The second hath two branches and so placed that Kildale standeth betweene them both finallie méeting beneath Easbie they go by Eaton and likewise vnto Stokesleie The last hath also two branches whereof one commeth from Inglesbie and méeteth with the second beneath Broughton going from thence to Stokesleie they méet with the Thorpe aboue the towne as the other fall into it somewhat beneath the same From hence it goeth to Ridleie and there taketh in another rill comming from Potto thence to Crawthorne brooke Leuanton Milton Hilton Inglesbie and so into the These betwéene Yarne and Barwtjc whereof I made mention before After this confluence our These hasteth on to Barwtjc Presston Thorne abbeie and Arsham which standeth on the southeast side of the riuer almost betweene the falles of two waters whereof one descendeth from west Hartburne by long Newton Elton Stockton the other from Stillington or Shillington by Whitton Thorpe Blackestone Billingham and Norton From Arsham finallie it goeth to Bellasis Middleburgh and so into the sea Leland describing this riuer speaketh of the Wiske which should come thereinto from by south vnder Wiske bridge by Danbie and Northalarton and should ioine with a greater streame but as yet I find no certeine place where to bestow the same Next of all we come vnto the high Cliffe water which rising aboue Hutton goeth by Gisborow and there receiueth another streame comming from by southeast and then continuing on his course it is not long yer it fall into the sea The next is the Scaling water which descendeth from Scaling towne from whence we come to the Molemouth not farre from whose head standeth Molgraue castell then to Sandford creeke and next of all to Eske mouth which riseth aboue Danbie wood and so goeth to Castelton there méeting by the waie with another rill comming from about Westerdale by Danbie and so they go on togither by Armar and Thwate castell till they ioine with another water aboue Glasdule chappell thence to new Biggin taking yet another brooke with them running from Goodland ward and likewise the Ibur and so go on without anie further increase by Busworth yer long into the sea There is also a créeke on each side of Robin Whoodes baie of whose names and courses I haue no skill sauing that Fillingale the towne dooth stand betwéene them both There is another not far from Scarborow on the north side called the Harwood brooke It runneth through Harwood dale by Cloughton Buniston and soone after méeting with another rill on the southwest they run as one into the ocean sea From Scarborow to Bridlington by Flamborow head we met with no more falles This water therefore that we saw at Bridlington riseth at Dugglebie from whence it goeth to Kirbie Helperthorpe Butterwtjc Boithorpe Foxhole where it falleth into the ground and riseth vp againe at Rudston Thorpe Cathorpe Bridlington and so into the Ocean Being come about the Spurne head I meete yer long with a riuer that riseth short of Withersie and goeth by Fodringham and Wisted from thence to another that commeth by Rosse Halsham Carmingham then to the third which riseth aboue Humbleton and goeth to Esterwtjc Heddon and so into the Humber The fourth springeth short of Sprotleie goeth by Witton and falleth into the water of Humber at Merslete as I heare The next of all is the Hull water which I will describe also here and then crosse ouer vnto the southerlie shore The furthest head of Hull water riseth at Kilham from whence it goeth to Lewthorpe créeke and so to Fodringham a little beneath which it meeteth with sundrie waters whereof one falleth in on the northest side comming from about Lisset the second on the northwest banke from Nafferton the third from Emmeswell and Kirkeburne for it hath two heads which ioined beneth little Drifield and the fourth which falleth into the same so that these two latter run vnto the maine
riuer both in one chanell as experience hath confirmed From hence then our Hull goeth to to Ratseie to goodale-Goodale-house and then taking in a water from Hornesie mere it goeth on through Beuerleie medowes by Warron Stoneferrie Hull and finallie into the Humber Of the rill that falleth into this water from south Netherwijc by Skirlow and the two rilles that come from Cottingham and Woluerton I saie no more sith it is enough to name them in their order The description of the Humber or Isis and such water-courses as doo increase hir chanell Chap. 15. THere is no riuer called Humber from the hed Wherfore that which we now call Humber Ptolomie Abie Leland Aber as he gesseth hath the same denomination no higher than the confluence of Trent with the Ouze as beside Leland sundrie ancient writers haue noted before vs both Certes it is a noble arme of the sea and although it be properlie to be called Ouze or Ocellus euen to the Nuke beneath Ancolme yet are we contented to call it Humber of Humbrus or Umar a king of the Scithians who inuaded this I le in the time of Locrinus thinking to make himselfe monarch of the same But as God hath from time to time singularlie prouided for the benefit of Britaine so in this businesse it came to passe that Humber was put to flight his men slaine and furthermore whilest he attempted to saue himselfe by hasting to his ships such was the prease of his nobilitie that followed him into his owne vessell and the rage of weather which hastened on his fatall daie that both he and they were drowned togither in that arme And this is the onelie cause wherefore it hath béene called Humber as our writers saie and wherof I find these verses Dum fugit obstat ei flumen submergitur illic Déque suo tribuit nomine nomen aquae This riuer in old time parted Lhoegres or England from Albania which was the portion of Albanactus the yongest sonne of Brute But since that time the limits of Lhoegres haue béene so inlarged first by the prowesse of the Romans then by the conquests of the English that at this present daie the Twede on the one side the Solue on the other be taken for the principall bounds betweene vs and those of Scotland In describing therefore the Humber I must néeds begin with the Ouze whose water bringeth foorth a verie sweet fat and delicat samon as I haue beene informed beside sundrie other kinds of fish which we want here on the south and southwest coasts riuers of our land whereof I may take occasion to speake more at large heerafter The Ure therfore riseth in the furthest parts of all Richmondshire among the Coterine hilles in a mosse toward the west fourtéene miles beyond Midleham Being therefore issued out of the ground it goeth to Holbecke Hardraw Hawshouse Butterside Askebridge which Leland calleth the Askaran and saith thereof and the Bainham that they are but obscure bridges then to Askarth through Wanlesse parke Wenseleie bridge made two hundred yeares since by Alwin parson of Winslaw New parke Spennithorne Danbie Geruise abbeie Clifton and Masham When it is come to Masham it receiueth the Burne by south west as it did the Wile from verie déepe scarrie rockes before at Askaran and diuerse other wild rilles not worthie to be remembred From Masham it hasteth vnto Tanfield taking in by the waie a rill by southwest then to another Tanfield to Newton hall and Northbridge at the hither end of Rippon and so to Huickes bridge But yer it come there it meeteth with the Skell which being incorporat with the same they run as one to Thorpe then to Alborow and soone after receiue the Swale Here saith Leland I am brought into no little streict what to coniecture of the méeting of Isis and Ure for some saie that the Isis and the Ure doo méet at Borowbridge which to me dooth séeme to be verie vnlikelie sith Isurium taketh his denomination of Isis and Vro for it is often séene that the lesse riuers doo mingle their names with the greater as in the Thamesis and other is easie to be found Neither is there any more mention of the Ure after his passage vnder Borowbridge but onelie of Isis or the Ouze in these daies although in old time it held vnto Yorke it selfe which of the Ure is truelie called Urewtjc or Yorke short or else my persuasion dooth faile me I haue red also Ewerwtjc and Yorwtjc But to procéed and leaue this superfluous discourse From Borowbridge the Ouze goeth to Aldborough and receiuing the Swale by the waie to Aldworke taking in Usburne water from the southwest then to Linton vpon Ouze to Newton vpon Ouze and to Munketun méeting with the Nid yer long and so going withall to the Redhouses to Popleton Clifton Yorke where it crosseth the Fosse to Foulfoorth Middlethorpe Acaster Acaster Kelfléet Welehall Barelebie Selbie Turmonhall Skurthall Hokelath Hoke Sandhall Rednesse Whitegift Uslet Blacketoff Foxfléet Brownfléet and so into Humber The course of the Ouze being thus described and as it were simplie without his influences now will I touch such riuers as fall into the same also by themselues contrarie to my former proceeding imagining a voiage from the Rauenspurne vntill I come néere to the head of These so southwards about againe by the bottome of the hillie soile vntill I get to Buxston Sheffeld Scrobie the verie south point of Humber mouth whereby I shall crosse them all that are to be found in this walke leaue I doubt some especiall notice of their seuerall heads and courses The course of the Hull a streame abounding with sturgeon and lampreie as also the riuers which haue their issue into the same being as I say alreadie described I thinke it not amisse as by the waie to set downe what Leland saith thereof to the end that his trauell shall not altogither be lost in this behalfe and for that it is short and hath one or two things worthie to be remembred conteined in the same The Hulne saith he riseth of thrée seuerall heads whereof the greatest is not far from Oriefield now a small village sixtéene miles from Hull Certes it hath beene a goodlie towne and therein was the palace of Egbright king of the Northumbers and place of sepulture of Alfred the noble king sometime of that nation who died there 727 the ninetéene Cal. of Iulie the twentith of his reigne and whose toombe or monument dooth yet remaine for ought that I doo know to the contrarie with an inscription vpon the same written in Latine letters Néere vnto this towne also is the Danefield wherein great numbers of Danes were slaine and buried in those hils which yet remaine there to be séene ouer their dones and carcasses The second head saith he is at Estburne and the third at Emmeswell and méeting all togither not farre from Orifield
descent from the higher ground he leaueth Crake castell on his west side thence he goeth by Marton abbeie Marton Stillington Farlington Towthorpe Erswtjc Huntington at Yorke into the Ouze The Kile riseth flat north at Newborow from whence it goeth by Thorneton on the hill Ruskell parke Awne Tollerton and so into the Ouze about Newton vpon Ouze The Swale is a right noble riuer march in some places betwéene Richmondshire and Westmerland it riseth not far from Pendragon castell in the hilles aboue Kirkedale and from this towne it goeth to Kelde chappell Carret house Crackepot Whiteside and neere vnto Yalen taketh in the Barneie water which commeth from the north east Thence it goeth by Harcaside to Reth where it méeteth with the Arcleie and so to Flemington Grinton Marrike taking in the Holgate that commeth from by south and in the waie to Thorpe the Mariske becke or peraduenture Applegarth water as Leland calleth it that descendeth from the north then to Thorpe Applegarth Richmond Easbie and Brunton Here by north it interteineth two or thrée waters in one chanell called Rauenswath water whereof the two furthest doo ioine not farre from the Dawltons and so go by Rauenswath Hartfoorth Gilling and at Skebie méet with the third comming from Richmond beaconward By west also of Brunton the Swale méeteth with the Rhe running from Resdale and being past Brunton it goeth to Caterijc bridge beneath Brunton then to Ellerton Kirkebie Langton parua Thirtoft Anderbie stéeple and before it come vnto Gatenbie it meeteth with the Bedall brooke alià s Lemings becke that commeth west of Kellirbie by Cunstable Burton Langthorpe Bedall and Leming chappell From Gattenbie likewise it goeth to Mawbie at Brakenbirie receiueth the Wiske which is a great water rising betwéene two parkes aboue Swanbie in one place and southeast of Mountgrace abbeie in another and after the confluence which is about Siddlebridge goeth on betwéene the Rughtons to Appleton the Smetons Birtbie Hutton Coniers Danbie Wijc Yafford Warlabie and taking in there a rill from Brunton Aluerton it procéedeth to Otterington Newlie Kirbie Wiske Newson and Blackenburie there méeting as I said with the Swale that runneth froÌ„ thence by Skipton bridge Catton Topcliffe and Raniton and aboue Eldmire méeteth with sundrie other rilles in one bottome whereof the northwesterlie is called Cawdebec the south easterlie Kebecke which ioine est of Thorneton moore and so go to Thorneton in the stréet Kiluington Thruske Sowerbie Grastwijc and soone after crossing another growing of the mixture of the Willow and likewise of the Cuckewold beckes which ioine aboue Bridforth and running on till it come almost at Dawlton it maketh confluence with the Swale and go thence as one with all their samons by Thorneton bridge Mitton vpon Swale and so into the Ouze The Skell riseth out of the west two miles from Founteines abbeie and commeth as Leland saith with a faire course by the one side of Rippon as the Ure dooth on the other And on the bankes hereof stood the famous abbeie called Founteines or Adfontes so much renowmed for the lustie monks that sometimes dwelled in the same It receiueth also the Lauer water which riseth three miles from Kirbie and meeteth withall néere vnto Rippon and finallie falleth into the Ure a quarter of a mile beneath Rippon towne almost midwaie betwéene the North and Huicke bridges The Nidde which the booke of statutes called Nidor anno 13. Edw. 1 and thereto noteth it to be inriched with store of samon as are also the Wheof and Aire riseth among those hilles that lie by west northwest of Gnarresborow fiue miles aboue Pakeleie bridge and going in short processe of time by West-houses Lodgehouses Woodhall Newhouses Midlesmore Raunsgill Cowthouse Gowthwall Bureleie Brimham Hampeswale and soone after méeting with the Killingale becke it goeth after the confluence by Bilton parke Gnaresbridge Washford Cathall Willesthorpe Munketon or Nonmocke and so into the Ouze fouretéene miles beneath Gnaresborow being increased by the waie with verie few or no waters of anie countenauce Leland hauing said thus much of the Nidde addeth here vnto the names or two other waters that is to saie the Couer and the Burne which doo fall likewise into the Ure or Ouze But as he saith little of the same so among all my pamphlets I can gather no more of them than that the first riseth six miles aboue Couerham by west and falleth into the Ure a little beneath Middleham bridge which is two miles beneath the towne of Couerham As for the Burne it riseth at More hilles and falleth into the said riuer a little beneath Massham bridge And so much of these two The Wharffe or Gwerfe ariseth aboue Ughtershaw from whence it runneth to Beggermons Rosemill Hubberham Backden Starbotton Kettlewell Cunniston in Kettlewell and here it meeteth with a rill comming from Haltongill chappell by Arnecliffe and ioining withall northeast of Kilneseie crag it passeth ouer by the lower grounds to Girsington and receiuing a rill there also from Tresfeld parke it proceedeth on to Brunfall bridge Furthermore at Appletréewâ—jc it méeteth with a rill from by north and thence goeth to Barden towre Bolton Beth and Misseie hall where it crosseth a rill comming from by west thence to Addingham taking in there also another from by west and so to Ikeleie and receiuing yer long another by north from Denton hall it hasteth to Weston Uauasour Oteleie and Letheleie where it taketh in the Padside the Washburne both in one streame from Lindleie ward and thence to Casteie chappell and there it crosseth one from by north and another yer long from by south and so to Yardwood castell Kerebie Woodhall Collingham Linton Wetherbie Thorpatch Newton Tadeaster and when it hath receiued the Cockebecke from southwest that goeth by Barwie Aberfoorth Leadhall and Grimston it runneth to Exton Kirbie Wharfe Uskell Rither Nunapleton so into the Ouze beneath Cawood a castell belonging to the archbishop of Yorke where he vseth oft to lie when he refresheth himselfe with change of aire and shift of habitation for the auoiding of such infection as may otherwise ingender by his long abode in one place for want of due purgation and airing of his house The Air or Arre riseth out of a lake or tarne south of Darnbrooke wherein as I heare is none other fish but red trowt and perch Leland saith it riseth néere vnto Orton in Crauen wherfore the ods is but little It goeth therefore from thence to Mawlam Hamlith Kirbie Moldale Calton hall Areton and so foorth till it come almost to Gargraue there crossing the Otterburne water on the wâ—st and the Winterburne on the north which at Flasbie receiueth a rill from Helton as I heare Being past Gargraue our Air goeth on to Eshton Elswood and so foorth on first receiuing a brooke
all togither to Below Ieng Weston and Moreton but yer it come to Moreton it méeteth with the Yowke which issuing about Yexham goeth by Matteshall and Barrow After this th◠said Wantsume goeth on by Ringland and so to Norwich the pontificall sée of the bishop to whome that iurisdiction apperteineth which seemeth by this memoriall yet remaining in the corrupted name of the water to be called in old time Venta or as Leland addeth Venta Icenorum But to procéed Beneath Norwich also it receiueth two waters in one chanell which I will seuerallie describe according to their courses noting their confluence to be at Bixleie within two miles of Norwich except my annotation deceiue me The first of these hath two heads wherof one mounteth vp southwest of Whinborow goeth by Gerneston and is the verie Hiere or Yare that drowneth the name of Wantsume so soone as he meeteth withall The other head riseth at Woo◠in Mitford hundred and after confluence with the Hiere at Caston going by Brandon Bixton Berford Erleham Cringlefield not farre from Bixleie as I said doth méet with his companion which is the second to be described as followeth It hath two heads also that méet northwest of Therstane and hereof the one commeth from Findon hall by Wrenningham from about Wotton by Hemnall Fretton Stretton and Tasborow till they ioine at Therston as I gaue notice aforehand From Therston therefore they go togither in one to Newton Shotesham Dunston Castor Arminghale Bixleie Lakenham and Trowse and then fall into the Wantsume beneath Norwich which hereafter is named Hiere The Hiere Yare or Gare therefore proceeding in his voiage as it were to salute his grandame the Ocean goeth from thence by Paswijc Surlingham Claxton and Yardleie and here it meeteth againe with another riueret descending from about Shotesham to Therstane Shedgraue Hockingham and so into Gare or Yare whereof Yardleie the towne receiueth denomination After this it goeth to Frethorpe and aboue Burgh castell meeteth with the Waueneie and so into the sea Into this riuer also falleth the Bure which rising at a towne of the same name passeth by Milton Buresdune Corpesteie Marington Blekeling Bure Alesham Brampton Buxton Horsted Werxham bridge Horning Raneworth and beneath Bastewijc receiueth the Thurine which riseth aboue Rolesbie then to Obie Clipsbie there also receiuing another from Filbie Rimham Castor and by Yarmouth into the Ocean The Waueneie afore mentioned riseth on the south side of Brisingham and is a limit betweene Northfolke and Suffolke Going therefore by Dis Starten not farre from Octe it méeteth with the Eie which riseth néere Ockold or betwéene it and Braisworth goeth on by Brome Octe and so into the Waueneie From thence our Waueneie runneth by Silam Brodish Nedam Harleston Rednam Alborow Flixton Bungeie Sheepemedow Barsham Beckles Albie at Whiteacre as I heare parteth in twaine or receiuing Milford water which is most likelie it goeth along by Somerleie Hormingfléet S. Olaues there receiuing the Frithstane or Fristan brooke out of low or litle England Fristan Burgh castell where it méeteth with the Hiere from thencefoorth accompanieth it as I said vnto the sea Willingham water commeth by Hensted Einsted or Enistate and falleth into the sea by south of Kesland The Cokell riseth south southwest of Cokeleie towne in Blithe hundred neere vnto Hastelworth it meeteth with the rill that commeth from Wisset and so going on togither by Wenhaston and Bliborow it falleth into the sea at an hauen betwéene Roidon and Walderswicke A little rill runneth also thereinto from Eston by Sowold and another from Dunwich by Walderswijke and hereby it wanteth little that Eston Nesse is not cut off and made a pretie Iland The Ford riseth at Poxford and going by Forderleie and Theberton it falleth at last into the Mismere créeke Into the Oreford hauen runneth one water comming from Aldborow ward by a narrow passage from the north into the south By west wherof when we are past a little I le it receiueth the second descending from betwéene Talingston and Framingham in Plomes hundred which cōming at last to Marleford meeteth with a rill southwest of Farnham called the Gleme that commeth by Rendlesham the Gleinhams and so passing foorth it taketh another at Snapesbridge comming from Carleton by Saxmundham Sternefield Snape Then going to Iken where it méeteth with the third rill at the west side it fetcheth a compasse by Sudburne east of Orford and so into the hauen Next vnto this by west of Orford there runneth vp another créeke by Butleie whereinto the waters comming from Cellesford and from the Ike doo run both in one bottome And thus much of Orford hauen The Deue riseth in Debenham in the hundred of Hertesméere and from thence goeth to Mickford Winston Cretingham Lethringham Wickham hitherto still creeping toward the south but then going in maner full south it runneth neere vnto Ash Rendlesham Ufford Melton and Woodbridge beneath which it receiueth on the west side a water comming of two heads wherof one is by north from Otelcie and the other by south from Henleie which ioining west of Mertelsham go vnto the said towne and so into the Deue east of Mertelsham abouesaid From thence the Deue goeth by Waldringfield and Henleie and méeting soone after with Brightwell brooke it hasteth into the maine sea leauing Bawdseie on the east where the fall therof is called Bawdseie hauen Ure riseth not farre from Bacton in Hertesmeere hundred and thense descendeth into Stow hundred by Gipping Newton Dagworth Stow beneath which it méeteth with a water comming from Rattlesden by one house and so going on to Nedeham through Bosméere and Claidon hundreds to Blakenham Bramford Ypswich receiuing beneath Stoke which lieth ouer against Ypswich the Chatsham water that goeth by Belsted and so into the Ure at the mouth whereof is a maruellous deepe and large pit whereof some marriners saie that they could neuer find the bottome and therefore calling it a well and ioining the name of the riuer withall it commeth to passe that the hauen there is called Urewell for which in these daies we doo pronounce it Orwell Into this hauen also the Sture or Stoure hath readie passage which remaineth in this treatise next of all to be described The Sture or Stoure parteth Essex from Suffolke as Houeden saith and experience confirmeth It ariseth in Suffolke out of a lake neere vnto a towne called Stourméere For although there come two rilles vnto the same whereof the one descendeth from Thixlo the Wratings and Ketton the other from Horshed parke by Hauerill c yet in summer time they are often drie so that they cannot be said to be perpetuall heads vnto the aforesaid riuer The Stoure therefore being as I take it called by Ptolomie Edomania for thereon toward the mouth standeth a prettie towne named Manitrée which carieth some shadow
of England 2 Of the number of bishoprikes and their seuerall circuits 3 Of vniuersities 4 Of the partition of England into shires and counties 5 Of degrees of people in the common-wealth of England 6 Of the food and diet of the English 7 Of their apparell and attire 8 Of the high court of parlement authoritie of the same 9 Of the lawes of England since hir first inhabitation 10 Of prouision made for the poore 11 Of fundrie kinds of punishment appointed for malefactors 12 Of the maner of building and furniture of our houses 13 Of cities and townes in England 14 Of castels and holds 15 Of palaces belonging to the prince 16 Of armour and munition 17 Of the nauie of England 18 Of faires and markets 19 Of parkes and warrens 20 Of gardens and orchards 21 Of waters generallie 22 Of woods and marishes 23 Of baths and hot welles 24 Of antiquities found 25 Of the coines of England Of the ancient and present estate of the church of England Chap. 1. THere are now two prouinces onelie in England of which the first and greatest is subiect to the sée of Canturburie comprehending a parte of Lhoegres whole Cambria also Ireland which in time past were seuerall brought into one by the archbishop of the said sée assistance of the pope who in respect of méed did yéeld vnto the ambitious desires of sundrie archbishops of Canturburie as I haue elsewhere declared The second prouince is vnder the sée of Yorke and of these either hath hir archbishop resident commonlie within hir owne limits who hath not onelie the cheefe dealing in matters apperteining to the hierarchie and iurisdiction of the church but also great authoritie in ciuill affaires touching the gouernement of the common wealth so far foorth as their commissions and seuerall circuits doo extend In old time there were thrée archbishops and so manie prouinces in this Ile of which one kept at London another at Yorke and the third at Caerlheon vpon Uske But as that of London was translated to Canturburie by Augustine and that of Yorke remaineth notwithstanding that the greatest part of his iurisdiction is now bereft him and giuen to the Scotish archbishop so that of Caerlheon is vtterlie extinguished and the gouernement of the countrie vnited to that of Canturburie in spirituall cases after it was once before remoued to S. Dauids in Wales by Dauid successor to Dubritius and vncle to king Arthur in the 519 of Grace to the end that he and his clearkes might be further off from the crueltie of the Saxons where it remained till the time of the Bastard and for a season after before it was annexed vnto the sée of Canturburie The archbishop of Canturburie is commonlie called primat of all England and in the coronations of the kings of this land and all other times wherein it shall please the prince to weare and put on his crowne his office is to set it vpon their heads They beare also the name of their high chapleins continuallie although not a few of them haue presumed in time past to be their equals and void of subiection vnto them That this is true it may easilie appéere by their owne acts yet kept in record beside their epistles answers written or in print wherein they haue sought not onelie to match but also to mate them with great rigor and more than open tyrannie Our aduersaries will peraduenture denie this absolutelie as they doo manie other things apparant though not without shamelesse impudencie or at the leastwise defend it as iust and not swaruing from common equitie bicause they imagine euerie archbishop to be the kings equall in his owne prouince But how well their dooing herein agreeth with the saieng of Peter examples of the primitiue church it may easilie appéere Some examples also of their demeanor I meane in the time of poperie I will not let to remember least they should saie I speake of malice and without all ground of likelihood Of their practises with meane persons I speake not neither will I begin at Dunstane the author of all their pride and presumption here in England But for somuch as the dealing of Robert the Norman against earle Goodwine is a rare historie and deserueth to be remembred I will touch it in this place protesting to deale withall in more faithfull maner than it hath heretofore beene deliuered vnto vs by the Norman writers or French English who of set purpose haue so defaced earle Goodwine that were it not for the testimonie of one or two méere Englishmen liuing in those daies it should be impossible for me or anie other at this present to declare the truth of that matter according to hir circumstances Marke therefore what I saie For the truth is that such Normans as came in with Emma in the time of Ethelred and Canutus and the Confessor did fall by sundrie means into such fauor with those princes that the gentlemen did grow to beare great rule in the court and their clearkes to be possessors of the best benefices in the land Hervpon therefore one Robert a iolie ambitious préest gat first to be bishop of London and after the death of Eadsius to be archbishop of Canturburie by the gift of king Edward leauing his former sée to William his countrieman Ulfo also a Norman was preferred to Lincolne and other to other places as the king did thinke conuenient These Norman clerkes and their freends being thus exalted it was not long yer they began to mocke abuse and despise the English and so much the more as they dailie saw themselues to increase in fauour with king Edward who also called diuerse of them to be of his secret councell which did not a litle incense the harts of the English against them A fraie also was made at Douer betwéene the seruants of earle Goodwine and the French whose maisters came ouer to see and salute the king whereof I haue spoken in my Chronologie which so inflamed the minds of the French cleargie and courtiers against the English nobilitie that each part sought for opportunitie of reuenge which yer long tooke hold betwéene them For the said Robert being called to be archbishop of Canturburie was no sooner in possession of his sée than he began to quarrell with earle Goodwine the kings father in law by the mariage of his daughter who also was readie to acquit his demeanor with like malice and so the mischiefe begun Herevpon therefore the archbishop charged the earle with the murther of Alfred the kings brother whom not he but Harald the sonne of Canutus and the Danes had cruellie made awaie For Alfred and his brother comming into the land with fiue and twentie saile vpon the death of Canutus and being landed the Normans that arriued with them giuing out how they came to recouer their right to wit the crowne of England therevnto the vnskilfull yoong gentlemen shewing themselues to like of the rumour that was
that gaue authoritie to the cleargie to punish whoredome who at that time found fault with the former lawes as being too seuere in this behalfe For before the time of the said Canutus the adulterer forfeited all his goods to the king and his bodie to be at his pleasure and the adulteresse was to lose hir eies or nose or both if the case were more than common whereby it appéereth of what estimation mariage was amongst them sith the breakers of that holie estate were so gréeuouslie rewarded But afterward the cleargie dealt more fauourablie with them shooting rather at the punishments of such priests and clearkes as were maried than the reformation of adulterie and fornication wherein you shall find no example that anie seueritie was shewed except vpon such laie men as had defiled their nuns As in theft therfore so in adulterie and whoredome I would wish the parties trespassant to be made bond or slaues vnto those that receiued the iniurie to sell and giue where they listed or to be condemned to the gallies for that punishment would proue more bitter to them than halfe an houres hanging or than standing in a shéet though the weather be neuer so cold Manslaughter in time past was punished by the pursse wherin the quantitie or qualitie of the punishment was rated after the state and calling of the partie killed so that one was valued sometime at 1200 another at 600 or 200 shillings And by an estatute made vnder Henrie the first a citizen of London at 100 whereof else-where I haue spoken more at large Such as kill themselues are buried in the field with a stake driuen through their bodies Witches are hanged or sometimes burned but théeues are hanged as I said before generallie on the gibbet or gallowes sauing in Halifax where they are beheaded after a strange maner and whereof I find this report There is and hath beene of ancient time a law or rather a custome at Halifax that who soeuer dooth commit anie fellonie and is taken with the same or confesse the fact vpon examination if it be valued by foure constables to amount to the sum of thirtéene pence halfe penie he is foorthwith beheaded vpon one of the next market daies which fall vsuallie vpon the tuesdaies thursdaies saturdaies or else vpon the same daie that he is so conuicted if market be then holden The engine wherewith the execution is doone is a square blocke of wood of the length of foure foot and an halfe which dooth ride vp and downe in a slot rabet or regall betwéene two péeces of timber that are framed and set vpright of fiue yardes in height In the neather end of the sliding blocke is an ax keied or fastened with an iron into the wood which being drawne vp to the top of the frame is there fastned by a woodden pin with a notch made into the same after the maner of a Samsons post vnto the middest of which pin also there is a long rope fastened that commeth downe among the people so that when the offendor hath made his confession and hath laid his necke ouer the neathermost blocke euerie man there present dooth either take hold of the rope or putteth foorth his arme so neere to the same as he can get in token that he is willing to sée true iustice executed and pulling out the pin in this maner the head blocke wherein the ax is fastened dooth fall downe with such a violence that if the necke of the transgressor were so big as that of a bull it should be cut in sunder at a stroke and roll from the bodie by an huge distance If it be so that the offendor be apprehended for an ox oxen shéepe kine horsse or anie such cattell the selfe beast or other of the same kind shall haue the end of the rope tied somewhere vnto them so that they being driuen doo draw out the pin wherby the offendor is executed Thus much of Halifax law which I set downe onelie to shew the custome of that countrie in this behalfe Roges and vagabonds are often stocked and whipped scolds are ducked vpon cuckingstooles in the water Such fellons as stand mute and speake not at their arraignement are pressed to death by huge weights laid vpon a boord that lieth ouer their brest and a sharpe stone vnder their backs and these commonlie hold their peace thereby to saue their goods vnto their wiues and children which if they were condemned should be confiscated to the prince Théeues that are saued by their bookes and cleargie for the first offense if they haue stollen nothing else but oxen sheepe monie or such like which be no open robberies as by the high waie side or assailing of anie mans house in the night without putting him in feare of his life or breaking vp of his wals or doores are burned in the left hand vpon the brawne of the thombe with an hot iron so that if they be apprehended againe that marke bewraieth them to haue beene arraigned of fellonie before whereby they are sure at that time to haue no mercie I doo not read that this custome of sauing by the booke is vsed anie where else than in England neither doo I find after much diligent inquirie what Saxon prince ordeined that lawe Howbeit this I generallie gather thereof that it was deuised to traine the inhabiters of this land to the loue of learning which before contemned letters and all good knowledge as men onelie giuing themselues to husbandrie and the warres the like whereof I read to haue beene amongst the Gothes and Uandals who for a time would not suffer euen their princes to be lerned for weakening of their courages nor anie learned men to remaine in the counsell house but by open proclamation would command them to auoid whensoeuer anie thing touching the state of the land was to be consulted vpon Pirats and robbers by sea are condemned in the court of the admeraltie and hanged on the shore at lowe water marke where they are left till three tides haue ouer washed them Finallie such as hauing wals and banks néere vnto the sea and doo suffer the same to decaie after conuenient admonition whereby the water entereth and drowneth vp the countrie are by a certeine ancient custome apprehended condemned and staked in the breach where they remaine for euer as parcell of the foundation of the new wall that is to be made vpon them as I haue heard reported And thus much in part of the administration of instice vsed in our countrie wherein notwithstanding that we doo not often heare of horrible merciles and wilfull murthers such I meane asiare not sildome séene in the countries of the maine yet now and then some manslaughter and bloudie robberies are perpetrated and committed contrarie to the lawes which be seuerelie punished and in such wise as I before reported Certes there is no greater mischéefe doone in England than by robberies the first by yoong shifting
time with application of one simple c if a Spaniard or Englishman stand in need of their helpe they are driuen to haue a longer space in their cures and now and then also to vse some addition of two or thrée simples at the most whose forces vnto them are throughlie knowne because their exercise is onelie in their owne as men that neuer sought or heard what vertue was in those that came from other countries And euen so did Marcus Cato the learned Roman indeuor to deale in his cures in sundrie diseases wherein he not onelie vsed such simples as were to be had in his owne countrie but also examined and learned the forces of each of them wherewith he dealt so diligentlie that in all his life time he could atteine to the exact knowledge but of a few and thereto wrote of those most learnedlie as would easilie be séene if those his bookes were extant For the space also of 600 yéeres the colewort onelie was a medicine in Rome for all diseases so that his vertues were thoroughlie knowne in those parts In Plinies time the like affection to forren drugs did rage among the Romans whereby their owne did grow in contempt Crieng out therefore of this extreame follie lib. 22. cap. 24 he speaketh after this maner Non placent remedia tam longè nascentia non enim nobis gignuntur immò ne illis quidem alioquin non venderent siplacet etiam superstitionis gratiâ emantur quoniam supplicamus c. Salutem quidem sine his posse constare vel obid probabimus vt tanto magis sui tandem pudeat For my part I doubt not if the vse of outlandish drugs had not blinded our physicians of England in times passed but that the vertues of our simples here at home would haue béene far better knowne and so well vnto vs as those of India are to the practisioners of those partes and therevnto be found more profitable for vs than the forren either are or maie be This also will I ad that euen those which are most common by reason of their plentie and most vile bicause of their abundance are not without some vniuersall and especiall efficacie if it were knowne for our benefit sith God in nature hath so disposed his creatures that the most néedfull are the most plentifull and seruing for such generall diseases as our constitution most commonlie is affected withall Great thanks therefore be giuen vnto the physicians of our age and countrie who not onelie indeuour to search out the vse of such simples as our soile dooth yéeld and bring foorth but also to procure such as grow elsewhere vpō purpose so to acquaint them with our clime that they in time through some alteration receiued from the nature of the earth maie likewise turne to our benefit and commoditie and be vsed as our owne The chiefe workeman or as I maie call him the founder of this deuise is Carolus Clusius the noble herbarist whose industrie hath woonderfullie stirred them vp vnto this good act For albeit that Matthiolus Rembert I obell and other haue trauelled verie farre in this behalfe yet none hath come néere to Clusius much lesse gone further in the finding and true descriptions of such herbes as of late are brought to light I doubt not but if this man were in England but one seuen yéeres he would reueale a number of herbes growing with vs whereof neither our physicians nor apothecaries as yet haue anie knowledge And euen like thankes be giuen vnto our nobilitie gentlemen and others for their continuall nutriture and cherishing of such home-borne and forren simples in their gardens for hereby they shall not onlie be had at hand and preserued but also their formes made more familiar to be discerned and their forces better knowne than hitherto they haue béene And euen as it fareth with our gardens so dooth it with our orchards which were neuer furnished with so good fruit nor with such varietie as at this present For beside that we haue most delicate apples plummes peares walnuts filberds c and those of sundrie sorts planted within fortie yéeres passed in comparison of which most of the old trées are nothing woorth so haue we no lesse store of strange fruit as abricotes almonds peaches figges cornetrees in noble mens orchards I haue seene capers orenges and lemmons and heard of wild oliues growing here beside other strange trees brought from far whose names I know not So that England for these commodities was neuer better furnished neither anie nation vnder their clime more plentifullie indued with these and other blessings from the most high God who grant vs grace withall to vse the same to his honour and glorie and not as instruments and prouocations vnto further excesse and vanitie wherewith his displeasure may be kindled least these his benefits doo turne vnto thornes and briers vnto vs for our annoiance and punishment which he hath bestowed vpon vs for our consolation and comfort We haue in like sort such workemen as are not onelie excellent in graffing the naturall fruits but also in their artificiall mixtures whereby one trée bringeth foorth sundrie fruits and one and the same fruit of diuers colours and tasts dallieng as it were with nature and hir course as if hir whole trade were perfectlie knowne vnto them of hard fruits they will make tender of sowre sweet of sweet yet more delicate béereuing also some of their kernels other of their cores and finallie induing them with the sauour of muske ambre or swéet spices at their pleasures Diuerse also haue written at large of these seuerall practises and some of them how to conuert the kernels of peaches into almonds of small fruit to make farre greater and to remooue or ad superfluous or necessarie moisture to the trées with other things belonging to their preseruation and with no lesse diligence than our physicians doo commonlie shew vpon our owne diseased bodies which to me dooth seeme right strange And euen so doo our gardeners with their herbes whereby they are strengthened against noisome blasts and preserued from putrifaction and hinderance whereby some such as were annuall are now made perpetuall being yéerelie taken vp and either reserued in the house or hauing the rosse pulled from their rootes laid againe into the earth where they remaine in safetie What choise they make also in their waters and wherewith some of them doo now and then keepe them moist it is a world to sée insomuch that the apothecaries shops maie séeme to be needfull also to our gardens and orchards and that in sundrie wise naie the kitchin it selfe is so farre from being able to be missed among them that euen the verie dishwater is not without some vse amongest our finest plants Whereby and sundrie other circumstances not here to bée remembred I am persuaded that albeit the gardens of the Hesperides were in times past so greatlie accounted of because of their delicacie yet if it were possible to
of this chapiter I protested to intreat There are two springs of water as Leland saith in the west south west part of the towne whereof the biggest is called the crosse bath of a certeine crosse that was erected sometime in the middest thereof This bath is much frequented by such as are diseased with leaprie pockes scabs and great aches yet of it selfe it is verie temperate and pleasant hauing eleuen or twelue arches of stone in the sides thereof for men to stand vnder when raine dooth ought annoie them The common bath or as some call it the hot bath is two hundred foot or thereabout from the crosse bath lesse in compasse within the wall than the other and with onelie seauen arches wrought out of the maine inclosure It is worthilie called the hot bath for at the first comming into it men thinke that it would scald their flesh and lose it from the bone but after a season and that the bodies of the commers thereto be warmed throughlie in the same it is more tollerable and easie to be borne Both these baths be in the middle of a little stréet and ioine to S. Thomas hospitall so that it may be thought that Reginald bishop of Bath made his house néere vnto these common baths onelie to succour such poore people as should resort vnto them The kings bath is verie faire and large standing almost in the middle of the towne at the west end of the cathedrall church It is compassed about with a verie high stone wall and the brims thereof are mured round about where in be two and thirtie arches for men and women to stand in separatlie who being of the gentrie for the most part doo resort thither indifferentlie but not in such lasciuious sort as vnto other baths and hot houses of the maine whereof some write more a great deale than modestie should reueale and honestie performe There went a sluce out of this bath which serued in times past the priorie with water which was deriued out of it vnto two places and commonlie vsed for baths but now I doo not thinke that they remaine in vsage As for the colour of the water of all the bathes it is most like to a déepe blew and réeketh much after the maner of a seething pot commonlie yéelding somwhat a sulpherous taste and verie vnpleasant sauour The water also that runneth from the two small baths goeth by a dike into the Auon by west and beneath the bridge but the same that goeth from the kings bath turneth a mill and after goeth into Auon aboue Bath bridge where it loseth both force and tast and is like vnto the rest In all the three baths a man maie euidentlie see how the water bubbleth vp from the springs This is also to be noted that at certeine times all entrances into them is vtterlie prohibited that is to saie at high noone and midnight for at those two seasons and a while before and after they boile verie feruentlie and become so hot that no man is able to indure their heat or anie while susteine their force and vehement working They purge themselues furthermore from all such filth as the diseased doo leaue in each of them wherfore we doo forbeare the rash entrance into them at that time and so much the rather for that we would not by contraction of anie new diseases depart more gréeuouflie affected than we came vnto the citie which is in déed a thing that each one should regard For these causes therefore they are commonlie shut vp from halfe an houre after ten of the clocke in the forenoone to halfe an houre after one in the afternoone and likewise at midnight at which times the kéeper of them resorteth to his charge openeth the gates and leaueth or should leaue frée passage vnto such as come vnto them Hitherto Leland What cost of late hath béene bestowed vpon these baths by diuerse of the nobilitie gentrie communaltie and cleargie it lieth not in me to declare yet as I heare they are not onelie verie much repared and garnished with sundrie curious péeces of workemanship partlie touching their commendation and partlie for the ease and benefit of such as resort vnto them but also better ordered clenlier kept more friendlie prouision made for such pouertie as dailie repaireth thither But notwithstanding all this such is the generall estate of things in Bath that the rich men maie spend while they will and the poore beg whilest they list for their maintenance and diet so long as they remaine there and yet I denie not but that there is verie good order in that citie for all degrées But where shall a man find anie equall regard of poore and rich though God dooth giue these his good gifts fréelie vnto both alike I would here intreat further of the customs vsed in these baths what number of physicians dailie attend vpon those waters for no man especiallie such as be able to interteine them dooth enter into these baths before he consult with the physician also what diet is to be obserued what particular diseases are healed there and to what end the commers thither doo drinke oftimes of that medicinable liquor but then I should excéed the limits of a description Wherefore I passe it ouer to others hoping that some man yer long will vouchsafe to performe that at large which the famous clearke Doctor Turner hath brieflie yet happilie begun touching the effects working of the same For hitherto I doo not know of manie that haue trauelled in the natures of those baths of our countrie with anie great commendation much lesse of anie that hath reuealed them at the full for the benefit of our nation or commoditie of strangers that resort vnto the same Of antiquities found Chap. 24. HAuing taken some occasion to speake here and there in this treatise of antiquities it shall not be amis to deale yet more in this chapter with some of them apart by themselues whereby the secure authoritie of the Romans ouer this Iland maie in some cases more manifestlie appeare For such was their possession of this Iland on this side of the Tine that they held not one or two or a few places onelie vnder their subiection but all the whole countrie from east to west from the Tine to the British sea so that there was no region void of their gouernance notwithstanding that vntill the death of Lucius and extinction of his issue they did permit the successors of Lud and Cimbalme to reigne and rule amongst them though vnder a certeine tribute as else-where I haue declared The chéefe cause that vrgeth me to speake of antiquities is the paines that I haue taken to gather great numbers of them togither intending if euer my Chronologie shall happen to come abroad to set downe the liuelie porfraitures of euerie emperour ingrauen in the same also the faces of Pompeie Crassus the seuen kings of the Romans Cicero
or graie linets bulfinshes goldfinshes washtailes cheriecrackers yellowhamers felfares c but I should then spend more time vpon them than is conuenient Neither will I speake of our costlie and curious auiaries dailie made for the better hearing of their melodie and obseruation of their natures but I cease also to go anie further in these things hauing as I thinke said inough alreadie of these that I haue named Of fish vsuallie taken vpon our coasts Cap. 3. I Haue in my description of waters as occasion hath serued intreated of the names of some of the seuerall fishes which are commonlie to bée found in our riuers Neuerthelesse as euerie water hath a sundrie mixture and therefore is not stored with euerie kind so there is almost no house euen of the meanest bowres which haue not one or mo ponds or holes made for reseruation of water vnstored with some of them as with tench carpe breame roch dace eeles or such like as will liue and bréed togither Certes it is not possible for me to deliuer the names of all such kinds of fishes as our riuers are found to beare yet least I should séeme iniurious to the reader in not deliuering so manie of them as haue béene brought to my knowledge I will not let to set them downe as they doo come to mind Besides the salmons therefore which are not to be taken from the middest of September to the middest of Nouember and are verie plentifull in our greatest riuers as their yoong store are not to be touched from mid Aprill vnto Midsummer we haue the trout barbell graile powt cheuin pike goodgeon smelt perch menan shrimpes creuises lamprieies and such like whose preseruation is prouided for by verie sharpe lawes not onelie in our riuers but also in plashes or lakes and ponds which otherwise would bring small profit to the owners and doo much harme by continuall maintenance of idle persons who would spend their whole times vpon their bankes not coueting to labour with their hands nor follow anie good trade Of all these there are none more preiudiciall to their neighbours that dwell in the same water than the pike and éele which commonlie deuoure such fish or frie and spawne as they may get and come by Neuerthelesse the pike is fréend vnto the tench as to his leach surgeon For when the fishmonger hath opened his side and laid out his riuet and fat vnto the buier for the better vtterance of his ware and can not make him away at that present he laieth the same againe into the proper place and sowing vp the wound he restoreth him to the pond where tenches are who neuer cease to sucke and licke his greeued place till they haue restored him to health and made him readie to come againe to the stall when his turne shall come about I might here make report how the pike carpe and some other of our riuer fishes are sold by inches of cleane fish from the eies or gilles to the crotch of the tailes but it is needlesse also how the pike as he ageth receiueth diuerse names as from a frie to a gilthed from a gilthed to a pod from a pod to a iacke from a iacke to a pickerell from a pickerell to a pike and last of all to a luce also that a salmon is the first yeare a grauellin and commonlie so big as an herring the second a salmon peale the third a pug and the fourth a salmon but this is in like sort vnnecessarie I might finallie tell you how that in fennie riuers sides if you cut a turffe and laie it with the grasse downewards vpon the earth in such sort as the water may touch it as it passeth by you shall haue a brood of éeles it would seeme a wonder and yet it is beleeued with no lesse assurance of some than that an horse haire laid in a pale full of the like water will in short time stirre and become a liuing creature But sith the certeintie of these things is rather prooued by few than the certeintie of them knowne vnto manie I let it passe at this time Neuerthelesse this is generallie obserued in the maintenance of frie so well in riuers as in ponds that in the time of spawne we vse to throw in faggots made of willow and sallow and now and then of bushes for want of the other whereby such spawne as falleth into the same is preserued and kept from the pike perch éele and other fish of which the carpe also will féed vpon his owne and thereby hinder the store and increase of proper kind Some vse in euerie fift or seauenth yeere to laie their great ponds drie for all the summer time to the end they may gather grasse and a thin swart for the fish to feed vpon and afterwards store them with bréeders after the water be let of new againe into them finallie when they haue spawned they draw out the bréeders leauing not aboue foure or six behind euen in the greatest ponds by meanes whereof the rest doo prosper the better and this obseruation is most vsed in carpe and breame as for perch a delicate fish it prospereth euerie where I meane so well in ponds as riuers and also in motes and pittes as I doo know by experience though their bottoms be but claie More would I write of our fresh fish if anie more were needfull wherefore I will now turne ouer vnto such of the salt water as are taken vpon out coasts As our foules therefore haue their seasons so likewise haue all our sorts of sea fish whereby it commeth to passe that none or at the leastwise verie few of them are to be had at all times Neuerthelesse the seas that inuiron our coasts are of all other most plentifull for as by reason of their depth they are a great succour so our low shores minister great plentie of food vnto the fish that come thereto no place being void or barren either through want of food for them or the falles of filthie riuers which naturallie annoie them In December therefore and Ianuarie we commonlie abound in herring and red fish as rochet and gurnard In Februarie and March we féed on plaice trowts turbut muskles c. In Aprill and Maie with makrell and cockles In Iune and Iulie with conger In August and September with haddocke and herring and the two moneths insuing with the same as also thornbacke and reigh of all sorts all which are the most vsuall and wherewith our common sort are best of all refreshed For mine owne part I am greatlie acquainted neither with the seasons nor yet with the fish it selfe and therefore if I should take vpon me to describe or speake of either of them absolutelie I should enterprise more than I am able to performe and go in hand with a greater matter than I can well bring about It shall suffice therefore to declare what sorts of fishes I haue most often séene to the end I may not
faile in the time of Richard de la Wich bishop of Chichester and that afterwards by his intercession it was restored to the profit of the old course such is the superstition of the people in remembrance whereof or peraduenture for the zeale which the Wich men and salters did beare vnto Richard de la Wich their countriman they vsed of late times on his daie which commeth once in the yeare to hang this salt spring or well about with tapistrie and to haue sundrie games drinkings and foolish reuels at it But to procéed There be a great number of salt cotes about this well wherein the salt water is sodden in leads and brought to the perfection of pure white salt The other two salt springs be on the left side of the riuer a pretie waie lower than the first and as I found at the verie end of the towne At these also be diuerse fornaces to make salt but the profit and plentie of these two are nothing comparable to the gaine that riseth by the greatest I asked of a salter how manie fornaces they had at all the three springs and he numbred them to eightéene score that is thrée hundred and sixtie saieng how euerie one of them paied yearelie six shillings and eight pence to the king The truth is that of old they had liberties giuen vnto them for thrée hundred fornaces or more and therevpon they giue a fee farme or Vectigal of one hundred pounds yearelie Certes the pension is as it was but the number of fornaces is now increased to foure hundred There was of late search made for another salt spring there abouts by the meanes of one Newport a gentleman dwelling at the Wich and the place where it was appéereth as dooth also the wood and timber which was set about it to kéepe vp the earth from falling into the same But this pit was not since occupied whether it were for lacke of plentie of the salt spring or for letting or hindering of the profit of the other three Me thinke that if wood and sale of salt would serue they might dig and find more salt springs about the Wich than thrée but there is somewhat else in the wind For I heard that of late yeares a salt spring was found in an other quarter of Worcestershire but it grew to be without anie vse sith the Wich men haue such a priuilege that they alone in those quarters shall haue the making of salt The pits be so set about with gutters that the salt water is easilie turned to euerie mans house and at Mantwich verie manie troughs go ouer the riuer for the commoditie of such as dwell on the other side of the same They séeth also their salt water in fornaces of lead and lade out the salt some in cases of wicker through which the water draineth and the salt remaineth There be also two or thrée but verie little salt springs at Dertwitch in a low bottome where salt is sometime made Of late also a mile from Cumbremere abbaie a peece of an hill did sinke and in the same pit rose a spring of salt water where the abbat began to make salt but the men of the citie compounded with the abbat couent that there should be none made there whereby the pit was suffered to go to losse And although it yéelded salt water still of it selfe yet it was spoiled at the last and filled vp with filth The Wich men vse the cōmoditie of their salt springs in drawing and decocting the water of them onlie by six moneths in the yeare that is from Midsummer to Christmas as I gesse to mainteine the price of salt or for sauing of wood which I thinke to be their principall reason For making of salt is a great and notable destruction of wood and shall be greater hereafter except some prouision be made for the better increase of firing The lacke of wood also is alreadie perceiued in places néere the Wich for whereas they vsed to buie and take their wood neere vnto their occupiengs those woonted springs are now decaied and they be inforced to seeke their wood so far as Worcester towne and all the parts about Brenisgraue Alchirch and Alcester I asked a salter how much wood he supposed yearelie to be spent at these fornaces and he answered that by estimation there was consumed about six thousand load and it was round pole wood for the most which is easie to be cleft and handsomelie riuen in péeces The people that are about the fornace are verie ill coloured and the iust rate of euerie fornace is to make foure loads of salt yearelie and to euerie load goeth fiue or six quarters as they make their accounts If the fornace men make more in one fornace than foure loads it is as it is said imploied to their owne auaile And thus much hath Leland left in memorie of our white salt who in an other booke not now in my hands hath touched the making also of baie salt in some part of our countrie But sith that booke is deliuered againe to the owner the tractation of baie salt can not be framed in anie order bicause my memorie will not serue to shew the true maner and the place It shall suffice therfore to haue giuen such notice of it to the end the reader may know that aswell the baie as white are wrought and made in England and more white also vpon the west coast toward Scotland in Essex and else where out of the salt water betwéene Wire and Cokermouth which commonlie is of like price with our wheat Finallie hauing thus intermedled our artificiall salt with our minerals let vs giue ouer and go in hand with such mettals as are growing here in England Of our accompt of time hir parts Chap. 14. AS Libra is As or Assis to the Romans for their weight and the foot in standard measure so in our accompt of the parts of time we take the daie consisting of foure and twentie houres to be the greatest of the least and least of the greatest whereby we keepe our reckoning for of the houre to saie the truth the most ancient Romans Greeks nor Hebrues had anie vse sith they reckoned by watches and whereof also Censorinus cap. 19. sheweth a reason wherefore they were neglected For my part I doo not sée anie great difference vsed in the obseruation of time hir parts betwéene our owne any other forren nation wherfore I shall not néed to stand long on this matter Howbeit to the end our exact order herein shall appéere vnto all men I will set downe some short rehearsall thereof and that in so briefe manner as vnto me is possible As for our astronomicall practises I meane not to meddle with them sith their course is vniformelie obserued ouer all Our common order therefore is to begin at the minut which conteineth part of an houre as at the smallest part of time knowne vnto the people notwithstanding that in
bishop of Chester Eadulfus bishop of Dorcester Wilnardus bishop of Hereford Halard bishop of Elsham and Cedferth bishop of Donwich There remained onelie to the archbishop of Canturburie the bishops of London Winchester Rochester and Shireburne This separation continued all the life time of the archbishop Lambert although he trauelled earnestlie to mainteine his prerogatiue Now for that he still defended his cause and would not reuolt from his will Offa depriued him of all his possessions reuenues that he held or inioied within anie part of his dominions Neither was Offa satisfied herewith but he also tooke into his hands the possessions of manie other churches and fléeced the house of Malmesburie of a part of hir reuenues Because of these other his hard dooings doubting the malice of his enimies he procured the friendship of forren princes Unto Brightricke king of the Westsaxons he gaue his daugther Ethelburga in mariage And sending diuers ambassadours ouer vnto Charles the great that was both emperor king of France he purchased his friendship at length athough before there had depended a péece of displeasure betwixt them insomuch that the intercourse for trade of merchandize was staied for a time One of the ambassadours that was sent vnto the said Charles as is reported was that famous clearke Albine or Alcwine by whose persuasion the same Charles erected two vniuersities as in place due and conuenient may more largelie appeare Finallie king Offa as it were for a meane to appease Gods wrath which he doubted to be iustlie conceiued towards him for his sinnes and wickednesse granted the tenth part of all his goods vnto churchmen and to poore people He also indowed the church of Hereford with great reuenues and as some write he builded the abbeie of Bath placing moonkes in the same of the order of saint Benet as before he had doone at saint Albons Moreouer he went vnto Rome about the yeare of our Lord 775 and there following the example of Inas kign of the Westsaxons made his realme subiect by way of tribute vnto the church of Rome appointing that euerie house within the limits of his dominions should yearelie pay vnto the apostolike see one pennie which paiment was after named Rome Scot and Peter pence After his returne from Rome perceiâ—ing himselfe to draw into yeares he caused his sonne Egfrid to be ordeined king in his life time and shortlie after departing out of this world left the kingdome vnto him after he had gouerned it by the space of 39 yeares Amongst other the dooings of this Offa which suerlie were great and maruellous this may not passe with silence that he caused a mightie great ditch tâ— be cast betwixt the marshes of his countrie and the Welsh confines to diuide thereby the bounds of their dominions This ditch was called Offditch euer after and stretched from the south side by Bristow vnder the mountaines of Wales running northward ouer the riuers of Seuerne and Dée vnto the verie mouth of Dee where that riuer falleth into the sea He likewise builded a church in Warwikeshire whereof the towne there taketh name and is called Offchurch euen to this day Egfrid taking vpon him rule began to follow the approoued good dooings of his father and first restored vnto the churches their ancient priuileges which his father sometimes had taken from them Great hope was conceiued of his further good procéeding but death cut off the same taking him out of this life after he had reigned the space of foure moneths not for his owne offenses as was thought but rather for that his father had caused so much bloud to be spilt for the confirming of him in the kingdome which so small a time he new inioied Osulph king of Northumberland traitorouslie murthered Edilwald succeedeth him the reward of rebellion a great mortalitie of foules fishes and fruits moonkes licenced to drinke wine great wast by fire Edelred king of Northumberland is driuen out of his countrie by two dukes of the same Ethelbert king of the Eastangles commended for his vertues Alfred the daughter of king Mercia is affianced to him tokens of missehaps towards him his destruction intended by queene Quendred hir platforme of the pactise to kill him Offa inuadeth Ethelberts kingdome Alfred his betrothed wife taketh his death greuouslie and becommeth a nun the decaie of the kingdome of Eastangles succession in the regiment of the Westsaxons the end of the gouernement of the Eastsaxons prince Algar is smitten blind for seeking to rauish virgine Friswide and at hir praiers restored to his sight The fift Chapter WHen Eadbert or Egbert K. of Northumberland was become a moonke his sonne Osulphus succéeded him but after he had reigned onelie one yeare he was traitorouslie murthered by his owne seruants at Mikilwongton on the 9 kalends of August Then succéeded one Moll otherwise called Edilwold or Edilwald but not immediatlie for he began not his reigne till the nones of August in the yeare following which was after the birth of our sauiour 759. This man prooued right valiant in gouernement of his subiects He slue in battell an earle of his countrie named Oswin who arrearing warre against him fought with him in a pitcht field at Eadwines Cliue and receiued the worthie reward of rebellion This chanced in the third yeare of his reigne and shortlie after that is to say in the yeare of our Lord 764 there fell such a maruellous great snow and therwith so extreame a frost as the like had not béene heard of continuing from the beginning of the wintes almost till the middest of the spring with the rigour whereof trees and fruits withered awaie and lost their liuelie shape and growth and not onelie feathered foules but also beasts on the land fishes in the sea died in great numbers The same yeare died Cedlwulf then king of Northumberland vnto whome Beda did dedicate his booke of histories of the English nation After that he was become a moonke in the monasterie of Lindesferne the moonks of that house had licence to drinke wine or ale whereas before they might not drinke anie other thing than milke or water by the ancient rule prescribed them of the bishop of Aidan first founder of the place The same yeare sundrie cities townes and monasteries were defaced and sore wasted with fier chancing on the sudden as Stretehu Giwento Anwicke London Yorke Doncaster c. After that Moll had reigned 6 yeares he resigned his kingdome But other write that he reigned 11 yeares and was in the end slaine by treason of his successor Altred This Altred reigned ten years ouer the Northumbers and was then expelled out of his kingdome by his owne subiects Then was Ethelbert named also Edelred the sonne of the foresaid Moll made king of Northumberland and in the fift yeare of his reigne he was driuen out of his kingdome by two dukes of his