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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A33345	A true and faithful account of the four chiefest plantations of the English in America to wit, of Virginia, New-England, Bermudus, Barbados : with the temperature of the air, the nature of the soil, the rivers, mountains, beasts, fowls, birds, fishes, trees, plants, fruits, &c. : as also, of the natives of Virginia, and New-England, their religion, customs, fishing, hunting, &c. / collected by Samuel Clarke ...	Clarke, Samuel, 1599-1682.	1670 (1670)	Wing C4558; ESTC R17743	124,649	128

a little hollowed in the mid'st with three feet like a Pot above six inches high that they may keep fire under They heat this Pone as they call it so hot as that it may bake but not burn Then the Indians who are best acquainted with the making of it cast the Meal upon the Pone the whole breadth of it and put it down with their hands and it will presently stick together and when they think that that side is enough they turn it with a thing like a Battle-dore and so turn and re-turn it till it be enough which is presently done Then laying it upon a flat boord they make others till they have made enough for the whole family They make it as thin as a Wafer and yet purely white and crisp Salt they never use in it though probably it would give it a better relish They can hardly make Py-crust of it For as they knead or roul it it will crack or chop so that it will not hold any Liquor neither with nor without Butter or Eggs. There is another sort of Bread which is mixed being made of the flower of Maise and Cussary For the Maise of its self will make no Bread it is so extream heavy But these two being mixed they make it into large Cakes two inches thick which tastes most like to our English Bread Yet the Negroes use the Maise another way For they tost the ears of it at the fire and so eat it warm off the fire The Christian Servants are fed with this Maise who pound it in a large Morter and boil it in water to the thickness of Frumentry and then put it into a Tray and so eat it they give it them cold and scarce afford them salt to it This they call Lob-lolly The third sort of Bread which they use is only Potatoes which are the dryest and largest which they can choose and this is the most common sort of Bread used at the Planters Tables Of their Drink Their Drink is of sundry sorts The first and that which is most used in the Island is Mobby a Drink made of Potatoes thus They put the Potatoes into a Tub of water and with a Broom wash them clean Then taking them out they put them into a large Brass or Iron Pot and put to them so much water as will only cover a third part of them then covering the Pot close with a thick double cloth that no steam can get out they stew them over a gentle fire and when they are enough take them out and with their hands squeeze and break them very small in fair water letting them stand till the water hath drawn all the spirits out of the Roots which will be done in an hour or two Then they put the Liquor and Roots into a large linnen Bag and let it run through that into a Jar and within two hours it will begin to work and the next day it's fit to be drunk And as they will have it stronger or weaker they put in a greater or a less quantity of Roots This Drink being temperately made doth not at all fly up into the head but is sprightly thirst-cooling drink If it be put up into Runlets it will last four or five dayes and drink the quicker It is much like Renish Wine on the Must. There are two several layers wherein these Roots grow The one makes the Skins of the Potatoes white the other Red and the Red Roots make the Drink Red like Claret Wine the other white This is the most general Drink used in the Island but it breeds Hydropick Humours Another drink they have which is much wholsomer though not altogether so pleasant which they call Perino much used by the Indians which is made of the Cussavy Root This they cause their old toothless women to chaw in their mouthes and so spit into water which in three or four hours will work and purge it self of the poisonous quality This Drink will keep a moneth or two and drink somewhat like our English Beer Grippo is a third sort of Drink but few make it well and it 's rarely used Punch is a fourth sort which is made of Water and Sugar mixt together which in ten dayes standing will be very strong and fit for Labourers A fifth is made of wild Plumbs which they have in great abundance upon very large Trees These they press and strain and they have a very sharp and fine Flavour But this being troublesome in making is seldom used But the Drink made of the Plantane is far beyond all these These they gather when they are full ripe and in the heighth of their sweetness and peeling off the Skin they wash them in water well boiled and after they have stood a night they strain it and bottle it up and at a weeks end drink it It s a very strong and pleasant Drink as strong as Sack and will fly up into the head and therefore must be used moderately The seventh sort of Drink they make of the Skimmings of their Sugar which is exceeding strong but not very pleasant This is commonly and indeed too much used many being made drunk by it This they call Kill-Devil The eighth sort of Drink they call Beveridge made of Spring-water White-Sugar and Juice of Oringes And this is not only pleasant but wholesome The last and best sort of Drink which the World affords is the incomparable Wine of Pines And this is made of the pure juice of the fruit it self without mixture of Water or any thing else having in it self a natural compound of all the most excellent tasts that the world can yield I'ts too pure to keep long It will be fine within three or four dayes They make it by pressing the Fruit and straining the Liquor and keep it in Bottles Three sorts of Meat They have several sorts of Meat there whereof the Hoggs-flesh is the most general and indeed the best which the Island affords For the Swine feeding daily upon Fruit the Nuts of Locust Pompianes the bodies of the Plantanes Bonanas Sugar-Canes and Maise make their flesh to be exceeding sweet At the first coming of the English thither they found Hoggs of four hundred pound weight the Intrals taken out and their Heads cut off Beef they seldome have any that feeds upon that Island except it die of it self Only such a Planter as was Sir James Drax who lived there like a Prince may now and then kill one Turkies they have large fat and full of gravy Also our English Pullen and Muscovy Ducks which being larded with the fat of their Pork and seasoned with Pepper and Salt is an excellent Bak'd Meat Turtle Doves they have of two sorts and very good meat There are also Pidgeons which come from the Lee-ward Islands in September and stay till Christmas to feed upon Fruits Many of these they kill upon the Trees and they

tree and low having leaves like to our Bay-tree In the month of March or April when the sap goeth up to the top of the tree they cut the bark off the tree round about in length from knot to knot or from joynt to joynt above and below and then easily with their hands they take it away laying it in the Sun to dry and yet for all this the tree dyes not but against the next year it will have a new bark and that which is gathered every year is the best Cynamon that which grows longer is great and not so good P. Pil. v. 2. p. 1709. 6. In India is a tree called Arbore de Ray's or the Tree of roots it groweth first up like other trees and spreadeth the branches out of which there come strings which seem a far off to be cords of hemp which growing longer till they reach the ground there take root again so that in the end one tree will cover a great peece of ground one root crossing within another like a Maze each of these young trees will in time grow so big that it cannot be discerned which is the principal trunk or body of the tree 6. There is also a tree called Arbore-triste or the sorrowful-tree so called because it never beareth blossoms but in the night-time and so it doth and continueth all the year long So soon as the Sun sets there is not one blossom seen upon the tree but presently within half an hour after there are as many blossoms as the tree can bear pleasant to behold and smelling very sweet and as soon as the day comes and the Sun is rising they all presently fall off and not one is to be seen on the tree which seems as though it were dead till evening comes again and then it begins to blossom as it did before it s as big as a Plumb-tree it groweth up quickly and if you break but a branch of the tree and set it into the earth it presently takes root and grows and within a few days after it beareth blossoms which are like Orange-tree-blossoms the flower white and in the bottom somewhat yellow and redish P. Pil. v. 2. p. 1780. 8. There is also an herb in India called by the Portugals Herba sentida or feeling Herb which if a man touch or throw Sand or any other thing upon it presently it becomes as though it were withered closing the leaves together and it comes not to it self a gain as long as the man standeth by it but presently after he is gone it openeth the leaves again which become stiffe and fair as though they were newly grown and touching it again it shuts and becomes withered as before so that its a pleasure to behold the strange nature of it P. Pil. v. 2. p. 1781. 9. Pepper is planted at the root of some other tree and runs up it like Ivie the leaves are like the Orange-leaves but somewhat smaller green and sharpe at ends the Pepper groweth in bunches like Grapes but lesse and thinner they are always green till they begin to drye and ripen which is in December and January at which time it turns black and is gathered Pur. Pil. v. 2. p. 1782. 10. The best Ginger grows in Malabar it groweth like thin and young Netherland Reeds two or three spans high the root whereof is the Ginger which is gathered in December and January P. Pil. v. 2. p. 1782. 11. The Clove-trees are like Bay-trees the blossoms at the first white then green and at last red and hard which are the Cloves these Cloves grow very thick together and in great numbers In the place where these trees grow there is neither grass nor green herbs but is wholly drye for that those trees draw all the moisture unto them P. Pil. v. 2. p. 1783. 12. The Nutmeg-tree is like a Pear-tree but that its lesse and with round leaves the fruit is like great round Peaches the inward part whereof is the Nutmeg this hath about it an hard shell like wood and the shell is covered over with Nutmeg-flowers which is the Mace and over it is the fruit which without is like the fruit of a Peach P. Pil. v. 2. p. 1783. 13. Gumme-Lac comes most from Pegu where are certain very great Pismires with wings which fly up the trees like Plumb-trees out of which trees comes a certain Gumme which the Pismires suck up and then they make the Lac round about the branches of the trees as Bees make Wax and when it is full the owners come and breaking off the branches lay them to dry and being dry the branches shrink out and the Lac remains P. Pil. v. 2. p. 1783. 14. Amber-greese is usually cast upon the Sea-shore which as some suppose is the dung of the Whale or as others the sperme or seed of the Whale consolidated by lying in the Sea P. Pil. v. 2. p. 772. 15 The Herb Addad is bitter and the root of it so venemous that one drop of the juice will kill a man within the space of one hour P. Pil. v. 2. p. 850. 16 Of Palm-trees which they keep with watering and cutting every year they make Velvets Satins Taffaties Damasks Sarcenets and such like all which are spun out of the leaves cleansed and drawn into long threads P. Pil. v. 2. p. 985. 17. Frankincense grows in Arabia and is the gumme that issueth out of trees Idem p. 1781. 18. In Mozambique Manna is procreated of the dew of Heaven falling on a certain tree on which it hardens like Sugar sticking to the wood like Rozen whence it s gathered and put into jars and is used much for purging in India Idem p. 1554. 19. Mastick-trees grow only in the Island of Sio the trees are low shrubs with little crooked boughs and leaves In the end of August they begin their Mastick-harvest men cutting the bark of the Tree with Iron instruments out of which the Gum distills uncessantly for almost three months together Idem p. 1812. 20. Spunges are gathered from the sides of Rocks fifteen fathom under water about the bottom of the Streights of Gibralter the people that get them being trained up in diving from their child-hood so that they can indure to stay very long under water as if it were their habitable Element 21. In Manica is a tree called the Resurrection-tree which for the greatest part of the year is without leaf or greenness but if one cut off a bough and put it into the water in the space of ten houres it springs and flourisheth with green leaves but draw it out of the water as soon as it is dry it remaineth as it was before Pur. Pil. v. 2. p. 1537. 22. There is in the Island of Teneriff which is one of the Canaries a Tree as big as an Oke of a middle size the bark white like Hornbeam six or seven yards high with ragged boughs the leaf like the Bay-leaf It beareth neither fruit nor flower it stands on

wherein the fruit hangs in clusters it s in shape and bigness like a Wallnut white and hard within hath neither taste nor smell they never eat it alone but wrap it in a leaf of Bettle and are frequently chawing of it some adde to it a kinde of Lime made of Oister-shels it cures the Chollick removes Melancholly kills Worms provokes lust purges the maw and prevents hunger It s much used in the East-Indies 41. The Palmeto-tree is long strait round and soft without leaf bough or branch save at the top and those are few green and sedgie under which branches there appear certain codded seeds Both the Male and Female bear blossoms but the Female only beares fruit and yet not that unlesse a flowring branch of the Male tree be yearly inoculated The leaves serve for many uses At the top of this tree there is a soft pith in which consists the life of it for that being cut out the Tree dyes This pith is in bignesse like small Cabbage in taste like a nut kernel and being boiled it eats like a Colly-flower But of more value is the Palmeta Wine which is sweet pleasant and nourishing in colour and taste not unlike Muskadine It purges cures obstructions and kills the Worms If it stand two dayes in the Sun it makes good Vinegar The Wine is thus gotten They cut a small hole in two or three Trees that grow together which in a short time are filled with the sap that issues in them which with a Cane or Quill they draw forth Pur. Pil. 42. In Summersetshire near unto Glastenbury in Wiral Park was that famous Hawthorn tree which used upon Christmas day to sprout forth as fresh as in May but now it s cut down Camb. Brit. p. 227. 43. In the Marishes of Egypt grow those sedgie reeds called Papyri whereof formerly they made Paper and from whence ours that is made of rags assumed that name They divide it into thin flakes whereinto it naturally parteth then laying them on a Table and moistening them with the glutinous water of Nilus they press them together dry them in the Sun and then they are fitted for use Pur. Pil. v. 2 p. 898. CHAP. III. The wonderful works of God in the Creatures Of strange Fountains Rivers and Waters 1. IN the Bishoprick of Durham in Derlington field there are 3 pits of a wonderful depth called by the Vulgar Hell-Kettles in which the water by an Antiperistasis or reverberation of the cold air striking thereupon waxeth hot which pits have passage under ground into the River Teese as Archbishop Guthbert Tonstal observed by finding that Goose in the River which he had marked and let down into these pits Camb. Brit. p. 737. 2. In Yorkshire neer unto Knasburow Castle is a Well in which the waters spring not up out of the veins of the earth but distil and trickle down dropping from the Rocks hanging over it whence it s called Dropping-Well into which what wood soever is put it will in a short space be turned into stone Camb. Brit. p. 700. 3. In Caermardenshire neer unto Careg Castle there is a fountain that twice in four and twenty hours ebbeth and twice floweth resembling the unstable motions of the main Sea Camb. Brit. p. 650. 4. In Westmerland hard by Shape there is a Well or Fountain which after the manner of Euripus ebbeth and floweth many times in a day Camb. Brit. p. 762. 5. In Ireland is a Fountain whose water killeth all those Beasts that drink thereof but hurteth not the people though they usually drink of it Ortelius 6. Near unto Lutterworth in Leicester-shire there is a spring of water so cold that in a short time it turneth straws and sticks into stone Camb. Brit. p. 518. 7. In Derbyshire in the Peak-Forrest not far from Buxtone is a Well which in a wonderful manner doth ordinarily ebb and flow four times in the space of one hour or thereabouts keeping his just tides Camb. Brit. p. 558. 8. Also in the same Country at the spring head of Wie there rise and walm up nine Fountains of hot waters commonly called Buxton Wells very sovereign for the stomach sinews and whole body Camb. Brit. p. 557. 9. In Scotland on the bank of Ratra neer unto Stang's Castle there is a Cave wherein the water distilling naturally by drops from the head of the Vault is presently turned into Pyramidal stones and were not the said hole or Cave otherwiles rid and cleansed the whole space as far as up to the vault would in a short time be filled therewith Camb. Brit. Scotl. p. 48. 10 In Scotland in the Countrey of Murray there is a River called Naes the water whereof is almost always warm and at no time so cold that it freezeth yea in the most cold time of winter broken ice falling into it is dissolved with the heat thereof Defcrip of Scotl. 11. Also in Galloway the Loch called Loch-Merton is of such a strang nature that the one half of it doth never freeze in the coldest winter Descrip. of Scotl. 12. In Lenox is a great Loch or Meer called Loch-Lowmond in length twenty four miles and eight in breadth wherein are three strang things First Excellent good Fish without any sins Secondly a floating Island whereon many Kine feed And thirdly Tempestuous waves rageing without winds yea in the greatest calms Desc. of Scotl. 13. There is a certain Island called Lounda in the Kingdom of Congo wherein is no fresh water being a very sandy ground but if you dig but the depth of two or three hand breadths you shall find sweet water the best in all those Countryes and which is most strang when the Ocean ebbeth this water grows brackish but when it flows to the top it is most sweet P. Pil. v. 2. p. 989. 14. Not far from Casbine the Regal City in Persia is a fountain of a strang and wonderful nature out of which there continually springeth and issueth a marvellous quantity of black Oil which serveth in all parts of Persia to burn in their houses and is usually carried all over the Countrey upon Kine and Asses whereof you may often meet three or four hundred in company P. Pil. v. 2. p. 1431. 15. About three days journey from old Balylon is a Town called Ait and neer unto that is a valley of pitch very marvellous to behold wherein are many Springs throwing out abundantly a kind of black substance like unto Tar and Pitch which serveth all the Country thereabout to staunch their barques and boats with every one of which springs makes a noise like to a Smith's Forge in puffing and blowing out the matter which never ceaseth day nor night and the noise is hard a mile off the Moors call it Hell-mouth P. Pil. v. p. 1437. 16. Clitumnus is a River in Italy which makes all the Oxen that drink of it white Fulk Meteor Lib. 4. 17. The River Melas in Boeotia makes all the Sheep that drink of it black

they are from six to twenty in an house Their houses are in the mid'd of their Fields or Gardens which are plots of ground From twenty to one hundred or two hundred of these houses stand something near together Men Women and Children have their several names according to the phansie of their Parents Their Women are easily delivered of child yet they love their children very dearly and to make them hardy in the coldest Mornings they wash them in the Rivers and by Painting and Ointments they so tan their skins that after a year or two no Weather will hurt them The Men spend their time in Fishing Hunting Wars and such manly Exercises scorning to be seen about any Womanly Exercise which makes the Women very painful and the men oft very idle The women and children do all the work they make Mats Baskets Pots Morters they pound their Corn make their Bread prepare their victuals plant and gather their Corn bear all kinds of burdens c. Their Fire they kindle by chafing a dry pointed stick in a hole of little square piece of Wood which taking fire will kindle Moss Leaves and such dry things In March and April is their Fishing time wherein they live on Fish Turkies and Squerrils In May and June they plant their Fields and then they live most upon Acrons Walnuts and Fish Some upon Crabs Oisters land Tortoises Strawberries Mulberries c. In June July and August they feed upon the roots of Tocknough Berries Fish and green Wheat and their bodies alter with their Diet as those of Deer and wild beasts do And accordingly they are Fat or Lean Strong or Weak They use much their Bows and Arrows in Fishing Hunting and the Wars They bring their Bows to the form of ours by scraping them with a Shell Their Arrows are made of strait young Sprigs which they head with bone two or three inches long With these they shoot at Squirils Other Arrows they have made of Reeds pieced with Wood and headed with Christals or Flint c. For Knives they have the splinters of a Reed wherewith they cut the Feathers of their Arrows into form With these Knives they will joynt a Deer or any other Beast shape their Shooes Buskings Mantles c. To make the notch of their Arrows they have the Tooth of a Bever set in a stick with which they grate it by degrees Their Arrow heads they quickly make with a little bone which they ever wear at their bracer of a splint of stone or glass in form of a Heart which they glew to their Arrows their Glew they make of the Sinews of Deer and the tops of Deer Horns which will not dissolve in cold water In their Wars they use round Targets made of the Bark of Trees and Swords of Wood or the Horn of a Deer put through a piece of Wood in the form of a Pickax Their Fishing is much in Boats which they make of one Tree by burning and scraping with Stones and Shels till they have made it in the form of a Trough Some of them are a Ell deep and fourty and fifty foot long and will bear from ten to fourty men according to their bigness For Oars they use paddles and sticks with which they will Row faster than our Barges The Women use to spin the Bark of Trees Deer Sinews or a kind of Grass called Pemmenaud of which they make a very good thred which serves for many uses about their houses Apparel Fishing-nets Lines for Angles Their hooks are either a bone grated in the form of a hooked Pin or of the splinter of a Bone tied to the cleft of a little stick and with the end of the Line they tie on the bait They also use long Arrows tied to a Line with which they shoot at Fishes in the River or Darts which they throw at them They take extream pains in their Huntings and Fishings whereunto they are enured from their Child-hood And by their continual rangings about they know all the places and Advantages most frequented with Deer Beasts Fishes Fowls Rooks Bemes At their Huntings they leave their Habitations and in several companies go to the most Desert places with their Families towards the Mountains or heads of Rivers where there is plenty of Game It 's a marvel how they can pass these Deserts of three or four dayes journey over without missing their way The Women bear their Hunting Houses after them with Corn Acrons Mortars and Bagg and Baggage which they use When they come to the place of Exercise every man endeavours to shew his best Dexterity for hereby they get their Wives They will shoot level about fourty yards near the Mark and one hundred and twenty is their best at Random When they have found the Deer they environ them with Fires and betwixt the Fires they place themselves and some take their stand in the mid'st The Deer being frighted with the Fires and their voices they chase them so long within that Circle that oftimes they kill six eight ten or fifteen at a hunting Sometimes also when they find them in a point of Land they force them into a River where with their Boats they kill them When they have shot a Dear by Land they follow him like Blood-hounds by the blood and stain and oftimes so take him Hares Partridges Turkies or Eggs fat or lean young or old they devour all they can come by When they intend Wars the Werowances Corks consult with their Priests and Connivers and Ancient Alleys and Friend They have Captains over every Nation which are lusty young men They rarely make Wars for Lands or Goods but for Women and Children Before the battel they paint and disguise themselves in the fiercest manner they can devise Either Army hath his General they take their stands a Musquet shot one from another Rank themselves fifteen a breast and so place themselves that the Rear can shoot as well as the Front Then from either part a Messenger is sent with these conditions That whosoever is vanquished upon their submission within two dayes after shall live but their Wives and Children shall be prize for the Conquerors upon the return of the Messengers they approach in their Order On each Flank is a Serjeant and in the Reer a Lieutenant all duly keeping their places yet leaping and singing as they go Upon the first flight of their Arrows they give an horrible shout and when their Arrows are spent they joyn together charging and retiring each rank seconding the former As they get advantage they catch their Enemy by the hair of his head and then down he goes and with his Wooden Sword he beats out his brains c. Their Musick is a thick Cane on which they Pipe as on a Recorder For their Wars they have a great deep Platter of Wood which they cover with a skin upon which they beat as upon a Drum of these they

bit they are oft taken and serve for nothing but to manure the Ground There are many Sturgious but the most are caught at Cape Cod and in the River of Meramack whence they are brought to England they are twelve fourteen and some eighteen foot long The Salmon is as good as ours and in great plenty in some places The Hollibut is like our Plaice or Turbut some being two yards long and one broad and a food thick Thornback and Scate is given to the Doggs being so common in many places The Bass is one of the best Fishes being a Delicate and fat Fish He hath a bone in his head that contain a Saucerful of Marrow sweet and good pleasant and wholesome they are three or four foot long they take them with a Hook and Line and in three hours a man may catch a dozen or twenty of them The Herrings are much like ours Alewives are much like Herrings which in the end of April come into the fresh Rivers to spawn in such multitudes as is incredible pressing up in such shallow waters where they can scarce swim and they are so eager that no beating with poles can keep them back till they have spawned Their Shads are far bigger than ours The Makarels be of two sorts In the beginning of the year the great ones are upon the Coast some 18. inches long In Sommer come the smaller kind they are taken with Hooks and Lines baited with a piece of Red Cloth There be many Eels in the salt water especially where grass grows they are caught in Weels baited with pieces of Lobsters Sometimes a man thus takes a busnel in a night they are wholesome and pleasant meat Lamprons and Lampries are little esteemed Lobsters are in plenty in most places very large and some being twenty pound weight they are taken at low water amongst the Rocks the smaller are the better but because of their plenty they are little esteemed The Oysters be great in form of a shoo-horn some of a foot long they breed in certain banks which are bare after every Spring-tide each makes two good mouthfuls The Periwig lies in the Oase like a head of hair which being touched draws back it self leaving nothing to be seen but a small round hole Muscles are in such plenty that they give them their Hoggs Clams are not much unlike to Cockles lying under the Sand every six or seven of them having a round hole at which they take in Air and Water they are in great plenty and help much to feed their Swine both Winter and Sommer for the Swine being used to them will constantly repair every ebb to the places where they root them up and eat them Some are as big as a Penny Loaf which the Indians count great dainties A Description of the Plantations in New-England as they were Anno Christi 1633. The outmost Plantation to the Southward which by the Indians is called Wichaguscusset is but a small Village yet pleasant and healthful having good ground store of good Timber and of Meddow ground there is a spacious Harbor for shipping before the Town they have store of Fish of all sorts and of Swine which they feed with Acrons and Clams and an Alewife River Three miles to the North is Mount Wolleston a fertile soil very convenient for Farmers houses there being great store of plain ground without Trees Near this place are Maschusets Fields where the greatest Sagamore in the Country lived before the Plague cleared all Their greatest inconvenience is that there are not so many Springs as in other places nor can Boats come in at low water nor Ships ride near the Shore Six miles further to the North lieth Dorchester the greatest Town in New-England well Wooded and Watered with good Arrable and Hay ground fair comfortable Fields and pleasant Gardens Here are many Cattel as Kine Goats and Swine It hath a good Harbor for ships there is begun the fishing in the Bay which proved so profitable that many since have followed them there A mile from thence lies Roxberry a fair and handsome Country Town the Inhabitants are rich It lies in the Mains and yet is well Wooded and watered having a clear Brook running through the Town where are great store of Smelts whence it s called Smelt-River A quarter of a mile on the North of it is another River called Stony River upon which is built a water Mill. Here is good store of Corn and Meddow Ground Westward from the Town it s somewhat Rocky whence it s called Roxberry the Inhabitants have fair houses store of Cattel Come-fields paled in and fruitful Gardens Their goods are brought in Boats from Boston which is the nearest Harbor Boston is two miles North-East from Roxberry It s Situation is very pleasant being a Peninsula hemmed on the South with the Bay of Roxberry On the North with Charles River the Marshes on the back side being not half a quarter of a mile over so that a little fencing secures their cattel from the Wolves Their greatest want is of Wood and Meddow ground which they supply from the adjacent Islands both for Timber Fire-wood and Hay they are not troubled with Wolves Rattlesnakes nor Musketoes being bare of Wood to shelter them It s the chief place for shipping and Merchandize This neck of Land is about four miles in compass almost square Having on the South at one corner a great broad Hill whereon is built a Fort which commands all Ships in any Harbour in the Hill Bay On the North side is another Hill of the same bigness whereon stands a Windmil To the North-West is an high Mountain with three little Hills on the top whence it is called Tremount From hence you may see all the Islands that lie before the Bay and such Ships as are upon the Sea Coast. Here are rich Corn Fields and fruitful Gardens The Inhabitants grow rich they have sweet and pleasant Springs and for their enlargement they have taken to themselves Farm-Houses in a place called Muddy River two miles off where is good Timber Ground Marsh-Land and Meddows and there they keep their Swine or other Cattel in the Summer and bring them to Boston in the Winter On the North side of Charles River is Charles Town which is another neck of Land on whose Northern side runs Mistick River This Town may well be paralled with Boston being upon a bare neck and therefore forced to borrow conveniencies from the Main and to get Farmes in the Country Here is a Ferry-boat to carry Passengers over Charles River which is a deep Channel and a quarter of a mile over Here may ride fourty ships at a time Up higher is a broad Bay that is two miles over into which run Stony River and Muddy River In the middle of this Bay is an Oyster bank Medfod Village is scituated towards the North-West of this Bay in a Creek A very fertile and pleasant place It s a mile and a half from

Charles Town At the bottom of this Bay the River is very narrow By the side of this River stands New-Town three miles from Charles Town It s a neat and well compacted Town having many fair buildings and at first was intended for a City The Inhabitants are mostly rich and have many Cattel of all sorts and many hundred Acres of Ground paled in On the other side of the River lies their Meddow and Marsh Ground for Hay Half a mile thence is Water Town nothing inferiour for Land Wood Meddows and Water Within half a mile of it is a great Pond which is divided between those two Towns And a mile and a half from this Town is a fall of fresh waters which through Charles River fall into the Ocean A little below this fall they have made weires where they catch great store of Shads and Alewives an hundred thousand of them in two Tides Mastick is three miles from Charles Town seated pleasantly by the waters side At the head of this River are very spacious Ponds to which the Alewives press to cast their Spawn where multitudes are taken On the West side of this River the Governour hath a Farm where he keeps most of his Cattel On the East side is Mr. Craddocks Plantation who impailed in a Park for Deer and some ships have been built there Winnisimet is a very pleasant place for situation and stands commodiously It s but a mile from Charles Town the River only parting them It s the lasts Town in the Bay The chief Islands that secure the Harbor from Winds and Waves are first Deere Island within a flight shot from Bullin Point It s so called because the Deer often swim thither to escape the Woolves where sixteen of them have been killed in a day The next is Long Island so called from its length Other Islands are Nodless Isle Round Isle the Governours Garden having in it an Orchard Garden and other conveniencies Also Slate Island Glass Island Bird Island c. they all abound with Wood Water and Meddows In these they put their Cattel for safety whil'st their Corn is on the Ground The Towns without the Bay are nearer the Main and reap a greater benefit from the Sea in regard of the plenty of Fish and Fowl and so live more plentifully than those that are more remoat from the Sea in the Island Plantations Six miles North-East from Winnisimet is Sagus is pleasant for situation seated at the bottom of a Bay which is made on the one side with a surrounding Shore and on the other side with a long Sandy Beach It s in the circumference six miles well Woodded with Oakes Pines and Cedars It s also well watered with fresh Springs and a great Pond in the middle before which is a spacious Marsh. One Black William an Indian Duke out of his generosity gave this place to the Plantation of Sagus so that none else can claim it when a storm hath been or is like to be there will be a roaring like thunder which may be heard six miles off On the North side of this Bay are two great Marshes divided by a pleasant River that runs between them The Marsh is crossed with divers Creeks where are store of Geese and Ducks and convenient Ponds wherein to make Decoys There are also fruitful Meddows and four great Ponds like little Lakes wherein is store of fresh Fish out of which within a mile of the Town runs a curious fresh Brook which is rarely frozen by reason of its warmness and upon it is built a Water Mill. For Wood there is store as Oake Walnut Cedar Elme and Aspe Here was sown much English Corn. Here the Bass continues from the midst of April till Michaelmas and not above half that time in the Bay There is also much Rock-Cod and Macharil so that shoals of Bass have driven shoals of Macharil to the end of the sandy bank which the Inhabitants have gathered up in Wheel barrows Here are many Muscle banks and Clam-banks and Lobsters amongst the Rocks and grassy holes Four miles from Saugus stands Salem on the middle of a neck of Land very pleasantly between two Rivers on the North and South The place is but barren sandy Land yet for seven years together it brought forth excellent Corn being manured with Fish every third year Yet there is good ground and good Timber by the Sea side and divers fresh Springs Beyond the River is a very good soil where they have Farms Here also they have store of Fish as Basses Eels Lobsters Clams c. They cross the River in Canows made of whole Pine Trees two foot and an half wide and twenty foot long in which also they go a Fowling sometimes two Leagues into the Sea It hath two good Harbours which lie within Derbins Fort. Marvil Head lies four miles South from Salem a very good place for a Plantation especially for such as will set up a Trade of Fishing There are good Harbours for Boats and good riding for ships Agowomen is nine miles to the North from Salem near the Sea and another good place for a Plantation It abounds with Fish and Flesh of Fowls and Beasts hath great Meddows and Marshes and Arable grounds many good Rivers and Harbours and no Rattle Snakes Merrimack lies eight miles beyond that where is a River Navigable for twenty miles and all along the side of it fresh Marshes in some places three miles broad In the River is Sturgion Salmon Bass and divers other kinds of Fish Three miles beyond this River is the out side of Massecusets Patent wherein these are the Towns that were begun in the year 1633. Of the Evils and Hurtful things in the Plantation Those that bring the greatest prejudice to the Planters are the ravenous Woolves which destroy the weaker Cattel of which we heard before Then the Rattle Snake which is usually a yard and a half long as thick in the middle as the small of a mans Legg with a yellow belly Her back is spotted with black russet and green placed like scales At her taile is a rattle with which she makes a noise when she is molested or when any come near to her Her neck seems no bigger than a mans thumb yet can she swallow a Squirrel having a wide mouth with teeth as sharp as needles wherein her poyson lies for she hath no sting when a man is bitten by her the poyson spreads so suddenly through the veins to the heart that in an hour it causes death unless he hath the Antidote to expel the poyson which is a Root called Snake-weed which must be champed the spittle swallowed and the Root applyed to the sore this is a certain cure This Weed is rank poyson if it be taken by any man that is not bitten unless it be Phisically compounded with other things He that is bitten by these Snakes his fresh becomes as spotted as a Lepers till he be perfectly cured She is naturally the most

neither of them sweet The Saint Jago Flower is very beautiful but of an unpleasing smell Another flower they have that opens not till Sun setting and is closed all day and therefore they call it the Flower of the Moon It grows in great tufts the Leaves like a heart the point turning back The flower is of a most pure Purple After the flower appears the seed black with an eye of Purple of the shape of a small Button so finely wrought and tough with all as it may well trim a suit of Apparel There is Purceane so plentifully every where as makes it disesteemed Herbs and Roots There are brought from England Rosemary Time Winter-Savory Sweet-Marjerom Pot-Marjerom Parsly Penny-royal Camomil Sage Tansie Lavender Cotton Garlick Onions Coleworts Cabbage Turnips Redishes Marigold Lettice Taragon Southern-wood c. all which prosper well There is a Root which was brought thither by the Negroes Large dry and well tasted It 's good boyled to eat with Pork mixt with Butter Vineger and Pepper It 's as big as three of our largest Turnips The strength of the Island This Island is strong by scituation For there cannot be any safe Landing but where the Harbours and Bayes are which lie to the South-West and those places are so Defencible by Nature as with small cost they are strongly fortified In the year one thousand six hundred and fifty they were able to muster ten thousand Foot as good and Resolute men as any in the World and a thousand good Horse and since then they are much increased Their Laws and Government Their Laws are like ours in England and they are governed by a Governour and ten of his Council four Courts of Justice in Civil Laws which divide the Countrey into four Circuits Justices of Peace Constables Churchwardens and Tithingmen Five Sessions in a year were held for trial of Criminal Causes and Appeals from Inferiour Courts When the Governour pleases to call an Assembly for the last Appeals and making new Laws or abolishing the Old It consists of the Governour his Councel and two Burgesses chosen by every Parish There are in the Island eleven Parishes No Tithe paid to the Minister but a yearly allowance of a Pound of Tobacco upon an Acre of every mans Land besides Church-Duties for Marriages Baptizings and Burials Their Weather Four Moneths in the year the Weather is colder then in the other eight and those are November December January and February yet are they hotter then with us in May. There is no general Fall of the Leaf every Tree having a particular time for it self as if two Locust-trees stand but at a stones cast distance one lets fall her leaves in January another in March another in July another in September The Leaves when Fallen under the Tree being most of them large and stiff when they were growing and full of veins from the middle stalk to the upper end when the thin part of the Leaf is consumed those veins appear like Skelletons with the strangest works and beautifullest Forms that can be imagined Negroes Heads They also find in the Sands things that they call Negroes-heads about two Inches long with a Forehead Eyes Nose Mouth Chin and part of the Neck They are alwayes found loose in the Sands without any Root It is black as Jet but whence it comes they know not TAR They have no Mines not so much as of Coles in the Islands There flows out of the Rock an Unctious substance somewhat like Tar It is excellent good to stop a Flux being drunk And for all Aches and Bruises being anointed with it It is so subtile that being put into the hand and rubbed there it works through the back of it PITCH and MOVNTIACK There is another Gumming Substance that is black and hard as Pitch and is used as Pitch they call call it Mountiack An Excellent REMEDY Against the STONE MY Author relates this Story concerning himself that during his abode in the Barbadoes he was taken with such a fit of the Stone that for fourteen dayes together he made not one drop of water But when he despaired of life God sent him such a Remedy as the World cannot afford a better For within ten hours after this taking of it he found himself not only eased but cured It brought away all the stones and gravel that stopped the passage and his water came as freely from him as ever before and caried before it such quantities of broken stones and gravel that the like hath hardly been seen And afterwards being in the like torment he used the same remedy and found the same ease The Medicine was this Take the Pizle of a green Turtle that lives in the Sea dry it with a moderate heat pound it in a Morter and take as much of this Powder as will lie upon a shilling in Beer Ale or Whitewine and in a short time it will work the cure These Turtles are frequent in the Chariby and Lucayick Islands near to the Barbadoes to which many of them are brought Three sorts of Turtles There are 3. sorts of Turtles The Loggerhead-Turtle the Hawks-bill-Turtle and the green Turtle which is of a less magnitude but far excelling the other two in wholesomness and rareness of tast That part of the Island which is the most remote from the Bridge the onely place of Trading by reason of deep and steep Gullies interposing the passage is almost stopt Besides the Land there is not so rich and fit to bear Canes as the other Yet it 's very useful for planting Provisions of Corn Bonavist Cassavy Potatoes c. As also of Fruit as Oranges Limons Lymes Plantanes Bonanoes Likewise for breeding of Hoggs Sheep Goats Cattel and Poultry to furnish either parts of the Island which wants those Commodities The Sugar Canes are fifteen Moneths from the time of their planting before they come to be fully ripe From the Island of Bonavista they have Horses brought to them whose Hooves are so hard and tough that they ride them at the Barbadoes down sharp and steep Rocks without shooes And no Goat goes surer on the sides of Rocks or Hills then they FINIS Here place the Examples of Minerals and Stones EXAMPLES OF THE Wonderful Works OF GOD IN THE CREATURES CHAP. I. Of strange Stones Earth and Minerals 1. IN Cornwal near unto a place called Pensans is that famous stone called Main-Amber which is a great Rock advanced upon some other of meaner size with so equal a counterpoize that a man may stir it with the push of his finger but to remove it quite out of his place a great number of men are not able Camb. Brit. p. 188. The like is in the Country of Stratherne in Scotland 2. In Summerset-shire near unto Cainsham are found in Stone-quarries stones resembling Serpents winding round in manner of a wreath the head bearing up in the Circumference and the end of the tail taking up the centre within but most of them are headless

the side of an hill in the day its withered and drops all night a cloud hanging thereon so that it yeelds water sufficient for the whole Island wherein are eight thousand souls and about an hundred thousand Cammels Mules Goats c. The water falls from it into a pond made of brick paved with stone from whence it s conveyed into several ponds thorough the whole Island They also water therewith their Corn-ground for they have no other water in the Island except Rain-water The Pond holds twenty thousand Tun of water and is filled in one night Many of our English that have been there have attested the truth hereof Idem p. 1369. Concerning which Tree Sylvester the Poet made these Verses In th' I le of Iron one of those same Seven Whereto our Elders happy name have given The Savage People never drink the streams Of Wells and Rivers as in other Realms Their drink is in the Air their gushing spring A weeping Tree out of it self doth wring A Tree whose tender-bearded-Root being spread In dryest sand his sweating-Leaf doth shed A most Sweet Liquor and like as the Vine Untimely cut weeps at her wound the Wine In pearled tears incessantly distils A royal stream which all their Cisterns fills Throughout the Island for all hither hie And all their Vessels cannot draw it drye 23. Aloes growes in the Island of Socotera which is nothing but Semper vivum it is so full of a Rosin-like juice that the leaves are ready to break with it which leaves they cut in small peeces and cast them into a clean pit made in the ground and paved there it lies to ferment in the heat of the Sun whereby the juice floweth forth which they put in skins and hang them up in the wind to drye whereby it hardens P. Pil. v. 1. p. 419. 24. Indico groweth in the Moguls Country having a small leaf like that of Sena the branches are of a wooddy substance like Broom It grows not above a yard high the stalk about the bignesse of a mans thumb The seed is included in a small round Cod of an inch long This once sowed lasteth three years that of the first year makes a weighty reddish Indico that sinks in water being not yet come to its perfection that of the second year is rich very light and of a perfect Violet-colour swiming on the water that of the third year is weighty blackish and the worst of the three This herb when it s cut is put into a Cistern and pressed down with stones then covered over with water where it remains till the substance of the herb is gone into the water then it s drawn forth into another Cistern and laboured with staves till it be like Batter then they let it seeth and so scum off the water two or three times till nothing but a thick substance remains which taking forth they spread on a cloath dry it in the Sun then make it into balls dry it on the sand which causes the sandy foot That is best which is of a pure grain Violet-colour is glossie dry and light Idem p. 430. 25. Sir James Lancaster in his East-Indy Voyage in the Isle of Sombrero found on the Sea-sands a young twig growing up to a tree and offering to pluck up the same it shrank down into the ground and when it was by strength pulled up a great Worm was the root of it and as the Tree groweth in greatnesse the Worm diminisheth This Tree plucked up the leaves and pill stripped off by that time its dryed is turned into a hard stone so that this Worm was twice transformed into different natures after a wondrous manner Of these he brought home many P. Pil. v. 1. p. 152. 26. About Saffron Walden in Essex there grows great store of Saffron which was first brought into England in the reign of King Edward the third This in the month of July every third year being plucked up and after twenty dayes having the root split and set again in the earth about the end of September it putteth forth a whitish-blew flower out of the midst where of there come three chives which are gathered in the morning before Sun-rising and being plucked out of the flower are dried by a soft fire and so great is the increase that commeth thereof that out of every Acre of ground there are made fourscore or an hundred pound weight of Saffron whilst it is moist which being dryed yeeld some twenty pound weight And the ground which three years together hath brought Saffron is so enriched thereby that it will bear very good Barley many yeares together without dung or manuring Camb. Brit. p. 453. 27. All along the shores of the Red-sea are abundance of Palm-Trees of a very strange nature They grow in couples Male and Female both thrust forth cods full of seed but the Female is only fruitful and that not except growing by the male and having her seed mixed with his The pith of these Trees is an excellent sallet better than an Artechoke Of the branches are made bedsteads Lattices c. Of the leaves Baskets Mats Fans c. Of the outward husk of the cod cordage of the inward brushes The fruit it beareth is like a Fig and finally it is said to yeild whatsoever is necessary for the life of Man It is the nature of this tree that if never so great a weight be laid upon it it will lift raise up it self the more for which it was given to conquerors in token of victory Herb. Trav. 28. In Italy there grows an Herb called Balilisco which hath this innate property that if it be laid under a stone in some moist place in two days space it produceth a Scorpion Raimunds Mercu. Ital. 29. The Assa-Faetida Tree is like our Bryer in height the Leaves resemble Fig-leaves the root is like our Radish though the smell be so bace yet the taste is so pleasing that no meat no sauce on vessel is pleasing to the Gusarat● pallats where it grows except it rellish of it Herb. Trav. 30 Benjamin is either pure cleer and white or yellow and streaked This Gum issues from an high tree small and furnished with fruitlesse branches the leaves are not unlike to those of the Olive Pegu and Siam yeild the best 31. The Coco tree is very rife in the East-Indies In the whole world there is not a tree more profitable than this is neither do men reap more benefit of any other tree than of this The heart of the Tree makes good timber planks and masts for ships with the leaves thereof they make sails with the rind of it they make cordage A Gum that grows out of it caulks the ship the fruit of it is a kind of Nut which being full of kernel and a sweet liquor serves for meat and drink much wine also it yeilds of the wine they make Sugar and Placetto The wine they gather in the spring of the year out of

cureth ulcers in the bladder or kidneys caused by the stone and provoketh urine abundantly Green wounds it cleanseth closeth up and quickly healeth being drunk with salt it looseth and with Sugar it bindeth the belly About fifty years ago these Wells were famous and in great request many resorting to them and the water by others was sent for far and near Idem p. 562. 45. In Herefordshire a little beneath Richards Castle Nature who never disports her self more in shewing wonders than in waters hath brought forth a pretty well which is alwayes full of little fish bones although they be drawn out from time to time whence it s commonly called Bone-Well Idem p. 619. 46. In Yorkshire upon the Sea-shore by Sken-grave when the winds are laid and the weather is most calm upon the Sea the water lying level and plain without any noise there is heard here many times on a sudden a great way off as it were an horrible and fearful groaning which affrights the Fishermen at those times so that they dare not launce forth into the Sea Idem p. 720. 47. Pliny tells us of the Fountain Chymaera that is set on fire with water and put out with earth or hey Plin. nat Hist. Lib. 2. c. 106 107. 48. The same Author also tells us that in the hot deserts of India grows a certain kind of Flax that lives in the fire and consumes not we have seen saith he table-cloathes made of it burning in fires at feasts by which they have been cleansed from their stains and spots and made whiter by the fire than they could be by water 49. At Belgrad in Hungary where Danubius and Sava two great Rivers meet their waters mingle no more than water and Oil not that either flote above other but joyn unmixed so that near the middle of the River I have gone in a boat saith Sir Henry Blunt in his voyage into the Levant and tasted of the Danow as clear and pure as a well then putting mine hand an inch further I have taken of the Sava as troubled as a street-channel tasting the gravel in my teeth Thus they ran sixty miles together and for a dayes journey I have been an eye-witness of it CHAP. IV. The wonderful works of God in the Creatures Of strange Fishes 1 ANno Christi 1204. at Oreford in Suffolk a fish was taken by the Fishermen at Sea in shape resembling a wild man and by them was presented to Sir Bartholomew de Glanvil Keeper of Oreford Castle In all his limbs and members he resembled a man had hair in all the usual parts of his body only his head was bald The Knight caused meat to be set before him which he greedily devoured and did eat fish raw or sod that which was raw he pressed with his hand till he had squeezed out all the moisture He uttered not any speech though to try him they hung him up by the heels and grievously tormented him He would get him to his Couch at the setting of the Sun and rise again at the Sun-rising One day they brought him to the haven and let him go into the Sea but to prevent his escape they set three rows of very strong nets before him to catch him again at their pleasure but he straitwayes diving to the bottom crept under all their nets and shewed himself again to them and so often diving he still came up and looked upon them that stood on the shore as it were mocking of them At length after he had sported himself a great while in the water and there was no hope of his return he came back to them of his own accord and remained with them two months after But finally when he was negligently looked to he went to the Sea and was never after seen or heard of Fabians Chron. 2. Anno Christi 1404. some women of Edam in the Low-Countries as they were going in their barks to their cattel in Purmer-Meer they often saw at the ebbing of the water a Sea-women playing up and down whereat at the first they were afraid but after a while incouraging one another they made with their boats towards her and the water by this time being not deep enough for her to dive in they took her by force and drew her into the boat and so carried her to Edam where in time she grew familiar and fed of ordinary meats and being sent from thence to Herlem she lived about fifteen years but never spake seeking often to get away into the water Belg. Common-Wealth p. 102. 3. In the Seas near unto Sofala are many Women-Fishes which from the belly to the neck are very like a woman The Females have breasts like womens with which also they nourish their young From the belly downward they have thick and long tails with fins like a Dolphin the skin on the belly is white on the back rougher than a Dolphins They have arms which from the elbows end in fins and so have no hands the face is plain round and bigger than a mans deformed and without humane semblance They have wide mouths thick hanging lips like a Hound four teeth hanging out almost a span long like the tusk of a Boar and their nostrils are like a Calves Pur. Pil. v. 2. p. 1546. 4. Upon the coasts of Brasile are often found Meer-Men which are like unto men of a good stature but that their eyes are very hollow 5. Captain Richard Whitburn in his description of Newfound-land writes that Anno Christi 1610. early in a morning as he was standing by the water side in the harbour of St Johns he espied a strong Creature swimming very swiftly towards him like a women looking chearfully upon him Her Face Eyes Nose Mouth Chin Ears Neck and Forehead were like a womans It was very beautiful and in those parts well proportioned having hair hanging down round about the head He seeing it come within a pikes length of him stepped back whereupon it dived under water swimming to another place whereby he beheld the shoulders and back down to the middle which was as square white and smooth as the back of a man from the middle to the hinder part it pointed in proportion like a broad-hooked Arrow Afterwards it came to a Boat wherein some of his men were attempting to come in to them till one of them struck it a full blow upon the head Others of them saw it afterwards also 6. About Brasile are many Meer-Men and Meer-Women that have long hair and are very beautiful They often catch the Indians as they are swimming imbracing them and kissing them and clasp them so hard that they crush them to death and when they perceive that they are dead they give some sighs as if they were sorry Pur. Pil. v. 4. p. 1315. 7. There are also another sort of them that resemble Children and are no bigger that are no ways hurtful Idem 8. The Torpedo is a strange kind of fish which a man holding in