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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
water_n	honey_n	oil_n	precipitate_v	219	3	16.1735	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A96634	The remaining medical works of that famous and renowned physician Dr. Thomas Willis ... Viz I. Of fermentation, II. Of feavours, III. Of urines, IV. Of the ascension of the bloud, V. Of musculary motion, VI. Of the anatomy of the brain, VII. Of the description and uses of the nerves, VIII. Of convulsive diseases : the first part, though last published, with large alphabetical tables for the whole, and an index ... : with eighteen copper plates / Englished by S.P. esq.	Willis, Thomas, 1621-1675.; Loggan, David, 1635-1700?	1681 (1681)	Wing W2855A; ESTC R42846	794,310	545

as yet included within the scarce hollow gums hence the blood being hindred in its Circulation causes a tumour and so presses the nerves and also pours on them the more sharp particles of the Serum by which being notably pulled or hauled they are tormented with Corrugations and painfull Spasms Therefore when so cruel pains happen to children from their breeding Teeth it is no wonder if a feavour and also Convulsive motions sometimes follow the former of these happens both for as much as the blood being hindred about the pained part is not circulated with its wonted and equall course wherefore it becomes inordinatly moved in the whole Body and besides because Spasms being stirred up somewhere in the nervous stock the corrugated and contracted nerves presse together and pull the Arteries and by that reason stir up irregular and feavourish fluctuations in the Blood But sometimes Couvulsions happen in breeding Teeth both because the blood growing hot sends forth heterogeneous particles to the animal government and so stirs up the spirits into explosions and besides also when this acute pain and as it were a Lancing follows upon the teeth being about to cut it communicates a very troublesome and irritative sense from the affected parts to the first sensorie presently from thence the motion of the rage is retorted by the same or other neighbour nerves which by reason of a praevious disposition doth not rarely become convulsive Besides these two occasions of Convulsions which are wont to be chiefly and more often in children to wit the times of Infancy and breeding Teeth this Distemper also is excited at other Times very often and for other Causes For in whom the Seeds of the Spasmodick Disposition is sown they sometimes unsold themselves presently after the birth and are ripened into morbid fruit or else lying hid for a while they now come before the breeding of Teeth and follow a long time after it and by reason of other evident causes to wit either external or Internal of which sort are a sickly or breeding nurse milk Coagulated in the stomack or degenerating into an acid or bitter putrifection a feavourish distemperature of the head Ulcers or wealks of other parts suddenly vanishing the Changes of the aire the Conjunctions oppositions and aspects of the Sun and moon and such like they at length break forth into Act from an uncertain event Concerning these there is no need that we should particularly discourse When all the Children of a man dwelling in the neighbourhood dyed of Convulsions within the space of three months at length to prevent that fatal event they sought for remedies for a child newly born I being sent for a few days after the being brought to bed first advised the making an Issue in the nape of the neck then that the next day after a leech being applyed to the jugular veine of each side two ounces of blood should be taken away besides that about every conjunction or opposite aspect of the Sun and moon about five grains of the following powder should be given in a spoonfull of Julap for three days morning and evening Take of humane Skull prepared of the root of the male Paeonie each ʒ i. of the powder of Pearls ʒ ss of white sugar ʒ i. mingle them and make a very fine powder Take of the waters of Black Cherries ℥ iii. of the antiepileptic of Langius ℥ i. of the Syrrop of the flowers of the male Paeonie ʒ vi mingle them also I order'd that the nurse at the same times should take a draught of whey or posset drink in which were boyled the seeds and roots of the male Paeonie and the leaves of the Lilly of the Vally the Infant for about four months was well but then began to be troubled with Convulsions at which time the same Remedies being administred both to the child and to the nurse in a larger dose vesicatories also were applyed behind the eares and blood was taken by the sucking of a Leech from the jugular veins within two or three days the child grew well afterwards whenever within four or five months the Convulsions return'd it was cured again by the use of the same Remedies After half a year the Convulsive motions wholly ceased but a painfull Tumour arose about the lower part of the Spinae dorsi or back-bone from which proceeded a certain distortion of the Vertebrae or joynts of the back bone and a weakness of the legs and at length a Palsie It seems in this case that the Spasmodic or Convulsive matter being wont to come upon the brain first and beginings of the nerves entring at last the Spinal marrow and being thrust out at its further end it wholly stopt up the heads of the appending nerves and shut out the passage of the Spirits to wit because other narcotick and more thick had joyned themselves to the explosive particles The Curatory Method against the Convulsive Distempers in Children IT is to be endeavour'd either to prevent the Convulsive passions threatning Children and Infants or to cure them being already begun For if the former children of the same parent were obnoxious or lyable to Convulsions that evill ought to be prevented timely The Preservation of Infants from Convulsions by the use of Remedies to those born after It is usuall for this end to put into the mouth of the child newly born some antispasmodick Remedy assoon as it begins to breath from hence some are wont to give them some drops of the purest hony others a Spoonfull of Canary sweetned with Sugar and some again oyl of Sweet Almonds fresh drawn to some may be given half a Spoonfull of epileptic water or one drop of oyle of Amber Besides these first things given to Infants which certainly seem to be of some moment certain other Remedies and means of Administrations ought to be used to wit let one spoonfull of Liquor proper to this distemper be drunk twice a day as for example Take of the water of black Cherry and of Rue each ℥ i ss of the Antiepileptic of Langius ℥ i. of the Syrrup of Corall ʒ vi of prepared Pearl gr xv mix them in a Viol. On the third or fourth day after the birth let an Issue be made in the nape of the neck then if it be of a fresh Countenance let a little blood to about ℥ i ss or ii ounces be taken by the sucking of Leeches from the jugular veins having a care lest the blood should flow out too plentifully in its sleep let the temples and the hinder part of the neck be gently rub'd with such a like oyntment Take of oyle of nutmegs by expression ʒ ii of Capive ʒiii of Amber ℈ i. Let an Amulet be hung about the neck of the roots and seeds of the greater Paeonie a little of the hoof of an Elke being added to it Moreover antispasmodick Remedies should be dayly given to the Nurse The Method of Curing to be used to the Nurses Let her

with their coming between and amplifie and enlarge the lineaments of the Body otherwise too short and contracted 4. Water is the chiefest Vehicle of Spirit and Sulphur by whose intervention they consociate one with another and with Salt for the other Principles being dissolved by a watery humor or at least diluted continue in motion without which they grow stiff as congealed things When Water is wanting the active Principles meet together too strictly and mutually rub against and consume themselves and when for this reason the suppliment of food is cut off the Body grows withered If humidity abounds too much these Elements are estranged or dissociated too much one from the other wherefore the subject becomes sluggish and slow and of less efficacy and unapt for motion Besides Bodies too moist are lyable very much to rottenness and Corruption because from too much Humidity the Combination of Spirit and Sulphur and Salt is too loosely effected that they do not mutually embrace one another nor are retained with their embracement in the subject Indeed Water abounding easily evaporates and then the frame of the mixture being loosened and the doors set open Spirit and Sulphur easily break forth the way being made and leave the subject as it were vapid or made sharp with Salt for from hence the infusions of Vegitables Decoctions Juices of Herbs and all Liquid preparations if the quantity of Water be greater than the rest of the Principles and improportionate quickly Corrupt Water is most easily drawn forth out of every thing by Distillation for when Spirit and Sulphur are often intangled with nets of Salt or Earth they hardly let go-their embraces and are not obedient but to a more intense heat and often times require a previous Putrefaction Water most easily and often with no labour is driven out of every Body But most often it snatches in its flying away some more loose Particles of Spirit and Sulphur and carries them with itself forth of doors 5. As the interjection of Water in Liquids so of Earth in Solids fills the empty little Spaces and Vacuities left by the other Principles For these hinder the active Principles from a too streight embrace whereby they should rub against themselves and cleave one to another also by its thickness it retains too Volatile things besides it inlarges the due substance and magnitude in Bodies The more that Earth abounds in any thing it is so much the less active but of longer duration hence Minerals endure a long while then next the greater Trees in the mean time Animals and the more slender Plants are but of short age In Distillations Earth ascends the Alembic almost not at all or but in a very little quantity for the most part it is left with a portion of Salt for a Caput Mortuum or Dead Head therefore it is called Terra Damnata or damned Earth because when the other Principles are freed the Prison being as it were broken this is still detained besides Earth being deprived of the Company of the rest is of no Use nor capable of change or exaltation Thus much for the Elements or Principles of Natural things considered apart and by themselves It follows that some of their Affinities and Conjugations be unfolded because these very strictly cohere with those and very hardly or not at all are joyned with others Out of the mutual Combination of some and disagreement of others various Affections arise the knowledg of which gives no little Light to the Doctrine of Fermentation There is a certain Kindred and Similitude of parts between Spirit and Sulphur which are agil or light and easily to be dissipated in both wherefore Spirit being driven forth of the Body draws abundantly with it Sulphureous Particles as is discerned in Spirituous Liquors Distilled out of any thing to some of which if you mingle Water the Liquor appears as it were troubled with precipitated Sulphur but the Spirit without the Sulphur is undiscernably mixed with the Water which however by reason of is Volatility may be also easily drawn away and separated by Distillation Altho Spirit and Sulphur are Principles very resembling and because of a ready motion either are inflameable yet they are not one and the same as is asserted by some For Sulphur Copiously subsists in Bodies almost destitute of Spirit to wit in common Sulphur Antimony and other Minerals in which its Particles are very fixed and of their own nature almost immoveable which is very far from the Nature of Spirits For they abounding in any mixture never lye idle and always in motion bring various alterations to the Subject where they dwell then if they abound in strength they easily and without tumult carry themselves forth of doors of their own accord But Sulphur altho it abound doth not easily evaporate but hath need of a strong heat or an actual fire that may make a way for it and lastly it breaks forth not without a stink or burning yea if you endeavour to Distil Oyly and Fat things although very Sulphureous with a moderate Fire they are wont to yield a Liquor only Waterish and not inflameable but if we provoke generous Wine which swells with Spirit by the gentle heat of a Bath a most burning Water will Still forth and apt wholly to be inflamed Spirit is not presently joyned with Salt For Sugar and Salts are scarcely dissolved by the rectified Spirit of Wine but are after a manner associated by a long digestion and circulation as is perceived in the Volatile Salt of Animals or Tincture drawn forth from the Salts of Herbs or of Minerals by the Spirit of Wine If that Spirits excel in plenty and virtue they assume to themselves and Volatilise the Saline Particles And therefore the Salt contained in the Juice or Blood of Animals being associated with Spirit is volatilised also the Spirit of Wine being Distilled by many Cohalations with the fixed Salt of Herbs renders it Volatile and makes it pass through the Alembic but if the power of the Salt be greater it tames the Spirit and fixes it Hence the blood being become Salt by means of an ill dyet becomes less Spirituous Fixed Salts and the Oyl of Vitriol fix the Spirits grown too volatile and unbridled and Coagulate the Spirit of Wine it self But Sulphur is a more fit subject of the Spirit by the coming between of which it easily is united with Salt and the other Principles and as Spirit best agrees with Sulphur and Water so Sulphur intimately cleaves to Earth and Salt As to Sulphur besides its affinity with Spirit it hath a great relation with Salt it self to the volatilisation of which it doth not a little help wherefore in Bodies which abound with a volatile Salt there is found plenty of Sulphur as in Amber Soot Hornes and Bones as also in the excrements of living Creatures where Salt and Sulphur are in motion and evaporate from the subject a very stinking smell is sent forth for Sulphur being

Urine not without a pleasant Spectacle If you pour upon warm blood the spirit of Wine Harts Horn Soot Vitriol or other Liquors chiefly Spirituous or Saline a wonderful Ebullition and heat is stirred up whence we may conjecture after what manner it grows turgid in Feavers But before the rest the Salt of Tartar and a Solution of Alum procure both in Blood and in Urin a great perturbation of the Liquor and falling down of the parts for these disturb all the Contents in the pores and passages of the Liquor and by their astriction very much lock them up for a long time Precipitation in Artificial things is of greater note and use for this for the most part follows Dissolutions and succeeds them as it were by a certain right of Order because this takes out of their Jaws and as it were lays by the prey which all Menstrua take by dissolving According to the diversity of the Menstruum and of the Body dissolved Precipitation also variously happens but in some Subjects there are two chief remarkable things concerning the manner of Precipitation to wit the soluted Particles immersed in the pores and passages of the Menstruum are wont to fall out of them either by reason of the narrowness of the conteining space or else by reason of the Contents being increased in weight and bigness for in some the pores of the Solvent being either leisurely bound up or beset with a strange Body shut forth from their Cells the little Bodies of the thing soluted and send them to the bottom as may be observed in Sulphureous Solutions or such as are made of the whole mixture of integral parts in a thin Liquor which are disturbed and lay away their Contents by external cold simple water or at least by any Acid infusion After this manner resinous Tinctures also of Sulphur Olibanum Benzoin and the infusions and decoctions of Vegetables also Urin Milk and Blood are wont to be Precipitated but in several others besides that the pores and passages of the Menstruum are either leisurely drawn together or possessed by a new guest also somthing new grows to the Particles of the thing soluted from the Precipitating matter whereby being increased in weight and bulk they can be no longer sustained but that they are necessitated to sink to the bottom This is chiefly seen in the Saline Solutions of Minerals which are only Precipitated by the Salts whose Particles presently cleave to the little Bodies of the thing soluted and increase their substance that presently they descend to the bottom by their own weight For in Saline solutions the little Bodies of the thing soluted are strictly bound together by the fluid Menstruum with the Saline Particles and the Particles run hastily and are heaped together into the Embraces of the same fluid Salt from the Precipitating infusion of the fixed Salt wherefore when these three to wit the little Bodies of either Salt and of the soluted matter do cohere together they constitute greater grains than can be contained in the narrow spaces of the Menstruum and therefore being thrust out they fall down towards the bottom That this does truly happen after this manner the great affinity both of the fluid and fixed Salt is a sign that the Particles of both being placed near or mixed together are presently combined in one also because many solutions of Minerals are presently Precipitated by a fixed Salt but not by Vitriol or Alum being put in which do much more bind and stop up the pores of the Liquor Thirdly it appears clearly even to sense because that the matter put for a Precipitate far exceeds the thing soluted in bulk and weight and is impregnated by the fixed Salt adhering to it But these being thus disposed we will descend to the particular cases of Percipitations forasmuch as Precipitation is made manifold to wit according to the diversity of the Menstruum of the soluted matter and the Precipitating infusion Simple water though it do not well sustain the Particles of the mixture which it receives into it self by infusion or Cohesion yet hardly sends them away by Precipitation For the pores of this Menstruum are too open and loose wherefore the Precipitating matter doth not easily strike the little Bodies of the thing soluted in the mean time by reason of the more loose frame of the Menstruum some parts of the soluted Body sink down others of their own accord evaporate from whence that Liquor doth not long keep the Virtues or Tincture with which they are impregnated by another As some more thick parts and Terrestrial may be thrust down to the bottom or otherways separated we put in the Juice of Limons or some acid thing or boil in it the whites of Eggs to wit that whatsoever is thick might cleave to their viscous substance Spirituous and Sulphureous Menstrua being impregnated with the Sulphureous Particles of the thing soluted easily lay by their burthen for they are Precipitated by common or any Distilled water as is seen in Sulphureous and Resinous Tinctures of Sulphur Scammony Benzoin Frankincense and others of that kind prepared by the Spirit of Wine or Oyl of Turpentine which presently grow Milky by Water or Phlegm being infused For in these sort of solutions the pores are wholly possessed that they admit nothing besides the thing soluted and besides both the Liquor and soluted Matter are so thin that they easily give place to any thing else being infused When Menstruas of this kind are filled with Saline Particles as we may observe in the Tinctures of the Salt of Corrals of Tartar and such like Precipitation does not presently succeed from common water but from an Acid Liquor as the Spirit of Vitriol Salt c. Saline Menstruas impregnated by the solutions of Stones or Metals are most easily Precipitated by Saline Particles and scarce by others The chief Precipitatory Liquor is the Salt of Tartar or of Herbs burnt to Ashes deliquated or melted for this strikes back the Particles of every soluted thing whatsoever and sends them headlong to the bottom to wit forasmuch as it passes through every where the little spaces of the solvent and sticking to the Contents increases them in bulk that they more easily fall out of the pores of the Menstruum bound also together with their own weight What fluid Salt as Vinegar Stygian waters c. dissolves the same a fixed Salt precipitates and on the contrary because Salt of Tartar being melted most excellently penetrates common Sulphur and receives the Tincture which then is precipitated by a fluid Salt viz. by the Spirit of Vitriol and the like which indeed does not happen by reason of the disagreeing Particles of the Salts and mutually opposing one another but for that the same are greatly of kin and rush into mutual Embraces for from hence the little grains of the thing soluted by reason of the cohering of both the Salts together being increased in bulk and weight are more

1657. I observed very many affected after this manner for when after an hot and dry Summer about the middle of Autumn an Intermitting Feaver generally raged the sick were wont suddenly to grow very ill in the middle of their hot fit and somtimes also in their sweating and the Sweat being struck in to be taken with Swooning but shortly after when a Choleric Vomiting followed they were eased Not only the signs and symptoms but the Procatartic or more remote Causes of this Disease clearly indicate that it takes its rise from the temper of the Blood being changed because Intermitting Feavers are most frequent in the season and places in which the Blood receives the greatest alteration from the Air viz. either in the Spring when the vernal heat shutting out the Winters cold causes the Blood before benumed and apt to be more slowly moved to begin to flourish and luxuriate in the Vessels and from thence to get a bilous and hot temper or in the Autumn when the Blood being torrified or roasted by the Summers heat and therefore its Spirits very much depressed and Salt and Sulphur exalted acquires now a sharp and Choleric now a binding and austere disposition wherefore at this season Feavers now Tertian now Quartan are frequent besides in some places there is that constitution of the Heaven that on all men whatsoever there comes either a Tertian or more frequently a Quartan Feaver although in the first offices where the Mine of the Disease is commonly believed to be lodged there be no congestion of humors by reason of an ill manner of living or sickly disposition Yea they most easily fall into this Disease who have their inwards firm and strong and who abound with a lively heat on the contrary those who by reason of a weak Concoction heap up Crudities in the first passages continually that they are prone to the Dropsie or Cachexia remain free for the most part from this Distemper to wit the Blood being made more watery like Wine degenerated into a tastless substance is altogether unapt to be fermented No less doth the Cure of Intermitting Feavers seem to prove this our Assertion whether it be Natural and Critical or Artificial and performed by the help of Medicines As to the first Intermitting Feavers are wont to be terminated after a twofold manner The first is when from the fits themselves the temper of the Blood is altered and oft times is reduced into its Natural disposition For when in every coming of the fit very much of Sulphur and adust Salt is burnt out and exhaled by Sweat the Liquor of the Blood by that means becomes more temperate and less torrid wherefore oftentimes this Disease is cured at six or seven periods and of its own accord ceases but if it be longer protracted and that the Blood being somwhat changed from the sharp and bilous temper or disposition is not restored to its Natural temper somtimes it degenerates into an Acid Watery and also Pontic or saltish temper from whence a long Tertian Feaver passes into a Quotidian or a Quartan also oftentimes because the Blood is greatly depraved by the long continuance of this Feaver the Jaundies or the Scurvy or the Cachexia follow The other manner whereby this Disease is terminated is when the change of the Air or the Country brings a notable alteration of the Blood for so Feavers begun at the times of the Equinoxes are ended about the time of the Solstices also the sick traveling into another Region often grow well As to the cure of it by the Institutions of the Medicines it uses to be done two ways viz. Empirically and Dogmatically and in this Disease Empirical remedies sought from Quack-salvers and old Women are more esteemed and oftentimes do more than the prescriptions of Physicians administred after the exact method of cureing Empirical Remedies which are said to cure Intermitting Feavers or Agues are of that sort which drive away the approaching Fit without any Evacuation and are either taken inwardly or are outwardly applyed where the Pulses chiefly beat viz. For the most part they are bound either to the region of the heart or to the hand-wrists or to the soles of the feet these sometimes are so commonly known to help that some have warranted the sudden cure of this Disease by these Remedies under the pain of some Forfeiture Wherefore it is worth our inquiry how these operate and by what way or means they stop the Feaverish accessions It is clear First that those which are outwardly applyed do immediatly impart force and action to the Blood and Spirits and when they drive away the Fit by preventing without the Evacuation of humor or any matter of necessity the reason of this effect consists only in this that by the use of these sort of Medicines the turgescency or swelling up of the Blood with the Feaverish matter and Fermentation are stop'd to wit from the Medicine tyed about the Body certain little Bodys or Effluvia are communicated to the Blood which do very much fix and bind together the particles of it or also as it were precipitate them by fusing and shaking them and by either way the spontaneous growing hot of the Blood is hindred as when cold water is put into a boyling Pot or as when Vinegar or Alum is flung into new and working Beer presently Fermentation ceases and the Liquor acquires a new tast and consistency whereby it becomes fit to be drunk as if it had been kept to ripen a long time But that these Ague-stoppers do work after this manner it is plainly seen because those which are of principal note do excell in a Styptic and binding force or else with a precipitating virtue hence Sea-salt Nitre Sal-gemmae the Juice of Plantan Shepherds-burse any binding Herbs pounded with Vinegar and the like bound to the wrists the root of Yarrow Tormentile also Campher hung about the neck are said to take away this Disease yea those also which are taken inwardly are of the same rank The Juice of Plantan Red-rose water Alum for that they fix and constrain the Blood a decoction of Piper Sal Armoniac or of Wormwood Spirit of Vitrial also a sudden passion of anger or fear forasmuch as they precipitate the Blood by fusing and shaking it do oftentimes hinder the Agues approach even as the Concussion and shaking much any Liquour or the infusion of astringent things into it hinder its spontaneous Effervescency and rage It is usual with some Empiricks for the cure of Agues to tye a little knot in a Linnen rag or a piece of Paper roled up so strickly to the wrists pressing hard upon the beating of the Pulse that the circulation of the Blood is somewhat hindred and by this means the Aguish fit coming on is driven away Very many by this way I have none to be most certainly cured of a tedious sickness the reason of which seems to be that whilst the Blood is hindred from its motion in

But what most usually comes to pass that this sort of Urine big with contents as long as it is hot and some time after seems clear and perspicuous when it grows cold is wont to be troubled and as if some Runnet were infused to be precipitated according to all its parts yet the same if held near the fire or in warm water for a little space shall grow clear again The reason of this is already fully unfolded where we spake of the Causes of Cloudiness and of Clearness 4. After that the Urine being exposed to the cold is precipitated in this manner it may be observed by what means its contents descend to the bottom for sometimes they settle in a short time and if the liquor grows clear in the space of two or three hours it is a sign that the liquor of the urine is not too thick nor very much filled with Salt and Sulphur wherefore in the beginning or declination of Feavers when the heat is slack such an urine is most often made sometimes such a settlement follows not but in the space of many days the reason of which is because the consistence of the liquor is thicker than it should be therefore the contents or dissolved things are not so easily let go from its embrace that they may fall down to the bottom by their weight These kind of urines are wont to be made in the state or height of Feavers and most often precede an evil Crisis 5. Of no less a diverse kind are the sediments which fall to the bottom That I may pass over in this place the filthy matter and blood sand gravel and the like deposited from some parts I shall mention those which are the products of the whole body and they for the most part are either white or brown or red like Oker If you strain urine when it hath stood long through brown paper you may collect these contents I have often seen a whiteness like Chalk and sometimes red like Bole Armene without doubt there is the same matter of all to wit the recrements of the deflagrated blood and of the nutritious juyce depraved in the assimilating which as they are burnt by heat in our body and diversly perverted appear also in the urine under a various colour and form even as Antimony mixed with Nitre as it is more or less calcined exhibits a Calx now red now Saffron-colour now yellow now brown The like reason is as it seems of the sediments of urines which are as it were the Calx of the sulphureous and earthy matter burnt forth by the fire of the Feaver in the Viscera and Vessels 6. Besides these kinds of Contents which happen in the Urines of sick people I have often observed that after the urine had stood a long while something was affixed to the sides of the glass like sand and indeed in divers figures for now these little bodies like sand grow together with a sharp and unequal superficies now with ridges like the Crystals of Nitre and some shine and are pellucid like Ice I have seen these kind of Crystals fixed to the Urinal sometimes in the urines of those troubled with a Dysentery also in those troubled with pertinacious wakings Sometimes in urines when they have stood long a certain Cream will swim on the top as when Tartar is boiled in water this kind of whitish crust growing together in the superficies of the urine is commonly thought to be fat and fattish things and taken for the melting of the solid parts wherefore such as are wont to make such an urine are presently pronounced to be consumptive and in a desperate condition But indeed that is only a saline concretion which if put into the fire will not melt but grows hard into a crusty substance Yea both this and the other concrescences of urines are as it were the Tartar brought forth in them by a certain Coagulation But such a concretion depends altogether on the particles of the fluid or acetous Salt combined with others of the fixed or Alcalisate Salt For in every subject where there is a commixtion of the Salts of either kind Crystallizations and Coagulations of a diverse manner are caused either spontaneously by Nature or may be procured by artificial separation wherefore this kind of urine on which this Cream swims or that Crystals gather in the sides of the Vessels indicates the blood to be departed from its sweet and Balsamick nature such as depends on the volatile Salt into an acid and corrosive by reason of the flux and fixity of the saline Principle Such an urine if it be evaporated leaves in the bottom of the Vessel great plenty of Salt the distempers wherein it is usually found as I have often observed are spitting of blood Atrophy or general wasting and the Hypochondriack disposition In the Urines of sick people it is worth observation whether they dye the Urinal or not For sometimes in Feavers the urine is no sooner put into the Glass but presently it darkens its sides with a whitish cloud and again at another time this does not happen I suppose that the Glass is dyed when the liquor of the urine is fuller of dissolved Sulphur than its pores can contain within themselves as may be perceived in Lye wherein common Sulphur or Antimony is boiled Also every urine if it stand in the Glass till it putrifie will infect its sides with a crust or cloud sometimes whitish sometimes reddish sometimes of another colour for the frame of the liquor being loosned by putrefaction the particles of the Sulphur being loosned from the bond of mixture stick to the Glass But in the urines of sick people sometimes this presently follows because the Sulphur is more copiously dissolved than can be included in its pores As to what respects the particular Contents of Urines they indeed are manifold and may come from many parts and places yet they most often depend on diseases implanted about the Reins Bladder and Urinary passages sometimes it happens by reason of an Imposthume in the Liver Spleen Lungs or other Inward or by reason of preternatural humours heaped up in those places and flowing out with their fulness an extraneous matter is transmitted into the mass of blood and thence into the serous Juyce but this happens more rarely because an Imposthume being broken within for the most part pours out its matter into the cavities of the Viscera from which there is no passage open into the urinary passages besides the mass of blood flowing with impurities does not presently endeavour to send them forth by urine but oftner by sweat spitting breaking out of Wheals Tumors or by other ways of excretion Wherefore it appears by common observation that the other contents of urines than which we have above cited are chiefly sent from the Reins and their dependences the chief of which are sand stones blood matter bits of flesh skins branny or mealy sediments which for the most part signifie either

to wit whether by Accension or by Fermentation or by any other way we shall first in general inquire by what means and for what causes any liquid things are wont to grow hot then we shall consider to which of these the growing hot of the blood ought to be attributed Concerning these we say that there are only three ways or so many kinds of causes by which Liquors conceive a heat viz. first by fire or heat being put to them as when water is made to seeth or boil over the fire or that it grows hot by the heat of the Sun a Bath or Stove or by the dissolution of quick Lime instances of all which are commonly known For the same reason bath-Bath-waters seem to boil For that we may instance in our own Baths to wit they are impregnated neither with Sulphur nor fixed Salt as I have plainly experimented by distilling and evaporating them and by pouring into them precipitating Liquors yea by dissolving them with Sulphur and many other ways They most resemble Lime-water and they as we believe grow hot from a like cause to wit by imbibing the fiery little bodies somewhere hid within the Earth Of these unless it had been superfluous we had here given a fuller description which may perhaps be done at some other time Secondly when saline Corrosives which are of a diverse kind being mingled with themselves or with sulphureous things work mutually one on another with a great strife and agitation of Particles and oftentimes excite heat yea sometimes fume and flame as when the Spirit and Butter of Antimony are poured to or mixed with stygian Water wherein lixivial Salts are melted or with Oyl of Turpentine or other distilled things besides when corrosive Liquors eat metallick Bodies they often grow hot Thirdly and the only way besides as I suppose whereby a liquid thing is made hot is when any humour being very much imbued with Sulphur or Spirit conceives a burning by putting a flame to it and so grows hot by burning forth This is ordinarily seen in oily or very spirituous Liquors being inkindled and inflamed There remain indeed some other ways of Calefaction to wit Fermentation Putrefaction and Attrition whereby more thick Bodies or Solids often conceive a fervour but they produce not such an effect in Liquids whilst the mealy Mass or Dough is fermented the active Particles being stirred up into motion unfold themselves on every side and lift up the bulk or substance of the subject in the mean time for as much as the sulphureous Particles being agitated with them take hold one of another and begin to be combined a certain heat though more remiss is excited in like manner from Putrefaction Dung or wet Hay get an heat to wit for as much as the sulphureous Particles within included are very thickly heaped up together then being combined together they break out in troops yet no Liquors either thin or thick whether they ferment or putrifie do for that reason at any time grow hot For Wines whilst in fermenting they break in pieces the sides of the Tun or overflow the top of the Vessel with a great noise and ebullition do not actually grow hot yea not so much as grow warm The blood being let out of the Body and placed in convenient Glasses either to ferment or putrifie doth not get any actual heat yet in truth we grant the Blood in living Creatures to be fermented and by fermenting to be putrified yea and some other offices of the animal oeconomy to perform the same moreover we have formerly shewed from its Fermentation being hindred or too much increased or otherwise depra●ed divers kinds of diseases to be produced yet we deny the heat of the blood to be excited by Fermentation Because neither the blood of more frigid Animals nor Wines nor any other Liquors though agitated with the highest Fermentation are for that reason actually hot And indeed the reason seems evident enough to wit because the sulphureous Particles being raised up in the more thick subjects though they lay hold on one another mutually and being more thickly heaped together raise up heat yet in Liquids the same kind of Particles however stirred up or agitated are immediately disjoyned by the watry coming between and are hindred from their mutual embrace and combination so that they cannot of themselves produce an actual heat For the same reason hard Bodies being rubbed one against another or violently knocked or bruised do not only produce heat but oftentimes fire whenas yet Liquids however shaken and agitated do not grow warm Therefore as there are only three ways whereby actual heat may be begotten in all Liquors we shall inquire to which of these the heat of the Blood may be ascribed First Some say it is the first way from the opinion both of the Ancients and of some of the Moderns the Blood is said to grow hot by reason of some hot thing put to it to wit whilst those affirm an innate heat and these a little flame to be placed in the Heart and to heat the blood passing through it but either of these opinions easily fails from which it is clear that the Heart is a mere Muscle her doth contain in it self any tinder or matter for a flame or heat I know not how implanted fit for their continuance For though it be confessed that on the continual motion of this Bowel which is only animal the Circulation of the Blood doth depend yet the Heart borrows heat altogether from the blood and not the blood from the Heart Secondly As to what respects the second way of making hot a liquid thing to wit whereby a great heat is excited by the mixing of saline Corrosives together or also oily or by corroding a metallick Body I think there is none that will seriously assert that the blood grows hot from such a cause for that its liquor in its natural state is always homogene and although it be stuffed with plenty of Salt it is however with that which is volatile gentle and benign only But there is not to be found either in the Heart or in any other place a saline or any otherwise heterogene Mine whereby the bloody liquor by working or corroding may get or conceive an heat to wit it behoves either such a Mine or the Body to be corroded to be perpetually renewed because the ebullition and heat raised up by the strife of Salts ceases as soon as the Salts are combined or the Body corroded If at any time the saline Particles of the humours in our Body depart from their right temper and become enormous and unbridled for that reason the blood as to heat and motion enters into some irregularities yet it seems impossible that it should originally and perpetually become hot by the congression and strife or corrosion of the Salts Thirdly As to the third way whereby Liquids are made hot though it may seem an uncouth saying That the blood is so inkindled