infusion or decoction but when you would bind and corrobarate t is best in the substance there is also an extract prepared hereof but such a one which scarce purgeth stronger then when it is taken in the substance t is given in the substance t is given in the substance to two drachms in infusion to halfe an ounce Turpentine moves not only the belly Turpentine but the bowells and especially cleanseth the reines t is given with the powder of Rhubarbe or Licorish and Sugar made into a Bolus or with the yolke of an egg and some convenient water therewith wrought in a Morter and reduced into a milky liquor t is given from halfe an Ounce to six drachms Aloes is hot in the second degree Aloes and dry in the third exceeding bitter it opens the mouths of the veines and therefore is hurtfull to such as are apt to a Flux of blood or such as are with child and Hecticks and no way safe for those that are hot and dry extenuated t is most conveniently taken prepared and extracted and Rosated as they call it by reason of the bitternesse of it it is not easily given in drinke but in pills most properly it is given from halfe a drachm to three drachms Fleabane Fleawort or Flea-wort the seed of it is cold and dry in the second degree t is given in infusion rather then in the substance from a drachm to three drachms Stronger Purgers of Choler SCammony is hot and dry in the third degree Scamony it primarily drawes choler next Phlegmaticks humours and unlesse it be well corrected it frets the guts by its Acrimony causeth gripings opens the Orifices of the vessells and causeth a Flux of blood it hurts the stomack Liver and Heart inflames the Spirits and stirs up feavers and therefore we seldome use it alone and least that it should offend fat things are to be added Tragacanth Bdellium Oyle of sweet Almonds seed of Fleabane Cinamon Spike Galangale Fennell seed Quinces Mastick the juice of Violets and Roses t is commonly corrected by boyling it in the substance of a Quince and so prepared t is called Diagrydium there is also prepared of it an extract or Rosin it is scarcely fit to be given to those that are weake although it be corrected the dose of Dyagridium is given from five to fifteen graines some give a scruple Asarabecca purges choller by the Paunch Asarabecca yet it rather stirs up vomit it attenuates opens obstructions and provokes sweats and therefore is profitable for Hydropick and Icterick persons and such as are troubled with the Spleen and Quartan Agues t is given in the substance from halfe a Drachme to two Scruples or a Drachme in infusion from two Drachmes to halfe an ounce The milder purgers of Phlegme MYrobolans Mirobolanes Chebula Emblica Bellirick Chebulae which principally are good for the Braine and Liver according to some evacuate also black choller emblick which are appointed for the heart Spleen and Liver as also Bellirick are cold in the first and dry in the second degree and bind and therfore are not safely given in obstructions nor when Phleagme tenaciously cleaves to the guts but in fluctuations and in a loosenesse and when there is need of astriction and corroborating they are prepared according as we have shewed before of the Citron Myrobalams there is also the same Dose to be given Agarick purges onely thin and aqueous Phlegme Agarick but not viscide and principally evacuates the excrements of the Braine and Lungs opens obstructions of the bowells yet is not so commodious for the stomack and therefore the third part of Cloves Nutmegs Galingale Sal gemmae Ginger are to be added t is given in the substance to two Drachmes in in infusion from two Drachmes to halfe an ounce Mechoacan also purges Phlegme Mecoacan but principally serous and aqueous humors and therefore is excellent in Dropsies t is corrected with the third part of Cinamon Anniseed Mastick t is given from a drachme to two drachmes in the substance in infusion to halfe an ounce The stronger Purger of Phlegme TVrbith is hot in the third Turbith and dry in the second degree and drawes out thick and viscide Phlegme even from the remotest parts t is hurtfull to the stomack and causeth loathing and Vomit and is not to be given to children old men nor Women with child and when t is exhibited it is to be corrected with Ginger Mastick Pepper Cinamon Fennel Galingale nor must you eat fish after you have used it the Dose is from 2. scruples to 4. scruples in the substance in infusion or decoction from 2. Drachmes to 3. Drachms to 6. Drachms The seed of wild Saffron Seeed of Carthamus purgeth Fleagme and Water by Vomit and Stoole and is very good for the breast and such as have Asthmaes but it is an enemy to the stomack and therefore it is used with the third part of Cinamon Galingale Mastick or Anniseed t is given in decoction from three Drachmes to six Drachmes Coloquintida Coloquintida which is hot and dry in the third degree drawes out Flegme from the most profound and more remote parts Turbith cannot evacuate but is a most vehement medicine and offends the stomack and Guts when there is a Feaver and moreover it useth to be sod being bound up in a skin t is seldome used alone but instead thereof Troches made thereof which they call Alhandals are wont to be used t is corrected with Cinamon Tragacanth Mastick Bdellium and other Cordiacks Hepaticks and Stomaticks t is given to 15. graines or a Scruple Hermodactiles purge thick Phlegme especially from the joynts Hermodactiles and therefore is good for the Gout t is corrected with Cinamon Ginger Mints t is given in the substance from 2. scruples to a Drachme and halfe in infusion or decoction to 3. Drachmes Euphorbium is hot and drying the fourth degree Euphorbium it drawes away thick and tough Phlegme but more powerfully aqueous humours it is a violent medicine and t is reckoned by some rather among poysons then purgers t is corrected by cordials and stomaticks Oyle of sweet Almonds Saffron Mastick by the sowernesse of a Lynion or Cytron the highest Dose of it is 10. Graines Opopanax heates in the third Opopanax and dries in the second it drawes away thick and viscide Phlegme from the more remote parts and joynts t is corrected with the third part of Ginger Spike Cinamon or Mastick t is given from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme Sagapenum is hot in the third Sagapenum and dry in the second degree and purges clammy and thick humours from the Bowels Braine and more remote parts especially of old men hurts the stomack and Liver it is corrected as opopanax the Dose is from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme The milder Purgers of Melancholy and black humours INdian myrobolans are of the same nature with the rest of them
onely that these purge melancholy Indian Mirobolanes Polipodie evacuates adust choler as also Phlegme t is profitable in diseases of the splcene and Hypocondries Polipodie the Dose is from a Drachme to three Drachmes in infusion to an Ounce and above Epithymum purges a dust choller Epithymum and Melancholy without trouble and is profitable in Diseases proceeding from hence yet because t is hot and dry in the third degree t is safer to be used in Winter then in Summer t is given in the substance from two Drachmes to three Drachmes in infusion from halfe an ounce to an ounce Sena is as it were the middle betwixt the stronger and weaker hot in the second dry in the first Sena t is a very usefull medicine which not onely evacuates adust humours but also choler and Phlegme cleanseth all the bowels and is convenient for all ages when t is more dry t is not inconveniently corrected with the flowers of Violets and Burrage Ginger or Cinamon or the fourth part of Galingale is added to it the powder is given from a Drachme to two Drachmes in infusion from halfe an ounce to an ounce The stronger purgers of Melancholy and adust humors LApis Armenius purges dull thick melancholy humours Lapis Armenius yet more gently then Hellebore it is corrected by washing in Cordiall waters t is given from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme or sometimes to a Drachme and halfe Lapis Lazuli hath the same vertue but is something weaker t is corrected with Cordialls the Dose is the same Lapis Lasuli Black Hellebore is not usually to be given to children Black Hellebore women that are great nor to weake bodies and indeed it is more safely given in decoction then in the substance t is corrected with Cordialls and stomaticks t is given in the substance from a scruple to two nay to a Drachme in infusion or decoction from a Drachme to halfe an ounce Hydragogues and such as evacuate aqueous humours THe juice of the root of Flowerdeluce is hot and dry in the third Root of Orice opens drawes out thin Choller and water but for women with Child t is not so safe because it provokes the months t is corrected with a little Wine and Cinamon and Manna or honey of Roses is added or decoction of reysins of the Sun t is given from halfe an Ounce to an Ounce and halfe or two Ounces Gratiola or hedge Hyssop purges by stoole and vomit Hedge Hysop but troubles not a little the body t is corrected with Cinamon Anniseed Liquorish t is given in the substance to a Drachme in decoction from halfe an Ounce to an Ounce Elaterium or the juice of wild Cucumbers drawes water and choller out of the Bowels Elaterium and happily drawes forth the water of hydropick persons but it provokes vomit also gripes the bowels opens the mouthes of the Veines and unlesse it be cautiously exhibited doth mischiefe t is corrected with Tragacanth Fleawort Bdellium and Cinamon in the Dose you must not easily exceed six Graines The rine and juice of the root spurge Spurge purgeth and gnaweth powerfully and therefore is corrected with Bdellium Tragacanth Mucilage of Fleawort Cinamon Spike the Dose of the Barke of the Root is from six graines to fifteene graines but of the milke or juice from three graines to eight graines Mezereon whose force is fiery Mezereum exceeding sharpe exulcerating biting kindling Feavers dissolving the strength of the heart and noble parts and purging choller violently and Bilous serosities t is corrected with Sorrel with the juice of Pomegranates or of Quinces of Purslan Mucelage of the seed of Fleabane the Dose in the substance is from six grains to ten graines in the decoction from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme Dwarfe elder Elder Dwarfe or Dane wort and elder the seed and middle barke and juice of the root and leaves draw out water they are corrected with Cinamon the Dose of the berries is given to a Drachme of the barks to two drachms of the juice from halfe an ounce to six drachmes Soldanella or sea Colewort are the best remedy to draw out water but t is an enemy to the stomack Soldanella t is corrected with Cinamon and Ginger the Dose is from a drachme to 2. drachmes of the juice to halfe an ounce Gummigote purgeth choller and water Gummigote and oftentimes causeth vomit which is prohibited by the addition of the spirit of salt or Mace the Dose is from five graines to eight graines The root of Ialap powerfully and with violence purgeth serous and black humors t is given from a scruple to 2. scruples Ialap Although each of these do purge single humors yet some of them do purge other humors also secondarily Rhubarbe Aloes Cassia Agarick Scammony evacuate choller with Phleagme Myrobolanes Chebulae Lapis Armenius Lapis Lazuli Phlegme and black choller Sena Epithymum Polipodie black Hellebore purge choler Phleame and Melancholy the latter Physitians have drawne other medicines into use unknown to the Ancients prepared of Venus Mercury and Mars CHAP. XII Of Medicines that cause vomits SEcondly amongst evacuating medicines are such as cause vomitings Things causing vomits which indeed evacuate the stomack immediatly yet if they are too strong they draw the neighbouring Bowels and the greater veines they performe that for the most part by a peculiar propriety by reason of which they have an inclination upwards yet some of them for a manifest cause namely because they swim in the stomack and oppresse it and loosen the Orifice of the superior ventricle such are all fat and oily substances But some are gentle others indifferent strong others very strong The gentle are simple water or Barley water luke warme The most gentle especially with a little honey and salt dranke by little and little at one draught common oyle luke warme foure ounces or six ounces Hydromell largely taken Hydreles to ten ounces Figgs newly eaten and cold water dranked after The middle sort are the Flowers of Dill The middle sort as also the Seed of Orach and of Raddish they are given from two drachmes to halfe an ounce the root of Asarabecca and Orach are given in the substance to foure scruples Bittony the middle barke of a Walnut to a drachme in infusion to halfe an ounce the greene pill that cover the walnut shell dryed in an Oven from halfe a a drachm to a drachm the juice of Raddish to two ounces the tops of green Elder or the berries The strongest are the Rootes The strongest of Spurge of Sow-bread to a drachm in infusion from a drachm to two drachms the Rootes of white Hellebore in infusion from halfe a drachm to a drachm adding cardiacks Flowers of Danewort Barkes or Roote Flowers of broome seed of broome from two drachms to halfe an ounce the seed of spurge the husks being taken of ten in number
used every where containes onely sixty graines Drachimi and Darchimie or Darchimet with the Arabians the word being corrupted is called Drachmes in English a Drachm By Serapio and the same Arabicks it is also called Aureus and by the same these names Drachme and Aurei are often confounded But at other times Nummus Aureus or Denarius containes foure scruples namely a whole Drachm and the third part of a Drachm eight Drachms make an ounce and it is thus marked â„¥ i. Twelve ounces make a pound lb. Deunx makes eleven ounces â„¥ XI Dextans hath ten ounces â„¥ X Dodrans hath nine ounces â„¥ IX Bes hath eight ounces â„¥ VIII Septunx hath seven ounces â„¥ VII Semios or Selibra hath six ounces â„¥ VI. Quincunx hath five ounces â„¥ V. Quadrans hath foure ounces â„¥ IV. Triens hath three ounces â„¥ III. Hereunto belongs the Table * CHAP. IV. Of Physicall measures AS dry things for the most part are weighed A Description of measures so liquid things are measured although the manner of measures be appointed by Physitians according to the manner of weights But measures may be explained two wayes either greater by lesse or on the contrary lesse by greater or by weights For if it be asked what a Pint or a Pound is t is answered to be the halfe of a Sextarie or to containe fix Cyathos or Cupps or it s answered it contains nine ounces of Oyle For the former way of describing measures is certaine and stable but the latter way of explaining them is not alwayes the same for although the capacity of measures be not changed yet the weight of the things that are measured by the same measure are not the same whence Physitians at this day since in liquid things they rather regard the weight then measure and they use measures onely for to save the labour of weighing Three kinds of measures of liquid things are used namely some for measuring of Wine and distilled Waters others are appointed for Honey others for measuring of Oile all which measures although they are distinguished by the names of Ounces yet the weight of liquid things varie in the distinction of ounces for since Oile is light more of it goes to an ounce Wine since t is heavier then Oile lesse of it goes to an ounce Honey since it is heavier then both a small quantitie in comparison of the other makes an ounce The first and least of measures which are tryed not by weight but onely by quantitie is a spoonfull and the division of measures doth not go beneath it But a Cochlear or a spoonfull is four-fold The least that a little bigger a great the greatest the least containes halfe a drachm in weight of a thing that is of a middle weight that a little bigger a whole drachm a great a drachm and halfe or two drachms the greatest containes halfe an ounce in weight A common little Spoon is halfe a cup Mustrum and containes in weight of Oile six drachms of Wine or Water twentie scruples of Honey nine drachms A Cyathus or a Cup is the sixth part of a pint Cyathus by common observation it holds in weight of Oile twelve drachms of Wine or Water thirteen drachms and a scruple of Honey eighteen drachms Acetabulum which by the Greeks is called Oxybaphum Acetabulum is a Cup and halfe the common observation it holds in weight is eighteen drachms of Oile twentie drachms of Wine and Water twentie seven drachms of Honey Quartarius or the fourth part of a Sextarie Qâ—a tarius containes three cups Hemina or Cotyla is the twelfth part of a Congie Hemina or Cotyla halfe a Sextarie it contains six cups but in weight nine ounces of Oile ten ounces of wine and water thirteen ounces and half of Honey this measure contains three quarters of a pint The Italian Sextarie is the sixth part of a Congie A Sextary it containes two Heminaes or a pint and halfe twelve cups but in weight it contains eighteen ounces of Oile twenty ounces of wine and water 27 ouncse of Honey A congie is the eight part of Amphore A Congie which is a Tankerd or Rundlet containing eight gallons it contains six Sextaries twelve Heminaes but in weight nine pound of Oyle ten pound of Wine and Water thirteen pound and halfe of Honey Urna Urna Amphora is half the Italian Amphora but the third part of the Attick for a Greek Amphora which is called Cadus and Merreta is greater then an Italian it containes 48. Sextaries but in weight it holdes seventy two pound of Oyle ninty pound of Wine and Water one hundred and eight pound of Honey this Urne of our measure contains foure gallons and halfe Culeus is a measure containing twenty Italian Amphoraes Culeus t is the greatest of measures but of these things t is spoken more at large by others CHAP. V. Of Doses of Medicines ALthough in this darknesse of mans understanding t is not so easy to define by what Rule and proportion Elements agree in mixture yet by the most the opinion of Alchindus is retained and a Geometricall proportion is appointed in degrees not an Arithmeticall and that for this reason because betwixt the neerest degrees there is a far greater difference and inequality then there is between two numbers immediatly following one another Hence from two scruples to two ounces is accounted a temperate dose the dose of a medicine in the first degree from a scruple to an ounce in the second from halfe a scruple to halfe an ounce in the third from five graines to two drachms in the fourth from two graines and a halfe to a drachm yet it is here to be observed that in every degree as appeares by the dose there is a certain latitude in the highest degrees you may not allwayes ascend to the highest dose nor may all those things which are in the fourth degree be given to a drachm but according as some are in the beginning others in the middle and others in the end of the fourth so the dose is to be moderated Moreover 't is here to be noted that regard ought to be had of occult qualities also and therefore experience is especially to be consulted with The Doses of Purgers AS for the doses of purging Medicines The Dose of purgeâ—s they may be limited according to degrees but since that in every degree there are three mansions t is not lawfull to give what medicine you please of what degree soever from the lowest to the highest dose of that mansion But every mansion hath its highest and lowest dose The dose in the first mansion of the first degree is from two ounces or three to six or seven ounces such like are Syrup of Roses selutive and Honey of Violets solutive Those which are in the third mansion of the second degree are given from â„¥ 2. to â„¥ 3. or â„¥ 4. to these belong juice of Roses and Violets
may seeth to the consistence of a Syrup If Honey be added it ought to bee boyled lesse because being cooled it easily becomes thick Syrups also like an concoctions may be made with Aromaticks or Aromaticke Powders 2. Seconldy they are prepared of clarifyed Juices to which is added half the quantity of Sugar and boiled to the consistence of a Syrup 3. These Syrups are better if fresh flowers are infused 24. hours in the expressed juice in Bal. Mariae and are again expressed and that repeated as often as it is fit Then the juice is to be clarified by digestion and half the quantity of Sugar to be mixt with it 4. Others boil the juice till half be consumed then they strain it and suffer the decoction to stand and settle that the juice may be the purer the which when Sugar is added they settle to the consistence of the Syrup 5. Sometimes the juice pressed out is poured into hot clarifyed Sugar and exposed to the heat of the Sun to consume its aqueous humidity But if the heat of the Sun be not sufficient it may be performed by gentle boiling 6. Syrups are also made of Infusions Sugar being added in the same manner as of Decoctions 7. And sometimes other things are infused in juices and afterwards when 't is strained Sugar is put to it and the Syrup is made according to art 8. Syrups may be made of extracts also if a little Sugar be added to the extract being thickned by abstraction of the Menstruum 9. Syrups may also be made of soft Electuaries if the Electuary be dissolved in six times or eight times the quantiny of warm liquour and strained and half so much Sugar added thereto by a gentle heat without boiling the liquour should evaporate to the consumption of the third part 10. Also Syrup is prepared of Sugar and Vineger onely namely four pound of Sugar and two of Vineger and according to some five Pints of water and 't is called Syrup of Vineger simple 11. Moreover Syrrups are made much more artificially especially of hot and dry Plants if onely so much water is poured off as that so much of the liquour may be left after straining without concoction as otherwise useth to be left after concoction is made and the matter infused on this manner in a Glass or other convenient vessel such as Fire-vessels or earthen vessels whose orifices may be fitted with a cover made for it that is round and channelled which should be put into the Balneum three or four days to digest and afterwards should be strained and that which is strained should again be put alone in Balneo or because of straightness of time it should be clarifyed with the white of an Egg what ever is feculent in it Afterwards Sugar should be taken and clarifyed and boiled to such a consistence as is observed in the Confection of Penides and it should be mingled with the clarifyed infusion The nearest to this is Oxymel Oxymel which is to be had in the Shops which is prepared of one part of Water one of Vineger and two parts of Honey whereof divers compositions may be made also Syrups are seldom given alone in Diseases of the Breast and Stomack The manner of administration but oftentimes are mixt with double the quantity of distilled waters or decoctions and an Ounce or an Ounce and an half of Syrups may be drank with two or three Ounces of Water or Decoction at one time To Syrups and Juleps belong Rosated water A Potion of Roses and water which is a Potion compounded of Roses and Water and Honey or Sugar Oribacius put into sixty Pints of warm water ten pound of Rose-leafs he shut the Vessel till they were perfectly boiled afterwards the Roses being taken out he infused of boiled and clarifyed Honey thirty pound and put it into a Cellar Actuarius took ten Pints of water and five pound of Sugar and boiled them together to a convenient thickness afterwards he infused a pound of the juice of Roses The likest to Syrups are Juleps and Zulaps Juleps as they are called from the Arabick word Sialaba which is to heal or make sound without doubt it is derived from thence so that indeed Physicians often times take them for the same Medicine and Potions that are mixt of Water and Syrups called Juleps but the name of Juleb is often extended farther now than with the Arabians who invented this Medicine to be made for the name of Juleb was absolutely given by them when Sugar onely is dissolved in Rose-water and boiled as Julep of Roses is otherwise called Alexander's Julep But a Julep if there be any difference betwixt it and a Syrup is a Medicine clearer than a Syrup and therefore more delicate and gratefull and it is made of distilled waters clarified Juices and Sugar They are made with The manner of preparing of Juleps and without boiling without boiling on this manner Common or distilled water is taken or a decoction of Barley to the which some Juice also of Citrons Limmons Pomegranates Quinces or Vineger may be added and white and clarified Sugar is poured in or instead thereof common Juleps of Roses and Violets which being boiled to the cosistence of a Syrup are kept for use and are diligently mixt together and if there be need are drained through Hippocrates's sleeve But the proportion of Sugar or usual Juleps which is observed to the waters and juices is various as the present occasion requires it For the most part the Palate of the sick is their guide and sometimes the proportion of water and Juices to Syrups and Sugar is threefold sometimes fourfold sixfold eightfold or twelvefold Sometimes Juleps are made with Aromatick Powders or convenient little Tabulets are dissolved in them 'T is most convenient also in some Diseases to add Spirit of Vitriol 2. Moreover Juleps are prepared of Conserves and medicinal Juices if distilled waters that are proper or a Decoction of Barley be poured into them in a sufficient quantity and are stirred with a Pestle in a Morter or are mingled together over a gentle fire and strained 3. But those Juleps which are said to be prepared with decoction are nothing else but the pure and finer decoctions of Syrups and the same manner of preparing of them which is of decoctions and Syrups onely that they are removed from the fire before they receive a thicker consistence CHAP. VIII Of Emulsions and other Mixtures bringing or causing milk and of strengthning things AN Emulsion is so called Emulsion because it is like Milk and is prepared as it were by milking for 't is a potulent Medicine prepared of the pith and strength of seeds and certain fruits especially of sweet Almonds Which Emulsion in particular by some is called Amgydalatum by the affusion of convenient waters or of some other liquour and by pounding and pressing of them to which the Pulpe of a Capon or Pullet may also be added
ulcer lyeth hid in the Reins Bladder or otherwise through which the Vrine passeth or when from the superiour parts as the Brests or Lungs nature evacutates matter through the Vrinary passages Small pustles of flesh called Caruncles in the Vrine of exulcerated Reins are aprts of the substance Of Caruncles Of slimy Ecrements Slimy thick and tough flegm like the snot of the nose if it be made with the Urine and be voided with pain for the most part it is a token of the Stone in the Bladder but that which is made without pain Fernelius saith doth proceed from a crude ulcer of the Reins or parts thereabout or from an imposthume and truely for the most part such matter being present in the bladder as it is the beginning so it is a sign of the Stone of the Bladder and moreover being sent out it coagulates into a lapidious hardness but sometimes flegm which is cast forth in great plenty is the off-spring of crude matter and ill digestion in the parts beyond the Reins Worms if they appear in the Urine proceed from corrupt and sordid matter Of worms as in other parts Small strings and little bodies like hairs Of fibres and hairs and cobwebs if they are put forth with the Urine have their original from a thick humour either in the veins or in the reins or dryed in the ureters and reduced into this form by the longitude of the vessel Bubbles and froth are generated from wind included in viscous matter Of bubbles and froth which when it cannot exhale extends the matter into a tumor and those bubbles may be of divers colours according to the nature of the humour in which the inclosed wind stirs them up A Crown shews what kind of humors are contained in the greater vessels Of a crown and according to the diversity of humors hath divers colours and is seated in the upper part of the Urine and in that circle many things are obvious to our eyes which cannot be discerned in the rest of the humors because the light in the superficies of the liquor is otherwise divided and received then in the middle Lastly Of fat if fat swim upon the top of the Vrine it proceeds from melting of the grease but this proceeds from heat therefore if the fat continually swim in Urine like cobwebs it shews consumption and melting of the body yet Fernelius writes that he would advise you of Oyl taken inwardly least any small bodies of Oyl swim in the Urine by that means CHAP. X. Of the causes of changes in Vrines BUt Urines vary also in those that are sound Causes of changing of Vrines in regard of temperaments sex age time of the year sleep watching exercises passions of the mind and such like which are called the causes of variations of Urines As for the temperaments Vrine of those that are hot and cold hot temperaments have higher coloured Urines and thinner and less sediment or in stead of a sediment a cloud or Nubecula but colder have Urines paler coloured and few Contents also unless raw juice which proceeds from weaker concoction be mingled with the Urine In respect of age Of Boyes Youths Old men Of middle age Boyes have white Urines thicker with a plentiful sediment youths thinner with few Contents but higher coloured old men have white Urines but thin and without Contents unless many excrements meet together which if they are mingled with the Urines it happens that the Urine is made thick and full of Contents those that are of a middle age have indifferet Urines In regard of the Sex the Urines of men are far higher Of men or deeper coloured then the Urines of women thinner and have fewer Contents but the Urines of women are paler and by reason of crude humors thicker with more plentiful sediment yet nevertheless the Urines of men and women do not so vary that they can be known by certain signs whether it be a mans or womans water Of women great for reasons may be given also in men which produce such Urines as otherwise are familiar to women although as in such as are great with child there may be some change of Urine when the Menstruous blood is retained in them and from thence no small change is made in the body yet that change doth not afford a certain sign whether a woman be great when the same causes of change may be shewen in other women which are not great but in some which are more lively there is little change of Urine As for the time of the year Change of Vrine according to the time of the year the Urines of every kind in the middle of the spring are moderate as also in the middle of autumn but by how much the more the year goes on towards Summer by so much the more the colour of Vrine is encreased and the thickness and Contents are diminuished in the Summer also the Vrines are higher coloured thinner and have less sediments in autumn the colour of Vrines and tenuity are lessened the Urines in the Winter come neerest the best state In hot Regions According to the Region and degrees of Heaven To exercise and rest and under the hotter degrees of Heaven Urines are made deeper coloured thinner and of little sediment In colder Climates they are neerer to the best state Those which exercise and labour moderately make well concocted Urines and in colour substance and contents moderate but those that exercise and labour immoderately in those first the colour is encreased and the thickness and contents diminuished but if the exercise continue long the colour and tenuity is lessened when the streng this weakned but those that live idly make Vrines not much coloured and moreover thick and with many sediments In immoderate watchings first the colour is encreased According to sleeping and waking but if they continue long 't is abated sleep if it be moderate causeth Vrine to be good in all but if it be immoderate it encreaseth the colour of the Vrine but abateth the contents and substance but if it be protracted longer it becomes crude The passions of the mind since some encrease the heat Passions of the mind some diminish it according to the calidity and frigidity which they bring upon the body they alter the Vrines Lastly Meat Drink and Medicines Meats Drinks and Medicines change the Vrine and Meat taken moderately causeth a moderate sediment more plentifully a more plentiful thin causeth none Meats also Drinks and Medicines have a power of changing colour and smel lof Vrines CHAP. XI VVhat is to be observed in the Inspection of Vrines SInce all these things are spoken of Vrines for that end that from thence diseases the causes of diseases maybe known and the events foretold that this may be rightly done we are to admonish you what things are to be observed in the Inspection of Vrine First the time in
a water to provoke vomit made of green Walnuts and Raddish Rootes Ana parts 2. of Vinegar part 3 d being distilled is given to two ounces or three ounces white vitriol Salt of vitriol glasse of Mars and Flowers crocus Metallorum and from thence a water to cause vomiting prepared by Rulandus Mercurius vitae c. are in use with the chymists CHAP XIII Of Medicines causing Vrine OF Diuretick medicines or such as cause Urine some are properly so called Diureticks namely such as easily penetrate into the veines and poure humors into them they cut and seperate the thick from the thin that they may so doe t is necessary that they be hot in the third degree and of a most thin substance of this kind are the Rootes of smallage Fennell Parsly Butchers-broome Sparagus Valerian Burnet Spikenard Asarabecca Wormewood Agrimony Nettles Ground-pine Cheruil Rue Scordium Anniseed Fennell-seed Hart-wort cheruil Gromwell Saxifrage Juniper-berries sweet Almonds Peach-stones and water distilled out of them with Malmesey Wine Cubebs Garden-cresses the wood cassia Medicines of spirit of Salt and of Tartar others lesse properly so called whereof some are hot but doe not attaine to the third degree as Turpentine Parsnips Dill Venus haire fresh gathered Rootes of Smallage others are moist also which supple or loosen the passages of Urine as Licorish march Mallowes the seed of Mallowes others are cold which have an abstersive faculty moderate attenuating and refrigerating force such are Pippens Gourds Cucumbers the substance and seed therof Barley Strawberries whey juice of citrons and Lymons others besides that they are of thin parts they afford much aqueous humidity as thin white Wine the seed of Melons Gourds cucumbers waters of baths CHAP XIV Of Medicines provoking sweats I Droticks Provoking sweat or Sudoriphicks are endued with a greater tenuity of parts then Diureticks they are hot also and besides they penetrate into the farthest parts of the body and cut humours they attenuate rarify and turne into exhalation and what ever is in their way they carry with them and drive into the extremities of the body or if some amongst them are cold or astringent also by a hidden quality whereby they resist poyson they drive malignant humours to the superficies of the body Such are Carduus Benedictus Venus haire Rootes of Fennell Smallage Parsley Burdocke Burnet Angelica Tormentill Worm-seed China Flowers of chamomill the wood guaicum Sassafras Irish slat Harts-horne juice of Elder Bezoarticum Minerald without and with Gold fixed steele or Diaphoretick and copper and steele fixed Diaphoretick Mercury precipitate also to provoke sweates Laconick bathes of sweet water are profitable also fomentations as warme Bottles and hot Tiles Frications Vnctions and such like CHAP. XV. Of Diaphoreticks and Medicines discussing wind DIaphoreticks with the Greekes are the same Dissolving with discutient and dissolving medicines with the Latines and they drive out through the insensible passages and secret pores all such things are hot and dry and have power of converting humours into Vapours and of opening and dilating the pores of the skin such are camomill Melilot Dill Fenugreek Rue seed of Flax Lupines Galbanum dryed Pitch Storax Brimstone Sagapenum and such like which are lately named Next to these are they which are called Discussing of wind discussers of wind which as well can discusse and consume wind within the body as when it is moving to the extremities such are besides those already named century the lesse which wonderfully conduceth to the discussion of wind upon the Hypocondries Anniseed Bay-leaves Pennyroyall Fennel-seed caraway-seed cummin Ammi carrot seed Parsley Agnus Castus Dill Juniper-berries Bay-berries Galingale cloves Mace the Pills of Oranges the genitalls of a Beaver CHAP. XVI Of provoking courses expelling the secundine and a dead child SUch as bring downe menstrous Eringing downe courses are either improperly so called to wit such as corroborate the expulsive faculty or further the generation of blood or else attenuate its thicknesse and viscidity or properly so called which open obstructions of the wombe and draw down blood to the wombe which opening and cleanseing things most powerfully performe and such as are not of a very thin substance least through their tenuity of substance they should presently be scattered and therefore there is most conveniently provided for this purpose things which have some bitternesse mixt with Acrimony such like are Sage Penny-royall Dittany or Garden-ginger Marjerom Rue Calamint Wild-Marjerom Bittony Spike Asarabecca Mugwort Germander Worme-wood Ground-pine Rootes of red Madder Birth-wort Fennell Parsley Flowerdeluce Eringo Lovage Burnet Saffron Flowers of white Violets Parsnips Juniper-berries of Bays Flowers of Camomill Cinamon Mirrh native Borax The stronger of these drive out the secundine Expelling Secondines and a dead child and expell a dead child which therefore are called casters out and drivers out or Ejaculators because they drive out the young such like are Asa faetida castor Myrrh and those things which are variously applyed externally as Opopanax Galbanum Amoniacum Sulphure the smell of the burnt hoofes of an Ass Coloquintida Rue wild Cucumbers the gall of a Cow or Calfe CHAP. XVII Of Medicines that breake the stone SInce the common Doctrine of the generation of stones is suspected as is said before in the second Booke page 2. Breaking the stone C. 9. also the common opinion which strives to support it concerning the power of dissolving stones is suspected and therefore here we deservedly fly to the propriety of the whole substance which nevertheless is not inconveniently drawne from a Saline or salt force the medicines breaking the stone are Ground Ivy Bitony Pelitory the Rootes of Rest-harrow the five Diureticks the Rootes of Raddish Saxafrage Burs bitter Almonds cherry-stones the stones of Apricocks the Kernells of Medlars Grumwell Parsnips cinamon Gourds crabs stones Goates blood Lapis Judaicus the Rootes of Sparrage Snales Lignum Nephriticum CHAP. XVIII Of Errhines Sternutatories and Apophlegmatismes ERrhines draw out phlegme into the Nostrills Errhines not from the ventricles of the braine but such as is about the membranes covering the braine they performe that by their heate and vitrosity wherewith they are endued by their extergent and sharpe faculty such are made of Marjerom Rue Pimpernell cabbage Beetes Rootes of Flowerdeluce Fennell flowre Penneroyall Wild Marjerom Hore-hound Sow-bread Wild Cucumbers celendine Fell-wort the juice of double or single Pasque flowre Ptarnicks or Sternutatories or such as cause sneezing Sternutarories are those which by their Acrimony irritate the expulsive faculty of the braine which being wearied desiring to expel the medicine sends out together with it the excrements which remaine about its membranes and in it selfe such like are certaine Errhines most curiously powdered and likewise white Pepper Ginger white Hellebore bastard Pellitory Caster Cloves sneezing-wort Euphorbium Lastly Apophlegmatismes Masticatories Apophlegmatismes or Gargarismes are those which being put into the mouth and touching the Palate draw excrements
or throat with Apophlegmatismes to draw away Phlegme Dentifrices to rub and cleanse the Teeth To the nose Erhines Sneezing-wort Odours Suffumigations peculiar injections into the Ears Collyries or medicines applyed to the eyes To the outside of the bodie only are exhibited and applyed oiles balsomes ointments linements cerots plaisters Cataplasmes Dropases or ointments to take away hair Sinapismes Phaenigmaes or medicines causing the bodie to break out in blisters or Pustules Epithems or medicines some what softer then plaisters to be applied to the bodie fomentations or any thing applied plaister-waies to aswage pain little baggs powders embrocations washings of the extream parts baths washbals searing irons or cauteties Some others do best agree with certain other parts What Medicines are are applyed to the Head all external things for the most part communicate their strength to the head as distilled waters and spirits oils extracts decoctions infusions syrups conserves preserves comfits electuaries little round cakes morsels pills powders But external medicines applied to the head in the form of powders little baggs round balles oiles balsoms ointments unguents plaisters cerots cataplasmes oxyrhods that is medicines with vinegar and roses epithemes or the softest plaisters embrocations suffumigations perfumes of divers sorts as also washings of the Feet are profitable for the Head To the eyes To the Ears Externally waters and Collyries ointments fomentations unguents cataplasmes are convenient for the eyes Into the ears distilled waters Juices decoctions oiles and other liquours are infused and dropt and other Medicines in the form of evaporation and fumes are sent into the ears also liniments ointments fomentations epithemes Cataplasmes are applied For the teeth are convenient lotions for the mouth To the Teeth liniments small pills to be put into hollow Teeth unctions for the Jawes powders for rubbing the Teeth and also troches and pensills made in the form of suppositers are convenient for the Teeth and being dryed and hardned the Teeth are rubbed therewith Medicines applied to the mouth and Chopps are lotions For the mouth and Chopps For the Breast and gargarisines ointments made of hony of syrups and juices lohocks Most internal things are good for the Breast but especially lohocks troches and litle rolles such as they use to hold under their tongues the thicker sort of syrups vapours and fumes drawn in with aier externally the samemedicines may be applied in the form of oiles ointments unguents cataplasmes plaisters and cerots little baggs fomentations and epithemes Medicines are applied to the Heart To the Heart for the most part after the same manner and moreover fumes or steames which are profitable for the recreating and refreshing of the spirits Internal Medicines may be conveyed to the Stomack in all formes To the Stomack but principally those which are taken in at the mouth but externally in the form of oils unctions fomentations liniments unguents cataplasmes plaisters epithemes baggs Moreover To the Liver all internall things may penetrate to the Liver But externall in the forme of Ointments Fomentations Linements Cataplasmes Unguents Plaisters little bags Epithems are applyed In the same manner Unctions are exhibited to the Spleen To the Spleen Reiues and Bladder and Bladder Bathes also and Tubs of waters to fit in are usefull for the Reins Bladder and spermatick Vessells and Clysters injected are good for diseases of the Reines All the same things are convenient for the wombe and moreover injections into the wombe Pessaries Errhines or medicines to put into the nose fumes and Evaporations Lotions of the feet And all these sorts of medicines shall now be explained in their order as far forth as this compendium will admit of CHAP. II. Of Decoctions DEcoctions which the Greeks call Apozemes are potulent medicines prepared by the boyling of plants and of their parts Decoctions what How many fold are potulent medicines prepared by the boyling of plants and of their parts seldome of Animalls all Decoctions may conveniently be reduced into two formes namely into Decoctions altering and purging under Decoctions altering we will comprehend all those that have any other verrue besides purging and do alter the body whether they are given in regard of themselves only or for some following purge which Decoctions are then called Preparatives Digestives or Apperatives that is opening things But the matter to be decocted is taken out of the rank of Vegetables The matter of them wherein are variety of parts of plants or herbs seldome of living Creatures But as for the quantity of the materialls to be decocted Quantity if a weight be to be assigned generally to what ever is to be boyled it begins from an ounce or two ounces for the most part and ascends sometimes to halfe a pound nay sometimes to a pound a pound and halfe and two pound but as for the dose of the several kinds Decoctions are prepared Of the Roots and Barks â„¥ 2. â„¥ 3. and â„¥ 4. Of Leaves 3.4.5 or 6. handfulls Of seeds 3.4.5.6 drachms Of Fruires in number 1.2.3 couples or paires 5.6 Of flowers pugills 4. or 5. Halfe an ounce five drachms or six drachms answers to a little handfull two drachms or three to a pugill but it is not necessary to mixe all those together in every decoction and to heape up a mixture of them all but when a few will performe the intentions t is in vaine to put in many yet if the decoction be provided to be given at many severall times such a quantity of materialls ought to be taken as that the decoction made of them may be powerfull to performe the aime of the Physitian But in the seething Preparation of the matter Or of boyling the preparation of the things to be boyled and the manner of seething is to be observed for first if the materialls are too thick or hard they are first to be cut or gently bruised or fyled or beaten in a mortar In the manner of seething order is to be observed in putting in the things to be decocted the fire and instruments and Liquor which is decocted and time also is to be observed Order of boyling is to be observed that all the things may not be put in together but the Roots Barkes Woods which are the more sollid things and without smell should be put in first then the Leaves and seeds last of all flowers and Aromatick things and all those things which smell strongly and those things which may disperse their strength by much boyling but this cannot be observed except the vessell be opened but if the decoction be made in a thing that is covered it matters not much to put in all the things altogether and if any of them are more difficult to be seethed those should first of all be bruised by themselves The fire should be cleare and equall but very gentle since the vertue is easily called forth but stronger when there is need of much boyleing But decoctions are made by the Apothecaries
is simple when nothing is boyled besides Barley another is compound when certaine other things also are added to the Barley namely Raisons Licorish Anni-seed Fennell-seed Cinamon Sugar of Licorisâ— is added from two drachms to half an ounce or six drachms Raisons from an ounce to two ounces of such as are stoned halfe or a whole drachm Cinamon to one drachm or 2. drachms for a pint and halfe or z pints of Liquor Sometimes a sowre medicine is prepared Medicinall Vinegar as with Squills Roses the rindes of Scordium the Flowres of Elder and many others and not only of one but more simples by infusion and materation of them in the same manner as in medicinall wines Moreover to this Head we may refer clarified juices Clarified juices which being pressed out of new gathered Plants are purified either by the white of an Egg or by straining often repeated principally by filtring or by separation CHAP. V. Of distilled Waters and Spirits THose things which are prepared by distillation are called distilled things which are of divers kindes Things distilled yet all of them may be reduced to two formes for either the things distilled are in the forme of waters or Oyles Water those that are of the same consistence with water are again two-fold for either they come neere the nature of water and are plainly called waters or else they are spirituous Spirits and are called Spirits yet these names are often confounded for oftentimes that which is spirituous is called a water 1. First distilled waters are prepared of divers things Manner of distilled waters of herbs and Flowers all for the most part are distilled by ascent and principally of fragrant flowers and other thinner and colder things whose force easily vanisheth for the most part waters good enough are distilled in a crooked glasse by the Balneum Mariae 2. Others bruise the flowers and herbs that are to be distilled and presse the juice out of them and out of that juice by distillation through an Alembick they draw out water into the Balneum Mariae Some cut in small peices the Plants to be distilled or bruise them and being bruised they they fill the Gourd having a narrow mouth all most full and the patelli the glasses being put on with the powder of the glasse of Copper and borax Hermeticall they shut and afterwards they put the glasse ful of water into a Cauldron and boyle it six or seven hours afterwards they put the glasse when t is taken out of the water into a warme place to cleanse it untill the drops cease to stick to the sides of the glâ—sse and the digestion be absolute they distill the matter digested in Balneo Roris they seperate the Oyle from the water they power out the water with the reliques againe and repeate the distillation 4. But the hotter and Aromatick Herbs and those whose strength doe not so easily vanish and lyes deeper are not so conveniently distilled by Balneum Mariae but in vesica but in this distillation by a vessell of water some diversity also is observed for some bruise the herbs or cut them into smal peices and fill the fourth part of the Vesica besides for them then they poure of the pure water that three parts of the Vesica may be filled therewith and one quarter for the most part remaines empty and a Refrigeratory vessell being applyed and the worme also if you desire meerely a spirituous water or with an Alembick with a Refrigitory and their conjunctions or joynts shut and a convenient fire being kindled and placed under the Vesica they distill water gently and by drops 5. Others having powred in hot water into a vessell close shut first they bruise the herbs twenty foure hours for the most part they think it most profitable if the herbs are not only macerated in warme water a day and night space but being bruised or beaten they should stand in digestion and putrifaction in Horse dung or Balneo Roris or Mariae for ten or fourteen dayes afterwards they should be distilled That water which first drops out is the best but that which comes out last is like water it selfe distilled water if it be convenient may be poured off with new herbs to be digested and distilled againe 6. But since that water and spirit ascend together they must be seperated which is most conveniently done by the Balneum namely all the water is to be powred into a crooked glasse or Violl and by a gentle heat only the spirituous part is to be distilled by which distillation if the heat be rightly governed the separation happily may be made at once yet if it shall not so happen the first time the distillation is to be repeated and that rectification which was first made by a Gourd afterwards rectification is appointed by a Phyoll Examples may be seene in the Institutions CHAP. VI. Of Oyles FOr the most part it comes to passe that with the water in distillation of hot herbs Oyles and Aromatick seeds Oyle comes forth together which is to be seperated from the water but this is performed first by a kind of tunnell which they call a Separater or Tritorium afterwards through a filter or a course woollen cloath thirdly through browne paper the Precepts of which operations are to be sought out of the Institutions Yet certaine Oyles are distilled also without waters so Oyles are drawn by distillation from Amber Mastick Frankinsense Of which in the Institutions CHAP VII Of Syrups and Juleps SYrups and Seraps The name of Syrups derive their names from the Arabicks and therefore are not to be written with aâ—y which the Arabicks want and 't is drawne from the roote Schareba which signifies to sup and therefore it signifies a Liquor to be Supt Syrups therefore are fluid medicines prepared of a convenient Liquor whether it be boyled or infused or a juice made up with Sugar or Honey and boyled for the most part to the consistence of Honey Syrups are invented both for delight to the taste and for durability that convenient medicines may be in a readinesse at any time of the yeare Some of them are simple Differences which are made of one simple medicine only and with Sugar or Honey compound which are prepared of more both kindes are appointed for severall uses of them are some altering and strengthning others purging and the liquour is taken from decoctions infusions clarified juices and Vinegar This is the manner of preparing Manner of preparing Syrups First the decoctions art taken to the Decoctions are added Sugar or Honey according as the use and scope of the Medicine requires namely two pounds of Sugar or Honey to a pound or a pound and halfe of the decoction as it is desired to be thicker or thinner and ought to be kept more or lesse time Then afterwards it is to be clarified by adding of the white of an Egge that the decoction by a gentle Fire
if you have a desire to nourish They are prepared for severall purposes or uses The use according to the variety of the matter namely to quench thirst to cause sleep to provoke sweats and other things and sometimes externally in stead of Epythems and may be exhibited for the heat of the braine and to mitigate paine and cause sleep They are prepared in this manner Manner of preparing Sweet Almonds are blanched so are the foure great cold Seeds and other things the Kernels also are beaten in a stone or marble Morter pouring in by degrees some fountaine water or of Roses and other convenient distilled waters or clarifyed with a convenient decoction that is pleasant to the taste The proportion of the liquour is uncertaine sometimes more sometimes lesse according to the strength of the seeds and fruits and according as the Emulsion is required to be thicker or thinner But at the least a threefold oftentimes a six-fold eight-fold ten-fold c. quantity of the liquour is required being beaten they are strained and if convenient Syrups or Julips that are proper as of Violets or Roses are added The Emulsion being made sometimes it is to be sweetned with Sugar or Rowles of Diamarg frig manus Christi perlati or the Juleps lately mentioned Sometimes there may be added some Cinamon water if the disease will suffer it and sometimes conserves Comfits and liquid Electuaries may be added from halfe a drachm to a drachm two drachms or more Pearles also Corall Harts horne burnt and other powders and Spices may be added to Emulsions Sometimes potulent Medicines may be made of Pearles onely Corall Harts horne and such like with convenient waters which also by reason of the colour of Milke which they have are called Emulsions and are very frequent with moderne Physitians Oftentimes Juices also that are drawne out by expression as of Pomegranates Lemmons or other liquours also are mixt with those waters yet so that the distilled waters for the most part exceed the rest in quantity sometimes but seldome some convenient Syrup But because Physitians for the most part desire a white colour in this water for the most part they omit all those things that may discolour it CHAP. IX Of Tinctures and Extracts and liquid dissolutions AN Extract is nothing else but the pure essence of a thing separated from its grosser body by a fit menstruum whence they are also called Essences by many which whilst it is as yet in a more liquid substance An Extract and joyned with the menstruum it hath also the colour of the thing and therefore is called a Tincture alth ough sometimes they are called Tinctures also when the essence of a thing is now separated from its menstruum which extracted it Essences or Tinctures that are liquid Essences are prepared either of green Plants or of Juices when they are prepared of green things the Hearbs are bruised and a little spirit of Wine is put in for the preservation of them and the juice is pressed out which being cleansed is called an Essence Those that are properly called Extracts are prepared of dryed Plants from whence if the whole menstruum be not separated it is called a Tincture or liquid extract But menstruums that is Liquours exhibited for the drawing out of the essence of a thing are various according to the diversity of the matter and use they of spirit of Wine distilled Waters Whey Vinegar and such like are exhibited In choosing a menstruam first you are to consider whether you desire a liquid tincture or an extract or a thicker or grosser body For if a liquid tincture be desired a menstruum is to be taken which is of the same kind and faculty But if the menstruum ought to be separated it is no matter although it be of another kinde then the Tincture is of But since it is required in a menstruum that by the subtility of its substance it may penetrate the matter and by its familiarity intice out the purer parts and without spoyling and corrupting of the Extract it selfe may againe be separated from it Spirit of Wine may easily be esteemed the best amongst them and take the first place but May-dew distilled Vineger Spirit of Salt of Turpentine c. are used also according as some present occasion may require If compound Extracts are prepared The manner of preparing Extracts and the simples be of divers natures each of them severally or those which are nearest one to the other are drawn off by their Menstruum and afterwards the Extracts are mingled The way of preparing Extracts is plain of it self namely the Menstruum is poured into the matter that is beaten and poudred which sometimes by the help of an external heat when the essence of a thing is drawn out and the Menstruum coloured enough 't is poured out and another is put in and that so often repeated till all the strength and virtue is extracted afterwards the Menstruum is separated by heat which if it be not separated whole 't is called a Tincture or liquid Extract but if almost whole and of the consistence of Honey 't is called a simple extract examples may be seen in the Institutions Nor are such Extracts as well liquid as thicker prepared simply alone but also compounded to these belong Eâ—ixir of propriety purging Extracts and universal purgers Laudanum opiated To Extracts belong those Rosins also which are prepared of Scammony Mechoacam Jalep and such like containing in them a kinde of gummy substance Of Tinctures of Gemms Coralls Metalls as of Balsum of Venus may be seen in the Institutions CHAP. X. Of Conserves Preserves and medicinal Juices THe name of Conserve is given principally to Flowers The manner of making Conserves and sometimes to Herbs and certain soft and tender Roots which being made up with Sugar are kept many years they are prepared in this manner the Flowers or Herbs newly picked or cleansed and if they abound with too much humidity first a little dried in the shade let them be mingled and brayed in a stone-morter with a woodden Pestle with twice or thrice the quantity of Sugar and afterwards the mixture is to be put up in a Glass or glased vessel If the Plants are moister 't is profitable to heat the Conserves when they are made by a gentle Fire 2. Others take a Glass and cover the bottom of it with Sugar then they put in the Flowers to be condited the depth of three Fingers breadth and then they put in Sugar again and in this manner heap upon a heap and the Glass close shut they expose it to the Sun some certain weeks 3. Sometimes the Roots are boiled untill they can be pounded or without boiling are washed and cleansed and are beaten very small to them so pounded or to the Decoction strained through a Hair-sieve the Sugar is added as it use to be for Syrups The name of Condite although it may be taken for
is a hot distemper of the whole depending on the heat of the Spirits inflamed Indicationâ— And seeing the heat of the Spirits and the distemper thence introduced indicate cooling yet if the cause exciting the same be still present that also ought to be taken away These Fevers are cured by good dyet The Cure so that there is seldome any need of strong medicines the food therefore ought to be cooling and moistning the meat of good juyce and easie of concoction principally cream of Baâ—ey the rest may be mixed with lettice sorrel juice of Citron or Lemmon Vinegar The drink should be barley-water small beer or small white-wine Yet if pain in the head be present or that the Fever be occasioned by anger or from a bubo then wine is to be refrained The Ancients most frequently used Baths of warm water but at present neither the same industry is used in preparation of them neither are men in our age so accustomed and disposed to bathe In the first place diligent care is to be had of that Fever Ephemeral which ariset hfrom the clovure of the skin Cure of an Ephemer a from closure of the skin or it's thickness or crudity of the stomack since they easily turn into putred Fevers And an Ephemera which is caused by stoppage of the pores of the skin since it comes to pass rather from plenty of blood then ill habit of body in that a vein is forthwith to be opened that the blood may be diminished and cooled but the thickness of the skin if occasioned by cold or astringent things is cured by those things that rarifie and open the same by a bath of fair water luke-warm soft rubbings temperate and luke-warm oils wherewith the body should be annointed But if the thickness of the skin be occasioned by drying things use moistening dyet and the body should be annointed with temperate and moistening oils Lastly if the Ephemera proceed from crudity From crudity of the stomack since that is twofold the one called Acid which proceeds from diminution of heat the other Nitrous which is caused by preter-natural heat If from Acid crudity which seldom happens the Ephemera proceed and that crudity be less so that meat may be reduced into a better state rest and sleep are to be occasioned and before sleep meat of easie concoction in a small quantity is to be taken and the stomack to be comforted with hot oyls But if the crudity be great then the meat is to be ejected by vomit or if the sick be not apt to vomit with a lenitive he should provoke a stool before it be distributed into the veins he must then abstain from meat and the stomack both with internal and external medicines is to be comforted But if the crudity be unsavoury or nitrous 't is to be conected with cold things wherewith if the concoction be not helped the corrupt meat is either to be emitted by vomit or to be purged by gentle medicines opening the first passages only such as are good against cholar and as corroborate the stomack CHAP. VII Of an Ephemera of more dayes and of a Synocha without putrefaction THere remains another kind of Fever An Ephemera of many days called Ephemera to which that appellation doth not belong because it is extended more dayes Yet it can be referr'd to no other sort of Fever then this more conveniently therefore although Ephemera should signifie the essence of the Fever Ephemera is so called though with the addition of more dayes Such Fevers are those which no wayes differ from Ephemeral Fevers newly described unless in durability the cause of which is obstruction of cutanious vessels which when they do continue stopped Synocha without putrefaction an inflamation of the Spirits so long endureth until that cause cease Moreover to these belong a Synocha without putrefaction commonly called a Fever inflative which is generated from the fervency of Spirits and thinner blood without putrefaction The cause of this Fever is the prohibition of the hot Effluvium Cause arising from obstructions or striction of the pores of the skin in a plethorick body This continues several dayes namely to the third or fourth day neither can the plenty of vapours kindled and exhaleing which proceed from the blood be discussed in one day nor can the obstruction or astriction of the pores of the skin be opened in one day The Signs of a Synocha without putrefaction are the same with those of other Ephemeraes Diagnostick signs only more evident For the heat is somewhat greater then in the others the skin is not dry but moist as it were the Urine somewhat thicker and redder the Pulse vehement swift frequent full great and equal the face and whole body red and fresh and as it were blown up the veins swell and strut with blood the head is heavy and respiration more difficult This Fever as the other Ephemerals is void of danger Prognosticks and is dissolved by sweat or Hemeroids of the nose within the fourth day or if it be protracted longer within the seventh day so it be rightly handled For unless it be rightly order'd 't will degenerate into a Synocha with putrefaction or into a Phrensie Squincy Plurisie or some other perillous inflamation But when this Fever ariseth by the inflaming of the thinner blood and Spirits in a plethorick body occasioned by the prohibition of transpiration Cure the blood offending in quantity is to be abated the heat to be cooled and the closed pores to be opened Therefore presently a Clyster being first given or a lenitive medicine a vein is to be opened that the blood may be abated fanned and cooled and better governed by nature And in that more plentifully then in any other Fever you may bleed yet so as that the strength may bear it As for things altering Galen to cool the blood drinks cold water and commands the sick to drink as much of it as they please which may be permitted in those which are accustomed to small drinks and in whom no danger is to be feared by drinking the same whether by reason of thick juices which the drinking of cold water may hinder the dividing of or by reason of some weakenness in the bowels by which they may be offended at the drinking of water which unless seeing in our bodies we seldom need we may rather use other coolers such as are Oxymel with water water of Chicory Endive decoct of barley juice of Lemmon or Citron Oxysauharum Spirit of Vitriol and Salt and the like cooling and opening things And that the appertion may the more happily be performed you must abstain from syrrups and conserves with much sugar in them unless they are much watered If obstruction of the pores of the skin be present 't is to be opened as I said before Their diet ought to be thin and little Dyet such as hath force to cool and moisten principally
thus known Signs in that it is continued and the third day it is exasperated Yet there are present other signes and Symptomes of continued and burning Fevers But what is to be hoped concerning their event Prognosticks is manifest from things which are spoken of the Prognosticks of burning Fevers Concerning the indications for cure Cure this Fever if it be pure since it is exceeding hot and burning and the cause thereof hot and dry it requires extraordinary cooling and moistening and indeed more then any other Fever The humour it self indicates evacuation but crudity for the most part forbids it but if the Fever be spurious regard is together to be had to the humour which is mixed with choller if the Symptomes need it they are to be resisted likewise Therefore a vein is to be opened so that the strength will permit it by which means both some part of the peccant humour may be evacuated Opening a vein and the blood cooled and revell'd from the more noble parts And nature her self sometimes useth to make evacuation by the nose in the beginning of these Fevers whereby the Fever is wont to be abated but the vein should be opened in the cubit forthwith in the beginning or certainly in the augmentation and blood is to be taken in such plenty as the strength of the patient requires But you are not to appoint purgation unless the matter be turged Lenitives Yet 't is very necessary that the belly and first passages be evacuated before a vein be opened but the medicines which perform that ought to be cold and moist not hot or if they are hot they should be tempered with the mingling of cold Afterwards altering namely Alteratives cooling and moistening medicines are to be exhibited both which prepare the humour appointed by nature for concoction such as are Syrrup of Sorrel simple Oxymel simple compound Oxysauharum simple Syrrup of Sorrel Wood-sorrel the juice of Lemmon Pomegranate the accidity of Endive Cichory Violets Gooseberries the four greater cold seeds Purcelane Lettice thâ— flowers of Water-lillies Santalum Water of barley Sorrele Endive Cichory Strawberries Water-lillies Purcelane spec Diamargariti frigidi and such like to which for the resisting of putrefaction and hindring inflamation may be added Spirit of Vitriol and Salt Nitre prepared is also commended If Phlegm be mixed opening and attenuating things are to be added such as the roots of Fennel Sparagus graminis and medicines prepared of them In leek colour'd aeruginous choller John Langius l. 3. epist 1. c. 4. commends Chrystal Topical medicines are also profitable to mitigate the heat as Epithems Oyles and Unguents made of cooling things Topicks which should be applied to the heart liver or back Yet you must be careful that you close not the pores of the skin thereby and hinder transpiration and therefore before the height they are seldom used unless it be when the heat is equally distributed through the whole body and it is more commodious if they are applied hot then cold The matter being concocted that nature might be strengthned and stimulated to expulsion and that the matter might be expelled either by stool or sweat the Ancients used great quantities of cold drinks as Galen teacheth 9. meth cap. 5. and 4. de rat vict in acut 12. But if so be that after concoction nature do not institute evacuation Purgation it is to be done by the Physician with Syrrup of Roses and Violets solutive the pulp of Tamarindes Manna Rubarb Trypheta Persica such as have Scamony in them are not to be admitted yet sometimes some of Electuarii rosati Mesua de psyllio and of juice of Roses may be given For causing Urine in these Fevers an emulsion is profitable prepared of the four great cold seeds Diureticks with the whey of Goats milk or barly and strawberry water or with a decoction of the roots of Parsley Sweats also ought to be provoked with medicines proper for that purpose Sydorificks which hereafter shall be mentioned amongst malignant Fevers Diet ought to be thin but according as the height of the disease is neerer or farther off Dyet it ought to be thicker or thinner The meat and drink ought to be cooling and moistening whence a Ptisan is profitable in these Fevers the rest should be seasoned with juice of Lemmon and Pomgranates The drink should bâ— barley water or water boiled with the juice of Lemmon or Pomegranates and suggar or small beer The air should be cold and if it be not so by nature it should be prepared by art If Phlegm be mingled with choller and the Fever be a continued Tertian or burning Notha blood is to be taken away more sparingly In the preparation of humours those things are to be added which attenuate Phlegm Agarick is to be mixed with the Purgers CHAP. XIV Of a continued Quotidian A Continued Quotidian vulgarly called Latica because it hath a certain hidden and obscure heat A continued Quotidian is indeed a Fever continually lasting yet having every day exasperations arising from indigested phlegmatick humours in the vena cava The cause of this Fever is Phlegm mixed with blood in the vena cava and there putrifying Cause and therefore those fall into these Fevers which are of such an age and nature as that their bodies are moister as children and infants as also old men and such as have grosser bodies and are given to their bellies and to idleness and dwell in moist places but not young men and such as are cholerick The signs of continued periodick Fevers are also manifest in this Fever only the violence is most about the evening Signs The heat first is gentle a little afterwards more sharp and sometimes seems to abate and sometimes to increase by reason of the thickness of the phlegm which purrisieth The pulses are not so thick and frequent the urine is not so fiery and red as in other Fevers but thicker nor are the other Symptomes so vehement as in other Fevers Concerning the event 1. Prognosticks This Fever by reason of the thickness of the humour is long and hard to be cured and therefore dangerous And by how much the thicker the phlegm is by so much the more violent and durable so that it is not ended before the swetieth or sixtieth day and the beginning is scarce past before the twentieth 2. It continueth lesser time where many evacuations happen That which is pure is also longer then that which is mixed with choller and by how much the worser Symptomes are present and the strength weaker by so much the greater danger there is which if they are not health is to be hoped for 3. By reason of the duration of the Fever and weakness of the Liver the sick for the most part fall into Cachexy and Dropsie As to the cure this Fever is more dangerous in respect of the cause then of its heat Cure and therefore since it
depends on phlegm that is to be heat attenuated cut and afterwards being concocted and prepared evacuated and regard is to be had of the strength principally of the stomack and Liver Therefore in the beginning the stomack and first ways are to be opened and evacuated by Clisters and lenitive medicines Lenitives or else the matter inherent in the stomack is to be ejected by vomit Opening a vein But although the cause of this Fever be cold yet because it is mixed with blood and putrifieth some blood may be taken away by opening of a vein in case that the urine be thick and red and that the strength will bear it and the age that nature may be eased of some part of her burthen Afterwards preparation concoction of the matter is to be endeavored with attenuating things which do not heat much Preparing and altering therefore in the beginning use Syrrup of Sorrel simple with honey of roses Oxymel simple Syrrup of Hysop Bittony with the water or decoction of Maiden-hair Sparagus Grass Fennel Hysop and medicines prepared of those plants also Spirit of Vitriol and Salt When any signs of concoction have appeared you may exhibite some gentle Purger of phlegm Purging of Agarick the leaves of Senna and such like Hence you must come to stronger preparing and purging things and so the matter which cannot be evacuated at once is to be prepared concocted and evacuated at several times And because a pure continued Quotidian seldom happens but that either choller or melancholy is intermixed we are to look to these humours also and to adde Cichory Burrage Provoke urine and Sweat Fumitory Rubarb and the leaves of Senna After the greatest part of the matter is evacuated the remainder is to be emitted by urine and sweat using such medicines as occasion the same But since that by reason of the duration of the disease the stomack and liver are especially offended Strengthening Medicines things that corroborate these parts are to be administred troches of Woâ—mwood of Rubarb of Roses with the powders of aromatici rosati and diaxyaloes The Diet ought to be attenuating Dyet cutting and clensing the meats therefore ought to be of good juice easie of concoction and affording little excrement Fish are not proper in this Fever the flesh should be seasoned with Parsley Fennel Time Hysop Savory Rosemary Cinamon In the beginning nourish somewhat more plentifully that the sick may endure to the height of the disease but when 't is neer the state abate aliment by degrees Yet if crudities be in the stomack and first passages by sparing dyet the three first days they may be abated and consumed afterwards such a dyet as we have mentioned may be observed In the beginning the sick should abstain from wine and in its stead use water and honey yet if by custom it be required give it small and mixed with water Small beer is also convenient when concoction appears wine is more safely administred whereby the concoction is assisted the stomack strengthened and the humours driven out by urine Of the Fever Epiala THe Fever called the Epiala is referred to continued putred Fevers The Fever Epiala which it self is indeed continued and quotidian yet differs from the other Quotidians in this that the sick at the same time endure heat and cold and the heat and cold together are dispersed through the smallest particles of the whole body as Galen teacheth de inaeq intemperie cap. 8. and 2. de diff Febr. c. 6. Galen in the place newly quoted draws this Fever from acid and vitrious phlegm puttrefying Cause yet in his book of an unequal distemper cap. 8. he addeth bitter choller whence he infers that since heat and cold are perceived together in one place it argues mixture of phlegm and choller in another place he determines it to arise from vitreous phlegm part whereof putrifying exciteth heat the other not putrifying causeth trembling and cold Yet Platerus refers them to intermitting Fevers and says that Epialaes are generated when intermitting Fevers happen together in one and the same day and the cold of the one beginneth before the heat of the other be ended or moreover when intermitting Fevers concur with continued and the heat of the continued always remains but the intermittent Fever coming a trembling and cold fit is occasioned The cure of this Fever differs not much from the cure of other Fevers arising from phlegm The Cure only that it requires stronger attenuating and cutting medicines because there is greater frigidity and crudity in this then in the rest also though the humour it self seem to require stronger Purgers yet the weak cannot bear them and therefore evacuation by degrees is to be appointed Of the Syncopal Fever MOreover to these Fevers belongs a Syncopal Fever commonly called a humorous Fever Syncopal Fever in which there is more of pituitous and crude humours then in other Fevers that are phlegmatick and moreover a debility of the orifice of the stomack is adjoyned whence the sick easily fall into a Syncope especially when the Fever begins This Fever is hard to be cured since the sick by reason of their extreme weakness and danger of continual soundings cannot endure necessary evacuations The Prognostick and especially if the pulse be weak small and unequal the Fever is exceeding dangerous But evacuations are most properly occasioned by frictions as Galen teacheth in his twelfth of the method of curing cap. 3. Cure Clysters and Lenitives also with medicines opening the first passages only and causing no commotion of the other humours The first passages being opened and cleansed we come to preparing and evacuating humours as in other Fevers petuitous and medicines to prevent the sounding fits are also to be administred The meats should be not much thin as to substance easie of concoction Diet. and generating as little phlegm as may be and they are to be taken often The drink should be wine which hath power to nourish heat and attenuate and doth not increase phlegm Hydromel is also good wherein Hysop hath been boiled CHAP. XV. Of a continued Quartane LAstly a continued Quartane is a Fever A continued quartan whose heat is indeed continued yet the fourth day 't is exasperated it proceeds from melancholy mixed with blood putrifying in the vena cava The cause is a melancholy humour putrefying in the vena cava The cause hence all things that can generate melancholy and crowd it into the vena cava and putresie are the causes of this Fever It is known by its continued heat the Diagnosticks raging the fourth day without trembling fear or shaking fits going before or sweats following afterwards the pulse in the beginning is small and slow afterwards great full and swifter then in an intermitting Fever wherein 't is most intended in the height This is the rarest of all Fevers â—â—ognosticks but dangerous and far more desperate then
Pox and the strength or the sick shew the event For if the Fever and all the other symptomes after the coming out of them do abate if large hemorrhodes of the nose have preceded if the pustules are great white and red soft eminent not alike come forth quickly and are soon ripened a good event is to be hoped for On the contrary the Fever if it be great and be not mitigated after the coming out of the Pox and the tubercles are violet colour green livid haad contiguous come forth and ripen slowly and the symptomes which use to be in malignant Fevers be more grievous the strength weaker they portend danger and either bring death or some great evils in the eyes nose chops gullet lungs guts liver reins and leave filthy pits and scars in the skin There is in a manner the same reason of the Measles which the more milde the Fever and symptomes are the less danger but by how much the greater the more danger is adjoyned with them they are sooner discerned neither are they so lothsom to the sight red ones likewise and those that soon appeare are more mild but those that are green violet colour black and come forth slowly are worst But the worst is when the Pox or Measles come not throughly out or do vanish again for then by the matter left within or returning in a greater Fever is kindled symptomes become greater and the sick for the most part perish The chief scope of the cure must be Indications and Cure that since Nature strives to expel the matter to the remote parts of the body to assist it the second is That the pravity of the matter may be corrected The third That the strength may be fortified And lastly To take care that no part of the body receive any detriment The endeavours of Nature are furthered if the humours are driven out to the circumference of the body and the impediments that may disturb the matter in its coming forth whether it be store of matter or pravity of it or obstruction of the bowels must be taken away But because this evil principally invades Infants Bleeding breathing of a vein is not necessary since their age will not tolerate it but if it happen in an age that will bear it and the abundance of blood require evacuation presently at the beginning before the becoming out of them a vein is to be opened that nature being eased of part of its burthen may the easier expel the remainder Strong Purges are not to be used lest nature should be hindred in its endeavour or a dangerous looseness should be occasioned yet if the body be bound it may be relaxed by a lenitive Medicine or Clister which together allays the heat of the humours and strengthens the internal parts Moreover we must observe whether Nature do its office in expelling Expelling thing for then there is no need to help it with many medicines especially heating ones But if the Pox come out slowly Nature should be helped with expelling Medicines yet such things should be mixed therewith as may strengthen the internal parts mitigate the heat of the humours and resist malignity The expelling Medicines are Roots and Seeds of Fennel Turnip Carduus benedictus Columbine Limmon the Roots of white Dittany Burnet Maidenhair Marigold flowers decoction of red Parsnips Scordium Scabions Myrrhe Figs Lentiles and other things that resist malignity These things cool and resist malignity Sorrel Cooling things young Sorrel Lettice Waterlillies Purcelane Barley Tormentil Endive Cichory Juice of Limmons Oxysaucharum Rob of Currans In giving of which regard must be had to the malignity and Fever together and according as need shall require the medicines must be chosen or mixed Medicines of Figs Lentiles Lacca and Tragacanthwere in use amongst the Arabians which were likewise used by latter Physitians yet if the malignity be great you may sly to more exquisite resisters of poyson But principally we must endeavour to beware that the sick take not the fresh ayr but be rather placed in a hot place that the pores of the skin may be kept open and that nothing may hinder Nature in expelling And we must be careful also that the eyes nostrils How the parts are to be defended and internal parts may not be hurt and therefore the Lungs are to be fortified and strengthned with medicines of Poppy Lentiles Violets Tragacanth Roses the guts with strengthners and moderate binders the eyes and nose with such like as their infirmities do shew they have need of The mouth and chops should be washed with decoction of Plantane red Roses flowers of Pomgranates Prunellas Syrup of Pomgranates and such like Whilst the wheals are ripening there will be much itching but beware of scratching lest you thereby cause scars in the skin if the quitture be white and the pustules not too great 't is best to commit the whole business to nature but if they are great or many of them joyned together when by their whiteness softness and freeness from pain they shall appear to be ripe enough they may be opened with a silver or golden needle best Concerning Diet Diet. the sick by all means must be kept from the cold ayr neither must he be kept too hot lest it make him faint The manner of Diet as in other acute Fevers is to be appointed namely thin yet to Infants if their stomacks will bear it some meat may be given because their bodies are not diaphoretick and by reason of their store of innate heat cannot so well endure fasting from meats that are salt acrid flat which may increase an ebullition of humours we must refrain and those that moderately cool and bind and allay the heat of the blood must be administred Wine at the first is not convenient but rather small Beer or Barley water but in the progress of the disease when the symptomes slacken to those that are accustomed to it a little of the smallest wine may be granted There ought to be temperate moderation of the other non-naturals likewise watchings and sleep the sick should sleep moderately In the beginning of the Pox or Measles there should be gentle frictions of the legs and arms used whereby the humours might be called out to the circumference of the body 'T is in use to put a red cloth to the bed in the sight of the sick to cause motion of humours to the exteriour parts The Belly should be kept open with a gentle Clyster if need require Lastly all vehement perturbations of the mind must be avoided especially anger and fear CHAP. XIII Of the Spotted Fever MOreover another sort of malignant Fever is Patechiae when certain spots like the biting of gnats appear in the skin There are of divers colours but principally red called by Authors Puncticulae Peticulae and Patechiae whence the Fevers are also called Peticulares Patechiales Lenticulares These spots are without all itching extuberancies and ulceration