Selected quad for the lemma: water_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
water_n	half_a	ounce_n	small_a	3,273	5	6.7851	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A56139	An account of a portable barometer, with reasons and rules for the use of it how to weigh the air, measure its height, and foretell all the alteration of weather, the constitution of the atmosphere, and how the effluvia keep off the airs gravitation : with a new account and experiments, how rain, snow, winds, frost, thunder, lightning, hurricans and tornados are produced, and an inquiry, whether the planetary beams or influence can cause an alteration of weather, to be foretold by them : with a sensible demonstration of their influences and the insufficiency of all hygroscopes, thermometers, and other inventions, to discover the alterations of weather by : and lastly, rules and experiments for the certain knowledge of all the alterations of weather, both in quantity and quality / by Gust. Parker, Med.	Parker, Gustavus.	1699 (1699)	Wing P391; ESTC R1399	37,634	125

the Weights may and do consist of Ounces Drachms Scruples and Grains and may as well be Pounds or Hundreds but will be most Convenient to have them of one Denomination and the bigger or more Weights we use the greater will be the variation of the smaller parts if the Balance be good to foretell the last as well as other alterations of weather by which with small weights except the Balance be very nice will not be casie to distinguish so many minute variations as all the alterations of weather will require I have therefore a weight consisting of or divided into 2000 equal parts for the Middle or Center of variation and have not yet observed the weight of Air to vary full 60 such parts either above or below that number that is 120 in all so if the weight be bigger the variations will be more as this of 2000 is 120 if it were 4000 the variation would be 240 such parts which is near ten times as much as in the Common Barometer but if it be but 1000 the variations will not be above 60 such parts which is 3 times as much as the common ones and to be less will not be so serviable January 3. 1698 9 a Cylinder of Air weighed but 1951 having been very wet the day before and rained all the night presceeding and now extream dark thick weather but no rain this thrid day Jan. 4. it weighed 1958 being very Cloudy but no Rain this day neither Jan. 6. it weighed 1964 when it rained all the day abundance The first of these times the Common Barometer was something below much Rain the next the Quicksilver stood at much Rain and in the last one division above much Rain Sept. 12. 1698 a Cylinder of Air weighed 2025 it was very fair clear and dry Octob. 3. 1698 a Cylinder weighed 2022 being very fair clear and dry Decemb. the 3d. and 4th 1698 a Cylinder of Air weighed 2026 being very fair yet thawing and a hard frost going away In the first of these the Common Barometer was at fair and at the second very near at the last somewhat above fair These I believe are sufficient to prove that a Cylinder of Air does not weigh so much in wet as in dry weather but yet a particular parcel of Air as a Quart Gallon or Bushel c. must needs weigh much heavier in a wet time or tho only misty then in a clear Season it containing so many watery Particles every where within our reach that there is not above one third part of pure Air if so much as I have several times tried Octob. 21 and 22. 1698 it rained both days almost from morning to night and so much in Buckingham and Bedfordshire that the like had not been known On the 21 I took a Brass Aeolipile which held something more than a Pint and half a little better than eight and twenty ounces of common well Water this was made as hot as it would indure and then the Orifice was very well stoped with a firm Cement and so laid to cool and when it was through cold in an exact pair of Scales it weighed Eight Ounces Seven Drachms and a half the Orifice being then opened to let in the Air it weighed something above 19 Grains more a Cylinder of Air at the same time weighed 1962 and the Quicksilver Glass stood 4 below Changeable The 22 in the morning the same quantity of Air weighed near 20 Grains a Cylinder of Air 1963 and the weather-glass as before Jan. 2. 1698 9 being a very wet day when a Cylinder of Air weighed but 1949 the Weather-glass at 2 below much Rain the emptied Aeolipile contained 21 grains and a half of humid Air. Jan. the 6. following very wet again yet a Cylinder of Air weighed 1964 the Weather-glass three divisions higher than on the second day but the exhausted Aeolipile 22 Grains of humid Air this day Then on the 12th of Sept. 1698 when a Cylinder of Air weighed 2025 the Weather Fair the Aeolipile heat and weighed as before would now hold but 15 Grains and a half of Air. Octob. 3d following a Cylinder of Air weighed 2022 being very fair and clear the Weather-glass very near the same height the Aeolipile weighed 16 Grains more when the Air was let in then before Decemb. the 4th 1698 a Cylinder of Air weighed 2026 being very fair but a little misty the Weather-glass a little above Fair the exhausted Aeolipile near 17 Grains more when the Air was let in then it did before This I believe is sufficient to make good the Title of this Chapter and prove the truth of a Paradox or two that the Ai● is both lighter and heavier in we● weather and both heavier and lighte● in dry weather But there is nor can be no certainty in the Aeolipilan way as I shall demonstrate in the 10 Chapter to foretell any alteration of weather by CHAP. III. How Winds Storms Tempests Hurricanes and Tornados are produced THe Portable Barometer being an Instrument that discovers all the alterations of Weather it will be convenient to give some account of Winds also what they are and how produced for they are as well foreseen by this as any other sort of weather and the reason we have had no better knowledge of them is only for want of a true method in Science to direct us in all natural observations to enlarge and confirm our knowledge That have kept us from it therefore what I have to say of Winds cannot be expected to be either so full or perfect as what is dilivered of more obvious Subjects being not so Cogniscible to our Senses but are indeed of a Metaphysical Nature of which few I suppose have made any great experiments but only given us some Historical relations of their strangeness and tho Winds are only the motions of Air yet their origines are almost as various as their motions and cannot be had from any one cause but we must ascend into the Regions of the Air and descend into the Caverns of the Earth and Waters of the Sea to understand them for we can never confine their original to any one efficient nor I believe there never was any single Theory yet stated that would resolve the whole Phaenominon of Winds which may be generated these six ways by Rarefaction Compressure Elasticity and Resilition or by Subterraneal or Submarine Eruptions The universal Efficient of the first four is chiefly the operations of the Sun Beams upon the Effluvious Air and that of the other two from Subterranial Vutrano's and Calid Emotions of Mineral Heterogenities as I shall successively shew First by Rarification that Air may be dilated to 100 200 nay 13000 times its former extent as the Honourable Esquire Boyle Mersennus and others have experienced without heat by removing the Circumjacent Pressure of the other Aerial Particles but let this or any such Rarefaction be produced from what cause soever either by the Sun Beams or any other

heat or Condensation of some particular part to make room for the natural Expansion of another the effects will be all one a Wind must insue by the Protrusion of other Air which by this means crowd and Superonerate the former spaces whereby that wonderful and admirable Emotions of the Atmosphere is produced we call Wind which is more or less violent according to the force and extent of the Rarefaction Secondly Compressure is another way by which Winds may be generated the Effluvious Air being in continual motion not in one but several Currents must needs produce very numerous undulations these together almost as many Eddies whether in pure Air Efflvious Vapours or Clouds which in contrary Currents meet with more or less violence according to the Bigness Strength and Density of the Matter by which means the Wind may as the pressure is violently descend Perpendicularly to the Earth or being reverted by cross or collateral obstructions heaping and pressing Superonerations makes as violent Whirl-winds Hurricanes or Tornadoes c. to blow from all the parts of the Compass at the same time with amazing Displosions as if the Heavens and the Earth were going to be torn in pieces by these examinating Tempests But their several Species is not my present business only the use of the Barometer but if Life and Leisure serve it may be done in another Edition Thirdly Elasticity the natural springiness of the Air is another cause of Winds for tho we suppose our Atmosphere to be in never so still and quiet a posture and all things most calm and sedate yet 't is impossible it should be all of one universal consistency but must contain a great variety of rare and dense parts from the Local Diffirances the Emanations proceed from either Waters or Marshes or dry Lands and these different degrees of fluid Densities being upon a just and true Aequilibrium a small strenght of other Elastick Particles between turns them any way which immediately make room for a numerous succession of other Auxiliaries to a vast extent that carries all before them in an impetuous Wind. So that whenever any Aereal Particle has leave to unbend it self in any posture it immediately gives way to the other neighbouring Particles Expansions and as the motion is made to others beyond to a mighty extent by which means their strength is also encreased to a mighty proportion with the addition of their weight to their Elasticity and so carries all before them to the turning up of the strongest Oakes or Buildings which continue till the Elastick Particles are driven to their utmost extentions that the other pacid Particles will yeild to and then they begin again to curl and fluctuate and by degrees to settle in their native postures and a quiet calm till fresh causes give them new disturbances Fourthly The Resilition of the Atmosphere is another cause that produces wind the Effluvious Air being easily taken and brought into currents by several Meanders as well in the upper as in the lower Regions in the upper by the Sun Beams or the particular constitution or local position of the same Effluviums and in the lower by the Waters in several Seas and Channels and also with several Mountains and Valleys by Land this tender fluid being so very tractable so easily susceptible and long retentive of the last Impression that 't is a kind of a perpetual Automata which may by these or several other ways be brought into Currents but yet it is almost impossible these Currents should be continued in even and uninterrupted Orbicular courses but must be met or obstructed by several Clouds and Densities in the Atmosphere Hills Mountains the Sun Beams contrary Currents of Air Provincial Trade or Etesian-winds Mascarets c. any of which obstructions forthwith begets this Resilition and that more or less wind according to the bigness and strength of the recoyling Protrusions Fifthly Subterraneal eruptions are another cause of Winds which eruptions are produced by the Calid Emotions and Effervescencies of Mineral Heterogeneities that plentifully abound in all parts of the world and these Calid Emotions by the mixtures of the Effluvious Acids from Niter and other Salts Vitriols Sulphurs Antimony c. which will immediately heat only with a small quantity of fair water as Spirits of Niter and Vitriol c. which are only their acid salts freed from their more Terrestrial parts and united with a little Phlegm mingled with water will do the small Partieles of which are always at hand and can never be wanting in no such places And with bigger additions of other Auxiliaries are in some places augmented to actual fires by which means their acid Salts are made Alcaline and so furnish the whole Universe with sufficient matter for Effervescencies and fermenting Calid Emotions by the continual actions and reactions of their Acid and Alcaline Particles as quick Lime and Water or these with Sal Armoniack c. or any Acid Spirit with the ashes of Wood Bones Coals or other Alcalies will immediately heat and boyl without fire with such strength and violence that the strongest Vessel cannot contain them Thus the Subterraneal Caverns are the Kingdom of Aeolus and Nature's Chymical Furnaces where all the numerous Cranies are Receptacles of Wind from the internal Vulcano's Rarefactions which are continually sent Night and Day from all those places and constantly disturb our Atmosphere more or less in one place or another by their powerful Propulsions For the Earth is the first Mother of Meteors and contains all those restless Spirits and Effervescencies that afterwards raise Storms Tempests Hurricanes and Tornado's by Sea several raging Winds and violent Storms by Land Thunders and Lightnings in the Air and Earth-quakes under ground frequently known to come from the burning Mountains in China the Grotto's in Calabria and Sicily The Alps and many other places of the World Sixthly Submarine eruptions are produced in the same manner under the Sea as the others are under the Ground and generate Winds as they do and are called Procella Coeca they break out in a Cloud or Mist from under the Water and encrease and diffuse themselves till they cover the face of the whole Heavens and end in most dreadful Tempests we have an account of one from our Fleet at Duncannon by the Principal Officers to their Superiours in England related by Esquire Boyle that in a calm day there suddenly ascended a black Cloud out of the Water hard by them in shape and bigness of a Barrel which afterwards ended in so hideous and dreadful a Tempest that it forced the Ships to Sea again in the greatest danger of total destruction and had like to have cast them away So in St. Owen's Bay in the Isle of Jersey when never so calm and no Wind stirring these submarine Tempests often appear and the roaring of the Waves are heard all over the Isle and 20 or 30 miles into France and in the River Dourdongn near Bourdeaux the Mascarets