the Rangifer or Reen Writers agree not Albertus saith it resembles a Deer but is greater and of remarkable colour and very swift of foot He is attired with three rows of horns on each are two horns so that his head seems made up of little rocks Of these two are greater then the rest standing where the Deers horns use which grow to five cubits length and there are seen on him five and twenty branches Those two in the middle of his head are short and weakly Others he hath on his forehead liker bons then horns which he uses most in fight Olaus M. saith he is three-horned and that he is a kind of Stag but much taller fleeter and longer He is called Rangifer both because of his lofty horns that resemble the branches of the Oke as also because the harnesse that they fasten their winter Carts with to their horns or breasts are in the countrey tongue where they are called Ranga and Loga He hath a mane and round hoofs He hath a trident on the top of his horns and is found in the Forrests of Poland Iulius Caesar makes him a kind of Ox shaped somewhat like a Hart from the midst of his forehead between the ears sprouts out one lofty horn straighter then those known to us the top spread and branching Some make him like the Elke some like the Asse in stature bulck and slendernesse of legs headed like a Calf necked and mained like a Horse the horns shadowing smooth slender long stretching to the back otherwise like the common Deer Scaliger ascribes to him all that Olous M. doth to the Elke They are found in Lapland Swethland Norwey and near the North-Pole Their meat is mountain-mosse white especially in winter when the ground is covered with snow which though never so thick nature hath taught them to dig through to come by their food In Summer they browse on trees leaves flowers and herbs rather desiring to stand upright then to bend in feeding because their horns stricking out afore hinders them so that they must feed with their head wryed on one side If you bring them into other lands they live not long as men find in Holsatia and Prussia Hether some were sent by King Gustavus in the year 1533. and turned loose into the woods but none of their breed have been found there Because they are both wild and tame their milk skin sinews bones flesh and hair are made serviceable to man The milk and whey is for food The skin serves for cloaths bedding and saddles being strong and lasting they make therefore sacks and bellowes of it With the sinews they sew garments Of the bones and horns they make bowes The flesh they dry in the wind and the smoke to last many years The hoof helps the cramp With the hair they stuffe saddles and cushions ARTICLE X. Of the Elk. SOme make the Elk a wild beast a kinde between the Hart and the Camel bred among the Celtae hardly found out if they smell a man which they do afar off they hide themselves in deep caves and dens They are in the Hercynian wildernesse somewhat like the goat but so me what bigger and of another hew not horned their thighs without joynts never lying down to rest nor if they chance to fall can they rise again of themselves Pliny makes him like a beast of use in husbandry only differing in height of ears and neck Not unlike the Machlin in the Isle Scandinavia the like never seen in these parts but without bending knees sleeping standing leaning against a tree and so taken by cutting the tree then down otherwise very swift The upper-lip very great which in feeding turns back which else would be wrapt about what lies afore him He is found on the Alps saith Dodoneus hath under his chin a gobbet of flesh so big as a hand hairy grosse as a foles tail Scaliger speaks of two kinds of Elks but calls this Bison Olaus a kind of wild Asse Erasmus Stella a kind between the Horse and the Deer casting his horns yearly Lemning takes him for a kind of Goat The Dutch call him Elend or Misery both because he is daily sick and remains so till he put his right after-hoof to his left ear as also because the slightest wound kills him Cardan calls him a great beast like a Hart bred in the North having long forelegs and a fleshy trunk but little and horns unlike all other beasts thick and broad from the bottom The shoulders sink downward as big and tall he is as a reasonable sized fat Horse he goes hanging his head down His head and neck to the shoulders is thick of hair and that long and hath a beard like a Goat His colour white-ash but at times of the year his hair changes colour His head very long and slender for such a body The lips great hanging and thick chiefly the upper-lip The mouth long The teeth not great nor long Ears long and broad The male hath various horns and full of branches but nothing near the Stags the female hath no horns The horns are two fingers thick One horn is almost triangularim shape and extend like a great birds wing of twelve pound weight Like Stags they cast their horns at set times of the year One I had a while by me that fell from the Elk like a ripe aple from the tree of it self known well by the root other two small ones I have of two or three months growth cut off a while afore the Elks death which have a soft down on them and blood He is big-bellied like a Cow his tail strangly small cloven-hoofed he is as an ox The skinne is thick and tough and can defend against cuts and stabs as if it were an iron breast-plate the Tanners prepare it with fish-fat so that it can keep out any shower of raine It is like a Deers skin but differs from it thus it sends forth a breath that may be felt by a hand opposite because it is full of pores and the hairs are hollow though Gesner deny it who hath a foot by him but he might be deceived because pores are shut in dead Bodies The horns weigh about twelf pound and are two foot long not branched as the stages yet divided with some flat blades more like a shoulder then a horn They are brought out of Lithuania But the horn of a great Elk sent to Aldrovand weighed but seven pound twelf ounces the part near the head a man could scarce graspe adorned with five blades two on each side beside a little one shooting out The legge weighed three pound and an half The nature of the Elk is being hunted to betake him to the water and to take a mouthfull and to spout it hot at the dogges He is seene seldome alone in snow they goe many together in company One hastens afore as occasion serves the rest tread in his very steps and hold the same
part hath concocted it as milk c. Usefull no question it is nature gave not those bags such a vertue to breed such a sweet in vain But to what purpose Seed begets milk-nourshes whereto serves this whether to provoke the beast to generation as wee find Musk awakes lust and the Castors-hony or whether to allure other beasts to him as was said of the Panther Wee shall praise his wit who shall suggest other or better reasons CHAPTER IX Of the collecting and electing of Civet WHen the vessels are full of Civet the beast it self is unquiet and seeks to disburthen it self The eagernes of it seemes to swell vex and prick and provoke evacuation and the tame ones take delight to have the bags emptied with an eare-picker The Blacks or Moors search after old and dry stumps of trees and mark the large and oyly spots and take thence a round substance cleaving there as big or small as a chesnuts they let it boyl out in water and take that swimmes being fat and oyly and pour it into clean pots and keep it for their use and this is the purest Civet For on thoes trees the beast rubs and leaves it when the bags are full and urge him And keep them tame in a cellar when the Civet abounds in the bags it troubles them and they cannot stand still but run up and down and rub against the walles to ease themselves of it and so it is lost The servants of D. Barnardine of Corduba fetch the Civet out thus One drew the chain wherein the Zibet was tied another held the hind-legs a third chased the bagges and with a large ear-pick fetched the Civet clean out scraping on all sides then wiped the short-hair of both bags with cotton wool and after six times fifty emptying the bags they gather Civet enough to full a chesnut-shell In summer it is moyster and every two dayes in warme weather they gathered half an ounce but in winter they got it scarce once a week nor so much the female yeelded lesse but without striving The Civet seems fat and â—nctunous and swims at top in water and serves it self from all other things it is as hony or butter it is thinner in summer at first gathering but after thickens I fetched out of a dead one above two drams of Civet whitish and fast as hony Scaliger c. likens it to black sope but he saw only the outside and that old Some say the fresh is ugly and stinking and after comes to smell sweet contrary to amber and musk which are the newer the better Donatus out of Eremi l. 1. Antidotary c. 10. saith the stayler is best and of a Lion and palish colour fat thin thickning in time being laid on a paper and chased melts and dissolves which distinguishes it from the adulterate false Civet It is said the Civet of the male is whitish that of the female Lion-coloured at first after a weak but white also at first gathering An ounce of the females is worth four of the males They mix six ounces of this with one of that and so it is perfect the males alone is little worth It is many wayes sophisticated as mixed with butter or the soft pulp of larger raisins or Zibbibus and with rank fat or butter or cheese put a little in a silver spoon on embers with those foresaid things it renders them sweet like it The sweetest Civet is right and best It is said that the right if put into seething water flotes at top and all heterogeneous stuffe sinkes from it but we have found in some the rank butter so that it seems the separation is not so perfect The best Civet gains a colour as a dusky web but at the bottome waxes white the sophisticate is of the same colour at bottome and top It is to be kept only in glasse CHAPTER X. Of the use and power of Civet IT hath a double use the Druggists regard only the sent Physitians the vertue Druggists say a little Civet overcomes many sents in compositions so that you shall smell only that simple pounder of Civet is made of Sugar-candy and Civet beaten together to pouder which is kept in a glasse-viol close shut Some take eg-shells washt and dried and bruize them to a fine powder and in each ounce put three caracts of Civet a caract weight four grains or they take two ounce weight of prepared eg-shells infusing them in Rose-water musked ten or twelve dayes they dry crumble sears them put an ounce of refined sugar to them then put embers into a brasse mortor till it be so hote as you can endure to handle it then wipe it and put in the eg-dust smooth it with the pestle put to it four caracts of Civet mingling it by degrees with the pestle end annointed the spaced of an houre then keep it in glasse close shut and sprinkle the pouder on whitened sheets shirts and other garments Some take the best ordinary sope slice it small dry it in the sun or shade ten dayes bruize searse it then add Civet-pouder and ball it with Rose-water Of Civet also are made oyls ointments and perfumes The skin of the belly is souverain in all cold greefs A bit of it worne on the stomack strengthens it The Guinee and Brasil Blacks eat the flesh though it be unsavoury and hard of digestion to make them lusty The Hyaenaes skin is also good against the bite of a dog In Candy a ship-wracked Barbarian being driven on shoar that being elderly and maintained on the publick purse related that a piece of the Hyaenaes skin tied in a cloath and bound about the left arme helped against bites cramp c. It is said shoos made of a Sea-calfs or rather of an Hyaenaes skin drives away the foot-gout It is good against the bite of a mad dog if bound on It is past beleef that the Phocas and Hyaenaes skin make thunder proof and that they carry them about in ships to that end Surely Avicen knew Civet liavour under the name of Galia and Algalia which was not Gallia Moschata for he speaks of simple medicines not compounds And Algalia is not Serapions Sederva which is a cold juice of an herb and astringent as Acacia Besides the vertue is the same of Civet with Avicens Algalia as to soften hard impostumes and dissolved in Ben-oyl or Keiri and droped in eases a sore ear the sent helps epilepsy enlivens and asswages the cold soda in toxicates the brain in wine the sent cheers the heart and in suppositories is good for the mother and against phlegma and provoke terms cleanses the mother helps conception So that Civet Algalia and Galia are all one for all is but an Arabique article Some count Civet hot and moyst others dry some a kin to Musk but Avicen holds Musk hote and dry in the second degree But if it be a sweat
in Horses then Mares these weaken them with staling Horses have manes and crests and fore-tops The lower eylids have no hayr therefore the painter whether the Ephesian Apelles or Nicon Micon or Polygnostus is doubtfull is blamed for painting hayr there It is a mistake in Pliny and Arist. that except man they only grow gray or hoory by reason of the thinnesse of their brainpan for dogs also wax grizly Under the saddle on the scares of gall'd places ever grow white hayrs whether because that part is weak and perisht or for any other cause Yet they come forth of one colour if you sprinkle on them ground barly fried which hath a dispersing and cleansing power Of the Colours in the differences They have a continued rew of teeth on both sides and besides those in colts 40. Afore the rest are small ones as big as a bean that hinder their chewing and make them leaner The stone Horses are said to have more then Mares They change The foreteeth are shed first called cutters and suckers they are 12 6 in the upper 6 in the lower chap. These shew the Horses age For a Horse 30 moneths old looses first his middle teeth 2. above and 2 below Entring on their fourth year they shed as many more then come Columellares or eye-teeth In the fifth year they shed the second dogteeth in the sixth year they grow again and then they have their full number in the eighth year Three year after they break a tooth which becomes roundish and then 3 square when a rheum falls into their mouths After 7 they grow crooked stick out sometimes and wax hollow and after there is no guessing at their age Yet at 10 their temples grow hollow and their eybrows gray and their teeth stick out At 12 a blacknesse is seen in the midst of their teeth saith Vegetius but Varro and Arist. write then they wax brighter with age Pliny saith they grow reddish Some have their names from the variety of teeth among the Greeks they with the marke out of the mouth Agnomoi c. Some write besides of Grinders and double teeth They hold them fast though old and fed with hard meat because they eat nothing hot The Farrides call the cheekbone Psalion Gnathos jaw or chap. The chaps are very large and moved by great muscles because they eat stooping In the heart is sometimes a bone found Some say hee hath a gall some deny it Indeed hee hath no gall-bag in the liver Yet Ruinus in dissecting a Horse found on the right side of the liver a hollow receit for gall In most it is set in sprigs into the substance of the bowels whereby the liver easily disburthens it self of gall it layes it also into the duodenum gut or the first gut 12 foot long Nature it seems confines the gall to no one bag in him as in man and in other beasts because hee is ever eating and needs gall ever ready to provoke him to dung It is observed in their shape that the Foles are a little lower then their dams and being growen up cannot reach their head It is said a witchcraft of lust called Hippomanes is naturall to them and sticks in their foreheads it is black as big as a fig which the Mare presently after foaling bites off afore shee lets the fole suck such another grows on the Mares privities This venome but daubd on the brazen Olympick Mare set all the Horses a madding as Pliny Pausanias and Aelian H. A. l. 3. c. 17. and 14. 18. write Horses are found in all places almost They delight in marishes and places wel watered though plains or hills And such places are fittest for them not dry grounds nor pestered with trees and where tender shrubs grow rather then tall trees Horses for state and service in warre stand in the stable at rack and manger where they are tied with head-stalls Their feed is fruit it is a wise beast in choyse Barly is lesse windy for them then oats or wheat Wee use oats In England and elsewhere hors-loaves of beans and pease Grasse is the common and proper fodder and hay Melilote in Italy is called the Horse three-leave-grasse Strabo speaks of a Median Physick grasse that battens them Not the first cutting especially if it grow in stinking pudde water that is unwholesome They cut it 4 or 6 times a year Some commend Cytisus in winter being dry moystned Ten pound serves an Horse lesse other cattell In many places they give them bundles of vetches By Damascus pulse for a need other things Caesars Horses besieged by Scipio ate duck meat rinced in fresh water The Pompejan Horses at Dyrrachium in a siege ate leaves striped from trees and reed-roots In Senega that dry soyl fitches and mixt In Thrace by Strymon thistle-leaves In Parthia the herb Hippax In Tartary boughs and bark of trees and roots strook out of the earth with their hoofs In Aden they eat fish there being plenty there And dried fish in Golconda in Persia and among the Gedrosians the Celtae Macedonians Lydians and Paeons inhabiting the Prasian Lake The Arabs feed them twice a day with camels milk In spring with tender herbs They love to drink water whether troubled or clear running or standing muddy or other Some to make them metled give them wine especiall if leane of old beer of oats or corne say some The males live longest We read of one 70 years old At 33 they gender After 20 men use them for stallions One called Opuns held out 40 years Some judge their age by the pinching of their shoulder-skin if after pinching it unfold it self leysumly it is an old if presently a young horse Some judge by the joynts in the tayl after the mark is out of the mouth Mares leave growing at 5 males grow a year longer after they spread and so till 20. But Mares come sooner to their just pitch It is the most lustfull of all beasts whence a venerous man is compared to a Horse and called Hippobinos The Mares are most salacious among whom Cupid is by Poëts faind to be bred and whores all called Mares having been but a few dayes together they smell out one another The Horses by biting drive away strange Mares and hold to their owne feeding with them Some say a Mare great with fole will take Horse some deny it Gryllus in Plutarchs questions whether buggerers are not worse then beasts since beasts sollicite none Yet at Athens a Horse is said to have ravisht a girle the daughter of the last of the Codry called Hippomanes Those that begin to gender at two years old bring weak colts but they begin commonly at 3 or 30 moneths old and
the like of a shee-Asse of Iohn à Grua the juggler Shee saith hee would first daunce three severall kinds of daunces as the musick changed and that with her forefeet held up with great alacrity and anone as if all her jollity were turn'd into the deepest sorrow cast herself all along on the ground and there ly stone still as struck with an apoplexy and could not be brought to stir with spurning or kicking after being bid to greet all the beholders shee would like a man turne her eyes and head toward them all and salute them doing obeysance with her forefeet and which was the greatest wonder of all shee to the amazement of the bystanders would cast her body through a hoop at her masters beck as cleverly as a dog should leap through Lastly like a dogge shee would take up an handkerchief or glove dropt on the ground and restore it to the owner They are so fond on their colts that they will run through fire to come at them and are so loving to their kind that they swound if they see them dy It is also observed that the sheeashe takes speciall heed that shee bring not forth afore any mans eyes or in the light When shee is overloaden shee shews it by hanging down her eares That Asses flesh hath serve for food is witnest by Galen The story also of Charles V. relates the Spanjards did sometime eat it Wee know also that M.D.XVI. at the siege of Verona it was counted a dainty when they used lentils and beanes but seldome The Persians also on their birth-feast-day would rost an Asse whole and reckoned it among Princely delicates Mecaenas saith Pliny was the first who appointed Asse-colts in feasts at that time prefer'd afore wilde Asses after his time the tast grew out of request That they are ill tasted and hard of disgestion and spoil the stomach they that have fed on them can witnes The Physitians have brought into use Asses milk blood flesh liver spleen yard stones hoofs scurf stales and dung Galen saith their milk is thinnest if compared with that of the cattell that we use to milke but thick if compared with that of camels and Mares Unlesse we so distinguish he must be said to contradict himself since Pliny also writes that camels-milk is thinnest next that of Mares the shee-asses so thick that men use it in stead of curds It is best if she be well well fed young and shortly after her foaling Physitians advise some of them that they that are in a consumption should suck it themselves that it abate not of the native warmth Galen prescribe it to yong man who was wasted away mixt with hony as soon as he came out of a bath The same drunke alone refresheth an exulcerated stomack and is commended against a cough leannes and spitting of blood Drinking it helps a sore breast as Pliny delivers and taken in with hony it helps monthly terms It is not good for a weak or giddy swimming head It helps against parget ceruse brimstone and quicksilver Gargling it is most comfortable for exulcerated jaws There are examples of some helped of the gout by drinking Asses-milk And some eased of that gowtish pain by drinking the whey thereof It is thought to help somewhat to the making womens skin white It is certain that Domitius Nero his Poppaea carried still along with her 500 bigbellied Asses and bathed her whole body in the milk on a conceit that it saftned and suppled her skin The blood some say stanches a flux of blood out of the brain Pliny sayes that it is said to cure a quartan ague if the patient drink three drops of the blood taken out of a vein in the Asses-eare in a pinte and a half of water Hartmannus commends the same taken after the ears as extreme good against madnesse Linnen never used afore is thereby softened and bleached whereof a part is softned in a draught of spring-water and the water taken in against frenzy Aelian witnesses the same of Asses flesh and that one Bathylis of Candia was recovered of lunacy thereby it being prescribed him Pliny saith it cures the Tisick especially in Achaja wee read the same in Avicen who addes that it is given in against the falling sicknesse The liver also eaten helps against the same disease but is prescribed to be eaten fasting Others advise it to be drop'd into the mouth mixt with a little of the universall medicine The milt is so effectuall against the spleen that the profit is felt in three dayes usage The same beaten to powder and out of water put on the breasts brings the milk into them if we credit Sextus The fume is good for old matrices as Pliny holds Their Reins in powder given in pure wine help the bladder and to hold the water The Asses genital is conceived sayes Pliny burnt to ashes to make hayr come thick and prevent gray hayrs if smeare on the new shaven with oyl and pounched to powder with lead His right stone drunke in wine or bound to the arme provokes lust Either of them helps against witchraft Wrapping infants in the skin keeps them from frighting A ring made of his hoof if there be no black in it carried about one inclinable to sounding fits keeps him from falling The Asses of the same are also good for that end drunk many dayes together and kneaded with oyl dispersse swellings or bunches Tarentus used it for a bait to take many fishes That they call lichen whether male or scurf or tetter burnt and powderd and laid on with old oyle breeds hayr so that if you annoint but a womans jaw with it shee shall have a beard daubd on with vineger raises from a lethargy or dead sleep Their stale smeard on with clay takes away corns and cures hard flesh saith Marcellus Savanarola hath written that it is good against an ill savour of the nostrils Dioscorides that in drinke it helps the ache and gravell in the reins Wherefore those of old have still used it Of their dung thus Pliny The dung of the Asse-colt voided first after his foaling is called Polea The Syrians minister it in vineger and meth against the spleen The same helps the collick and bloody flux boyld in wine it greatly relievs the pain of the skin In three dayes it cures the kings-evill given but as big as a bean in wine A mares foles dung hath the like efficacy The same is used to stanch blood Tarentinus much commends it moystned in Coriander juice and kneaded with barly-flower for the taking of trachuris and perch I need not speake of their usefulnesse in carriage in the mill in warre and at the plow c. This may be added that pipes are made of Asses bones and are shriller then others and that the Arabs make parchment of the asse-hide and cloath of the hayr Some differences and kinds they may be divided into
c. 1. testifies that they have bending joynts in the lower part of their hinde legs but as concerning the bending of their leggs some report otherwise as that they have no joynts but their legs is one entire bone which they cannot bend and that falling they cannot rise again But others as Pliny for one deliver that they have behind short joynts and within bending hams like a man and indeed experience hath taught us so much Their feet are round like a horsehoofe but broader the bottomes being some 18 inches round Vertoman likens them to a table-trencher form'd of an hard black wide skin Their toes are misshapen five in number but not parted and scarsely distinguisht the hoofs are not like claws They have two paps under their shoulders not on the breast but on the side it is hidden in the shoulder-pits Their Genital is like a horses but small no way answerable to their bulk Pliny saith that they gender averse the face turne from each other Their testicles are not seen outwardly but lurke within about the reins whence they engender the sooner Ctezias trifles in saying their seed is as dry and hard as amber Pliny saids they have foure bellies Aristotle that their gut is windding and turning that they seeme to have foure bellies and therein meat is found Galen makes it very wide and most like a horses their entralls resemble a swines Their liver is foure times as great as an oxes the rest of the inwards are answerable except the milt this is lesse then proportion would require Pliny makes their lungs foure times greater as an oxes Aristotle denies that he hath any gall in his liver yet if you cut that part where it uses to bide some gally moysture more or lesse will spurt out Galen also avers that there is choller in his bladder The same tooke a bone out of the heart of one that he cut up and he observes that it hath two ventricles in it and not three as Aristotle saith Whereof Aelian thus The Elephant is said to have a double heart and sense that by the one he is anger'd by the other appeased as the Moors report See the description of a couple in Aldrovandus They are found in Africk Asia and the neighbouring Islands And in Africk in a Forrest behind the Syrtes or quicksands in the deserts-bordering on Sala a Town of Mauritania in Lybia Getulia and the Forrests near mount Atlas c. The Symbari between the Arabian Mountains and the Nile live on the hunting of them There were huntings of them appointed by Ptolomaeus Philadelphus King of Aegypt in the Aethiopia of the Ophiophagi or Serpent-eaters As for Asia King of Parthia kept D. C C. King of Audata a 1000. The King of the Palibroti 9000. The King of Chrysaeum Parasanga Asanga had 300 armed In Taprobana are vaster and more warlike accounted then in India as Onesicritus a Governour under Alexander the Great relates In Zeilan are at this day very great ones and very ingenious The Siamensian King is said to keep 12000 whereof 4000 stand ever armed against any sudden surprizes and chances Under the great Mogul his command are 50000. In Mosambique Isle and in Benomotapa are found whole herds of them To the Isle Zanzibar also resort many Merchants to buy Yvory They delight much in moyst and marishy places they love rivers especially in hote countries for they can endure no cold As concerning their foed they feed on fennygraffe on leaves of trees on stumps the fruits of the mose-tree and on the roots of the Indian fig-tree They devour sometimes earth and stones But eating it brings them diseases unlesse they first chew it The tame ones are fed with barley and they will sometimes devour nine Macedonian bushels thereof at once There was one shewed at Antwerp that gobbled up foure bushels of apples on one day They write that they are much taken with musckmelons Water but muddy and troubled is their drink Wine also made of rice and other grain and so among us That at Antwerp souped up at once more then 16. pound and did that so often that it seems to come near the proportion whereof Aristotle writes Yet they can well bear thirst and can goe without drinking eight dayes together About their coupling the time and manners writers report diversly Pliny out of Aristotle saith the male begins at five years old the female at ten Aristotle assignes to both the 20 years and anotherwhile the twelfth to the female when soonest and the fifteenth when latest you shall find in Solinus that they couple averse from each other Horace of Canida agrees with him that the female sits then the male covers her See Albertus the Great and Aristotle about the circumstances the desire to couple in the water especially c. They never couple but in secret The male three years after seeks out the same female and never more after In two years they couple five dayes and no more saith Solinus out of Pliny nor returne they to their herd till they have wash'd themselves in fountain-water In coupling-time they rage most and â—â—row down the Indians stables It is also doubted how long the shee carries her burden Some say a year and six moneths some say three years some say ten Arist. H. A. l. 6. c. 27. writes two years Strabo 16 months at least at longest 18. Diod. Sic. and Aelian say the same Some say resolutely eight years They bring forth sitting on their hind legs with pain The Birth comes into the light with the head formost saith Aelian They bring but one at once as we read in Arist. and Diod. Sic. Every foure years one birth say Cadamustus and Scaliger The birth is as great as a grown hog or a calfe of three months As soon as it is brought forth it can see and goe and sucks with the mouth and not with the trunk They suck till they be eight years old They hold enmity with the Rhinoceros the Lyon Tiger Ram Hog Serpent Dragon they hate some colours and fire Of the Rhinoceros thus Pliny In Pompey his sports was a Rhinoceros seen A born enemy to the Elephant he whets his horn on the stones and prepares for fight wherein he aimes most at the belly which he knowes to be softest They are of equal height only the legs are somewhat shorter of one then the other Among the westerly Ethiopians the Lyons will fasten on the young Elephants and wound them but if the dame come they fly The Tiger flies at the Elephants head and with ease chokes him If he be in a raging fit the very sight of a Ram makes him gentle The grunting of a Swine terrifies him Of their combating with Dragons and their perpetual discord Pliny writes that the Dragon clings about him as on a knot he finding himself overmastered with
is strange a garment of the wool of a Sheep bitten by the wolfe brings an itchon the wearer New married women among the Roamns weare girdles of wool The Pescia or Capucia were made of lambs-skins The Molostans was saith Festus sheeps-skin wherewith helmets were covered The same skin hath been used in stead of paper The Belly Diophanes makes good for killing vermine Purses have been made of rams stones And bellows saith Festus The smallguts make lute and bow-strings In May make Sheeps and Goats-cheese Their pisse yeelds matter for salpeter Their dung fattens the ground If you close a candle of pure rams-sewet in a linnen cloath and put it into your chests it keeps your cloath from moths Their differences wee shall take from their hair or wool or place and handle them promis-cuously The Scythian Sheep are soft the Sauromatan hard wooled Those of Tarentum soft-wooled The Colonian rougher because kept ever aborad Wee shall represent their shaggy shape to you They are called Montaneers from their rough and unkemed wool There are also Wild-Sheep not much greater then ours but swifter and with horns bending back armed with butting and strong fore-heads They oft in the woods strike to the earth fell Bores sometimes they combate fiercely with each other In the Gordian forrest memorable in Iul. Cap. time were many painted beasts kept and an hundered wild sheep In the Lybian deserts called Adimain was a beast shaped like a Ram as big as an Asse with long dangling-ears and short wool she would suffer herself to be backed though she was not kept for that use but only for the Milk Contrary to ours the Ewes are horned the rams not There they are commonly seen in Numidia also sometimes but counted prodigious The Egyptian-fleeces resembles rather haire then wool Garments of them being thredbare and died again last an age They are greater then those of Greece About Damiate the weathers have tayls round and so great they can scarce carry them Leo Affricanus saith hee hath seene of those tayls that weighed some 50. and an 100 pound In Aethiopia they have no wool but weare all rugged camels hair Their Sheep are very little and the natives cover their privities with the tayls In Nubia the rams are yeaned with horns the Ewes also are horned and which seems a miracle they drinke but once in every foure dayes At Tunis they are so loaden with their thick tayls that they can hardly stir themselves but those that tend them are faine to bind their tayls on litle carts when they would remoove them In England they never drinke any thing but dew and they of purpose keep them from water finding by experience that it hurts them In Arabia some drag tayls after them three cubits long some of a cubite broad Such are found in Arabia the stony and the Happy the tayls weighing some 26 some 44 pound Where also are Rams whose hair hangs to the ground That that is called the Indian but is indeed the Arabian Ram hath no hornes but long fleece and a tayle reaching to the ground There is a kind of smooth-rams called Moromorus who stands stone still and stays till any come near him sometimes hee is shy and flies for feare with his burden The Ram of Angola called Guineensis is of the bignes of ours thick of head the after part sticking out more then ours eares dangling the tayl reaches but to the anckles with a great tripe the yard in the midst of the belly the hornes small downward bending toward the eyes and as it were crumpled at the bottome of his neck a long hairy maine the rest of his body is short-haired like a goat but hee carries no wool black-headed and eared and the upper-half of his tayl the rest white as also the hinder-part of the head the fore-legs white to the knees the lower halfe black the hind-legs all black about the dock and back white the sides have black spots footed like the goat black-hoofed Yet these Sheep are as ours some coloured on one fashion some on another and one kind is thick-legged like a man and fat having no hanging mane nor wool but is haired like a goat Greater then ours their belly strutting out like an ox In Asia some are red-wooled The region Camanda feeds some as big as Asses and those fair and fat with tayls of 80 pound wight The Canusinian fleeces are reddish or yellowish Those of Chios for want of pasturage are very small but their Cheeses is much cried up The Clazomenian are some white some cole-black some Raven-black The Coraxine wool is of all the purest Therefore the Rams for breed are not bought under a talent Those of Creet on mount Ida called by the shepherds Striphoceri have straight-horns like a Unicorn round and hollow and wreathed like a shell-fish no bigger then our Rams In the Isle Erythraea it may be Gades their milk is so fat it yields no whey and they choke within thirty dayes if you blood them not In a part of Scotland the sheep are yellow their teeth gold colour the flesh and wool like saffran In Gortynis they are red and have four horns In Gothland are Rams with four and eight horns which makes them so fierce that to prevent mischief which they else do to each other and to other creatures they are fain to saw them off They bear a soft and long wool Hirta one of the Hebrides hath sheep taller then the greatest hee-goats with horns as thick as those of Oxen and somewhat longer and tailes touching the ground In Spain in Marineus his time there was such a glut of sheep that he knew many shepheards owners of thirty thousand where their Lambs ar better then elsewhere In Illyria they report the Ewes yean twice a year and for the most part couples nay many three at once and four and sometimes five And give two quarts and a half of milk at one time The Indian reacht in bignesse the greatest Asses and yean commonly four at once ever three at least Their tailes reach their feet which they cut off both that the Rams may come at them and that oyl may be fetched out of their fat The Rams tailes also are cut off and the fat taken out and are so neatly sewed on again that the seam is not to be seen Of which Rams we shall give a figure one without horns and taile but having something growing in stead with a kind of dew-lap under the chin all white except the head and hoof-ends which are black Another notably fenced with bending and wreathed horns they and the head of horn-colour the muzzle feet testicles and bottom of the taile of a shining white the rest all red The fleece of the sheep of Istria or rather Liburnia is liker hair then wool There is a kind said to be in Italy
the bitches twelf other kinds fifteen The whelps have white teeth and a shrill bark the elder their teeth blunter saffran-coloured the bark greater Which voyce we call barking in Latine latrare and banbare In Greeke Whelps are said Banzein older Ylaktein to yelpe c. when they drink they lap when they quarrell or fawne they grumble We say a salt-bitch hot go to dog in hunting they open Prokunein provoked they snarl Ararizein They dread the Hyaena so that the very shadow strikes them dumb In Nilus they give but a lap and away for feare of the Crocodile A Wolf they hate Porta saith a Wolfs-skinne hanged on one bitten with a mad dogge removes fear of water They dread the Buzzard for her slow and low flying Blondus his dog would not come neare Hens-flesh Some refuse the bones of wilde-fowles Of old they would not enter Hercules his temple either by reason of his club or they sented something buried under the threshold that they hated Some complain lamentably if you strike a Harp some houl if they hear a Trumpet The report of a Gun makes them run Well they agree with mankind wee shall see anone They are soon vexed and will fight long about a bone They are watchfull house-keepers they are soon waked They drive them in Sparta from their temples for their lust after women They are skilfull in senting and by smelling behind distinguish of the disposition of bodies They are ever hunting with their nose near the ground and so soon infected Quick of hearing they are At foure moneths old they shed teeth and hayr If crop-sick they devour grasse They soon cast puppy if the dog be killed they coupled with They are very cunning and have a good memory and are very teacheable That in Plutarch cast so many stones into the oyl-cruyze till the oyl swelled high enough that he could lick it They forget not a way once gone Man onely exceeds them in remembring One in Venice knew his master after three years Ulisses his dog after twenty years absence On Vespasians Theater was shewn a dog that was taught all kinds of daunces and fained himself sick and dead suffered himself to be draged about by the tayl then started up as out of a deepe sleep Francis Marquesse of Mantua becomming dumb in a sicknesse taught a Dog by signes to call any courtier to him Another in the presence of Justinian the Emperor and the people having rings from the spectators which his master jumbled together returned each his own ring Being asked which of the company was poore or rich a whore or a widow he shewed each taking their cloaths in his mouth They are very faithfull to their masters We have heard of one that fought with theeves for his master and would not leave his dead body but drive birds and beasts of prey from the carcasse Of another in Epire that discovered one that killed his master and never left rending and barking till he confest the deed Two hundred dogs rescued the Garamant King from banishment withstanding all resistance Those of Colophon and the Castabaleâ—â—es made use of squadrons of Dogs in warre they set them in the front neither would they give ground they were the most faithfull forces they had and asked no pay When the Cimbrians were slain their Dogs defended their houses lying on Carts Jason the Lycian his dog would not eat when his master was slain but starved himself to death Another called Hircanus leaped into King Lysimachus his funerall flame the like is said of King Hierons dog Pyrrhus King Gelons dog also is famous and that of Nicomedes the Bithinian King his Queen Consinga being torn wantonizing with her husband With you a dog defended Volcatius a Gentleman a Civilian from a rouge who assailed him returning out of the suburbs homeward And Caelius also a Senator of Placentia who was sickly and opprest with armed men nor was he slain till his dog was first killed But above all that surpasses any instance in our age that the Roman Chronicle testifies that when Appius Jenius and Publius Silius were consuls T. Sabinus who was condemned for Nero Germanicus sons sake to be cast down the Gemonies had a dog that hould piteously for his master there many Romans standing about and being offered meat he put it to his dead Lords mouth and the carcasse being cast into Tiber the dog swam to it and endevoured to keep it from sinking all the people ran to beholds the dum beasts faithfulnesse Another discovered and killed the murderer of his master That of Corsica that would not suffer the nearest friends to take away his masters body frozen to death till they killed him I mention not yet those that would be burnt or buried with their masters as that of Polus the Tragedian that of Pyrrhus and Theodorus his dog Eupolis the Poëts dog would never eat after his masters death nor Jasons the Lycian Darius the last Persian Monarch had no companion at his death but his dog Xantippus his dog swam after him and was drowned Few or civilized people will eat dogs flesh unlesse need compell them Yet those of Senega eat them and those of Guinee Some nations gueld and eat them But in medicine they are of speciall use The brain-pan pouder takes down the swelling of the cods a playster of the brain sets bones the greatest tooth if you scarifie the jaw-bone eases tooth-ache some hang a black dogs longest tooth on those that have a quartan ague the dogtooth of a mad dog hung in raw leather allays frenzy the congeal stuffe dissolved in wine eases collick in vineger is taken in against dropsy Sextus layes it on their belly and by vomit draws out the hydroptique humour the liver of a mad-dog roasted is souverain against madnesse the gall with hony cures inward ulcers Marcellus applies the milt when fresh to the spleen the blood helps parts hurt by a mad dog the fat eases the gout a Puppies fat removes skars and face freckles the milke is good for sore eyes and to rub infants gums with all and drunk brings away a dead child The pisse fetches off hair and warts and mixt with salpeter cleanses leprosy The pouder of their dung is excellent against squincies ey-sentery and old sores if the dog be kept up and fed three dayes with bones Marcellus prepares it dried in the Sun and sifted with red wax by bits and a little oyl for the sciatica Pliny thinks that the bones found in their dung tied on helps the Siriasis in children The skin helps rheums if drawn on the fingers and thongs of it tied thrice about the neck helps the squincy The hair laid on the bite of a mad dog draws out the venome and stanches blood Some cure a quartane or remove it by making a cake of meal kneaded with the water the sick person makes in one fit at once and giving it to a
hungry dog See the rest in Gesner Some take two puppies newly puppied and four pound of oyl of violets and a pound of earthwormes prepared and make an ointment for wounds made by gunshot Andrew Furnerius cries up the destilled water out of whelps to prevent growing of hair Dogs differ in many respects Horned ones are said to be found in the Hellespont In Hispaniola are some that bark not In Guinee some strive to bark and cannot Some in regard of their qualities are Wind-hounds some coursers running-dogs some tumblers some house some gate-dogs some hunting some setting dogs some blood-hounds some shoks If we regard place there English Scotch Epire Cyrenaick Arcadian Indian c. dogs We shall in order treat of the severall sorts and first of mad dogs which become such by eating rotten and worm-eaten meats and flesh chiefly in the dog-daies Then they hate to eat and drink dread water rome up and down bark hoarsly fome extremely at mouth and ears look fearcely their tail hangs down they bite men without barking Many used manifold remedies as white hellebore with barly boyled to make them spew Hen-dung mixt with their meat blooding them after the third day in the swelling veins on the thighs casting them in a pond where many hors-leeches are to suck their bad blood away annointing them over with oyl of poplar washing them in a decoction of fumitory sorell and Elicampane root To prevent it some prescribe giving them while puppies breast-milk of one hath lien in of a son some cut off whelps tails when fourty dayes old Some pinch it off with their fingers the utmost joynt of the tail There are Malta dogs bred in that Isle over against Pachynus a promontory of Sicily some of them short some long haired with shagnecks Blondus prayses the black and white ones now the red and white are cried up As big as a wild weasle They keep and feed them in baskets to keep them little They are dainty of food If they whelp more then once they dy on a sudden That they may be whelped shaggy they strew the place where they ly with woolly fleeches that the bitches may have them ever in ey At Lions in France they are sould for ten pieces In Bononia for four hundred pound They are womens delights Hunting-dogs or Hounds are almost every-where Those are best that are bred in Hircania between a Bitch and a Tiger and those of Epire and the region of the Molossi and Chaonia The Persian are stoutest and fleetest The biggest are in Thebeth Those in the Province Gingue are so bold they dare venture to fasten on a Lion The writers of Husbandry shew how to breed such Alphonso King of Naples prized them and the great Cham of Tartary keeps five thousand of them They are diversly distinguished In relation to the sundry wild that they hunt or chase there are Hare-hounds and little Badger-dogs some good at a fowl that hunt them softly into the nets there are Water-spaniells others are to bait great beasts as Bull and Bear-dogs In respect to places there are those called Arcadian Ausonian Carian Thracian Iberian Hungarian Argive Lacedemonian Tegeatians Sauromatan Candian Celtan Magnetian Amorgan Hounds If you regard their colours there are ash-coloured hony-colour'd yellow white black The white are somewhat afraid of the water and will not willingly take water Those with black spots are thick and tender-footed The ash-coloured or russet are strong set and bold but slow-footed The black are stout but not so fleet as the white being lowthighed Men choose a Hound by his eager looke great head hanging upper-lip red-eyes wide nostrills sharp teeth thick neck broad breast lion liked That is the best Hare-hound that is long and plain-headed sharp-eared behind strait and little the upper-lips not hanging over the lower long and thick necked copped breast strait guts high and lean thighs tayl not thick nor too long not alwayes yelping Some of them go out a hunting of themselves and bring Hares home they call them Tumblers There are as many sorts of wind or sented as of hounds In Scotland are three kinds some bold and very fleet Some will catch fish Some red and black-spotted or black and red-spotted are lime-hounds that will hunt out theeves and stolen goods and take rivers to chase them The English and Scotch usually breed such blood-hounds up and count him a theef who is sky of letting them have accesse where ever they would hunt though into their bed-chamber Such a lime-hound must be low flat-nosed neat-mouthed the hind-thighs of one length not big-bellied plain-backed to the tayl dangling eares quick eyes The Brittish Spanish Gnosian and Tescan excell There is the Village and Shepheards Dog The white Dog is approoved being better distinguished from the Wolf Among the Turks no one master owns them nor come they into house they lay in yards on mats Of old the Romans kept five hundred of them to keep their stables We read little about the Warre-dogs and the useles Curres England breeds some that theeves murderers and traitors breed up for their cursed purpose and some that thirst after royall blood this very yeare Such the Spanjards in battell against the Indians which they feed with mans flesh to train them to hunt men Vazquez Nunnez used them in stead of hangmen The Indian Dogs in America are a new breed yet almost like ours in nature qualities shape The Xeloitzevintly is great most what above three cubits without hair sleek-skinned with yellow and blew spots Another sort they call from the country Itzcevinteporzotli michva canem like those of Malta white black and yellow a litle misshapen yet sportive pleasing fawning with an ugly bunch sticking out from the head and shoulders having almost no neck A third kind is the Tetichi not unlike ours but with a surly looke The Indians eat him as the Thracians of old Diocles the Physitian of the Asclepiad Schole prescribed Puppies-flesh to some Patients But the Cozumellol are a dainty with the Indians they fatten them as the Spanjards Conies and geld them to fatten the sooner and keepe many bitches to breed as shepheards with us for want of children they foster these and are found of them The Alco is a little Dog they are much taken with they pinch themselves to feed them travell with them on their shoulders or in their lap never are without them They have also dogs like Foxes that never barke bred in the Isle Cozumella If you strike them they will not complain nor cry These are called in Hispaniola Calamitan frogs spawned like Vermine by nature no need of an afterâ—birth dogs thin skin nor Hares-dung nor hair Pliny superstitiously seekes after them to strike dogs-dumb In Hispaniola are little dogs that grumble onely aâ—d bark not they taste well In Quivira they lay packs on their greatest Dogs CHAPTER II. Of the Cat. THe Cats