Forms for besides the aforementioned Instances I have observed that that bony Substánce so much esteemed by Physitians which is usually taken out of the Deer's Heart and is of a hard Consistence hath appear'd in one of those Creatures which I purposely look'd into to be soft and flexible like Cartilages And indeed Solidity seems so much to depend upon Texture that it may justly be doubted whether the most solid Bodies have not before their Concretion been in Fluid Forms since amongst other Rarities I have seen in the midst of Stones the exact Figures of Fishes with their Scales and Finns c. And I have known not only Wood but several other Substances as Lead-oar Minera Antimonii Marchasites c. found in the midst of stony Concretions which are strong Arguments that those Stones have been before their Indurations in the Forms of Fluids and from hence we may have ground to Question the Opinions of some who think that Stones and such like or more solid Concretions have been existent in the same Forms since the Creation since we may with probability enough presume that these Concretes are the Results of Matter newly modified and united after a different Manner from what they were before otherwise it would be impossible that such things should be lodged in such hard Concretes And these Considerations and Observations may farther confirm what we have elsewhere noted concerning the growth and increase of Minerals But the most eminent Instances to shew how much the Fluidity and Firmness of Bodies A very remarkable Instance to shew how much Fluidity c. depends on Texture is owing to the Texture and various Coalitions of their Parts are in those Waters which when permitted to rest instead of Fluidity acquire a stony hardness And it hath been observed in some hollow Caves that by the Coagulation of a certain Humor which issued out of the top of it several Concretes have been formed like Icicles of which I have some by me now gathered by a very ingenious Person which are of a perfect stony hardness being 8 or 10 Inches in Length and of a proportionable Thickness and I have also now by me certain stony Concretes sent me from a famous petrifying Cave in France And if we will give Credit to Aventinus as well as some other Authors he hath recorded in his History that several Men and Women were at once Petrify'd by a Terrene Spirit and changed into Statues that Petrifying exhalation operating much after the same Manner and altering the Texture of their Bodies as when by Incubation and the subtile Insinuations of calorifick Atoms the Parts of an Egg are so newly modifyed and disposed as to put on the Form of a Chick And it is Testified by Pamphilio Pixcentino of a Woman in Venice who upon eating of an Apple was turned into a very hard Stone after she had been hideously tortured for about 24 hours Mixture sufficient to produce Petrifaction which History together with Observations of my own which I shall add will be a good Argument to prove that even Mixture is sufficient to petrify some Bodies the Observation is in the following Experiment viz. If two Ounces of Quick-silver be mixed with two Ounces and a half of Verdigreese together with about an Ounce of common Salt and put into a Frying Pan when that Mixture hath been Boiled for a considerable time with an equal Quantity of Vinegar and Water gradually infus'd as it wasts by Effluviums the Mixture washed and cleansed from its Salts will afford an Amalgama not unlike Quick-silver which if Dexterously prepared may be cast into Moulds and formed into imbost Images and it is in this Amalgama very remarkable that tho' at the first it is so soft as in a great Measure to emulate a Fluid Body yet when for some hours exposed to the Air it becomes hard and as Brittle as Steel where the Induration seems to result from the Coalitions of the mixed Ingredients and their new Texture rather than from any innate Principle The Particles of the Fluid Mercury being so intangled and interwoven one with another as to lose their former Fluidity and to convene so closely as to unite into a Solid Body And that the Induration depends on a Mutual Combination of the Saline Ingredients with the Mercury is beyond doubt since not only a true and perfect Copper may be obtained from the Amalgama but when it hath been for some time exposed to the Air the Surface will be covered over with the Saline Parts of the Verdigreese which have freed themselves from their more intimate commixture with the metalline Particles of the condensed Quick-Silver But lest it should be Questioned whether the Particles of Salt can have any sensible Operation when mixed with a Body so firm as condens'd Quick-Silver I shall add that in Bodies much more firm it hath been observ'd viz. in those Stones from which Vitriol is got for it is remarkable in them that when they have been for some time exposed to the open Air the internal Agitation of the Saline Parts is so violent that several of them will not only swell but even burst asunder And I remember that having preserâ—'d a Mineral much of the same Nature with these Stones in my Chamber the Superficies was cover'd with a Powder both in Colour and Taste resembling Vitriol And that the Motion of the Parts of this Amalgama whilst it was Fluid which they might be put into by the external force of the Fire might contribute to their Concretion we have sufficient Reasons to believe from what is related and observ'd by experienc'd Masons viz. That the best Morter will not acquire it 's utmost compactness under 25 or 30 Years and that after a long time it becomes so hard as to be more unapt to break than the Stones it Cements But lastly that the Condensation of the Parts of the Quicksilver depends on the Mixture of the Ingredients and the Texture thence resulting is evident since the Proportion of the Ingredients being vary'd the Condensation of the Mercury was neither so speedy nor so firm And that it may appear That Nature and Art sometimes take Measures not unlike in the Hardning of Bodies I shall add a Passage from a Jesuit nam'd Pierre Belleprat who relates it as an Observation in the American Continent where he was sent to preach to the Indians A Strange Sort of Earth The Relation is That near the Mouth of the River there is to be found a Green sort of Clay which being soft and capable of being put into any Form whilst under Water grows so hard when expos'd to the Air as not to be much softer than Diamonds and this he says the Natives usually make Hatchets of which they cut their Wood in pieces with But A Concrete resulting from a Mixture of Spirit of Wine and a Solution of Coral To conclude this Discourse I shall add an Experiment which will be a farther Confirmation That
into the Air. EXPERIMENT XXI Concerning the same HAving fill'd a Glass Viol with Water which contained something above a Pound I took a Glass Pipe about as thick as a Goose Quill and having put one End of it into the Neck of the Bottle and clos'd it with Cement I fill'd the Pipe half full with Water sticking a piece of Paper at the Superficies of the Water on the outside of the Pipe which being plac'd in the Pump after the Air had been pump'd a while above sixty Bubbles of Water as big as Pease rose out of the Water one after another and the Water in the Bottle so far expanded as to rise quite up to the Top of the Pipe and being permitted to subside several Bubbles of Air rose out of it afresh as soon as it renew'd its Expansion as before but upon a reingress of the Air it presently subsided almost to the Bottom of the Pipe Besides which the following Phaenomena were observable First That those Bubbles which ascended last were much larger than the former either because their Parts were more expanded than before or because more Bubbles of Air were united together but whatever was the Cause of it we observ'd that they ascended much slower than before Another thing to be observ'd was that tho' Bubbles are usually wont to rise above the Surface of the Water encompass'd with a thin Film yet in this Tube the Surface of the Water being Convex the less protuberant Parts of the Bubble were covered with Water Another Observation which occurr'd was that whereas those Bubbles which rose at the Beginning of the Operation divided the Water which they pass'd through in their Ascent these latter expanded Bubbles filling up the Cavity of the Cylinder in their Passage rais'd the Water before them till the Air was again permitted to re-enter the Receiver and then they wholly disappeared From which Observations it may Naturally be inferr'd First Bodies under Water may be press'd upon by the Atmosphere as well as incumbent Water Secondly It cannot be hence inferr'd that the Intumescence of the Water proceeded from any Elasticity in it since it might more probably proceed from the Elasticity of the Air lodg'd in the Pores of the Water And to make it probable that those Bubbles proceeded from small Particles of Air dispers'd through the Pores of the Water and not from any spirituous Parts of the Liquor expanded I shall subjoyn the following Experiment EXPERIMENT XXII The Bubbles prov'd to be Aerious and not Watery by observing the like Bubbles in î Mercury To which is subjoyn'd a Digression whether the Air is generated de Novo c. THO' it be generally alledg'd that the Bubbles which rise in the Cylindrical Tube in the foregoing Nineteenth Experiment are Particles of Water expanded upon a Diminution of the Incumbent Weight of the Air Yet I am apter to believe them really Parts of Air dispers'd through the Water because upon the re-entring of the Air the Water was not impell'd quite to the Top but was depress'd by the Air lodg'd above it almost an Inch which being collected together was able to resist the Pressure of the Air. The Bubbles which rise in Water Aerial proved But in order to a further Discovery whether the aforesaid Bubbles were Water or not We try'd the Nineteenth Experiment in a small Receiver and upon drawing out the Air the Water subsided upon which several Bubbles rising to the Top of the Cylinder prevented the Rising of the Water half an Inch being possess'd by the Bubbles of the Air collected at the Top of the Cylinder And we were further perswaded that those Bubbles were Aerial because the Air being a second time exhausted the Water contain'd in the Tube was by the Spring of that Air contain'd in the Cylinder depress'd below the Surface of the Water which was without the Tube having a Convex Superficies as Water expos'd to Air in such Tubes usually hath but rather more protuberant And to demonstrate that those Bubbles were really made up of Aerial Particles when the Air was almost exhausted and the Water had subsided near as low as the external Water by applying Water to the Tube which contain'd the Air we observ'd that it was so far expanded as to depress the Water down to the Bottom of the Tube several Inches below the External Water So that the Air which was before expanded to near a hundred times it's extent was capable of being further expanded by Heat But I was yet further confirm'd in my Opinion that those Bubbles were nothing but Air lodg'd in the Pores of the Water because the Air being exhausted out of the Receiver the subsiding Water yielded not Bubbles as before except a few small ones when it was near pump'd out And what I took for a stronger Argument was that the same Experiment being try'd with Mercury several Bubbles likewise rose to the Top of the Cylinder and the Mercury subsiding a second time upon the Exsuction of the Air several Bubbles appear'd in the Bottom of the Cylinder which grew bigger and bigger as the Surface of the Mercury descended lower From whence it appear'd that a Body The Expansion of Water depends on the Elater of the Air lodg'd in its Pores more ponderous than Water might contain Aerial Particles in it's Pores capable of expanding themselves when the Cause of their Compression is taken away so that we have Reason to believe that the Intumescence of the Water not only in these Experiments but also the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the Water contain'd in the Pewter Globe before mention'd proceeded from the Expansion of the Aerial Particles contain'd in the Pores of the Water rather than from any Elasticity in the Water it self These things being premis'd it would be a Matter of some Importance and of no small Consequence Whether Air be a primogeneal bedy or not to determine whether what we have said of the Air be true to consider whether Air be really a Primogenial Body and inconvertible into Water and Vice versâ or not But it being as difficult as requisite we shall rather chuse to offer what may be urg'd of either the Affirmative or the Negative And first in favour of the inaptitude of Air to be turn'd into Water or of Water into Air it may be urg'd that besides that it hath been the Opinion of several Philosophers it hath likewise been found impossible by Experience to effect such a Change in either of them And the diligent Schottus Mecham Hydraulicopneumat Part 3. Class 1. relates that in the Musaeum Kircherianum Water hath been hermetically seal'd in a Glass with a long Neck and kept there this forty Years without undergoing any Change Nor indeed do we perceive the least alteration in the Nature of Air Hermetically seal'd in Glasses for Chymical Uses tho' it may acquire several Degrees of Heat in them And it may very plainly be seen that tho' Water is divided into
and the like Colour was afforded by it on a Piece of flat glaz'd Earth And some of the same being dropp'd into a Glass of Water of the Figure of an inverted Cone exhibited great-Varietys of Crimson and Purple and when the Litmase was perfectly mix'd with the Water it afforded a glorious Yellow like that of a Topaz when a few Drops of Spirit of Salt were dropp'd into it And if a few Drops of a Solution of Pot-ashes were dropp'd into it they Subsiding into the bottom of it would afford a bright dilute Colour in the bottom of the Glass a Purple above that and a deep Crimson betwixt that and a Yellow which rought to the top of the Glass And if Spirit of Sal Armoniack were pour'd upon that it would turn Part of the Yellow into a Purple or Crimson From which Experiments it appears that as the Particles of a Pigment are nearer or more dispers'd the Colours represented by them Vary EXPERIMENT XLV A Preparation of Steel us'd as a Succedaneum of Spaw-Waters and whose Colour was like that of German Amethist being dropp'd into Rhenish-Wine afforded a lovely Green but Water or Spirit of Wine will not receive that Tincture from it And to satisfie my self that the Effect depended not on any Acidity in the Wine I impregnated Water with Spirit of Salt but notwithstanding it would not receive a green Tincture from the Liquor And to vary the Experiment I dropp'd Alkalizate and urinous Salts into the Green Tincture by which it put on a dirty and a turbid Colour but if this essense of Steel was drop'd into Water impregnated with Spirit of Salt a Solution of Salt of Pot-ashes or of Spirit of Sal Armonick would turn it Yellow the Vitriolate Salt being precipitated by them And Olaus Wormius takes Notice of a rare kind of Turn-sole which would communicate a red Tincture to Water and tho' it would to Wine yet Spirit of Wine would not be at all Ting'd by it so that Tincture both depends on the peculiar Textures of the Body that receives and that which gives the Tincture EXPERIMENT XLVI THe Adventitious Colours of Metals are either such as they acquire by the Action of the Fire upon them or such as result from the Coalition of Metaline Particles with the Mestruum which dissolves them or lastly when they are mix'd together by Fusion And first Tin by the Action of the Fire being calcin'd affords a white Calx and Lead a Red one and Copper calcin'd per se yields a dark blackish Powder and Iron by reverberated Flames may be turn'd into a Crocus and Mercury may be turn'd into a Red Powder And Besides these more obvious Colours there are several intermediate ones whilst by the Action of Fire Metals are a Calcining And not only the Calces but the Glasses of Minerals vitrifi'd per se are of Colours different from the Metal so that I have seen a Glass made of Silver of a dark Colour And not only Metals but Minerals may be brought to yeild Colours by the Action of the Fire different from their own as Antimony affords a whitish Gray Calx and Flowers variously Colour'd and the Calx by being flux'd will yield a Glass of a yellow or reddish Colour And Vitriol Calcin'd passes through several Colours before it comes to be of a dark Purple EXPERIMENT XLVII AS for the Adventitious Colours produc'd by the Union of Metals with their Solvents Gold gives Aqua Regis it 's Yellow Colour but Mercury gives no considerable Colour to Aqua Fortis except a Greenness or Blewness at the first which presently disappears Tin corroded by Aqua Fortis subsided in the form of curdl'd Milk or Eggs. Lead dissolv'd in Spirit of Vinegar affords a clear Solution and if the Menstruum be drawn off appears White Iron dissolv'd by Oyl of Vitriol diluted with Water yields a Green Vitriolum Martis but gives a Saffron Colour to Aqua Fortis or a yellowish Red. Common Silver such as is coin'd gives a Copper Tincture to Aqua fortis but such as is refin'd perfectly gives a blewish Green to Aqua fortis and Spirit of Vinegar and being sublim'd with Sal Armoniac it affords a blewish Sublimate And indeed Copper dissolv'd in several Menstruums will yield a great Variety of Greenish Blew or blewish Green Colours But with Spirit of Sugar and Turpentine it affords a Blew Tincture with a mixture of Green And to shew that the Adventitious Colour may result from the Copper it self as well as the Salts which Corrode it I moistned Dantzick Vitriol with Spittle and then rubbing it upon a Knife it gave it a redish Colour like that of Copper Saccharum Saturni with Spirit of Turpentine will yield a red Balsam and that Stone which Helmont calls Paracelsus his Ludus in a proper Menstruum affords sometimes a yellowish and sometimes a red Solution And before I leave this Experiment I shall add that if Quicksilver be precipitated out of Aqua fortis with Spirit of Sea-salt or Sea-salt dissolv'd in Water it will subside in the form of a white Powder but if it be precipitated with an Alkaly it yields a yellow tawny Powder but if the Menstruum be drawn off without precipitating it the remaining substance will vary it's Colour as it is expos'd to different degrees of Heat so that once I observ'd the white Calx to remain partly in the bottom of the Vial of a deep Yellow and in some part Red the remaining Part being elevated in the form of a reddish and ash-colour'd Sublimate And Vermilion is only a Sublimate of Mercury and Brimstone EXPERIMENT XLVIII TO shew that Metals Associated with other Bodies will afford different Colours I have given an Instance in Silver which gave Glass a lovely golden Colour And I shall now add that I am told that Artificers paint Glass yellow with Calx of Silver And I have obtain'd a Substance of a saphirine Blew from Shel-silver mix'd with Powder of crystal Glass kept in Fusion two or three Hours which I attributed to some Copper latent in the Silver And tho' Copper calcin'd per se yields a dark colour'd Calx yet it tinges Glass Green But being kept in Fusion with 100 times it's Weight in Glass it afforded not a green but a blew Substance which whether it proceeded from the Action of the Mineral or it 's saline Parts only or both I must not stay to enquire But to proceed Putty made of Tin and Lead Calcin'd together being a white Calx gives colliquated Glass the resemblance of white Amel which will receive into it the Colours of divers Minerals which will indure the Fire And I have elsewhere taken Notice that blew and yellow Amel being compounded will afford a Green And it is commonly known that the dark Substance call'd Zaffora will give Glass a blew Tincture And that dark Substance term'd Magnesia from it's similar Colour to that of a Load-stone gives Glass not only Colours different from its own
condensed by Cold the Air breaks in to prevent a Vacuum For that Water is expanded by Cold appears from what I have said besides nothing is more commonly observ'd than that Water being froze in a Vessel whose sides are strong enough to keep it from bursting them the Superficies of the Ice is generally protuberant and convex And that the breaking of Bottles depends not on Nature's abhorrency of a Vacuum appears since should we suppose That the Fluid contain'd in a Bottle would be so far condensed as to possess less space than before it is possible there might be a Vacuum there and the Bottle not burst since Glass-Bubbles much thinner than ordinary Bottles will endure the frost tho' stopped close with Air in them But not only Water expands it self upon freezing but other Aqueous Bodies so Eggs being froze burst their shells asunder And Milk Urine Rhenish Wine and good Spirit of Wine being set to freeze in distinct Glass-Eggs the Wine being froze swell'd an Inch above the first Surface the Milk two Inches and the Urine six or seven And a Solution of Dantzick-Vitriol did not only become Opace but rose considerably higher in a Cylindrical Pipe upon Congelation Whether more stable and consistent Bodies are capable of being expanded by Cold would be worth enquiring since it hath been observ'd That in Nova Zembla the very Clocks have been froze so that they would not goe and the like hath been observ'd by Capt. James in his Voyage at Charlton-Island his Watch being froze as well as his Clocks Whether these Effects depended on any Swelling of the Ropes or whether the Spring of his Watch might be weakned by Cold or whether some Iceicles stuck to the Internal Parts of it I shall leave as bare Conjectures to be further examined into by Experience The Phaenomena of an Experiment about Freezing referrable to the VII Title read before the Royal Society Having filled a Bolt-head which was as big as two Turkey Eggs with Water till it rought a pretty height into the slender Stem being put into a Mixture of Snow and Salt it subsided a little but when it began to freeze it would sensibly swell The Experiment being repeated with a Glass whose Stem was as thin as a Raven's Quill when first the Ball of it was immersed in the frigorifick Mixture the Water presently ascended the height of a Barly-corn and presently subsided again which the Florentine Virtuosi would attribute to a Constriction of the Glass upon the Application of the frigorifick Mixture Secondly And tho' the Florentine Virtuosi relate That they have observ'd the Water after it had subsided a little to rest and then subsided again yet in all the Tryals I made I did not observe it Thirdly When the Water had subsided a little it would be at a stand till the Liquor began to freeze Fourthly The Experiment being try'd with Glasses whose Stems were unequally big upon Glaciation the Ascent of the Water in the large ones would be indiscernible but in a slender one it would ascend several Inches in a Minute till it rose up to the top of the Stem Fifthly Tho' the Forentine Academians say they have observ'd the Water to rise again before Glaciation yet I could never see such a Phaenomenon Sixthly If the Glass was taken out of the Mixture when first it began to freeze as soon as the small Iceicles were melted it would subside again yet if reapply'd to the Mixture a second time it would freeze in half a Minute TITLE VIII Experiments concerning the Contraction of Liquors by Cold. Of the Contraction of Liquors by Cold. 1 THO' the Liquors we have mention'd expand themselves upon an Intense degree of Cold yet we are not thence to couclude that all will since we have found it by experience not only in Spirit of Wine Aqua fortis Oyl of Turpentine and several other Liquors which would not be brought to freeze but also in Oyl congeal'd by the vehemence of the Cold. 2. Amongst the several Experiments made of the Efficacy of Cold to condensed Liquors I shall lay down the following 3. Spirit of Wine being put into a small Glass-Egg with a slender Stem in a Mixture of Snow and Salt subsided ¾ of an Inch. 4. Mercury being freed from Air and placed in a Bold-head in a Mixture of Snow and Salt subsided 2 Inches Common Oyl placed in the same Mixture subsided till it froze but if it were immediately thaw'd near the fire it would expand it self so much as to rise about the Mark. The Experiment succeeded a second time and being try'd a third time the Lumps of the congeal'd Oly would sink in the fluid Oyl Oyl of Aniseeds artificially froze subsided considerably in a small Pipe Empyreumatical Oyl of Gaujacum being exposed to the utmost degree of Cold would not freeze but evidently subsided Particulars referrable to the VIII Title 1. Two seal'd Weather-Glasses the one made of a Tincture of Cochineele in Spirit of Wine and the other of a blew Tincture of Spirit of Man's Blood and Copper in Spirit of Wine were immersed in Water till it began to freeze and then being remov'd into Oyl of Turpentine set in a Mixture of Snow and Salt we observ'd That the Liquor in both Thermometers subsided Oyl of Aniseeds being put into a small Glass with a large Stem and placed in a frigorifick Mixture made by a Solution of Sal-Armoniack subsided 3 Inches the substance of the Oyl being turn'd into a white Concrete which when it was leasurely dissolv'd the fluid Part emitted several Bubbles and it was further observ'd in this Concrete That tho' when thaw'd it swims upon Water yet when congeal'd it will not TITLE IX Experiments concerning the Bubble from which the Levity of Ice is supposed to proceed Of the Levity of Ice and its Cause 1. IT is usually accounted an Argument of the levity of Ice above Water that it swims upon it For tho' the superficies of small Portions of it are not sensibly emergent above the Surface of the Water yet in Greenland where huge Rocks of Ice float in the Sea they are observ'd to be as high above the Water as the Masts of Ships which could we suppose to float in an erect Posture and to be of a prismatical Form that Part immersed would be nine times as much as that above the Water As for the Reason why Ice is born up above the surface of the Water so much in Greenland more than in our Climate besides that the size of those pieces of Ice contributes to the rendring the Observation more remarkable the Water's expansion in that cold Climate may cause it to be further expanded there than here and consequently lighter 2. Pieces of Ice free from Bubbles floated in Spirit of Wine drawn from Brandy and likewise from Quick-lime and tho' if that Spirit were warmed it would presently subside yet as it cooled the Ice would ascend nevertheless some part of it being thaw'd
only observed in the sublimate of the first Distillation for those obtained by rectifying the Salt and distilling it again were of a considerable bigness and solidity tho' differently shaped some of them being Cubes others Parallelopipeds others Octoedrons being almost like grains of Allom but most of them prettily shaped being comprehended by Planes smooth finely figured and aptly terminating in solid Angles as if the concretions had been cut and polished Another way I took to discover the figures of the Salts of the Blood was to rectifie the Spirit so that it may be fully satiated with the Salt whilst the Liquor continues warm for when it is refrigerated a number of saline Concretions of different sizes several of which shoot into very smooth Crystalline Plates prettily figured having their broad and parallel Surfaces of an Hexagonal or an Octogonal figure regular enough A drachm of dry Volatile Salt of Blood being dissolved in some distilled Water we dropped into it good Spirit of Nitre till the two Liquors would no longer manifestly act one upon another and when the conflict ceased we slowly evaporated the superfiuous moisture which steamed almost all away before the saline part would coagulate At length it became dry and the middlemost part appeared in the form of thin Crystals not unlike those of Salt Petre but the rest which was by much the greatest part of the Concretion seemed to be a confused mass without any distinct figure and this mass weighed but twelve grains above a drachm so that Volatile Salt of Blood may be satiated with a fifth part of its weight of the saline Parts of Spirit of Nitre This Salt exposed to the open Air in a window was very apt to run per Deliquium and a little of it being put upon a live Coal it melted and seemed to boil and towards the end made a noise and afforded a flame yellower than that of common Nitre XX. Of the Phlegm of distilled Human Blood XXI Of the two Oyls of Human Blood By distillation in a Retort it affords an Empyreumatical and a very fetid Oyl whose colour is almost black which seems to be occasioned by the increase and opacous redness of the Liquor since some of it being spread thin upon Glass and held against the light appeared yellow or of a reddish colour as they lay thicker or thiner upon it but when it was well dryed before committed to Distillation it yielded a greater quantity of Oyl so that once out of a Pound of not over-dryed Blood we obtained an ounce and a half of Oyl and from another we had a much greater quantity of Oyl And having once prepared Blood by a convenient Digestion and rectified very carefully the distilled Liquor that came over with the flame of a Lamp I obtained amongst other things two Oyls of very different colours the one being of a pale Amber or yellow colour and the other of a deep red and tho' these Oyls were both of them afforded by the same Blood and were clear and pure enough yet they would swim in distinct Masses one over another and if mixed by shaking would again separate like Oyl and Water Whether the difference in specifick Gravity betwixt these two Oyls kept them from mixing permanently as well as it kept them distinct before they were mixed or whether the seeming incongruity proceeded from the Texture of these Liquors I shall not now stay to dispute To shew that the Oyl of Human Blood contains several saline Particles capable of being separated from it we put a parcel of unrectified Oyl to a convenient quantity of distilled Water and having mixed them sufficiently by agitation so that the Water might rob the Oyl of its separate saline Particles the event was that after the Liquors were well setled the Water was found to be impregnated with saline Particles that it obtained by dissilution from the Oyl so that it acquired a moderatly brisk taste and would readily turn Syrup of Violets green and precipitate a white Powder out of a solution of Sublimate but whether the like will succeed with other Empyreumatical Oyls or not drawn from Bodies belonging to the Animal Kingdom I shall leave others to determine Having put some unrectified Oyl of Human Blood into a concave piece of Glass and then dropped as much Oyl of Vitriol into it as might amount to a third or fourth part of the fetid Oyl we stirred them together with a slender piece of solid Glass upon which the Mixture emitted store of whitish fumes or Smoak and acquired a considerable degree of Heat so that tho' it amounted to not much more than a spoonful yet I was not able to hold my finger under that Part of the Glass that contained the Liquor Having taken some Empyreumatical Oyl of Human Blood unrectified tho' it was dark and gross and muddy yet it would easily in the cold dissolve in rectified Urinous Spirits to which it gave a reddish colour deep enough XXII Of the fixed Salt of Human Blood To obtain but one ounce of it there is requisite to employ a considerable quantity of Blood and duly prepared by a very obstinate fire for the Caput Mortuum being kept three or four hours in the fire it will yield no fixed Salt at all But having by an obstinate Calcination obtained three or four drachms of this Salt I found that it was of the Nature of common or Sea-salt tho' a little different for it tasted like it and a strong solution did not readily turn Syrup of Violets green nor precipitate a Brick colour or brownish yellow no more than a white Powder out of a solution of Sublimate nor did the Spirit of Salt dissolve it as an Alkaly And having put a little Oyl of Vitriol upon our dryed Salt it immediatly as it several times did upon common Salt corroded it with great violence and with much foam and Smoak We also dropped a little of it dissolved in Water upon a solution of Silver made in Aqua Fortis upon which a white Powder was immediatly precipitated And having put some Leaf-Gold upon Aqua Fortis which would not work upon it whilst it was swimming there without being so much as discoloured I put a little of our powdered Salt into it which being thereby turned into a kind of Liquor did without the assistance of Heat presently dissolve it XXIII Of the Terra Damnata of Human Blood From twenty four ounces of dryed Blood we got after two days Calcination but two drachms and nine grains of Earth which probably was not pure Earth since it had a red colour like that of Colchotar of Vitriol XXIV Of the Proportion of the differing Substances Chymically obtain'd from Human Blood they are scarce to be determin'd not only because of the sometimes great disparity as to proportion that may be met with of the fibrous part to the Serum in the Blood of several Persons but of the same according to different Circumstances and also because it is hard to
Mass in a Viol cover'd with Ashes and being preserv'd in Fusion for a little time afforded a Luna Cornea But if instead of dropping the Salt upon the Solution the same Method just before laid down be taken with the Crystals yielded by that Solution moderately evaporated they will shoot into Diaphanous brittle Crystals much different from those of other Metals endu'd with several other Qualities the Quantity of Salts interpos'd betwixt the Parts of the Metal weighing but a third part of the Compounded Mass In the Foregoing Process the following Phaenomena may be taken Notice of to our present Purpose First That tho' Acids and Alcalyes have generally contrary Effects yet both Oyl of Tartar per Deliquium and Spirit of Salt have the same Effect in Precipitating Silver which evinces That the Precipitation of Bodies is neither to be attributed to Alkalyes nor Acids consider'd as such But to a mutual Interposition and Texture of the Parts of the Matter whereof those Bodies consist Secondly It may be observ'd That Bodies Diaphanous and void of Colour may be chang'd into Opacous and white ones Thirdly That a white Powder may be turn'd into a Yellow Body in some measure Transparent Fourthly That Silver by a Mixture of Saline Parts may be render'd so apt to Fusion that it will melt like Wax at the Flame of a Candle Fifthly It is remarkable That tho' either of the Ingredients of this Mix'd Body would readily dissolve in Water yet the Composition would not Sixthly It is to be admir'd that a Body in Texture not unlike a piece of Horn should be the Result of an Association of two rigid Bodies Wherefore to be satisfy'd That the Alteration depended on the Texture of Parts of the Ingredients I made use of the Oyl of Vitriol instead of Spirit of Salt and found that the Concrete resulting from an Union of that with the Crystals of Silver differ'd from the former it being much more brittle and easily divided into Parts But what is more remarkable is That a Body compounded of one of the most Bitter and another of the sowerest Taste should be it self insipid or of a different Taste from either of them And it is yet as strange that Salts so fugitive and apt to dissipate in the Air as those of Aqua fortis and Spirit of Salt should by acquiring a New Texture put on such a degree of Fixedness as to melt with a Metal and that without the least perceivable Evaporation EXPERIMENT IV. Several Phaenomena in Proof of the Doctrin of Forms and Qualities Having made a Salt of very different Qualities from all others and which is so nice in the Preparation that it is as difficult to direct how it is to be made as to make it I shall rather chuse to mention what Phaenomena it afforded me The First Thing Observable was That tho' the Ingredients of this Salt were Eminently Saline yet the Salt it self was judg'd by a Stranger to be Sweet tho' it had a Sweetness peculiar to it self as every Sweet Body hath Another Thing Considerable is That tho' it be of an Inoffensive Smell when cool yet if expos'd to a considerable Heat it emitted Effluviums more strongly faetid than those of Aqua fortis Spirit of Armoniack Salt or Distill'd Urine whereas those Fumes being again united into a Salt became Inoffensive as before And it is further to be Observ'd That tho' all Volatile Fix'd and Lixiviate Salts are so specifically different from each other that being mix'd together they ferment and by that means destroy each other and unite into a Substance different from each yet this Salt is so powerful as to be destroy'd by none of them but being mix'd with any of them remains quiet and without the least Ebullition But to be further satisfy'd that it was different from each of the foremention'd Salts I try'd several Experiments by which I sound that it would neither turn Syrup of Violets red as Acids do nor green as Volatile and Fix'd Salts usually do and tho' Spirit of Armoniack Salt or Urine will turn a Solution of Sublimate in Water white and Salt of Tartar will give it an Orange Colour yet was it not in the least alter'd by this Nay tho' this Salt was dropt into a Solution of Syrup of Violets along with Acids and Alkalyes yet did it not hinder their Effects Tho' in Dissolving several Substances this Salt exceeds both Aqua fortis and Oyl of Vitriol And it is further Observable That tho' by a gentle Heat this Salt wholly Sublimes yet when mix'd with Liquors it does not fly away as other Volatile Salts do and tho' it be Volatile yet it will run per Deliquium as soon as any Salt can do and as present reassumes its own Form the Superfluous Moisture being taken from it add to this That by a gentle Heat it may be dissolv'd in a Limpid Liquor And it is endu'd with a Quality yet more Admirable for it will readily dissolve either in Spirit of Wine or Water or Oyls themselves whereas some Bodies which may be dissolv'd in Water cannot incorporate with Oyls or Spirit of Wine and è conversò EXPERIMENT V. Several Changes in Bodies may be effected by the Addition or Substraction and new Modification of Matter The Experiment which I am about to deliver I presume will be sufficient to shew That Considerable Alterations in Bodies may be effected by the Access of some Parts and a Recess of others the Remaining Parts being Modify'd afresh The Experiment is the following viz. Digest for some Time one Part of Sea-Salt with a double Proportion of Spirit of Nitre which being distill'd in a Retort till the Caput Mortunm remains dry the following Changes of Qualities will be observable First That it becomes an Aqua Regis and would dissolve Gold but not Silver yet would precipitate the Latter when dissolv'd in Aqua Regis Secondly The Taste is more mild affecting the Sensory rather like Nitre than common Salt Thirdly It becomes Fusible like Salt-Petre and like Nitre dissolves in the Flame of a Candle But Fourthly Tho' it be a Quality of Sea-Salt to resist the Action of Fire and of Acid Spirits to cool Inflammations yet a Lump of this Matter cast upon Coals flam'd like Nitre as also by an Addition of Charcoal when melted in a Crucible it wou'd burn with a lasting and splendid Flame which would again renew upon a fresh Addition of burning Charcoal But what I chiefly design'd in this Experiment was to turn an Acid into an Alkaly An Acid may be turn'd into an Alkaly which was effected by consuming the more Fugitive Parth of the Salts by repeated Deflagrations whereupon it acquir'd instead of an Acid a Lixiviate Taste would turn Syrup of Violets green precipitate a Solution of Sublimate into an Orange Colour and as other fix'd Salts would ferment with even Spirit of Salt which Alkalyzate Nature could not be suppos'd to proceed from the Charcoal Ashes because the
black but also One saturated with Copper a Succedaneum to which may be made by adding to Sulphur as it melts over the Fire and equal Proportion of Salt of Tartar finely powder'd stirring them till they incorporate and become red Which Mixture being put into a Glass Retort with half it's weight of Sal-Armoniack dissolv'd in Water let it be distill'd in Sand shifting the Receivers as the Liquor drawn off is ting'd more or less so that the strongest may be preserv'd by it self And such Tryals as these will be of more use than those usually made with a bare Tincture of Galls since there are several Mineral Substances and other Bodies which Mineral Waters may be impregnated with which discover not themselves in an Infusion of Galls As Sulphur or Copper may be so lock'd up in these Waters as not to be perceiv'd till the Body of the Liquor is open'd by some proper Additament And even Arsenick it self may be so disguised as not to be perceiv'd when mix'd with the Waters yet if Spirit of Urine or Oyl of Tartar per Deliquium be dropp'd into a Solution of it it presently precipitates in the Form of a white Powder and so likewise if a Solution of Sublimate be added to it Whether Mineral Waters have Arsenick dissolved in them But to discover whether Mineral Waters be impregnated with Arsenick or not I put Dantzick or English Vitriol into a Solution of it either of which caus'd a dark precipitate gradually to subside 14. Whether Spirituous Acids volatile Alkalys or Lixivial Salts will precipitate such Waters 15. The Manner of Extracting Salts from such Waters and what Quantities may be extracted Guesses may be made concerning the Saltness of these Waters by trying whether they will Lather with Soap and if not what Quantity of Curdled Matter they will yield I have observ'd that even the lightest Waters will yield a small Quantity of common Salt 16. How to discover what Acidity is to be found without Evaporation Having taken a peculiar Method to try the Acidity of Mineral Waters by mixing them with an Infusion of Lignum Nephriticum in simple Water I found that tho' German Spaw yielded a small Quantity yet in that of Action there was none discernible 17. What may be observ'd by Distillation in Balnco 18. What and whether the same Quantity of Caput Mortuum be afforded by Evaporation and Distillation 19. Whether Mineral Waters will acquire the same Qualities and Texture by a Reunion of their Caput Mortuum when distill'd to such a Consistence in Glass-Vessels exactly luted which they had before 20. What Changes if any Mineral Waters undergo by being boil'd in Water in a Glass Hermetically seal'd From whence might be learn'd whether a Change of Qualities would succeed an Alteration of Texture without a manifest loss of Parts And whether an Agitation of Parts without the Influence of the Air would precipitate any thing or deprive it of it's Power to turn a Tincture of Galls Purple 21. How much the Mineral Waters exceed their Caput Mortuum in Proportien 22. What Parts are contain'd in the Caput Mortuum and whether dissoluble in Water 23. How much the Saline and Terrestrial Parts differ in Proportion 24. Whether in strong Fires the Salts be Volatile or Fix'd and to what Degree 25. Whether the Salts will Crystallize per se or with other Salts and what 's the Figure of the Genuine or Compounded Crystals 26. Whether Acid or Alkaline Qualities are most predominant The Acidity will either appear to the Taste or Smell or may be discover'd by turning Syrup of Violets red as also by making use of an Infusion of Lignum Nephriticum which upon a Mixture of Acids loses it's Blue Colour Their Acidity may likewise be discover'd by trying whether they will be precipitated by Alkalys or ferment with them And if Alkaly be predominant it on the contrary discovers it self by a Lixivial Taste and Smell and may be discover'd by turning Syrup of Violets Green or precipitating a Solution of Sublimate or Fermenting with Aqua fortis or lastly by increasing the Colour of a Tincture of Brasil or Log-wood in common-Common-water And tho' we have no such Springs here in England as afford Alkaline Salts yet without question in Egypt such may be found since their Latron or the Egyptian Nitre abounds with a Salt of an Alkaline Nature and I have obtain'd such an Alkaly from that Famous Water of Bourbon in France which would turn Syrup of Violets green and ferment with Volatile Acids If such Waters abound with Vitriol they 'll turn an Infusion of Galls black and Vomit those that drink them and if an Alkaly be added will yield a yellow Precipitate upon dropping of Spirit of Vrine or Salt of Tartar into them I have not found any of the Waters about London to be impregnated with Vitriol and I am told that in France the Mineral Waters are so far from being impregnated with Vitriol that there is a Vitriolate Spring in that Kingdom As for the Nature of the Salt which most Mineral Waters are impregnated with I think that it is not to be referr'd to any Glass but is either sui generis and a peculiar one or a Compound Salt made up of such as the Water is impregnated with in it's Passage through the Earth and that Purgative Salts may by a Change of Texture be made of Salts not at all Purgative I the rather believe because I have been told by an Ingenious Emperick That a Salt which I made of Salt of Tartar and Common Sulphur mix'd together had a gentle Purging Virtue 27. In what Menstruums the Caput Mortuum may be dissolv'd and in what it may not Whether Volatile or Fixt and what Qualities it hath in Respect of Colour or Smell What Proportion of Salt Mineral Waters afford It is to be admir'd what a great deal of Caput Mortuum some Mineral Waters yield in Comparison of others since those Waters which are purely Diuretick have very little if compared with the Caput Mortuum of Purging Waters For tho' a pound of Barnet Waters yielded a Drachm yet the same weight of Tunbridge afforded but a Grain And It is not a little strange that so small a Quantity of a Mineral should impregnate so much Water as I have by Tryal found a Grain of Iron Stone did enabling it to Tincture an Infusion of Galls deeper than Tunbridge or German Spaw Water would And I have try'd that half a Grain of Marchasite dissolv'd in Spirit of Nitre communicated a Tincture to 61440 Parts of Water tho' Part of that Marchasite was Sulphur and Part of it Caput Mortuum And here it may be seasonable to take notice That if so small a Portion of a Metalline Substance would when grosly dissolv'd impregnate so large a Quantity of Water how much more may it when rais'd in the Form of a Subtile Mineral Fume and as in such a Form it may impregnate a larger Quantity of Water so will it be
Receiver upon the Exsuction of the Air we observ'd that the Air which was contain'd in the Cavity of the Viol was so far expanded that tho' the Viol was able to contain above five Drachms of Water if filled and distended the empty Bladder which was large enough to hold five Ounces and half a Drachm In which Experiment the expanded Air possessed nine times as much space as it did before Expansion But to measure the Air 's Expansion more nicely we fix'd a Glass Bubble to one end of a Cylindrical Pipe hermetically sealed the Diameter of whose Bore was about a quarter of an Inch and having pasted a Piece of Parchment upon the outside of the Tube which was divided into twenty six equal Parts and mark'd with black Lines we fill'd the Cylinder almost full of Water so that after a few Tryals by inverting the Cylinder and stopping the open End with one's Finger we could perceive that as much Air might be permitted to rise up to the Bubble as was equal in Extension to the Breadth of one of those twenty six Divisions When this was done we fitted the open end of the Cylinder to a Glass Viol which was fill'd with Water to the Height of half an Inch all which being put together into a Pneumatical Receiver after a few Exsuctions the included Air was so much expanded as to extend it self to the Surface of the Water in which Experiment the expanded Air took up thirty one times as much Space as before And this Experiment being repeated in a Cylinder which afforded a larger space for the Air 's Expansion it took up above sixty times the space it did before And repeating the like Experiment with a Glass Pipe thirty Inches long part of it having a Hole in the Cover to stand out through by weighing the Water in a nice Pair of Scales together with the Pipe first with the Bubble of Air included and after when the Tube was wholly filled with Water we found That the Air which possessed but the Space of one Grain of Water had been expanded in the exhausted Receiver so much by its own 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as to take up 152 times its Space before Extension And since Marcennus affirms That the Air may be so expanded by Heat as to take up seventy times its Space I conveyed a Cylinder of the former Magnitude into the Receiver and found That upon the Exsuction of the Air in the Receiver that in the Cylinder descended down almost to the bottom of it the lower Surface of it being very convex and seeming several times to knock upon and rebound from the bottom of the Viol which was an Argument of the expansive Force of the Air since the Water it depressed upon the drawing out of the Air was much below the Surface of the Water contain'd in the Viol. EXPERIMENT VII What Figure best resists the Pressure of the AIR HAVING got a thin Glass Bubble which was large enough to hold about five Ounces of Water to which was fix'd a slender Neck about the Bigness of a Swan's Quill we moderately exhausted the Air out of the Receiver and then taking it out of the Pump we joyn'd the Neck of the Bubble to the lower Orifice of the Receiver stopping the Crannies with melted Plaster to prevent the Ingress of the Air and tho' the Glass was as thin as Paper yet upon turning the Key of the Stop-Cock and giving the Air included in the Bubble Liberty to expand the Bubble sustained the Pressure of the whole Atmosphere without being broke EXPERIMENT VIII The former Experiment illustrated WE took a Glass Alembick which was large enough to hold about Three Pints represented by the Seventh Figure The Rostrum E being hermetically closed In the Top of the Rostrum was a Hole into which one of the shanks of a Stop-Cock of an ordinary size was cemented the other being fixed with Cement in the upper Part of the Pump which being done and the upper Orifice of the Alembick being covered close with a Plate of Lead exactly adapted to it upon drawing the Air out of the Receiver the Glass presently cracked which Crack is represented by the Line a b and this Flaw extended it self further accordingly as the Air was more exhausted yet this Glass Vessel was near twenty times thicker than the Bubble And that the Figure of the former Glass enabled it so much better to sustain the Atmosphere was further confirmed by suspending one of the Bubbles hermetically sealed in the Receiver which so strongly resisted the Expansion of the Air contained in it as to continue whole when the Receiver was exhausted EXPERIMENT IX A Confirmation of the former Experiment An Experiment to shew that these Phaenomena exhibited in Vacuo Boyliano proceed not from a fuga Vacui c. A Confirmation of the former Experiment c. HAving put the end of a slender Glass Pipe into a Viol which was large enough to contain four Ounces of Water and fixed it to the Neck of the Viol with a Cement of Rosin and Pitch so that the end of the Pipe almost touched the bottom of the Viol as in Fig. 6 this Viol was conveighed into a small Receiver as much Water being put into it as wrought a little above the bottom of the Cylinder the upper End of the Pipe being most of it without the Vessel a Hole having been purposely made for it in the Top of the Receiver The Event of which Tryal was that upon drawing the Air out of the Pump the Weight of the Atmosphere internally pressing into the Pipe and the Spring of the Air within the Receiver not equally pressing against the sides of the Bottle which were exposed to it a Piece of the Bottle burst out of the side of it with such a Force as to crack the Receiver in several Places and having reiterated the Experiment with a round Glass Bubble the Leaden Cover of the Receiver was not only depressed by the Weight of the Atmosphere so as to thrust out one side of the Receiver but the Glass Bubble was cracked into Pieces with such violence as to tear a Bladder which it was encompassed with to keep it from breaking the Receiver in several Places Before I proceed to the next Experiment it may be requisite to advertise That though the larger Receivers are apt upon some Tryals to crack yet they are not rendered altogether useless since when the Air begins to be exhausted the ambient Atmosphere compresses the Lips of the Glass closer together But if the Crack be considerable it may be cemented with a Plaster made of Quick-lime and Scrapings of Cheese ground together very finely in a Mortar and made into a Paste with a little Water which being spread upon a Cloath about three Inches broad must be apply'd to the Crack EXPERIMENT X. Of the Flame of a Candle in a Receiver HAVING suspended a Tallow Candle in our Receiver we found That upon an Exsuction of
so much Air was let in as rais'd the Mercury to 15 Inches upon which the less Flie began to move Infects may breath in rarifi'd Air sooner than in Artificial EXPERIMENT III. May 1. Two Snails in Vacuo TWo Snails seem'd well for the space of an hour in Vacuo and crept up to the Top of the Receiver but in two hours fell down void of Motion 4 hours after being expos'd to the open Air they began to move Whilst they were shut up they help'd to produce Air enough to raise the Mercury ¼ of an Inch. They liv'd longer in Vacuo than others in artificial Art V. Exp. VI. EXPERIMENT IV. August 12. 76. Fly-Blowings in a Receiver FLy-blowings were put into an empty Receiver August 14. Worms were form'd So much Air got in as was sufficient to sustain Mercury 15 Digits Whence it is evident Insects may be produc'd and live in very rarifi'd Air. See Exp. VI. and VIII EXPERIMENT V. March 17. 77. FRog-Spawn being divided into two equal Parts Fog-Spawn and each of those included in a distinct Receiver the Spawn being first put into glass Vessels one of the Receivers was expos'd to the Sun being totally exhausted the other was left full of Air. That in Vacuo swell'd into Bubbles May 2. The Bubbles remain'd in Vacuo No Frogs were produc'd in either 3 Days since the Bubbles disapear'd and the Spawn turn'd into a green Liquor July 2. The Spawn in Vacuo and the Water contain'd in the Vessel being rais'd in Vapours stuck to the sides of the Receiver and there condens'd The Spawn and Water in the Common Air retain'd their own Form EXPERIMENT VI. August 16. 77. I Enclos'd Flies Eggs in an empty Receiver Flies-Eggs August 29. No Worms being produc'd I let the Air into the Receiver Sept. 4. They produc'd nothing This Experiment compar'd with the IV seems to shew that tho' Insects may be produc'd and live in Air highly rarifi'd yet they cannot in Vacuo EXPERIMENT VII June 15. A Frog in Vacuo A Frog enclos'd 14 hours in an exhausted Receiver Died. June 16. The Experiment being repeated in 2 hours the dead Frog afforded some Air. June 18. The Frog in Vacuo was swell'd but the Air being let in it was more lank than before Artificial Air is more prejudicial than a Vacuum to the Life of such Animals See Exp. IV and VII of Art V. EXPERIMENT VIII August 3.78 FLie-Blowings sticking to Flesh being shut up in Vacuo August 12. No Worms generated August 15. There being no Alteration in the Eggs Air was let into the Receiver Sept. 15. They produc'd nothing This is a confirmation of the Inference drawn from Exp. IV. EXPERIMENT IX April 22.78 VInegar full of small Eels Vinegar with Eels in Vacuo or Vinegar Worms was shut up in Vacuo August 29. The Worms still mov'd the Number being fewer than before Sept. 6. Yesterday they mov'd To day they were all dead Those left in the open Air were as lively as before Whence it is evident that the Air influences even those diminutive Animals ARTICLE VII Fire in Compress'd Air. EXPERIMENT I. May 14. I Enclos'd such a Cone in a Receiver Perfum'd Cones in Vacuo as is usually wholly consum'd in the open Air before extinguish'd and then intruding as much Air as rais'd the Mercury 120 Digits high above it's usual height I kindl'd the Cone with a burning Glass when ⅞ parts of an Inch were consum'd and the Receiver fill'd with Smoak I took it out and found that the outside was only burnt the inner Parts being left untouch'd Another Cone being shut up with uncompress'd Air in a Receiver something larger much less of it was consum'd than of the former EXPERIMENT II. May II. A Perfum'd Cone being enclos'd in a Receiver and kind'ld in uncompress'd Air being weigh'd when the Fumes were condens'd it had lost a Grain Another being shut up with as much Air as elevated the Mercury 90 Inches lost 4 Grains more than the former So that the more Air is contain'd in the Receiver the greater is the Consumption of the Matter burning in it EXPERIMENT III. May 17.77 A Persum'd Cone being shut up with a Screw in a Receiver with as much Air as sustain'd 60 Inches of Mercury above it's usual height being set on Fire with a Burning-Glass it lost 3 Grains and a half The Experiment being repeated in Air compress'd so much as to sustain 120 Inches lost 7 ¾ Grains May 17. The Experiment being try'd when the Mercury was at 97 Inches it lost 6 Grains This Experiment confirms the Inference drawn from the foregoing and shews that the Consumption bears a greater Proportion to the Compression than the Compression to the Consumption May 18.77 A perfum'd Cone being shut up in a Receiver 7 times as big as before lost 3 ¼ of it's Weight which Air had it been compress'd into a 5th part of that Space the Cone would have lost 10 Grains Whence it appears that the Condensation of the Air promotes the Consumption of the Matter contain'd in it EXPERIMENT IV. May 19.77 THE same Experiment being repeated in a Receiver closely stopp'd with a Screw the Cone lost a Grain and a quarter May 21. The same Experiment being repeated and the Cone set on fire it lost 4 Grains May 23. It was twice repeated but the Cone not being well fir'd In one it lost ¼ of a Grain in the other a whole one May 24. The Cone lost 1 Grain and ¼ The Cone being taken out and cleansed of the Soot it lost in a Receiver 6 Grains ½ In an uncleansed Receiver it lost 3 Grains in Weight May 25. In a cleansed Receiver it lost 6 Grains ½ In one well cleansed after it lost 7 Grains ½ In a Receiver unwash'd the Cone would scarce be kindled May 26. In a Receiver unwash'd in the middle of a Sun-shine Day the Burning-Glass being long apply'd it was 8 Grains lighter Whence it appears that tho' the Consumption of the Matter be not always the same in the Quantity of Air yet it is greater according to the Degrees of Compression EXPERIMENT V. May 22. HAving enclos'd a perfum'd Cone with so much Air as rais'd the Mercury 30 Digits above it's usual height it lost 1 ¾ of a Grain May 23. The same Experiment was try'd with the same Success The same Experiment being try'd again the Receiver broke into 100 pieces See Exper. 3. yea in Exp. VI. of Art II. tho' it resisted Air compress'd enough to sustain 198 Digits yet another time it was broke with a sixth part of that Pressure Therefore a Man ought in trying such Experiments to guard his Head lest a Receiver accidentally breaking should fly in pieces and wound him ARTICLE VIII Fire us'd to produce Air. EXPERIMENT I. June 4. 76. Paper besmear'd with Sulphur PAper besmear'd with Sulphur and burnt in Vacuo yielded Air which lasted 2 Days without Diminution EXPERIMENT II. June 15.
gradually as to be fill'd in 24 hours the Liquor still remain'd Colourless Feb. 15. The Glass being again shut up in Vacuo with Paste the Air afforded by it did not as before penetrate the Leather nor was the Liquor in the least tinged by it EXPERIMENT XV. April 2. 78. HAving put a Shrew-Mouse into the Engin describ'd A Shrew-Mouse in Vacuo for the Filtration of Air through Water when the Pump was stirr'd and the Air began to penetrate the Water it was a little better but could not recover Apr. 12. The Experiment was repeated with a weakly Mouse that had been kept fasting a long time the Success was the same as in the last Experiment for the Mouse being taken out before it was dead could not recover in the free Air. EXPERIMENT XVI May 2. 78. SIX Weeks ago Spawn of Frogs in Vacuo c. Spawn of Frogs being included in common Air in Vacuo and in another Receiver with compress'd Air which sustain'd 60 Digits above the ordinary height The Mercury in Vacuo in 15 days was rais'd 1 Inch. The Spawn in common Air was corrupt and blackish that in the compress'd Air remain'd unalter'd A Month after the Spawn in Vacuo was turn'd into Water except the black Spots but had not alter'd it's Colour That in the common Air was very black That in the compress'd Air began to be reddish which Colour sensibly increas'd May 22. That in the common Air had lost it's Colour June 23. That in the compress'd Air had acquir'd a Greenness Octob. 15. That in Vacuo was exhaled out of it's Vessel and remain'd in the Receiver in the Form of Water That in the common Air was void of Colour and that in the compress'd Air was still red EXPERIMENT XVII May 9. 78. AN Orange having been divided Oranges in Vacuo and included in two Receivers in which was left an equal Vacuity the Capacity of the larger being so far fill'd with Water as it was bigger than the Cavity of the other I observ'd that that which was shut up with Water was four times more mouldy than the other The same Experiment was repeated the third part of the Cavity of one Receiver being fill'd with Water yet the Orange was not touch'd by it June 15. Neither of the Pieces of the Orange was mouldy and the same Experiment being again repeated neither Piece was mouldy in a Months time The Difference seems to be the Effect of some Disposition in the Air. EXPERIMENT XVIII June 1. 78. A Small Glass Tube Venice Turpentine in a Wind-Gun half full of Venice Turpentine being put into the Wind-Gun as soon as the Air was compress'd into a tenth Part of the Space it possess'd before The Leather which cover'd the Elliptick Hole was driven out The Tube being taken out I perceiv'd several Bubbles in the Top of the Turpentine which I suppos'd had been press'd into it when the Cavity of the Gun had Air compress'd in it Therefore placing the Tube again in the Gun I caus'd the Air to be condens'd to 15 times as little compass June 3. The Turpentine being taken out was free from Bubbles but by degrees a great many were form'd in it June 4. Having freed Turpentine from it's Air and pour'd Water upon it I shut up all in the Wind-Gun June 8. At the first sight both the Water and Turpentine were free from Bubbles but soon after they appear'd and ascended in the Turpentine almost from the Bottom So that the Air that form'd these Bubbles penetrated the Water and most of the Turpentine EXPERIMENT XIX Aug. 11. 78. WHEN Spirit of Sal Armoniack was clear'd of it's Bubbles Filings of Copper and Sp. Sal Armon in Vacuo I mix'd Filings of Copper with it in Vacuo upon which it yielded several Bubbles they did not yield Air but destroy'd what was contain'd there before The Liquor was green and turbid Decemb. 5. The Spirit was for the greatest part got out of the Vessel and condens'd in the Receiver that which continu'd in the Vessel was as clear as Water The Mercury was wholly driven out of the Gage whence it was reasonable to suppose that the Air was gradually consum'd in the Receiver EXPERIMENT XX. Septemb. 2. 78. A Cylinder of Tin and another of Lead Mercury rais'd in a Tube in Vacuo c. being immers'd in Vacuo in Mercury and two others in Mercury expos'd to common Air. Sept. 6. The Mercury in the Tin Cylinder in Vacuo was rais'd 4 Inches and a half The Pipe being cut transversly half of that Space above the Mercury it was immers'd in and in another place an Inch above the Surface of the Mercury the Amalgama had penetrated into the Metal half a Line above and a whole one below The Mercury in the Lead Pipe had not sensibly penetrated into that Metal except where it was immers'd It was rais'd in it 2 ½ Sept. 7. The Mercury had ascended 5 Digits in the Tin Pipe which was expos'd to the Air. Sept. 10. The same Cylinder continuing in the Mercury was besmear'd up to the very Top 6 Inches above the Surface of the stagnant Mercury which had penetrated the Tube the deeper by how much the nearer the stagnant Mercury so that near the Surface it had penetrated 3 Lines deep The Mercury was not rais'd above 3 Digits and a half in the Lead Pipe nor had it made any sensible Penetration So that the Pressure of the Air contributes little to the Ascent of Mercury into Metals EXPERIMENT XXI Decemb. 12. 78. THE Head of a Whiting being cut off A Whiting in Vacuo and divided into 5 parts one of them was shut up in Vacuo another in common Air another in compress'd Air which sustain'd 50 Digits above the usual height The fourth was included with Air from Paste the last piece was expos'd to open Air. Decemb. 15. That in the open Air in the Morning began to shine and in the Evening yielded a Light more vivid Decemb. 16. It gave over shining till Evening Dec. 17. It shined a little Dec. 18. at Night it shone a little Dec. 20. It continu'd to shine Dec. 22. It ceased Dec. 23. That included in common Air began to shine The 24. It did not Jan. 26. 79. None of them shined ARTICLE XII Artificial Air destroy'd EXPERIMENT I. August 3. 77. ARtificial Air of Cherries being transmitted into a Receiver full of common Air Artificial Air of Cherries destroy'd till the Mercury was rais'd 25 Inches above it's usual height Aug. 4 It sunk to 23 Aug. 6 It sunk to 20 Aug. 7 Aug. 8 a little Aug. 10 to 19 ½ EXPERIMENT II. May 26. 76. Artificial Air generated and destroy'd SIX Grains of Sal Armon being let fall into a sufficient Quantity of Oyl of Vitriol in Vacuo there follow'd a great Ebullition so that the Mercury rose to it 's usual height but presently subsided again May 27. The same Experiment being try'd
Phaenomena afforded by Frogs in an exhaust-Receiver EXPERIMENT I. Sept. 9. 1662. A Large Frog being shut up in Vacuo Frogs in Vacuo was but little swell'd and mov'd her Throat almost as fast as before the Receiver was evacuated Her Body swell'd more and she continu'd alive about 2 hours In a little more than 3 hours she seem'd dead but being left all night upon the Grass she recover'd again EXPERIMENT II. A Frog being enclos'd in a Receiver almost totally exhausted about 11 a Clock at the first seem'd unalter'd but in six hours dy'd EXPERIMENT III. Sept. 6. 62. A Slender and a large Frog being both included in a Receiver whilst it was exhausting the Lesser skipp'd up and down and some time after but in a quarter of an hour seem'd dead The Larger Frog swell'd a little and continued alive half an hour but the Receiver leaking we pursu'd the Experiment no further EXPERIMENT IV. A Small Frog being included in a Receiver at the first seem'd lively but after mov'd up and down as if very uneasie yet was alive when the Receiver was wholly exhausted for the Space of an hour but at the latter end of the time she wanted Respiration and her Belly and Throat were swell'd In 3 ½ hours time the Air being let in the Abdomen and Throat subsided and instead of a Swelling there remain'd a Cavity EXPERIMENT V. A Large Frog being shut up in a plated Receiver exhausted in seven hours was dead being much swell'd but upon an Ingress of Air was lanker than ever TITLE IV. Of the Phaenomena afforded by a newly kitten'd Kitling in Vacuo A Kitling in Vacuo A Newly kitten'd Kitling being included in a Receiver when it began to be exhausted in a Minute after Convulsions lay with the Tongue out as if dead but when expos'd to the Air in a Trice recover'd Another Kitling of the same Age being included in the same Receiver after it had been by turns convulsive six Minutes upon pumping out the Air seem'd dead and when taken out of the Receiver lay with its Tongue out without either Pulse or Respiration but being pinch'd it presently gave signs of Life and in a quarter of an hour gaping and straining to fetch Breath it recover'd A third being put into the same Receiver after violent Convulsions and want of Breath in a Minute and half seem'd dead no more Air being drawn out than what was done at 3 Exsuctions The Pump being still ply'd and the Kitling seeming to swell some time after gave signs of Life being violently convuls'd After it had been inclos'd 7 Minutes we let in the Air and put Aq. Vitae into the Mouth of the Kitling yet it dy'd in our Hands These Animals continu'd perhaps 3 times as long alive in Vacuo as others would have done TITLE V. Some Tryals about the Air usually harbour'd in the Pores of VVater c. Air conceal'd in the Pores of Water TO try how much Air is contain'd in a Quantity of Water in reference to their Bulk We fill'd a Chymical Pipe 36 Inches long with Water and inverted it in a Glass Vessel about ¼ of an Inch deep and 2 Inches Diameter These being included in a Receiver the Air was pump'd out and upon a Re-admission of it the Bubble collected at the Top wanted 8 10 of about 100 part of an Inch. Soon after a Tube to be describ'd by and by was fill'd with the same Water and inverted and when the Receiver into which it was conveigh'd was so far exhausted that the Water in the Pipe sunk even with the stagnant Water Air was let in and rose the Water within a Tenth part and ½ of an Inch to the Top. The Tube was 43 ¼ Inches above the stagnant Water this Experiment being twice try'd the first time the Space possess'd by the Air was ¼ of an Inch and more the second it was ½ and 1 15. The first time the Water subsided level with the stagnant Water In the second Tryal within 4 or 5 Inches of it In these Experiments it was observable that tho' the Air possess'd so little Room in the Pores of the Water that the Water seem'd not to subside when it was drawn out yet the Air in the Cavity of the Tube possess'd a considerable Space Quare Whether Water freed once of it's Air will yield Air again and whether there is not Air enough in the Pores of Water to be serviceable to Fishes when suck'd through their Gills To discover more nicely what Quantity of Air is contain'd in the Pores of Water we made use of a Pipe which consisted of a Globous Part 3 ½ Inches Diameter and a Stem 9 Inches long an Inch of which at the Top was melted and drawn out 2 or 3 Inches till it was as slender as a Crow Quill This Glass being fill'd with Water was with a Pedestal conveigh'd into a Receiver and upon evacuating of it Bubbles plentifully rose and made a kind of a Froth or Foam but breaking at the Top of the slender Pipe they did not run over When the Receiver had been pretty well exhausted we left off pumping till the Water had been pretty well freed from Bubbles and so we successively pump'd and left off again till the Water seem'd quite free from Air and then letting in External Air the Water did not seem a Hairs breadth lower than before The like Experiment was try'd with Claret which made us think it worth while to try what kind of Substances may be obtain'd from Aerial and Spirituous Bodies by handling them thus TITLE VI. Of some Phaenomena afforded by Shell-Fishes in an exhausted Receiver EXPERIMENT I. Oysters in Vacuo TWO Oysters in their Shells being shut up in Vacuo whilst the Receiver was exhausting several Bubbles got out of the Shell the Oysters were alive at the End of 24 hours EXPERIMENT II. A Craw-Fish in Vacuo A Craw-Fish being included in a Receiver when the Air was pretty well exhausted seem'd dead but reviv'd upon a Re-admission of the Air when the Air was again exhausted it was void of Motion the Experiment being 3 or 4 times exhausted and Air let in again when the Fish was taken out it seem'd not to have suffer'd much harm EXPERIMENT III. ANother Oyster being shut up in a Receiver and immers'd in Water that the Bubbles which might come out of the Shell might be visible if any we found that this Fish was so strong that no Bubbles could get out of the Shell EXPERIMENT IV. A Craw-Fish stronger than the former except one small Intermission continu'd in Motion whilst the Air was exhausting TITLE VII Of the Phaenomena of a Scale Fish in an exhausted Receiver A Gudgeon in Vacuo WE fill'd the Globous Part of a Receiver which was shap'd like a Bolt-head and large enough to hold a Pint half full of Water and put a Gudgeon 3 Inches long into it which swam up and down this being done we exhausted the
Perpendicular to the Horizon and the lower End of it immers'd in Water This done we cover'd the Ball of the Bolt-head with a Mixture of beaten Ice and Bay-Salt upon which the internal Air being condens'd the Water rose up into the Stem and stood a good while Then having made a Mark at it's highest Station we fill'd the Vessel with Water and found that it yielded ℥ 19 and ʒvj the Weight of the Water which fill'd the Stem up to the Mark being ℥ j and ʒiij by which Number the former being divided the Quotient was 14 4 11 Drachms so that the Proportion of the two Quantities being as 11 to 158 The Space into which the Air was condens'd was to it 's former Space as 147 to 158 So that the highest Degree of Condensation it was then capable of made it lose of it's former Extent 11 158. N. B. First The Stem of the Glass ought to be long lest the Water upon the Air 's Condensation should rise into the Ball of it Secondly The Cylinder of Water was two Foot so that it might by it's Weight in some measure hinder the Ascent of more and so keep the Air from condensing to it's utmost Thirdly When the Water rose as high as it well could we observ'd it to rise and fall alternately for a little time Fourthly The Air may thus be further condens'd than by Winters Cold. But to shew that in the forgoing Experiment the Cold did not compress the Air immediately but partly in as much as it by stuffing up the Pores of the Water caus'd it to swell and so to compress the Air I took a new Glass Bolt-head with a short Neck and fill'd it full of Water so that when it was hermetically seal'd up the Liquor wrought within 3 Inches of the Top the sharp End which was made for the Conveniency of sealing being ¼ of an Inch long This being done the Bolt-head was plac'd in a Mixture of Snow and Salt upon which the Water ascended and compress'd the Air into the Conical Part upon which the Glass flew in pieces In which Experiment according to Dr. Wallis his Estimate the Air was compress'd into a 40th part of the Space it possess'd before Which is considerable above the utmost Compressure made in Wind-Guns where it is usually thought not to be compress'd into less than a 15th and according to Mersennus into an 8th part of it's former Space CHAP. XI Of the Admirably differing Extension of the same Quantity of Air rarified and compress'd The admirable different Extensions of the same Quantity of Air. THE first Thing I shall take notice of concerning the different Degrees of the Air 's Rarefaction and Condensation is That in our Climate tho' Cold will not condense it near into a 20th part of the Space it possess'd before yet it may be expanded to 70 times that Space Secondly The Air may be much more condens'd and rarifi'd by our Engins than by Heat or Cold the Proportion in respect of Expansion being as 1 to 70. But Thirdly Perhaps the Proportion betwixt the Degrees of the Air 's Condensation and Rarefaction will not be thought so great as what we have mention'd if we consider that the Air we make Experiments with here below is so much compress'd already by the Incumbent Atmosphere that for that Reason it is more inclin'd by it's Spring to yeild to an Expansive than a Compressive Force Fourthly It may be question'd how the parts of the Air which have a specifick Gravity come to be spread so thin in the Cavity of the exhausted Receiver since there is nothing in it for them to swim in and to bear them up Since the Proportion is so great betwixt the Parts of the Air and the Cavity of the Receiver they are contain'd in Fifthly It is not a little wonderful that Air should be so subject to vary it's Dimensions so that if we consider how far it may be expanded without the Assistance of Art elaborate Engins or Heat the Top of the Atmosphere must be extremely rare To conclude If we compare the utmost Degrees of Condensation and Rarefaction together the same Portion of Air may possess 520000 times the Space at one time that it did at another CHAP. XII New Experiments about the weakned Spring and unheeded Effects of the Air communicated in the Philos Transact of Decemb. 75. TO try whether as some Corrosions of Bodies in close Vessels increase the Spring of the Air so others may not weaken it and likewise to discover whether some Effects of the Air may not depend on some unheeded Qualities I made the following Experiments which I shall lay down when I shall have made some Tryals the Changes of Colour in Solutions of Copper by the Influence of the Air. EXPERIMENT I. Change of Colour in a Solution of Copper FILINGS of crude Copper being put into a Crystal Glass of a Conical Figure with as much Spirit of Salt as stood a Fingers breadth above the Filings we cover'd the Vessel with a Stopple exactly adapted to it upon a Solution of the Copper the Colour of the Liquor was a dark Brown but it soon lost that Colour and was clear again like common Water but when by taking out the Stopple the Liquor was again expos'd to the Air it first acquir'd a brown Colour upon the Top and that penetrating deeper into the Liquor by degrees it in a quarter of an hour was wholly tinged with a brown Colour again and so it successively laid down and re-acquir'd that Colour as it was stopp'd up or expos'd to the Air till at the last being kept up a Month it kept the brown Colour it had acquir'd in the Air unalter'd EXPERIMENT II. A Bottle of the same Liquor with the former and which was much clearer being expos'd to the open Air in half an hours time was not in the least alter'd but the Vessel being again clos'd up for two or three hours it acquir'd a faint Green and the Glass being again unstopp'd 24 hours the Green was deep enough but not very transparent EXPERIMENT III. ABout 3 Spoonful of the brown Tincture of Copper was shut up in a Receiver capable of holding ten times as much It retain'd it's Colour half a Year in Vacuo and then being expos'd to the Air it acquir'd a Green in about an hour without the Precipitation of any muddy Sediment EXPERIMENT IV. SOme of the aforemention'd Tincture being left a considerable time in a Window lost it's Colour and appear'd like common Water but towards the latter end of December being expos'd to the Air it acquir'd a faint and moderately transparent Green EXPERIMENT V. Filings of Copper and Spirit of Wine FILINGS of Copper and as much rectified Spirit of fermented Urine as rose an Inch above them being shut up in a Conical Glass with a mercurial Gage in some hours the Mercury in the seal'd Leg was depress'd EXPERIMENT VI. A Gage being shut up in a
fortissimo Vitreo ponantur ad ignem arenae donec vitrum optime incalescat praedicta solvantur liquentur instar Picis quod observabitur quando filum quoddam immittitur in fundum quod extractum postea instar Terebinthinae trahetur ubi satis coctum erit Postea remove vitrum ab igne subtiliter pulverisa ad usum serva Another eminent Physitian preserv'd himself from the Plague by taking every Morning a little Sea Salt dissolv'd in Sea Water And in another Plague I knew two recover'd with a Conserve made of Goats Rue Why the Plague sometimes unexpectedly ceases But further besides what hath been discours'd on it is not less disagreeable with our Hypothesis that sometimes the Plague unexpectedly ceases since those subterraneal Effluvia which continue the Infection ceasing to be emitted from the Earth those in the Air are soon spent and swept away with the Wind which Effluvia may cease to be emitted either because they meet with some other Effluvia in the Earth which corrects them or because they primarily rose from a Conflict and Agitation depending on the mutual Action of two Bodies which as Spirit of Salt pour'd on filings of Iron or Aquafortis on Salt of Tartar emit Fumes less plentifully as the Ebullition declines And that noxious Exhalations may be corrected by a combination of others as pernicious not only appears from what hath been before deliver'd but may be illustrated by noting that tho' Spirit of Salt-Peter will corrode Silver yet if Spirit of Salt be added to it it soon loses that Quality PROPOSITION IV. It is very probable that most of the Diseases that even Physitians call new Ones are caus'd either chiefly or concurrently by Subterraneal Steams New Diseases caus'd by subterraneal Steams BY new Distempers I would be understood to mean not every one that varies a little in Symptoms from the same sort at another time but such as at their appearance are by their Symptoms altogether unknown That these Distempers depend not on any intemperate and manifest Qualities of the Air nor on the influence of those Heavenly Bodies that move about us seems evident because the Influence of the latter are too indeterminate and the alterations in the Temper of the Air much more frequent than the Access of new Distempers But from what hath been said under the Third Proposition it appears that the Globe we inhabit abounds with various noxious Minerals which are subject to various Confluxes Conflicts and Dissipations and which by emitting Effluvia may infect the Air and cause new Diseases which may continue accordingly as the Cause is more or less durable so Manna for these two or three Ages hath been found on certain Trees which faculty of producing Manna they still retain yet had it not before Experiments to shew that Metals may be rais'd in the form of Vapours To conclude this Chapter and to render what we have taught concerning mineral Effluvia more probable I shall add the following Experiments from whence it will appear that malleable Metals may be rais'd in the form of Vapours into the Air and become part of Fumes or perhaps of Invisible Vapours or even of Flame it self EXPERIMENT I. Dantisic Vitriol and Sea Salt Distill'd HAving powdered three Pound of Dantsic Vitriol and two of Sea-salt and distill'd them with a strong naked Fire we obtain'd a blew Spirit of Salt Besides which there rose a Powder of a Cupreous and Martial Nature which settl'd in the bottom of the Liquor EXPERIMENT II. English Vitriol and Sea Salt THE former Experiment being repeated with English instead of Dantsic Vitriol we obtain'd a Yellow Spirit with a Yellow Powder which seem'd to be a Crocus Martis EXPERIMENT III. Mercury Sublimate and Copper WE cast thin Plates of Copper into a Retort upon a double weight of good Mercury Sublimate and having luted on the Receiver by a long continued Fire we obtain'd some running Mercury and some Sublimate which had not fastned upon the Copper In the Bottom of the Retort we found a weighty brittle and resinous Substance fusible and inflammable almost like Sealing Wax this being beaten and expos'd for some time to the Air turned to a kind of Verdigreese which gave a green Tincture to Spirit of Salt This being Distilled ad Siccitatem several times till fully impregnated with the Spirit it was mix'd with Triply and with a strong Fire afforded a colourless Liquor like Water which upon an Addition of Spirit of Harts-horn turn'd Blew EXPERIMENT IV. Venetian Sublimate and Cornish Tin VEnetian Sublimate Distill'd from Cornish Tin into a good large Receiver yielded a Spirituous Liquor which emits white Exhalations upon an Access of free Air but if the Orifice of the Vessel be but cover'd with a Piece of Paper Air promotes the rising of Metalline Vipours it presently ceases to emit those Exhalations yet begins again when that Paper which lay but lightly upon it before is taken off Whence it appears that the Air may promote the rising of metalline Vapours in the Atmosphere And that Metalline Fumes will ascend in the form of Vapours will appear from the following Experiment viz. Having satiated Aqua fortis with Copper and steeped some brown Paper in it to soak up some of the Menstruum when the superfluous Moisture was partly evaporated we laid some of it upon the Hearth near a Wood Fire upon which the Paper being Scorched emitted Fumes like Smoak which rising up in the Air as soon as they came to the Flame they imparted to it a Colour partly Blew and partly Green as it was variously mix'd with the Flame and Smoak of the Wood. CHAP. XX. Suspicions about some hidden Qualities of the Air. Latent Qualities in the Air. BEsides the four first Qualities of the Air viz. Heat Cold Moisture and Driness and those which Philosophers and Chymists have discover'd as Gravity Springiness c. I am apt to suspect that there are other latent Qualities in it due to the substantial Ingredients which it is made up of For the Air we live in is not a simple Body but a confus'd Aggregate of Effluviums which being jumbl'd together constitute a great Mass of Heterogeneous Matter endew'd with different Qualities For from what is elsewhere deliver'd it appears that there are various Effluvia besides those that afforded ordinary Meteors which arise from Bodies in subterraneal Parts several of which have no Names or at least none assign'd them and have several Powers and Qualities which we know not of Besides the Sun and Planets may have Influences here below distinct from their Heat and Light which may mix with the Atmosphere we live in And for as much as those celestial Globes that move about us may be endew'd with substances that we here know nothing of the Effluviums which come from them may affect us in a different manner from any Bodies we here have in our Atmosphere And tho the
of Tartar being digested with several times it's Quantity of Onions acquir'd a Garlick Smell EXPEEIMENT X. With an inodorous Body and another not well scented to produce a Musky Smell A Perfume made of an inodorous and another Body not well scented THIS we have done by casting small Pearls into Spirit of Vitriol for whilst the Menstruum was dissolving them we could evidently perceive a strong Musky Smell EXPERIMENT XI With fixed Metals and Bodies either inodorous or stinking to produce strong and pleasant Smells like those of some Vegetables and Minerals To imitate vegetable Smells c. THO' Gold is inodorous and Aqua Regis of an offensive strong Smell yet the Solution being precipitated with Oyl of Tartar and the Precipitate fulminated per se in a Silver Vessel we observ'd that when the Fulmination was newly made the Steams were of a very pleasant Smell like Musk so that Art by lucky Contextures may imitate natural and specifick Odours And not only so but Nature may endew several differing Bodies with similar Smells for in the West-Indies there is a sort of Seed which for it's Smell is term'd Musk-Seed and in Muscovy the Skins of Musk-Rats have such a kink of Smell and Ducks at a certain Season of the Year if violently chased emit a Musk Scent And on the other hand there is a certain Wood in the East-Indies which smells like Stercus Humanum And I remember that having distill'd Saccharum Saturni with a strong Fire besides the Empyreumatical Liquor the Caput mortuum which was of a grayish Colour emitted a pleasant Scent And we may observe that Nature sometimes takes the same way to produce different Effects since tho' the Dung of most Animals is faetid yet that of a Musk Animal is well scented So that it is enough to introduce into a Body noble Qualities that it hath a due Contexture and Constitution of Parts And on this Occasion I shall add that the Excrements of other Animals are sometimes so much vary'd by the Temper and Dispositions of our Constitutions that Dung hath at a certain distance smell'd well and like Musk to some People And not to mention what hath been said of Alexander the Great I knew a Gentleman whose Sweat was very fragrant And Civet which is so well scented in a lax Air is as offensive to those that come too near great Quantities And it hath been observ'd that a Monky upon eating Spiders would cause a Scent like Musk. EXPERIMENT XII To heighten good Smells by Composition To inrich Smells by Composition IT is observ'd that a due Proportion of Civet or Musk mix'd with Amber-grease promotes the Scent of it for it is not the Quantity but the Justness of Proportion that inriches the Scent The best Proportion being 8 parts of Amber-grease two of Musk and one of Civet And it hath been observ'd that Bodies inodorous mix'd with the Ingredients of Perfumes promoted their Scent for which End Wine Vinegar hath been made use of by some And I my self prepar'd an Essence of Musk by digesting some of it in Spirit of Wine for some Days and then decanting the Tincture and a weaker sort may be made by pouring Milk upon the remaing part of the Musk and decanting it after a cold Digestion And one thing in this Tincture observable is that tho' it of it self hath but a weak Scent yet if a few Drops of it be mix'd with good Sack it perfumes the whole very richly both in Smell and Taste CHAP. III. Many Changes of Colour produced by one simple Ingredient Several changes of Colour produced by one simple Ingredient TO make it appear how much the Colours of Bodies depend on the Variation of Texture and their Modification I try'd the following Experiments in which several Phaenomena are exhibited by the Mixture of a colourless Ingredient such as Spirit of Salt I. If a little Spirit of Salt be mix'd with Syrup of Violets upon a piece of Paper it is presently turn'd from a Blew to a red Colour inclining to a Purple II. But if Spirit of Salt be dropp'd in a just Proportion into a Solution of Filings of Copper made with Spirit of Sal Armoniack the Blew will be turn'd into a green Colour III. Having mixed Syrup of Violets with Spirit of Urine Harts-horn or Oyl of Tartar per Deliquium and by that means turn'd it green I mix'd Spirit of Salt with it which turn'd it red IV. If Spirit of Salt be dropp'd into Water in which Red Rose Leaves well dry'd are put it will make the Tincture to be of a lovely Red. V. But if Tincture of Brasil be heightned by an addition of Spirit of Hartshorn or Urine Spirit of Salt will make it as pale as Sack so that that which heightened the Red Tincture in the former Experiment destroys it in this VI. Tho an Infusion of Lignum Nephriticum in Water betwixt it and the Light appears yellow yet when held so that the Eye may be placed betwixt it and the Window it appears to be blew yet upon the dropping of Spirit of Salt into it it loses that property VII Having dropped Spirit of Salt upon Paper stained with Ink the black was presently changed into a yellow and blew colour VIII If Filings of Steel be dissolved in Spirit of Salt the filtrated Liquor will upon Evaporation shoot into green Cristals which if when they are dry they be kept in a Crucible a moderate Heat will turn them red IX We found that the red Precipitate of Mercury per se would dissolve in Spirit of Salt tho crude Mercury will not we likewise found that the Redness of Minium was wholly destroyed by boyling it in Spirit of Salt and that the Tincture of Coral extracted with this Menstruum was wholly void of colour X. If Filings of Copper be long digested in a Sand-Furnace in a good quantity of Spirit of Salt viz. as much as will cover it the breadth of two Fingers the Metal being in part dissolved will be of a colour not unlike a muddy Red if held betwixt your Eye and the the light XI But if it stand some hours in a wide-mouthed glass it will be of a green colour finer than that which is made by a solution of Mars XII If Spirit of Salt be dropped into a Solution of Silver or Quicksilver in Aqua Fortis the mixture will be of a milky whiteness and presently deposite a white Precipitate XIII And the same Phaenomena will likewise happen if Spirit of Salt be dropped upon a Tincture of Benjamin or a Solution of Resinous Jalap XIV Having mixed a sweet Solution of Red Lead in Spirit of Vinegar with a Tincture of Red Roses I dropt Spirit of Salt into the mixture which precipitated the red and turned the green mixture into a durable Scarlet which if disturbed by a mixture of the white precipitate will be of a Carnation colour XV. Spirit of Salt which was muddy by standing upon Filings of Copper
so great that in Muscovy and Russia they found the Snow to reflect the Light so much that they could see much farther upon snowy Ground than we here in England where no Snow lies on the Ground so that they could see their way by the bare Reflection of the Snow when the Sun did not shine Tho' I am apt to believe that the Effect might in some measure proceed from the Clearness of the Air cleans'd of those Steams which sometimes darken it since it appears that we are able in a frosty Night by reason of the clearness of the Air to discern more Stars than at other times And that white Bodies reflect the Rays of Light most plentifully and have no native Light of their own appears since Snow enclosed in a dark Room was not at all visible But on the contrary it is observ'd that white Cloths are the most easily discerned in dark Nights And for a further Confirmation that white Bodies reflect the Rays of Light not only most plentifully but from themselves I shall add that if the Rays of Light which enter into a dark Room at a small Hole Light upon a white Wall they Enlighten the Room much further than if they fall upon any other Colour And that white Bodies cast most Rays of Light from themselves appears since white Paper is not near so apt to be set on fire by a Burning-Glass as black the concentred Beams being reflected back much more by the one than the other To which I shall further add that I have perceiv'd a much greater degree of Heat when I have held my Hand in the Sun Beams with a black Glove on than when it was covered with a White one And to shew that white Bodies not only reflect the Rays of Light plentifully but unstain'd I shall add that in a dark Room when the Rays reflected from a coloured Body were thrown upon a white Wall they would represent the Colour of that Body whereas if the Beams Reflected from a yellow Body upon a blew it would make a green And to these I shall further add on this occasion that having cast the Rays of a troubled Water by the help of a Lenticular Glass into an upper Room darkened the concenter'd Reflections of the glittering Waves at a few Paces distance represented a white Body but if we approached near the Place on which those Rays were cast they only seem'd to be Beams reflected from glittering Waves which appear'd like so many shining Scales of Fishes succeeding each other successively and disappearing again But if the seeming Whiteness of a River proceed not from the reflection of the Sun Beams but the brightness of the Sky a Storm may cause the Surface of it to appear Black the Rays of Light being reflected more inward than outward except near the Sea Shore where the Surface of the agitated Water is covered with Froth The Surfaces of White Bodies Specular But to shew that the Surfaces of white Bodies are Specular I shall Subjoyn that drops of Mercury being rais'd by a convenient heat in an Alembick represented so many looking Glasses but caused the sides of the Glass they stuck to to appear White And it 's observ'd that if we look upon the Milky Way or Gallaxy with a Telescope tho' to our Eye it appears White by the help of that we shall discover that that Whitness only depended upon a Collection of the Rays of Light whose confused Beams represented to the Eye a white Body and why for a like Reason the Superficies of a Body which to the Eye reflects the Beams confusedly may not appear White as well as the Planets which shine by a borrow'd Light I see no contradictory Reason But to return to Experiments we see that the whites of Eggs which are in some measure Natural Speculums by being beaten into a Froth appear White And if Oyl of Turpentine be mixed with Water and shaken in a Vial as the Particles of the Oyl are more or less numerous and minutely divided it appears more or less White which Experiment will likewise succeed if tryed with a yellow Mixture of crude Turpentine instead of the Oyl and likewise with an Oyl dyed Green with a Tincture of Copper And for a like Reason the Water which is carried over with Oyls distilled in an Alembick appears White as long as the globular Particles of Oyl Swim in it and hot Water is observ'd to be considerably Whitest and Opacous when the hot Vapours disper'd through it stop the Passages of the Rays of Light and cause them to fly from it more plentifully upon the Eye so that I am apt to think that the Superficies of white Bodies may as well be convex as smooth provided the Superficies be so set with Specular Particles as to reflect the Rays of Light plentifully upon the Eye for it is not only observ'd that the globular Particles of Oyl make the Water they are mix'd with appear White but the same Colour is likewise reflected from Powdered Glass and even several Threds of it laid together so that it is not according to the Opinion of some requisite that the Particles of a white Body should be altogether Globular And I have observ'd that Snow look'd upon with a Microscope appear'd to consist of slender Icicles of several shapes And I remember that by contusion I have obtained a whitish Powder of Granates Glass of Antimony and Emeralds and the Salt of Venereal Vitriol Powdered will comparatively with the Entire Chrystals exhibit a considerable Degree of Whiteness And as a Body which is not White may acquire that Colour by a Change of the Texture of its Parts so one that is White may be deprived of that Colour Thus Silver being first brush'd and then boyled with Salt and Tartar appears White but becomes Specular by being rubb'd with a Piece of Steel the protuberant Parts being by that means depress'd into a continu'd Superficies and reflecting the Image of a lucid Body whereas before the innumerable little Speculae reflected the Rays of Light more confusedly 〈◊〉 â—â—chaâ—… Acâ— of Blackness From what hath been said of Whiteness we may be able to guess in some Measure of the Reason of Blackness concerning which Quality Gassendus says Existimare par est corpora suapte natura nigra constare ex particulis quarum Superficicculae scabrae sunt nec facilè lucem extrorsum reflectunt So that Black differs from White in as much as the Particles which are reflected externally by the one are deaded by the other and not reflected outward either because the Superficies hath such protuberant Parts as reflect the Rays internally or being soft and pliable yield to the Impress of those lucid Parts that strike against them so a Ball that would fly back from a Stone will scarce at all Rebound from a Net or Mud tho' the latter Explication I think the less propable because several Bodies are Black whose Surfaces are scarce of so yielding a Texture
alter'd as to yield a Crystalline Salt and a transparent Colour But were it allow'd since Adustion renders some Bodies black that that Colour depended on a trorrify'd Sulphur it might be further demanded what gives torrify'd Sulphur that Colour and it might be question'd what makes a Window half shut at a distance to appear black since it hath no Access of torrify'd Sulphur upon that Posture but only the Rays of Light are not so plentiflly reflected by it as is requisite to affect the Sensory with a more lively Colour But to conclude What the Chymists teach of Blackness to me seems to come to no more than if in answer to an Enquiry after the Cause of Salivation they should tell us that the several kinds of Precipitates of Gold and Mercury and likewise of Quicksilver and Silver salivate upon Account of the Mercury that abounds in them where we are still at a loss to know why Mercury should have that Effect CHAP. VII Containing promiscuous Experiments about Colours being the Third Part of the Experimental History of Colours EXPERIMENT I. Promisâ—uous Experiments concerning Colours TO shew how much the Diversity of Colours represented by Opace Bodies depend on the Mixture of the Rays of Light with Shades more or less as to Quantity or as to Interruption I shall subjoyn the following Notes Paper stain'd with several Colours plac'd in a dark Room whose Window was Southward the Beams of Light entring in at a Hole 3 Inches ½ Diameter the White yielded the brightest Reflection Red gave a Reflection stronger than Green or Blew whose Colours were scarce discernable and of an equal Brightness Yellow reflected more Light than either Green or Blew Red reflected more Light than Purple and so did Blew Marble Paper sleek'd reflected the Rays of Light unstain'd but not so bright as white Paper Purple seem'd to reflect more Light than a dark Green In compounding Colours by Reflection we observ'd that if the Colours were not strong and somewhat glossy the reflected Rays would not form a compound Colour on the Wall EXPERIMENT II. I Have often taken notice that white Linnen would receive and reflect the Colour of a red Silk Wastcoat in a Light Room tho' it be generally believ'd that a dark Room is requisite to make the Colour of one Body visible by Reflection from another EXPERIMENT III. COlour'd sheets of Paper held betwixt the Light and the Eye at the Hole which was made in a dark Room the Colours were each of them represented to the Eye single but by placing one sheet of Paper before another the Rays of Light passing through the Blew and Yellow exhibited a darker Yellow but a finer Paper which was blew being made use of instead of the former they afforded a good Green The yellow and red represented a dark Orange colour'd Red. The Purple and Red appear'd of a deeper Scarlet Purple and Yellow made an Orange Colour Green and Red a dark Orange Tawny Green and Purple made a Purple more dirty Blew made the Purple deeper and more lovely Red Marble and yellow represented a Scarlet but the Colours which were thus compounded vary'd much as the Colours of the Paper were deeper or more slight and as the Paper differ'd in fineness EXPERIMENT IV. IN the aforesaid darkened Room we plac'd a Triangular Prismatical Glass in a convenient Posture and observ'd no less than four Reflections and three Refractions and by hiding sometimes one Part of the Prism and sometimes another See Plat. 5. Fig. 5. we found the Rays of Light as the following Scheme represents See Plate 5. Fig. 5 The Explication of the Scheme P. P. P. An Aequilatero-triangular Crystalline Prism of whose Edges P. is placed next the Sun A. B. and α. β. Two Rays from the Sun falling on the Prism at B. β. and thence partly reflected towards C. and γ. and partly refracted towards D. and δ. B. C. and β γ. Those reflected Rays B. D. and β. γ. Those refracted Rays which are partly refracted towards E. and â— and there represent a Iris 345 denoting the five Consecutions of Colours Red Yellow Green Blew and Purple and are partly reflected towards F. and 3. D. F. and γ 3. Those reflected Rays which are partly refracted towards G. and η Colourless and partly reflected towards H. and θ. F. H. and 3. θ. Those reflected Rays which are refracted towards I. and I. and there represent another fainter Iris the Colours of which are contrary to the former 54321. signifying Purple Blew Green Yellow Red so the Prism in the Posture represents four Rainbows EXPERIMENT V. WE observ'd that in a light Room the Prismatical Iris might be reflected without losing any of it's Colours from a flat Looking Glass the Surface of Water or a Concave Looking-Glass and that Refraction did as little destroy their Colours as Reflection For tho' by a Burning-Glass one Part of the Iris would appear either beyond or on this side the other yet the Colours would appear as vivid in the displac'd Part as in the other To which I shall add that the most part of the Prism being cover'd with an opacous Body so that the Rays falling but on a small Part of it the Iris was but little yet the Colour appear'd to be the same through a Microscope as to the naked Eye EXPERIMENT VI. COlours which appear in a dark Room are so dim that if the Light of the Sun be let in they presently disappear which I experienc'd by casting the converging Beams of the Sun upon the Prisimatical Iris by a concave Speculum and if these Rays only cross'd the Rays of the Iris before they fell to ground they would likewise disappear EXPERIMENT VII TRying whether the Colours of opacous Bodies would be vary'd as they were in a different Position in reference to the Eye or according to the nature of the Lucid Bodies that shine upon them we look'd upon several Pieces of Paper by Candle Light and found that Yellow was much fainter than in the Day The Red was little alter'd A deep Green seem'd to be a dark Blew but being held by a Blew appear'd Green and much blewer than at the first when look'd upon by a Yellow Blew look'd like a deep Purple Purple was very little alter'd Red look'd upon with the Yellow made it appear like brown Cap-paper EXPERIMENT VIII SUspecting the Flame of a Candle to be tinged yellow with it's Fuel we look'd upon it through a deep blew Glass and observ'd that through that it appear'd green a Colour which emerges from a Composition of an obscure blew and a Yellow And for a like Reason at the first sight it is not easie to distinguish a Paper from a light Yellow Paper and other white Bodies reflecting the Rays of Light less troubled or more sincere than other Bodies EXPERIMENT IX A Leaf of Gold being held betwixt the Light and the Eye seem'd full of Pores like a Sieve and so modifi'd the Rays of Light that
Division of them EXPERIMENT XXV RIpe Privet Berries being crush'd upon white Paper stain it with a Purple Yet Spirit of Salt will turn it Red and a Solution of Pot-ashes Green and so will Meserion and the Juice of Pease From whence and the like Experiments before premis'd it appears that the Saline Parts of Bodies have a considerable stroke in producing their Colours EXPERIMENT XXVI SPirit of Salt being drop'd upon several Substances already Red as Syrup of Clove-july-flower Berries of Spina Cervina an infusion of Red Roses Brasil and several others it either made no Alteration or render'd the Red Lighter An infusion of Roses was turn'd into a dirty Colour by an affusion of a Solution of Pot-ashes and Syrup of Cloves was render'd a little more inclining to Green Another Red Infusion was advanc'd into a Crimson but the Juice of Buckthorn-berries acquir'd a lovely Green EXPERIMENT XXVII SPirit of Salt had a very small Effect upon the Juice of Jasmin but Spirit of Urine turn'd it to a Greenish Yellow and the Event was much the same when we try'd it with those less Oyly Leaves call'd Snow Drops which appear about the end of Winter EXPERIMENT XXVIII MAry-Gold Leaves fresh Madder and early Primroses c. being rubb'd upon Paper till they Coloured it they would be turn'd Red or Green by Alkaliz'd Liquors tho' so Acid a Salt as the Spirit of it rather diluted them yet it almost destroy'd the Colour of the early Primroses and an Alkalizate Solution turn'd the Juice of Madder Root Red as well as the bruis'd Root it self From whence it abundantly appears that the Effects of a peculiar Salt upon the Juices of Vegetables depends on their particular Textures EXPERIMENT XXIX A Black-berry full Ripe and another only Red being rubb'd upon a Piece of Paper the Juice of the former was turn'd into a Green by a Lixivium and one much fainter by a Urinous Salt and by an Acid into a Red. But the unripe Berry was little alter'd by the Acid but by the other Juices receiv'd Impressions different from the former Damask Roses would be colour'd Red by an Acid and Green by an Alkaly but a Yellow Province Rose by a Solution of Salt of Tartar was turn'd into a Green Blewish Tincture but an Acid only diluted the Yellowness of the Leaves And were I in the Island of Banda I should try what Effects these Salts would have on the Juice of Cloves which I am told are first White then Green and afterwards Reddish and when dry'd grow Black but the Flowers of them are said to be of an excellent Blew And one thing which deserves our notice is that tho' Damask as well as red Roses give a red Tincture to Water acidulated yet the one hath a purgative and the other a binding Quality And to what hath been said under this Experiment I shall add that Mr. Parkinson tells us that Buckthorn Berries gather'd green and bruis'd into allum-Allum-Water yield a yellow when they are black they yield a Sap Green and if they grow upon the Trees till the middle of November they yield a Purple Colour And Clusius of Alaternus tells us that the grosser Parts of some Plants differ in Colour from each other for the Portugal's Dye their Nets blew with a Bark and blackish blew with the Wood. EXPERIMENT XXX TO shew that a change of Colour depends on an Alteration of Texture I shall add that the same Matter being seal'd up in a Philosophical Egg it will by Digestion pass through several degrees of Colours before it comes to that of the noblest Elixir And that several Substances will undergo changes of Colour by Digestion is evident in rectify'd Spirit of Harts-horn Precipitations of Amalgamas of Gold and Mercury without Addition where by a continu'd Heat the Silver-colour'd Amalgama will be turn'd into a shining red Powder which Effects are produc'd without an Addition or Substraction of Matter by the bare change of Texture EXPERIMENT XXXI IN most Tinctures which the Chymists draw Redness is the common Colour as well as in more gross Solutions tho' the Menstruums be colourless as with Spirit of Wine from Jalap Guajacum Amber and Benzoin Flowers of Brimstone Turpentine c. And most Acid or Alkalizate Salts will with sulphureous Bodies produce a Red and so will Glass of Antimony and I know an Acid which will turn Oyl of Turpentine into a Red. EXPERIMENT XXXII THO' Balsam of Sulphur seems red as well as other Liquors in a broad Vessel yet it stains Paper yellow but a Tincture of Cochenele never so much diluted will still remain Red. EXPERIMENT XXXIII OYL of Turpentine digested upon white Sugar of Lead yields a red Tincture EXPERIMENT XXXIV IF 5 Ounces of Brimstone and Sal Armoniack be distill'd in a Retort with 6 Ounces of Quick-Lime in a Sand-Heat gradually increas'd a volatile Tincture of Sulphur will be obtain'd which is red tho' none of the Ingredients were so yet if agitated when the Vessel it 's contained in is unstopp'd it will yield a white Fume And sometimes it may be so drawn that tho' the Fumes are white yet the Liquor will dye the Fingers black EXPERIMENT XXXV WE let a Drop or two of Oyl of Vitriol fall upon Oyl of Aniseeds coagulated and spread upon white Paper by which there was a red Colour produced with Heat and Smoak EXPERIMENT XXXVI ONE thing to be observ'd in the Experiments above recited is that tho' the Colours mention'd are easily produc'd yet some of them presently fade by the Influence of the Air or the Intestine Motion of their own Parts And Parkison tells us that Berries of that Plant which bears Turnsol a Pigment well known in Painters Shops when they are at their full Maturity yield a Juice which being rubb'd upon Paper appears green but presently degenerates into a blewish Purple upon the Cloth or Paper and these being wet in Water and wrung forth will give it a Claret Colour And I have observ'd the Red Colour of Buckthorn Berries degenerate into a dirty Grey Colour yet by the Mixture of an Alkaly or an Acid it would put on a green or red Colour and the same Success we had when we dropp'd the same Liquor upon a Piece of glaz'd Tile And I have observ'd that Silver precipitated in Aq. Fortis tho' at the first it is white yet when upon a Decantation of the Liquor the Superficies becomes expos'd to the Air it presently turns blackish And I have seen a sort of Pears which would give a red Tincture to Wine And it is observ'd that Spirit of Wine being kept upon white Salt of Tartar acquires a red Tincture But as for the reasons of these things and also why all Bodies burnt in the open Air almost are black I shall leave to Pyrophilus to enquire EXPERIMENT XXXVII SPirit of Salt pour'd on a Solution of Cochinele or the Juice of black Cherries renders their Colours clearer but turns an Infusion of Brasil yellow the Acid Liquor in
both weakening the Spirit on which it falls for as Crimson is a Red with an Eye of blew so Yellow is but a dilated Red and therefore Alkalizated Salts will not only restore the Infusion of Cochinele and Brasil to Crimson but will turn the yellow Juice of Madder red and an Infusion of Brasil to a Crimson And here it may be worth while to consider why Blew and Purple seem to bee deeper Colours than Red and therefore the Juices of Plants of either of the two former Colours may be turn'd red by Spirit of Salt or Aqua Fortis yet Syrup of Violets should be on the contrary turn'd green by Oyl of Tartar and Spirit of Urine which is a more dilute Colour than Blew EXPERIMENT XXXVIII SALT distill'd at a certain time of the Operation yields red Fumes and Vitriol tho green or blew comes over in white Fumes and the like I have observ'd in the Fumes of several other Concretes And I have observ'd that even Soot hath fill'd the Receiver with white Fumes yet neither Spirit of Nitre is red nor that of Vitriol or Soot white And to these Observations we may add that the Empyreumatical Oyls of Woods are of a Colour betwixt black and red And tho' there is so great a difference in the Colours of Plants yet the distilled Liquors vary not And it is observ'd in Sublimation that the Flowers differ much in Colour from the Fumes that compose them as red Benzoin yields white Flowers and Antimony affords Flowers some of them Red and some Gray and some of them purely white And it is the Practice of some Glass Men to make a Blew sublimate of a convenient Proportion of Brimstone Sal Armoniack and Quicksilver And it is observ'd that Orpiment which is a yellow Substance yields a Sublimate amongst which several red Fumes ascend and I have seen a Sublimate whose lower Parts were set with reddish Particles which glitter'd prettily EXPERIMENT XXXIX IF good Spirit of Urine be dropp'd into a Tincture or an Infusion of the Flowers of Pomgranates the Red will be turn'd into a Green Colour but by Spirit of Sea-Slat it will become come a transparent Liquor which red may be tur'd into a dirty Green by Spirit of Urine Oyl of Tartar being dropp'd into Water wherein Leaves of Senna were immers'd it presently appear'd red but the same would not happen upon an Affusion of Oyl of Vitriol Yet red Rose Leaves being put in warm Water Oyl of Vitriol extracted a red Tincture but Oyl of Tartar would not But we observ'd that the Oyl of Tartar only hasten'd the Tincture of the Senna since the Leaves in a Nights time will yield a Tincture in cold Water which will not be heighten'd by Salt of Tartar And it may be said of the red Rose Leaves that the Tincture was rather extracted than produc'd by the Oyl Yet this is observable that in extracting the Tinctures the one will not do what the other will but I have found that Aqua Fortis will do as well as Oyl of Vitriol If upon the red Tincture of Roses decanted you drop Spirit of Urine and shake the Viol it is contain'd in it will acquire a greenish Blew which is observable since the turning of red into blew is a very unfrequent Observation And in the Passage of this red Tincture to a blew if it be taken as the Liquor is dropp'n in it will afford a pretty variety of Colours so as sometimes to represent the Tincture of Lignum Nephriticum And if the Tincture be very high the Spirit of Urine will turn it to a deep Opacous blew but the Liquor being left open two or three Days both the blew and the red Colour vanish'd the Liquor being of an Amber Colour and having a feculent Sediment of the same Colour which seems to be form'd of the Roses drawn together by the Acid and precipitated by the Volatile Salt of the Spirit of Urine in whose room other sulphureous Salts may be substituted And on this occasion I shall add That Having dropp'd Spirit of Urine into an Infusion of Galls it presently turn'd the Red Liquor into a Purple one but if the Infusion of Logwood were impregnated with acid Spirits of Salt it would yield neither a Red nor a Purple but a yellow Liquor EXPERIMENT XL. TO shew that Colours may be generated de novo and again destroy'd We dropp'd Oyl of Tartar into a Solution of Sublimate in Water and the Liquor being agitated it was turn'd into a deep Orange Colour but upon dropping in some Drops of Oyl of Vitriol and continuing to shake the Glass strongly the whole will presently become transparent again In which the Colour results from a Coalition of the Mercurial Particles with the saline ones and with the Alkalizate Particles of the Salt of Tartar which swim up and down in the Oyl But how these uniting come to form such a Substance as reflects such a Colour I confess my self at a loss to explain But in Confirmation of the Reason I have given for the Colour of this Precipitate I shall add that having sublimed together equal Parts of Sal Armoniack and Sublimate and dissolv'd the ascending Flowers in Water and siltred it the limpid Liquor turn'd white upon the Affusion of an Alkaly and not yellow And not only by altering the Texture of the Mercury but by varying the precipitating Liquor the Success of the Experiment will be different For if Spirit of Urine be made use of instead of Salt of Tartar the Precipitate will be of a different Colour from the former And from Quicksilver it self without Sublimate we may prepare a Pricipitate dissoluble in Water without discolouring it And the Colour of such Substances so much depends on the Texture of the Parts concurring to the Composition that tho' in our Experiment Oyl of Vitriol destroys the yellow Colour yet by the Assistance of Oyl of Vitriol we may make a yellow Precipitate with Quicksilver and Water alone And I the rather employ Oyl of Vitriol in such Experiments because it is not only void of Colour but strong and incisive for notwithstanding common and undephlegmed Aqua Fortis will not effect the same thing yet being carefully dephlegmed it will in some measure answer Expectation But one thing to be noted in this Experiment is That tho' by dropping in Oyl of Tartar and Oyl of Vitriol successively the Liquor will regain and lose it's yellow Colour yet the Proportion of the Liquor growing less in respect of the successive additional Drops the yellow Colour will gradually appear more faint An Improvement of the fortieth Experiment If Crude Antimony be boil'd in a strong Lixivium it will yield a sulphureous Sediment which will settle in yellow Flakes in the Bottom and will be more apt to take fire than the Powder of Antimony Therefore considering that Sulphur boil'd in a Lixivium may be precipitated by Rhenish or white Wine and likewise that by Acids I could precipitate other sulphureous
Concretes out of lixiviate Solvents such as crude Antimony And tho' common Sulphur yields a white Precipitate call'd Lac Sulphuris yet I concluded that Antimony would yield a yellow one as well by being made by Oyl of Vitriol as Length of time Wherefore I put a fresh Solution of Antimony into one Glass and some of the Orange colour'd Mixture into another where by dropping Oyl of Vitriol into the latter it would become transparent whereas the same Oyl would turn the other clear Solution into a deep Yellow But in this Experiment we are to observe that the Solution of Antimony must be fresh otherwise in Winter it will scarce succeed Reflections on the XL Experiment compar'd with the X and XX. Tho' the X and XX Experiments shew how Acids may be distinguish'd from Urinous and Alkalizate Salts yet thence we cannot distinguish Urinous Salts from Alkalous But by the Preceding Experiment I was enabled to distinguish Lixiviates by their precipitating an Orange Tawny from a Solution of Sublimate in Water whereas Urinous Salts would make it either White or Milky So that by this Experiment I could discover that Sal Armoniack drawn from an Alkaly is but a Urinous Salt more refin'd the Alkaly separating and retaining the Sea-Salt mix'd with it for it would not only turn Syrup of Violets green and Verdigrease Azure but would precipitate a White Substance from a Solution of Sublimate And from hence we may not only learn to conclude Affirmatively but Negatively of the Nature of Salts since Spirit of Wine and Essential Oyls have either no Salt in them or it is of a peculiar kind since they will neither turn Syrup of Violets Red nor Green nor a Solution of Sublimate White or Yellow I found that Spirit of Oak tho' it be a Chymical Principle yet it would turn Syrup of Violets Purple and destroy the Blewness of a Tincture of Lignum Nephritium as Acids do and would corrode Coral like Spirit of Vinegar but when the Acid Part of this Spirit was separated from the other it would have no more Effect upon any of those Liquors as Spirit of Wine or Essential Oyls And by this Method we may discover the Nature of most Salts produced either by Art or Nature And by the same Method here laid down I have observ'd several Liquors which tho' run per Deliquium would have no other Effect than Spirit of Wine And I know how to make a strong saline Body which will neither Work upon Syrup of Violets or a Solution of Sublimate And now to what I have said it may be seasonable to add that the Effects of Salts upon a Solution of Sublimate depend on the peculiar Texture not only of the Solution but of the Bodies by which it is precipitated for a Solution of Gold in Aqua Regia will yield a yellow Precipitate whether Oyl of Tartar Spirit of Urine or Sal Armoniack be added to it yet Oyl of Vitriol which precipitates a Solution of Silver in Aqua Fortis will have no such Effect And the Crystals of Silver dissolv'd will yield a White Precipitate whether an Alkaly or an Acid. was dropp'd into the Solution yet Sal Armoniack would not produce the like Effect So that the Superfluous Moisture being evaporated the metalline Corpuseles with the saline ones that had imbib'd them coagulated into Salt as such Solutions usually do when the Metal hath been precipitated EXPERIMENT XLI AN Azure Solution of Copper in Spirit of Urine being shaken with Oyl of Vitriol would become clear as Water And tho' Aqua Fortis usually extracts a Blew greenish Solution from French Verdigrease yet being dropped into a Solution of it in Water it almost render'd it Colourless but upon an Affusion of Oyl of Tartar or Spirit of Urine it will disclose a Colour somewhat different from the Solution of Verdigrease it self EXPERIMENT XLII THE dry'd Calx remaining after an Evaporation of a Solution of Quicksilver in Aq. Fortis gave a yellow Tincture but Quicksilver being put into a Retort with four times it's Weight of Oyl of Vitriol and the saline Menstruum being drawn off in a Sand-heat till a dry Calx remain'd in the Bottom tho' this Calx was of a White Colour it would pass through a Milky Colour to a Yellow upon an Affusion of Water And Beguinus Tyr. Chym. Lib. 2. cap. 13. Prepares Turbith Mineral which he calls Mercurius praecipitatus Optimus by digesting and then two or three times Cohobating one Part of Quicksilver with two of Oyl of Sulphur and by frequent Ablutions in hot distill'd Water c. But tho' this Yellow of ours be a much finer than any in the Painters Shops yet it is too dear for ordinary use were we certain it would agree with oyl'd Colours From whence it appears that a Menstruum which is devoid of Colour may produce a Colour being mix'd with a White Calx EXPERIMENT XLIII TO shew that a Colour may be produc'd by a Liquor that hath neither Colour nor saline Parts we pour'd Water on a gray Calx of Vitriol and tho' at the first the Mixture was of a muddy Colour yet being shut up in a Viol for some days the Calx being partly dissolv'd and shot into Vitriol gave the Water a vitriolate Colour and so it did to fresh Water pour'd on the Calx when the tinged Liquor was decanted EXPERIMENT XLIV BY dropping a few Drops of a Tincture of Cochinele or Brazil into Water it will acquire a Pink Colour from which by successive Additions it will pass from that to a fine Red and from that to a Crimson and after that to an Opace Red and several intermediate Colours may be perceiv'd in it's Passage from one Colour to another But these variations will be more conspicuous if we make use of cylindrical Pipes instead of Viols And I have observ'd that a Tincture of Brazil being put into a Viol that in the Body of it appear'd Blew but that in the Neck which the Rays of Light trajected more plentifully appeared green and I had a Piece of Glass which being held betwixt the Eye and the Light seem'd clear and when the Eye was placed betwixt it and the Light it appear'd slightly discolour'd yet being apply'd to the Glass it was knock'd off it appear'd as green as Grass And I have had Bottles which tho' they were made of the same Materials with the Stopples were nevertheless different in Colour And I have a flat Glass which obverted to the Eye flat appears like ordinary Window Glass but if the Edge of it be obverled to my Eye in a convenient Posture it will appear like an Emerald And I have had a certain Pigment which if it lay thick upon a Piece of Paper would appear to be of a Crimson but being spread thin on the Paper it would seem green And I have likewise observ'd that that blew Substance call'd Litmase being dissolv'd in Water gave it a Tincture betwixt Crimson and Purple yet it stain'd Paper Blew
again when the internal Air was rarified within half an Inch of the top and then the Apex being sealed up it was placed in Snow and Salt yet the Air in the top had it's Spring so weakened by refrigeration that it was not able to depress the Water tho' as soon as the Apex was broke off it subsided several Inches the external Air pressing upon it The Experiment being a third time reiterated with 3 ½ of Air in the Pipe when the Water in the Vial was in some measure froze it was able to expand it self a little But when the Apex was broke off the External Air depressed the Surface of the Water two Inches but being removed into a warm Room it ascended above an Inch higher than the uppermost Level Having put so much Water into a Vessel See Plate 1. Fig. 6. Such as Plate 1. Fig. 6. Delineates as was able to fill almost the whole Tube we caused a Mixture of Snow and Salt to be placed about the Ball of it yet we perceived not the Water in the least to rise but if at all it might well be ascribed to the the Intumescence of some airy Parts lodged in the Pores of the Water But the Apex of the Tube being broke off under Water the External Air forced the Water several Inches up into the Cavity of the Pipe Another Experiment we made with the following Vessel See Plate 1. Fig. 7 the Stem of this being no thicker than a Raven's Quill tho' several Inches long See Plate 1. Fig. 7. and the Ball being about as big as a Nutmeg we dropped a few drops of Water into the Stem which being suspended there betrayed very slight changes in the Rarefaction or Condensation of the internal Air. Watching therefore when the Air within had raised the Bubble up to the top of the Stem we immediately sealed it up and observed That tho' the sealed Glass was placed in a Mixture of Snow and Salt the Bubble did not in the least subside But if the Apex of the Stem was broke off the Bubble of Water would be sometimes depressed so low as to fall into the Ball of the Weather-glass And what was further remarkable was That when the Liquor was descending if the end of the Tube was sealed up the Water would immediately stop at the place it rested at when the Pressure of the Atmosphere was taken off Where it would continue till the Stem was broke open again and then the Water would be further depressed as the weight of the Atmosphere was able to over-power the Resistance made by the internal Air. Having made use of such a Vessel as Fig. 7. Plate 1. represents and conveyed a pretty Quantity of Water into both the Legs See Plate 1. Fig. 7. we sealed up the end of the bent Stem leaving so much Air above it as we thought convenient Which being done we placed the Ball of it in a frame in which the Tube hanging down we could cover the round Ball with Snow and Salt Upon which the Air in the Stem was able to expand it self so far that the Water in the longer Leg was raised the length of a Barly-corn higher than before and depressed as much in the other But when the end of the Stem was broke open the Water was raised 2 ¼ Inches in the longer Leg and depressed so low in the shorter that several Bubbles rose into the Cavity of the Ball. In which Experiment it cannot be supposed That the weight of the Water in the shorter Leg could be able to raise the Water in the other except by Virtue of it's Spring which being but small answerable to the Quantity of of it it cannot be expected that it should have any considerable Effect upon the Air in the other Leg tho' it's Spring were in some measure weakened by Cold. An Explication of the Figures in the first Plate Fig. 1. p. 12. A. The Ball or Egg. B C. The Stem D. The little Aqueous Cylinder Fig. 2. The open Weather-glass mentioned p. 16 22. Fig. 3. The Sealed Weather-glass or Thermoscope mentioned p. 16. Fig. 4. The Barometer or Mercurial Standard placed in a Frame B B. mentioned p. 17. Fig. 5. An Instrument mentioned p. 34. A. The Vial. B C. The Pipe cemented into the neck of the Vial open at C and sealed at B. Fig. 6. p. 35. A. The Bolt-head B. The small Stem B C. The Cylinder of Water enclosed Fig. 7. p. 36. CHAP. V. The Experimental History of Cold begun TITLE I. Experiments concerning Bodies capable of Freezing others BEfore we proceed to the natural History of Cold it perhaps may be necessary to consider what Bodies are capable of retaining such Qualities and what are not but that being a consideration not so necessary to our present purpose which is only to set down what Observations we have made in Bodies subject to be froze I shall only in short take notice That most Bodies except fire are susceptible of actual Cold and it is a Question whether even that be not rather a state of Matter in such a peculiar motion than a distinct and particular species of Natural Bodies since even Gun-powder and Spirit of Wine before they are set on fire by some other Body are actually Cold. But to proceed to what Observations relate to our Title Experiments of Bodies capable of freezing others 1. Bodies cold enough to freeze others are very few here in England Snow and Salt mixed being most remarkable which cool the Liquor contained in those Vessels which are closed up in such mixtures 2. Snow alone would not freeze Water as a Mixture of it and Salt does and tho' Water poured betwixt the Interstices of Snow or Ice freezes yet there is a great disparity betwixt exposing it to the Air and keeping it up in Vessels and tho' it is froze when covered with Snow in a Bottle all night yet that may proceed from the Coldness of the Air as well as the influence of the Snow 3. If Nitre Allum Vitriol Sal-Armoniack or Sugar be mixed in due Proportion with Snow they will enable it to freeze tho' not so intensely as common Salt 4. Spirit of Salt being shaken together with Snow in the Vials they caused a Dew which was gathered on the outside the Glass to be froze tho' the Mixture within was not and Oyl of Vitriol mixed with Snow in a thin Vial had the same Effect only more intensely 5. But not only these Acid Spirits had these Effects on the moisture of the Air condensed on the outside the Glasses but likewise Spirit of Nitre Spirit of Vinegar and Spirit of Sugar the former of these three being very powerfull tho' the latter were not so strongly frigorifick 6. Spirit of Urine mixed with Snow in a Vial froze the External moisture weakly but Spirit of Sal-Armoniack drawn from Quick-lime did it powerfully 7. Spirit of Urine and Oyl of Vitriol poured upon Snow froze moderately 8. Sal Gem with a
convenient for the more commodious discerning of the Phaenomena of this Experiment to try it in a dark place And fourthly it is convenient to advertise that the Sulphur frequently so obscures the Glass with its fumes which partly stick to it that sometimes it is very difficult to discern what happens within the Glass Fifthly it is requisite the Heat of the Iron should be considerable that the Flame of the Sulphur may be more lasting the flaming of it depending on the Heat of the Iron and not the force of its own Flame EXPERIMENT III. A very volatile and saline piercing Liquor being dropped upon filings of Steel the Mixture grew hot and emitted out of the Vial it was contained in very fetid steams which would kindle at the flame of a Candle and continue to burn a good while where we convey'd it into our Receiver and upon the first Exsuction of Air it flamed brisker than before and likewise upon the second and third but after it went out it would not be kindled again tho' the Air was let in upon it EXPERIMENT IV. Spirit of Wine being impregnated with a Mineral which tinged its Flame I convey'd it into the Receiver in a small Glass-Lamp with a slender wick and observed that in half a minute after the Pump was plyed the Flame was extinguished But letting Air in and out as occasion required I observ'd that when the Flame began to decay the Turn-Key being successively drawn almost out the Flame lasted a minute and a half and sometimes longer The Turn-Key being taken out in the beginning it lasted two minutes or better A Pipe being bedded in the Cement at the bottom of the Glass and having at each end an open Orifice almost of the bigness of that which the Turn-Key usually fills the Flame burnt very well and would have continued longer than it did if we would have permitted it The Orifice at the top being stopped the lower was left open yet the Flame began to decay but Air being blown in with a pair of Bellows it was presently refreshed again yet in a minute after it was quite extinguished EXPERIMENT V. Flame preserved under Water Tho' it is taught that Naptha and Camphire will burn under Water yet I could never find that they would but three ounces of Gun-Powder a drachm of well burnt Charcoal good Sulphur half a drachm of choice Salt-Petre near a drachm and a half being all powdered and mixed together a Quill or a Tobacco-pipe stopped at one end being filled with this Mixture and kindled in the Air would burn till it was wholly consumed under Water the force of the Flame keeping the Water from breaking in upon it at the open end In which Experiment Flame seems to be continued without Air there being no Air to preserve it under Water but what may be lodged in the Pores of the Water except some moist Particles betwixt the Particles of the Nitre in favour of the necessity of Air to preserve Flame may be supposed to be rarified and form Air for a time as the rarified exhalations which flow out of an Aeolipile which are not true and permanent Air but presently return to Water again EXPERIMENT VI. Of the flaming of a Metal in Vacuo Having placed the piece of Iron so often made use of in our Receiver we designed to let a parcel of Sulphur fall upon it but when we went to drop the Sulphur down by accident it fell on one side the Iron and whilst we were considering what to do we discerned a a blue Flame in the middle of the Glass which continued much longer than that of ordinary Sulphur and when we opened the Receiver we found that it was afforded by a metalline substance which lay melted in the middle of the concave superficies of the Iron being a composition of Lead and Tin but tho' these Metals mixed so opened the Bodies of each other as to yield a Sulphureous fuel for Flame in Vacuo yet in the open Air they would not The III. TITLE Of the difficult Propagation of actual Flame in Vacuo Boyliano EXPERIMENT I. HAving kindled some Sulphur which was of a peculiar sort upon the Iron so often mentioned I let down a piece of Spunk upon it when the Receiver was exhausted and by being contiguous to the flames it was turned into a substance as black and brittle as Tinder and disposed to kindle when touched with fire EXPERIMENT II. Another parcel of the same Sulphur being kindled in Vacuo Boyliano Camphire tho' in the open Air disposed to draw the Flame of Sulphur yet it was not kindled by hanging in the Flame of it And a Match being partly dipped in Sulphur and let down upon the hot Iron burnt as far as the Sulphur raught but no further EXPERIMENT III and IV. Having placed a piece of Paper upon the Plate of our Pump and whelmed over it a very clear and thin Receiver we laid a train of Gun-Powder upon the Paper and observed that tho' by a good Burning-Glass several grains would be exploded yet those would not kindle those that were contiguous to them the Propagation of Flame so much depends on the free access of Air. And to confirm this I shall add that a little Instrument made to try Gun-Powder being charged and primed and suspended in Vacuo tho' by the help of a Burning-Glass the priming would be exploded yet that would not kindle the Powder contain'd in the Box but when the exhausted Air was let in again and the Pan new primed tho' the Receiver was shut it would in that close Air go off readily and also in the open Air. EXPERIMENT V. Gun-Powder being put into two Bubbles one of which was exhausted and the other not they were placed upon Live-coals upon which when they had stood a while they where both burst in pieces but without the appearance of any Flame which effect seemed to depend on this viz. That the Heat of the coals acted not only on a few grains of Powder at once but upon the whole Area so that every Particle being equally acted on as to sense they were exploded at the same time so the Focus of a Burning-Glass acting uniformly on Aurum Fulminans causes it to explode at once but it may be so ordered that the Focus not sufficiently warming one Part a partial explosion will only ensue CHAP. XVIII New Experiments about the relation betwixt Air and the Flamma Vitalis of Animals EXPERIMENT I. Animals included in Receivers with Flame and Air. REctified Spirit of Wine contained in a Glass-Lamp with a thin Wick and at the same time a small Green-Finch being both conveyed into a Receiver eighteen Inches high and which was large enough to contain about twenty pints of Water the Flame of the Lamp was extinguish'd at the end of two Minutes but the Bird being brisk at the end of the third Minute was taken out And when the Bird recover'd again the Experiment being repeated
of stuff being quire drained of its Ore and laid on a heap in the Air in thirty years it afforded Metal again And the same Gentleman told me that having caused the Water which washes the Earth away from the Ore to lay down that Earth by stopping the current of it till its own weight made it subside that Earth being twelve years exposed to the Air yielded a good quantity of Metal And Relations agreeable to these I have received from another Of the growth of Lead It hath been observed that Lead Ore cleared of its Metal and laid in heaps for some years yields Metal a second time And J. Gerhard in Decade questionum p. m. 22. says Fessularum mons in Hetruria Florentiae civitati imminens lapides Plumbarios habet qui si excidantur brevi temporis spatio novis incrementis instaurantur And Agricola speaking of the growth of Mines in general testifies the same but I am told that this happens not in all Mines And tho' it be believed that the Reason why the passages into some Mines grow narrower is to be attributed to the growth of the Metal yet I am apt to believe that it may be caused by the powerful expansion of some frozen Water in the Earth that encompasses those passages and whereas it is urged as an Argument of the growth of Metals that Lead increases its weight by being exposed to the Air on the tops of Churches yet I am inclined to believe that it rather proceeds from a Cerusse formed by corrosive Parts uniting with the Parts of the corroded Metal and chiefly for this Reason viz. Because I have observed that the Wood which lyes about that Lead abounds with an Acid Spirit capable of corroding Lead and that when they have been long exposed to this Acid a white Lead may be scraped off better than the common Cerusse and this is found on that side the Lead which is next the Wood and not on that exposed to the outward Air. And I have observed that even Alablaster and white Marble will yield an Acid Spirit so that we question whether Lead fixed to the feet of Statues may not by the help of that acquire a greater bulk and increase of weight Of the growth of Iron We are told not only by Pliny and Srabo but Fallopius and Caessalpinus that in the Island of Elva not far from the coast of Tuscany Iron hath been observed to grow and Agricola attests the like to be observed in Germany And Johan Gerherd tells us that he was informed that not far from Amberga the Ore exposed to the Air for some time in heaps requires Metalline Parts Of the growth of Silver I have been told that Silver grows in the form of Vegetables and in a Voyage to Pern I find the following relation viz. That in the Mines of Potosi it is observed that Earth that was dug out of the Grooves and Shafts and thrown aside hath such a propensity to the Production of Metals that after some years it would yield Metal Of the growth of Gold Tho' there is no Gold to be found on the coast of Guyny in Congo and other Parts of Africk where Writers mention it to be found yet I am told that in Hungary the Master of that famous Gold Mine of Cremnitz hath observed that the whole Mountain abounds with Particles of Gold and that when they have cleared a great deal of the Soil in one Place of its Metalline Parts they throw it into the hole again and observe that in a little time it will yield Gold as before and Johan Gerherd gives us an Instance of the growth of Gold in Germany Postscript Dr. Brown tells us that he observed the passages in several Mines grown up especially in moist places and that the yellow Soil near Cremnitz yields some Gold Whether the increase of Metals depends on the influence of the Air or some other cause till further and more strict Observations have been made I shall not undertake to determine but shall only add that a Marchasite having been shut up in Vacuo it acquired a Vitriolate Efforescence betwixt blue and green CHAP. X. A Hydrostatical way of estimating Ores Ores Hydrostatically estimated TO help me to make an estimate of the proportion of Metalline or the Mineral ingredients of Bodies I weighed a piece of Rock-Crystal or white Marble first in Air and then in Water by which I found that its weight to an equal bulk of Water was as 2 ¾ to 1 or as 11 to 4 and then by weighing Metalline Bodies such as Magnets and Emeri I found that the weight of these in Water was more than that of Crystal the proportion of the latter being as four to one by which Tryals I was enabled to guess that these stones contain Metalline Parts in them And by the same method I discovered Metalline Ingredients in some Bodies which are not generally looked upon as such as Lapis Hematites and American Talc And as it is generally a certain sign that a Body contains mineral ingredients proportionably as it is heavier than Crystal so it is no less certain that Bodies lighter than Crystal are not impregnated with a Metalline Ore as Jet Succinum Sulphur Vive common Sulphur English Talc Venetian Talc and black Lead whose weight to Water is but as 1 1◠100 to 1 and which by certain Tryals I have found to be a kind of Talc As for the advantages that may be reaped by estimating Ores they may either respect Jewellers Physicians or Chymists as when the Metalline Ingrediens are but small or Mineralists whose business it is to extract the Metal when by this Hydrostatical way it appears to be sufficiently impregnated But because there are some cruder Metalline Ingredients in some Bodies as Antimony Bismuth Lapis Calaminaris and Pyrites which may deceive an unskilful Mineralist who estimates them this way it may be convenient to make use of other Tryals to distinguish them And since some mineral Ores when tryed in the lump appear to be poorly stocked with Metalline Parts it may be of use to beat them to powder and to separate the Metalline Parts by washing or else by fire for by that means I once found that a Metalline Ore which was wrought for Lead afforded a sufficient quantity of Silver to answer the charge of working it and to this caution I must add the following viz. That since Marcasites are generally heavier than common Crystal and by some looked upon to be plentifully stocked with Metalline Parts because of their weight and the glittering of their Parts yet they may easily be undecived by placing them in a hot fire for by that means the Sulphureous Parts will be consumed and leave behind them a black Calx but tho' Marcasites abound not with Metalline Parts proportionable to their bulk yet I have found by experience that some of them have afforded not only Copper Silver and Gold but sometimes a quantity of running Mercury
a thin white Opacous bed and the third is made up of a long series of Crystals thick set and which look whitish and upon these which are not much thicker than a Barly-Corn lyes another made up of Crystals like Amethysts some higher tinged than others and more elevated where they had most Room to shoot those that were most elevated being hard enough to grate lines upon Glass And I have found in the Cavities of concreted Stones Crystals which were set round the sides of them and seemed to be formed of a Lapidescent Juice which was Percolated through the substance of the Stones and formed curiously shaped Crystals And I am told by a digger that he hath observed several clusters of these Crystals which stuck to no part of the Rock but seemed to be hastily formed in a soft Mould But thirdly not only the External but their Internal Texture favours our Hypothesis since it seems to imitate that of those Bodies which have been formerly fluids For it hath been observed that several Particles of Salt sticking together have not only formed large lumps but Sal-Gem and lumps of the Isle of Mayow Salt being broke seemed to be made up of the like Parts And tho a solution of Silver usually shoots into thin Plates yet it may be so ordered that several of these joining together may form larger Crystals whose outsides may be finely shaped like some peculiar kind of Vitriol And tho' transparent Bodies are usually thought to be of an uniform Texture yet I have observed that a thin Muscovy Glass Plate which was so thin as to be scarce visible might be further divided into Plates and the like hath been observed in other Stones and to this I shall add that I have been able to perceive the grain of a large Grizolette with my Eye as well as in Hyacinths and Saphirs and English Granates when they are broke appear manifestly to be made up of flakes or Plates and so do even Diamonds themselves which are observed to cleave much more easily with the grain than against it as Wood is observed to do which is made up of an assimilated Juice which was first fluid But it is observed in some Diamonds that the flakes are not wholly Parallel but in the substance of the Stone sometimes make Angles for which reason some of them break in pieces before they will cleave through Fourthly it seems requisite that these Stones should have been in solutis Principiis that they might be tinged with Mineral Juices Which proposition suggests several Observations and First That most Gems lose their colour or have it altered by the fire and tho' it may be suggested that the loss of a colour may be effected without the addition of a Pigment by a change of the superficial Texture of a Body as when red Ink is beaten into a froth or when Crystal receives several flaws in its Surface by being suddenly cooled in Water and becomes white or in Cochinele and puts on a pleasing colour by the insinuation of the Tincture into the cracks and flaws yet Indian Granates are observed to change their redish for a dark and dirty Iron colour and Agats being kept a competent time in the fire became white except where Mineral Veins ran where it was observed that the colour was not destroyed but changed and became a deep red tho' I suspected that a more lasting fire would have turned them white and the like change of colour hath been observed in Pebbles and other Stones some of which losing their Transparency by Ignition acquired a deeper colour upon their Extinction in Water And to countenance what I have laid down it may be further offered that Gems are generally found near Mines or Mineral Veins and tho' they are not sufficiently skilled in digging Mines to discover what they otherwise probably might yet I have seen several Amethysts which were taken out of Ground abounding with Iron and Tin Ores and those softer Gems called by Mineralists Fluores are often to be found in or near Metalline Veins finely tinged with Mineral Juices which were they in hot Countries and sufficiently hardened with the Sun they might pass for Emaralds c. And I remember that I once prepared a Menstruum no more corrosive than white Wine which being poured upon well coloured Granates extracted a lovely Tincture from them And Benvenuto Cellini tells us that he saw a Rubie which was not of the usual colour but white as also he acquaints us that he hath seen Berils Topazes and Amethysts of the same colour and Rubies and Saphirs have been observed to be of the same degree of hardness so that they were looked upon to be the same kind of Stone tho' differently tinged and that the same kind of Stone may be differently tinged appears since Diamonds have been observed to be yellowish more yellow and perfectly yellow bluish greenish and some as green as Emaralds And one who lived near the River Siam or Pegu in the East-Indies told me he had seen Stones taken out of the Water partly void of colour and partly of the colour of a Rubie And besides what I have observed in Agats and Opacous Gems as to the differing colours of the same Stone I wear a Sardoinx in a Ring the uppermost part of which is black the middlemost of a Chesnut and the other of a blue colour almost like a Turquois and each of these of an uniform breadth and Parallel to each other and even amongst Saphirs tho' they are commonly azure yet a white Stone hath been called by the same name because of the same degree of hardness And to these I shall add that in Italy I have seen a large piece of Crystal whose Pyramidal part was of a trnsparent green the Vertex being richly tinged like an Emerald but the further the colour spread from the Vertex the more dilute and pale it grew so that the Base was transparent and like ordinary Crystal agreeable to which Josephus Acosta says that Emeralds seem to grow in Stones like Crystals and by little and little to thicken and refine He likewise says he hath seen some half white and half green others all white and some green and very perfect And I have seen a Saphir so odly tinged with Mineral fumes that it might well be taken for a Chalcedonian tho' of the hardness of a Saphir And to shew further that solid Gems may include Heterogeneous matter in them I shall add that not only I but others have perceived something in the Body of Rock-Crystal which by varying the posture of that Stone might be rendered visible and the like hath been seen in Grisolets brought from the East-Indies And in a hard Stone brought from thence and designedly broke I found several clear and transparent Crystals which had their Points inwards and were Arguments that they had swam in some Liquors whose incoagulable Parts were either imbibed by the Ambient matter or penetrated it And to illustrate what I
the fibrous part is alone heavier than the Serum since a great deal of the latter is dispersed through the Pores of the former which appears since four ounces five drachms and thirty four grains of the fibrous part of Blood being distilled in a digestive Furnace the dryed Blood remaining weighed but one ounce three drachms and thirty four grains whereas the serous Liquor distilled from it amounted to three ounces fifty three grains and the like tryal being again repeated with another parcel of Blood the dryed mass amounted to one ounce six drachms and fifty grains and the Phlegmatick Liquor distilled from it to seven ounces Red Sealing-Wax suspended at a Hair weighed in the Air one drachm fifty six grains in Water thirty five in Serum thirty three And having made use of an Instrument purposely made when common Water weighed 253 grains an equal bulk of Serum weighed 302 and the Serum of the Blood of another Person being weighed it wanted but two grains of the weight of the former Serum which was tinged with Blood being strained through Cap-Paper the Liquor which passed through it was of a yellow colour Spirit of Salt being dropped into Serum coagulated some Parts which subsided in the form of Cheese-Curd and Oyl of Vitriol had the same effect but more powerfully But Spirit of Sal-Armoniack rather made it fluid Oyl of Tartar per Deliquium produced a white Curd by uniting with some Parts of the Serum but not so powerfully as the other had done Spirit of Wine rectified produced a copious white Curd but so soft that it swam upon the top of the Liquor Upon an infusion of a solution of Sublimate it yielded a white Curd but some of the Serum of Human Blood being poured upon filings of Iron the Liquor dissolved some of the Steel which appeared since upon an addition of some of an infusion of Galls the Liquor which before was muddy and thick laid down a whitish Sediment and a convenient quantity of the infusion being added the two Liquors united into a consistent Body wherein the Eye discovered no distinct Liquor at all But having put some of our Liquor upon filings of Copper which when wrought upon by Bodies that have in them any thing of Urinous Salt usually give a conspicuous Tincture we accordingly found that the Metal was in a few hours discoloured by the Menstruum and afterwards it began gradually to grow more blue and in a day was of a deep Ceruleous colour And to shew that this colour proceeded from some Volatile Salt latent in the Serum we mixed some of it with Syrup of Violets and found that it appeared of a fine green And one thing observable in the Serum impregnated with Copper was that I kept it several weeks in my Window without perceiving that it in the least sunk About two ounces of Serum was left in a South Window three weeks in the Month of July but did not appear in the least putrified but had let down a considerable Sediment and in three or four days after it stunk offensively and that at the same time it was void of Acidity appeared since it would not take off the blue colour of a Tincture of Lignum Nephriticum This fetid Serum being distilled in a low Cucurbite the Liquor that first came over was so little Spirituous or Saline that it would not in an hours time turn Syrup of Violets green yet that it was not without a Volatile Alkaly appeared since being dropped into a good solution of Sublimate it caused it to lay down a white precipitate Serum of Human Blood filtred through Cap-Paper being distilled in a small Retort placed in a Sand Furnace we obtained only a few drops of a darkish red Oyl some of which subsided to the bottom of the other Liquor but the greater part swam upon it and after a good deal of insipid Phlegm had been drawn off there came over a good proportion of Spirituous Liquor which smelled almost like the Spirit of Blood and contained a pretty deal of Volatile Alkaly so that it would readily turn Syrup of Violets green and cause a white precipitate and ferment with Spirit of Salt And this Spirit being rectified in a small Head and Body a good quantity of a thick Substance like Honey was left in the bottom of the Glass which was for the most part of a dark red and seemed to contain more Oyl than appeared upon the first Distillation The Liquor that came over the Helm was purer but not stronger than the first but having put it into a Glass-Egg with a slender Neck and given the Vessel a convenient Scituation in hot Sand we obtained a Volatile Alkaly that sublimed into the Neck in the form of a white Salt from whence it seems to follow that the serous part of the Blood affords the same Elementary Principles or Similar Substances both as to number and kind as the fibrous and consistent part tho' not as to quantity that of the Oyl and dry Salt being less in a determinate proportion of Serum than of Blood Tho' it be necessary to loosen the Spirit of Urine from the more drossy Parts of it that before Distillation it should putrefie for about six weeks yet if fresh Urine be poured upon Quick-Lime a great part of the Spirit will presently be united and ascend in Distillation Encouraged by which Observation I mixed Serum with Quick-Lime upon which there ensued a transient Heat and this mixed Body being committed to Distillation first it afforded a Phlegm in a gentle fire and then in a stronger a moderate quantity of Liquor that was thought to smell manifestly of the Lime but had not a brisk taste and this was accompanyed with a greater quantity of fetid Oyl than was expected The other Liquor being slowly rectified the Spirit which first came over had a strong and piercing smell but less rank than common Spirit of Human Blood Its taste was somewhat fiery and being dropped upon Spirit of Violets it presently turned it green in a solution of sublimate with Water and another of Quick-silver in Aqua Fortis it presently made two white precipitates And being mingled with some good Spirit of Sea-Salt there appeared a thick and whitish Smoak but neither any visible conflict nor bubbles yet the colour of the Spirit of Salt seemed much heightned by this operation And here I shall observe that having set the lately mentioned Mixture of the Spirit of Serum and of Salt to evaporate the Salt afforded by it was not like that of Sal-Armoniack but the colour produced in the Mixture whilst fluid was so heightned in the Concrete that it appeared of a Blood-red colour but of such a confused shape that it could not be reduced to any kind of Salt by all which Phaenomena this Spirit of the serous part of the Blood seems to be very near of kin to that of the concreted mass To try whether the fixed Salt of Pot-ashes would have the same effect on Serum
Spirits XIII Of the relation betwixt Spirit of Human Blood and the Air. XIV Of the Hostility of Human Blood with Acids whether in the form of Liquors or Fumes XV. Of the Medicinal Virtues of Spirit of Human Blood externally applyed XVI Of the Medicinal Virtues of Spirit of Human Blood internally given in Pleurisies Head-achs Coughs Fevers Scurvies Cachexies Dropsies Fits of the Mother XVII Paralipomena and promiscuous Experiments and Observations concerning the Spirit of Human Blood TITLE I. Whether Human Blood may be so ordered by Fermentation or Putrefaction as that in Distillation a Spirit either Vrinous or Vinous may ascend before the Phlegm COnsidering that Fevers have been looked upon to proceed from a Fermentation in the Blood and likewise that Human Urine which hath a great Cognation with Human Blood will not whilst fresh afford a Spirit till the Phlegm be first drawn off this Subject of this Title may not appear Groundless But I am not much encouraged to expect a Vinous or ardent Spirit from Human Blood nor am I sure there is any such thing as Fermentation in Human Blood And on this occasion I shall add that having once kept Blood Hermetically sealed up in a Glass for twelve Months when it came to be opened it smelled so offensively that we could not make any tryal upon it and another time having digested in a pretty large Vial Hermetically sealed some Sheeps Blood when it had been a good while in the digestive Furnace it suddenly broke with a considerable noise and blew off the long neck of the Vial. And here to what hath been laid down I shall add That some Ounces of Serum of Blood being added to a fourth Part of Raisins of the Sun stoned and kept in a Glass in a warm Room for several days the event of this tryal was that within in a few Days the Raisins began to emerge and whilst they floated yielded a considerable quantity of springy and permanent Air from whence it appeared that there had been some Degree of Fermentation But when this Serum came to be distilled tho' it did not stink as if it had been putrified yet the Spirit which first ascended tasted not like a-Viscous Spirit nor like a meer Phlegm Whether the Fermentation observed in this Liquor depended on the whole Serum or only on the Aqueous Parts distinct from it I shall leave to Experience to determine To try whether Digestion or Putrefaction would so open the Texture of Blood as to make it part with its Spirit more easily and before the Phlegm I kept a quantity of Serum for that purpose four times as long as was sufficient to make Urine part with its Spirit before its Phlegm but the Liquor which came over by a gentle heat had but little strength either in Smell or Taste nor would it readily turn Syrup of Violets Green yet like a Volatile Alkaly it would soon turn a Solution of Sublimate in fair Water into a White Opacous and almost Milky Liquor TITLE II. Whether Spirit of Human Blood be really any thing but the Volatile Salt and Phlegm well commixed FOR several Reasons I am inclined to believe that the Spirit of Human Blood is totally composed of a Volatile Salt and a Phlegm which is not so pure and Elementary but that some Particles of Oyl and others of Salt may be mixed with it and whether by frequent Rectifications this Phlegm may be rendered Homogeneous I much question since I am not sure but that in frequent Distillations some Particles of the Fire mny be from time to time associated with the Liquor and even in the first Distillation the Fire uniting with the Liquor may form one different from the Ingredients or Principles of the Body and I have found that Woods afford by distillation a Liquor which is not an Oyl nor an Acid or an Alkaly and yet no true Phlegm but an Adiaphorous Liquor And on this occasion to shew That the Composition of a Body may as well be made known by investigating the way of generating or producing it as by that of Analysing or resolving it I shall add that having dissolved as much Volatile Salt of Human Blood in distilled Water as the Liquor would take up and then having distilled it in a conveniently shaped Vessel with a regulated degree of Heat the Distillation afforded us such a Liquor as was desired since by Smell and Taste it appeared to be a good brisk Spirit of Human Blood And this Experiment was again repeated with the like success TITLE III. Of the Species of Saline Bodies to which the Spirit of Human Blood is to be referred THO' it be generally allowed that Saline Spirits are of two sorts yet it may not be amiss to add That some of them are Acid in Taste as Spirit of Nitre Vitriol c. Others are rather like common or lixiviate Salts and their different Effects and Operations are much less alike than their Taste for upon their mixture there ensues a manifest conflict and usually one will precipitate the Bodies the other will dissolve And amongst Salts called Alkalies some are fixed in considerable Degrees of Fire and others who take Acid and Alkalies for the true Principles of mixed Bodies call the one Fixed and the other Volatile Alkalies And tho' I who question this Doctrine often call the Salts made by Combustion simply Alkalies or lixiviate Salts and those that ascend sometimes Vrinous and sometimes Volatile Salts yet since the Names of Fixed Alkalies and Volatile ones are in request now I shall now make use of them in that Sense These Things being premised I shall proceed to observe that notwithstanding that some Physicians and Chymists ascribe Digestion to an Acid Ferment in the Stomach yet the Spirit of Human Blood is referrable to that Classis which many call Volatile Alkalies since it generally performs what Volatile Alkalies are said to do for it will ferment with Acids turn Syrup of Violets Green and precipitate a Solution of Sublimate in common Water Were I sure that the Ferment of the Stomach were Acid I should be apt to believe that the Blood retains something of Acidity in it but yet that would not be an Argument why I should not refer the Spirit of Human Blood to the Class of Alkalies because so few Acid Particles would either be destroyed by the Alkalizate ones that are so abundant in the Spirit or at least they would be so very much predominant as to give us Reason on their account to denominate the Mixture Alkalious As if some drops of Spirit of Vinegar were mixed with stale Urine they would be either depriv'd of their Acidity by some Particles of a contrary Nature or be so overpowered by the Fugitive Salts they abound with that the Mixture might well be referred to the Classis of Volatile Urinous Salts TITLE IV. Whether the Spirit of Human Blood be differing from Spirit of Vrine and other Salts called Volatile Alkalies UPON this Occasion I shall offer