of the brain is ful of turnings and windings like those of the Guts which we must not say were made for understanding with Erasistratus seeing Asses also have them nor for lightness sake as Aristotle would have it nor that they are without End or Use as others conceit but that the Vessels of the brain might be more safely conveighed through those turnings and windings least they might by continual motion be in danger of breaking especially at the ful of the Moon when the brain doth most of all swel within the Skul The windings of the brain which I first learnt of Fr. Sylvius a great Anatomist if you diligently examin the matter you shall find to descend a good depth that the brain doth gape on each side over above that same middle division made by the Sickle with a winding clift which begins in the forepart about the roots of the Eyes whence according to the bones of the Temples it goes back above the Root of the spinal Marrow and divides the upper part of the brain from the lower part Yet now and then that same great Chink cannot be found or very hardly Instead thereof I have found a certain smal lateral clift on each side easily separable even in the common section near the Ventricles ful of the Carotick Arteries The inner Surface hath sundry Extuberances and Cavities as shall be said in the following discourse The Colour is white because the brain as all other parts hath its original from the Seed but so that it hath less of Amplification then of Constitution and therefore in extream fastings the brain suffers no diminution It s Temperament is cold and moist which appears from its whiteness and moistness And therefore Hippocrates saies the brain is the seat of cold and clammy humors For the overgreat heat of the brain is an hinderance both to Reason and Sleep as appears in Phrenetick persons Yet is it by reason of the spirits hotter then any Air as Galen rightly saies yet is it not so exceeding hot as the Heart Its substance is proper to it self such as is not in the whole body besides Hippocrates doth liken it to a Kernel by reason of the Colour and plenty of moisture It is soft and moist for the more easie impression of Images and Conceptions for it is the seat of Imagination Yet is it not so soft as to run about but hath a consistent softness so that what is imprinted therein may continue for a season for the brain is also the seat of Memory The followers of Des-cartes doth weave the brain together of soft and pliable Fiberkies mutually touching one another with intermediate spaces of the pores by which Fiberkies the Images of Objects are imprinted upon the brain They do indeed excellently explain the reason of Sense if this Hypothesis of theirs were true But such Fiberkies are not found in the soft substance of the brain unless we shall mean the beginning of the Spinal Marrow out of which the little Ropes of Nerves do arise It is a rare case for the substance of the brain to be quite wanting but Horstius saw it somtimes much diminished by over great use of carnal Embracements as his Epistles shew Howbeit Schenckius Valleriola Carpus c. saw a Boy without any brain as also Nicolas Fontanus at Amsterdam in the year 1629 who instead of a brain and spinal marrow found a very clear water enclosed in a Membrane Sundry Vessels are Disseminated through the brain For if you squeeze the substance thereof many little Dripplekies of blood do sweat out and therefore I conclude with Galen that very many capillary Veins and Arteries are there disseminated which I have also divers times beheld with mine Eyes Which will then principally happen as Fr. Silvius observes when the brain is Flaccid and Friable because he observed that then it would come of it self from the Vessels in dissection and especially if the Vessels by means of Age or any other waies are become more solid then ordinary Now there are no Nerves Disseminated through the Brain and therefore it is Void of all Sense The Veins which are carryed through the substance of the brain are 1. The five branches of the jugular Veins some of which go into the Cavity of the dura mater others are spred up and down through the Coats and substance of the brain But they according to the Observation of Walaeus are no other then 2. very smal twigs which on either side go into the substance of the brain out of the Cavities of dura mater There are four Arteries from the Carotides and Cervicales whereof the former are disseminated into the brain upwards and downwards the latter into the Brainlet or Cerebellum In the Chinks the same Carotick Arteries are carried in very great number both in the surface and the bottom which Fr. Sylvius conceives to be the cause of that same troublesome pulsing about the Temples in some kinds of Head-ach though in the judgment of A. Kyperus the pulsation of the external Arteries adds somwhat hereunto as the Cure of the pain doth shew by opening the said Arteries The Use of the Brain according to Aristotle is to cool the Heart which Galen justly refutes because the brain is far from the Heart But there are some Peripatericks who deny that Aristotle dissents from the Physitians while he saith the brain is made to temper the heat of the Heart and they will have it made to produce Animal spirits In as much as the Animal spirits cannot be generated unless the vital Spirits be first cooled But The Use thereof is 1. To be the Mansion of the sensitive Soul for the performance of Animal Functions Now the brain is no particular Organ of Sense as the Eyes Ears c. but an universal one for judgment is made in the brain of the Objects of all the Senses Also it passes judgment touching Animal Motion whereas it self hath no Animal Motion But it hath a Natural Motion communicated from the Arteries and that a perpetual one of widening and contracting it self as appears in Wounds of the Head and new-born Children in the forepart of whose Head the brain is seen to pant because their bones are as yet exceeding soft and plyable In its Dilatation the brain draws vital Spirit with arterial blood out of the Carotick Arteries and Air by the Nostrils In its contraction it forces the Animal spirits into the Nerves which like Conduit pipes carry the said Spirit into the whole body and therewith the faculties of Sense and Motion And by the same Contraction the blood is forced out of the Ventricles through the Veins unto the Heart The Matter therefore of the Animal Spirits is two fold viz. Arterial blood ful of vital Spirit and Air. Touching the place of its Generation we shall speak hereafter For I am not of their opinion who confirme that this Spirit is Generated in
not on this fide the Ligature towards the heart but on that side the Ligature which is furthest from the Heart Now the Cause of that Tumor is not Pain caused by binding the part for oftentimes little and commonly no pain in the part bound And when the Arm is pinced or pained by Burning or otherwise it hath its Veins for the most part less swollen then upon a simple and bare Ligature Nor is it more likely that the Veins swell upon the Ligature because through the Veins which are straiter because they are bound greater pienty of Blood comes and with more swiftness from the Liver as about Bridges and in other places Rivers being straitned do run more swiftly For the Water of a River being gathered together in a narrow place is manifestly lifted up into a swelling from which when it falls it goes the faster but the arm being bound the contrary happens for they are not the Veins nighest the Liver from which blood should come but those farthest from the Liver which are most distended It remains therefore that the Veins swell beyond the Ligature because the motion of the blood running from the small veins into the Heart is stopped by the Ligature and being there gathered together distends the Vein But to the end I might be more certain hereof I bound the jugular and crural branch in living Creatures very strongly with a threed so that no blood might pass by and I opened that part of the Vein which was more remote from the Heart it bled plentifully swiftly vehemently soon after I loosed the band and cut the Vein asunder through the middle and the part thereof farthest from the Heart being drawn out of the body upwards presently and swiftly fell a bleeding whilst in the mean time the part of the Vein nearest the heart being somewhat elevated least the Creature strugling with pain should easily force out the Blood first it voided but little and afterwards no blood at all whence it seemed to me apparent that the blood came out of the veins far from the heart into those near the same and not out of the greater Veins into the lesser unless haply some neighbouring blood finding a way might slip away Any one may easily try as much in opening a vein in the Arm for if he force the blood above the Ligature upwards with his finger so that the vein appear empty yet shall he see the blood issue out as fast as ever below the Ligature which could not come through the upper branch being at present empty But if the Vein be thus distended with blood which is moved from the smaller veins to the Heart how can the artery be distended upon the ligature which divers excellent Physitians relate to have been so distended that it has been opened instead of a vein the truth is the Artery doth not swell upon the Ligatures being made unless where it is neer the Heart but farther off it falls in somewhat and is diminished as I have an hundred times and oftener experimented in the Dissections of living Anatomies But I do not think it was any of the authors meaning thar the remoter part of the Artery was distended by means of the Ligature but that their meaning only was where the Vein did not appear which was to be opened that there the place where it lay was to be sought by feeling and that by a pit by motion and swelling of the Blood it was to be found and when we feel a swelling or otherwise discover the same we should not presently conclude that there was the Vein for it might be an Artery which by reason of the hard binding had lost its pulse and which by reason of the thickness of the Coates not quite falling in might counterfeit a certain tumor and puffing-up as it were But moreover if the Vein swels by reason of the Blood returning to the Heart why does the vein also swel and if opened why void Blood when there is a Ligature made below as well as above the place phlebotomized which Blood cannot be thought possibly to come from the lower parts by reason of the Ligature made below the Orifice But this does not alwayes so happen but but sometimes only when the Arm is tied at a certain distance and then the greater Veins in the place between those two Ligatures do receive that blood from the smaller Veins which smaller Veins receive from the smaller Arteries which are joyned to the smal veins by way of Anastomosis And that indeed the blood which flows out betwixt the two Ligatures does come by way of Anastomosis out of the Arteries this is a sign and in that it flows more hotter and with more violence and more easie and sooner a Lipothymia or fainting fit follows the efflux hereof And this Ligature I am wont to make use of when I have signs that spirituous and hot blood is in fault and I bid the Chirurgeon seek out those Anastomoses by his Ligature for if the Ligature be made above the Anastomosis it stops the motion of the blood but beneath it does not stop it but the blood leaps out hotter to the feeling of the Patient When a Vein is opened and the blood runs out as soon as it begins to stop or come away sparingly or if it did so at first we loose the Ligature that the blood might run out faster Now the Ligature seems not therefore to be slacked to the intent the blood may come from the Liver through the Veins For though there be little or no blood above the Ligature yea only a pit appear in the Vein yet will the course of the Blood be increased by loosening the Ligature which cannot possibly come out of an empty Vein But by the loosening of the band the Blood may the better descend by the Arteries and pass out of them into the Veins because the Arteries being compressed by the Ligature by loosening the said Ligature become more free Now that the Arteries are not alwayes sufficiently at Liberty when the arm is bound the patient himself can witness who oft perceives the pulse of the Arterse at the Ligature which perception the compressed Arterie causes when it smites against the flesh And the Physitian if he examine the matter shall often find a less pulse in the bound aâ—m then in the free And I can testifie that I have divers times applyed my fingers to the Patients wrist when the band was to be loosed and observed that when by loosing the Ligature Blood came in more plentifully the Pulse became greater But if that Blood which flows out when a vein is opened comes out of the Arteries into the veins how can it be plentifully taken away for all the Arteries pulse equally and therefore they seem to afford blood to the Veins in one and the same measure and if so be therest of the arteries afford so much to their veins as the arteries of the Arms do to
both the external parts of the Abdomen as all the Conspicuous Veins which are wont to be opened by Chirurgeons and the places where Issues are wont to be made are Represented A. The Hypochondrium B. The Epigastrium CC. The Hypogastrium D. The Flanks EE The Groins F. The Region of the Share G. The Navil H. The Heart-pit I. The jugulum or hollow of the Throat K. The Forehead Vein L. The Temple Veins M. The jugular Vein N. The Cephalica Vena O. The Basilica Vena P. The Mediana or common Vein Q. The Head vein of the left Arm. R. The Salvatella SSSS The Saphâ—na Vein descending T. The Saphaena Vein in the Foot it self V. The 〈…〉 Sciatica XX 〈…〉 of Issues in 〈…〉 in the Thigh before page 1. THE FIRST BOOK OF THE Lower Belly ACcording to the Method of Anatomy this belly or cavity comes in the first place and is first of all dissected that the Guts and Excrements may be the sooner removed and the Body preserved from putrifaction It is all that which is distinguished within from the Chest by the Midrif it is circumscribed by the sword-like Gristle the Share bones Hip-bones Os Sacrum the Vertebra's of the Loynes and the bastard Ribs on either side The former part thereof is called Epigastrium which compasses the stomach and guts next unto it The Arabians call it Mirath which generally is used for the Belly but in a particular sence it is taken for those wrinkles of the belly which remain after child-bearing and for the skin gathered together upon the belly as Giggejus informs us And the upper part hereof is termed Hypochondrium neighbouring upon the lower gristles of the Ribs and it is right or left some term them Phrenes and Praecordia The middle Region is termed Regio umbilicalis whose lateral parts Aristotle calls Lagonas by reason of their Laxity and Galen Cenenâ—nas from their emptyness The lower part which reaches from the Navil to the Share is termed Hypogastrium by Hypocrates Galen Ruffus Pollux the Latins term it Imus venter and Aqualiculus The lateral parts thereof are termed Ilia and in the bending of the thigh by the Share Inguina the Groyns and that part next over the Privities which is covered with Down or Hair is called Pâ—bes the Share The hinder part of the lower Belly is either the upper which makes the Loynes or the lower which makes the Buttocks Moreover this Belly consists of parts covering and covered that is to say External and Internal The covering or Containing parts which they properly call Abdomen are either common as the Scarf-skin the Skin the Fat with its Membrane the fleshy Pannicle and the Coat proper to every Muscle or proper and they are the Muscles of the Abdomen 〈…〉 the Peritonaeum The inner or contained parts do serve either for Nutrition or Procreation For Nutrition or making of Chyle are subservient more or less the Stomach the Caul the Sweet-bread the Guts with the Mesentery to the making of Blood are subservient more or less the Meseraick Veins the Venae portae with their Roots the Cava with its Roots the Liver the Gall-bladder the Gall-passage the Spleen with the Vas breve and the Haemorrhoides the Arteria Caeliaca the Kidneys the Capsulae Atrabiliariae or black choler boxes the Ureters and the Piss bladder Those which serve for Generation are either Masculine or Female the Masculine are the Spermatick Vessels the Corpora Varicosa or Parastatae the Stones the carrying Vessels the Prostratae the Seminary bladders the Yard c. The Female are the Spermatick Vessels the Corpus Varicosum the Testicles the Ejaculatory Vessels the Womb with its parts c. But when a Man is in the Womb there are yet other things considerable as the Navil-vessels the coats which infold the Child c. of which in their place CHAP. I. Of the Scarf-Skin THe Cuticula or Scarf-skin in Greek Epidormis is by some called the highest or last skin also the cream of the skin the cover of the skin c. It is a thin skin void of life and sense close-compacted bloodless bred of Oyly sleek and clammy vapors thickned by the external cold that it might be a cover to the skin The Matter of which the Scarf-skin is made is not seed For 1. It is no part of the Body 2. It is not nourished 3 A Spermatical part taken away breeds not again but the scarf-skin is easily lost by rubbing and wearing or being raised into blisters by burning with Fire or scalding Water c. Nor is the matter thereof Blood For 1. All Veins do end at or within the skin 2. It hath no spermatical Fibres whiâ—â—â—asis of all sanguine parts 3. In long â—aâ—tin and Consumptions it many times grows thick 4. Being cut or torne it sends forth no Blood 5. It is not of a red color c. Nor are the Excrements of any Digestion the matter thereof Not the Excrements of the first or second digestion for how should it be made of Dung Urin or Gall Nor the Excrements of the third For the third Digestion or Concoction hath a threefold Excrement 1. Vaporous and thin which Expires 2. Thin but more solid then the former of a waterish substance such as are Ichors and Wheyish humors which by their sharpness and Acrimony would sooner hinder the Generation of the Scarf-skin or corrode the same after it is generated 3. Thick Clammy and sticking fast which Archangelus and Laurentius do suppose to be dried and turned into the Scarf-skin and they demonstrate the same from the filth which is in bathing scraped from the foles of the Feet And if their opinion were true the Scarf-skin would come off in Baths And therefore the matter thereof is another Excrement viz. an Oyly Thick Clammy and moist vapor for of dry Exhalations the Hair is made proceeding from the Skin and Members under the same So we see in a Skillet of Water-gruel a Skin grows over the top of the Gruel being mad of the vapors thereout ascending condensed by cold Now the Scarf-skin is bred partly in the womb with the Skin and partly without the Womb. Within For 1. So there are the rudiments and beginnings of Hair Teeth Nails in the Child in the Womb 2. Without the Scarf-skin the skin would be moist and the Humor would sweat out with pain as in gallings and where Phoenigmi are applied 3. Experience shews that the Scarf-skin is somewhat apparent in an Abortion and may be separated by some fretting Humidity But whiles the Child is in the Womb it is exceeding tender soft and but as yet begun to be made because there is not in the Womb so much cold only a small degree springing from the serous humor which surrounds the Child But it receives its Complement and perfection without the Womb from the coldness of the Air which doth more condense and dry which is the Cause
the Heart And the other which flows out of Porta prepares both with its acid juyce But be it how it will be the Authority of all Anatomists doth assert those Anastomoses from the times of Erasistratus and Galen to our daies because it is manifest to such as search diligently that these roots are joyned together somtimes athwart so that one lies over the middle of another as it were somtimes the extremities of one Vein touch the Extremities or ends of another otherwhiles the ends of one touch the middle of the other and somtimes they touch not one another at all peradventure where the Branches of the Liver serve only for Nutrition Bauhinus wishes us chiefly to observe a remarkable Anastomosis which resembles a channel and is as it were a common and continued passage out of the Roots of Porta into the Roots of Cava admitting a pretty big Probe But because we cannot rely upon naked Authorities experience must be called by us to counsel which doth necessarily perswade us that there are such Anastomoses or Unions of the Mouths of the Vesseis by reason of the passage of the Blood out of the milky Veins and the Venae Porrae unto the Cava and out of the manifest Arteries seeing the passage only through the flesh cannot suffice in a quick and plentiful Flux I confess all the kinds of Anastomoses are not appearent to the Eye as to be seen open in dead bodies though no man can therefore deny that there are such things but some of them are insensible which admit neither Probe not Wind and some admit Wind and nothing else The Renowned Walaeus observed and found by experience that the Veins of the Porta are in the Liver no where opened into the greater branch of Vena Cava but that the very smallest branches of Vena Porta do open into the smallest branches of the Vena Cava as he observed in a Liver blown up with wind after the flesh was taken away and floating upon water I have in an Oxes Liver curiously sought for apparent Anastomoses because there they must needs be visible because of the greatness following the example of the most learned Slegelius But the very truth is they are not visible to the Eye the Vessels indeed are divers waies interwoven and twisted one among another Trunk with Trunk branches of the Trunkes either with the Trunk of another Vein or with little branches and that either in the middle of those little branches or in the extremities even as we see both the Vessels cleave together in the Womb-cake But a Probe finds no entrance by any open hole of an Anastomosis Nevertheless it is not to be denied but that in living Bodies there is a passage known to Nature though unknown to us by reason of the necessity of a through passage Which I the rather believe because that in the conjunction of the Vessels yea even of the greater where the Anastomoses seems shut the Coat is extraordinary thin and for the most part single as appears by its transparency which in Living Bodies being ratified by heat and motion doth easily suffer the blood to pass through By these Unions therefore of the Roots of the Vena Cava and the Vena Portae the Blood may pass through And by them likewise the peccant matter passes when we Evacuate the habit of the Body by Purgations Not that it should be carried out of the Porta to the Mesentery as hath been hitherto beleived but so as thence to pass through the Heart and be emptied out through the Caeliacal Arteries and thence through the stomach or the Gall-Conduits into the Guts forced along by virtue of the purging Medicament Those Anastomoses are likewise to be observed by which the smal Veins of the Gall-bladder are joyned to the Branches of Vena Portae and Vena Cava The Roots of Vena Portae do by little and little towards the lower part become smaller and greater until they make one Trunk which is called Vena Porta the Gate-Vein So also the Roots of the Cava above and in the fore-part do altogether make up one Trunk before the going out whereof certain Circles are placed here and there in the greater branches being of a Membranous substance and very like to Valves somtimes thicker other whiles thinner and like Cobwebs which were first discovered by Stephanus and after by Conringius in an Oxes Liver and I likewise found them looking towards the larger trunk which hinder the return of blood not so much of that which is impure and dreggy as of the pair being once gone out to the Heart afterwards as soon as it comes to the Liver it is divided into two great branches the ascendent and descendent and hence it is that they say the Cava arises from the upper or bossie part of the Liver and the Vena Portae from the lower and hollow part The Liver hath two Nerves from the sixt pair one from the Stomach another from the Costal dispersed only through its Coat and not through its substance as Vesalius will have it that in its inmost body it may be void of sense in regard of so many motions of humors And therefore the pains in this part are dul and rather a kind of Heavyness then pain Yet Riolanus hath observed that two remarkable little Nerves do accompany the Vena Portae and go into the very substance of the Liver This TABLE shews both sides of the Liver and the Gall-bladder Distinct one from another The XVII TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE FIG I. AA The Convexe or Bossie side of the Liver B. The Livers Membrane Separated CC. The Ligament of the Liver called Sepâ—ale DD. The coming forth of Vena Cava out of the upper part of the Liver FIG II. AA The concave part of the Liver turned up B. A Lobe or Scollup of the Liver to which the Call joynes C. A cleft of the Liver out of which the Navil-Vein D. descends E. The Gall-bladder F. The Gall-bladder Channel GG The Choler-passage ending into the Duodenum H. I. The trunk of Vena Portae descending from the Liver K. The Right-hand Coeliacal Artery L. A Nerve brought unto the Liver FIG III. A. The bottom of the Gall-bladder B. A Cavity at the rise of the Neck of the Gall-bladder C. The Neck of the Gall-bladder DD. The Passage of the Gall-bladder between the roots of the Vena Portae F. and of the Cavae G. dispersed through the substance of the Liver E. The concourse of the passages of the Gall-bladder H. The Porus Biliarius or Choler-pipe broader then the Neck of the Gall-bladder I. The common passage of the Choler-pipe and Neck of the Gall-bladder K. The Orifice of the Choler-passage in the Gut Duodenum L. M. The Gut Duodenum opened N. An Artery dispersed into the Liver O. A smal Nerve of the Liver and of the Heart of the Gall-bladder which the graver hath represented too large page 36 Sanguification therefore or Blood-making is thus
of its red Colour and at last becomes very torn and ragged like the jagged edges of worn clouts and hath a large hole which lies alwaies shut those jagged ends alwaies falling in upon it which nevertheless if they be diligently opened and widened they represent the broad end of a brazen Trumpet I shall handle the Particulars more distinctly The Trumpets arise from the bottom of the womb by one end nor do they reach with their other end to the Stones or any other remarkable Part. And therefore they are not manifestly passable in this other Part but shut up and blind so that they are like the Intestinum caecum and are as it were an Appendix of the Womb. But this shutting up may be made according to the Opinion of Fallopius which Riolanus who was since him challenges for his own by the fringes and jagged ends of the Trumpets falling together like Raggs of Cloath They are two in Number on each side one They are seated so as to compass half the Stones but they are distant from the Stones on every side near half a fingers breadth unless the womb be diseased by which they are drawn up nearer to the Stones They are ordinarily fastned only by very thin Membranes not unlike the wings of Bats or Flitter-mice through which many Veins and Arteries are disseminated carried from the Stones into these Passages and carrying Seed out of the Stones Their Substance is nervous white thick and hard Their Figure is round and hollow Somtimes their Cavity so praeternaturally widened as to contain a Mole which Marquardus relates in his Empirica Praxi somtimes a Child Examples whereof are recited by Riolanus Nor could he see any other waies for the mans seed to enter save the turning and winding Passages of those Vessels But in a living woman the mans seed full of spirits might easily be drawn thither by the widened waies of the womb misaffected which Passages being afterwards Conception being made and the Trumpets distended shut up were not seen by Dissectors Or whether hath there not been a shapeless Mole or a Child without life been shaped without the seed of a Man of the Mothers seed only contained in the Trumpets which having received no life from any Father and the passages being shut up it grew great and kil'd the Mother In the Natural Figure let us consider the Beginning Middle and End The Insertion oâ— Beginning is at the bottom of the womb large where it attains a nervous Pipe stretched out to the middle well-near of the Trumpet hollow that it may transmit the Seed to the bottom of the womb The Middle being capacious shews certain little Cells containing white seed The End is narrower though it carry some wideness with it Howbeit before the End it is wreathed and crisped like the tendrel of a Vine as is visible in Men and Beasts The Passage therefore of the Trumpets is not in all parts straight but winding because the way is short from the stones to the womb But the pleasure ought not to be short when the seed is poured plentifully out of the stones into the horns of the womb in Copulation And look what the Seed-bladders are in Men as to preserve the seed these blind passages may be the same in Women when they couple oftentimes and stil void seed For they may be so termed because they are annexed to the stones by little Membranes that by Vessels brought to them from the stones as by the milkie and mesaraick Veins they may easily draw the seed by them concocted and lay it up within themselves for future occasion and send it forth when need requires Their Use is 1. According to Fallopius to serve as Chimneys by which the sooty vapors of the womb may exhale Which I for my part cannot believe For the sooty Vapors are condensed and being resolved into water are reserved till the time of Child-birth or ascend by insensible Pores or breath out at the mouth of the womb both in Women with Child because the mouth of the womb is never so close shut as to hinder as the Examples of Superfoetation testifie as in such as are not with Child Nor can I wel tel how the sooty vapors should find way through these crooked Passages 2. According to the said Fallopius in his Observations they make seed because he alwaies found seed in them but never saw any in the stones to which I answered before 3. Their true Use is to draw seed out of the stones by blind passages of the Vessels dispersed through the Membrane and when it is drawn to perfect the same by some tarriance in the Tendrels and Cells by the irradiation of the vertue of the stones that it may be more fit for a Child to be made of finally to carry it to the womb especially in the Act of Copulation by those little Pipes implanted in the Horns of the womb that it may meet the mans seed in the Cavity of the womb or its Neck to cause Conception CHAP. XXVIII Of the Womb in General THe Womb is by the Latins termed Uterus from Uter a Bottle by reason of its hollowness in which Sense Tacitus does use Uterum Navis for the Keel of a Ship Isidorus saies t is so called because t is on each side one in a more large signification t is termed Venter in the Digests and Institutes Also t is called Matrix Utriculus and Loci muliebres where consist the beginnings of Generation according to Varro In other Animals according to Pliny t is termed Vulva especially in Sows which the ancient Romans did account a delicate Dish Of which see Plutrach and Langius in his Epistles also Martial Horace Apitius Athenaeus and among late Writers Castellanus Hofman conceives that Vulva is corrupted from Bulga and Bulga a Word used by Lucilius and Varro is originally French if we believe Festus who renders it a Bag. Nonius interprets it to be a Satchel or Knapsack hanging about a Mans Arm. See hereof Vossius But the term Vulva is approved by Celsus and the Authors formerly commended It is situate in the Hypogastrium or the lower Part of the lower Belly which is framed in the Cavity termed Pelvis by the Ossacrum and the Flank-bones And therefore that Pelvis or Basin is larger in Women and therefore they have Buttocks greater and wider Now it was requisite that it should be so placed that the Womb might be distended according to the greatness of the Child and that the Child might be conveniently excluded Moreover the Womb is placed in the middle inclining to no side save somtimes when a Woman is of Child with a Boy or a Girl for then the Child lies more to the right or left side though that be no certain Rule Now it lies between the Intestinum rectum or Arsegut which is beneath it and the Bladder which lies upon it as between two Pillows Why therefore should we be proud who are bred
Bridegroom come to suspect the Virginity of his Bride Now what it is that hinders the Yard from entring that is to say in what part the token of Virginity consists there are sundry Opinions and Differences I. The Arabians say the Hymen is a piece formed of five Veins at the middle of the Neck of the womb inserted on either side so that the Mouths of the right-side Veins are joyned with those on the left These are Fancies II. Others among whom are Fernelius and Ulmus do say that the sides of the Neck grow together and when they are separated and widened the Veins are broken which run in those Parts But this is contrary to Experience which witnesses that in little Girls the Neck hath its Cavity nor do the sides thereof stick together III. Others say it is a transverse Membrane And herein they are right But they are deceived who have feigned it to have Holes in it like a Seive and placed it in the lowest end of the Neck through which they would have the Urin to be voided IV. The newest Opinion of all is that of Severinus Pinaeus a most expert Surgeon of Paris who hath wrote an whole Book of the Notes of Virginity not unprofitable to be read Now he accounts the four Myrtle-shap'd Caruncles to be the Hymen tied together by a small Membrane placed in the outer part of the neck of the womb of which hereafter And some learned men are at this day of his Opinion as Bauhinus for one I could find no other in a young Girl lately dissected in this place V. The more common Opinion is that the Hymen is a transverse Membrane going athwart the neck of the womb a little above the Neck of the Bladder which resists the first Entrance of the Yard And many Experiments and Authorities stand up for this Opinion And in the first place of four most renowned Anatomists of Padua Vesalius Fallopius Aquapendent and Casserius And all Antiquity had some knowledg hereof Hence the Author of that old Friers verse or riming verse Est magnum crimen perrumpere virginis hymen T is a huge sin to break the skin of a Virgins Gim. Archangelus Alexander Benedictus and Wierus assent hereunto Carpus also knew as mâ—…ger seem to have been ignorant hereof in the 1. Sect. of his 175. Exercitation where he speaks of a Root that extreamly excites Lust For he saies If any shall piss thereon they say he will presently be full of fleshy desires Virgins that look to Cattle in the fields if they sit thereon or make water t is said the skin in their Privity will break as if they had been defloured by a Man Columbus and Sebizius did three times find it Baubinus twice as he averrs in his Book of the similar Parts and Wolfius seems in his Institutions to assent thereunto who witnesses that he found it at Padua Adrianus Spigelius affirms that he found it in all the Virgins that ever he did cut up and I my self and Veslingus at the same time saw it at Padua Nor is it necessary to bring all the Authorities which might be had in this subject to this place And whereas Columbus and Paraeus deny that it is alwaies found and Laurentius saies he could never find it the reason was that they wanted Bodies to dissect or were negligent in their work or they might dissect supposed Virgins who had been defloured Or if they dissected young Virgins they through wantonness do somtimes with their fingers break the said Skin or Membrane But if they shall say they did cut up abortive Births Girls of two or three years old c. I answer t is incredible that the Hymen should be wanting in such seeing the Authorities and Experiences of skilful Anatomists forecited are against it Again if in some by them dissected it was wanting by the same right that they say this Membrane is praeternaturally present we shall say it was praeternaturally absent For it is seldom absent and for the most part present And others that are for Laurentius against us such as Capivaccius and Augenius are to be rejected as persons not skilled in Astronomie VI. There is a midling Opinion of Melchior Sebizius viz. that all the signs of Virginity must be joyned together when they are present And when the Hymen or Skin so called is absent we must rest in the straitness of the Neck and other marks which being widened in the first Copulation pain and effusion of blood follows by reason of the Solution of Continuity These things thus promised let us come to the Structure of this Hymen or thin Skin which goes cross the neck of the womb T is situate in the neck of the womb near the end thereof just behind the Insertion of the Neck of the Bladder or a little more inward For the Situation does now and then vary though the difference is but little And there this Membrane goes cross the Cavity like the Diaphragma or Midriff It s Figure In the middle it hath an hole like a ring so that in grown Maids it will admit the top of ones little finger through which hole the Courses flow But Aquapendent hath many times found this hole in a threefold difference I. As being Naturally constituted and just opposite to the external Privity II. Higher and not just against the Privity III. That in the middle was no round hole but a chink somwhat long Sebezius likens it to the horned Moon a little full For Nature sports her self in the variety of Shape But seldom is the Hymen without any holes 〈…〉 then the Courses cannot come away whence fâ—… last Disâ—… Death unless it be opeâ—… Its Magnitude On its sides where it grows to the neck of the womb t is thicker then in the middle It s Connexion It is continued to the Substance of the Neck as if it grew out of the same It s Substance is partly membranous partly fleshy nor yet very thick And in some it is thinner and weaker then in others As in the Prayan Virgins of Campania who are there all devirginated after twelve years of age partly by the Heat of the Sun partly of their own Bodies breaking the Membrane as I was told by Relation of Friends there In some it is more soild and thick and somtimes so strong that it must be cut open especially when the Bridegroom is lazie and impotent for if he be a lusty Carle he is wont after some months labor to make his way through This Membrane is furnished with many little Veins which being broken in the first Copulation pain and blood-shed arises Finally it wears away at last either through Copulation or wanton rubbing even as in men the Fraenum or bridle of the Yard is somtimes torn But there is a great and serious Question whether or no in the first carnal Act all Virgins must needs void Blood as a certain sign of their Virginity I answer that
there appears 1. MAGNA FOSSA the large Trench or Ditch with the outer GREAT CHINK and we may call the foresaid Ditch Fossa navicularis the Boat trench because of its likeness to a little Boat or Ship For it is backwards more deep and broad that the lower and after-end might degenerate as it were the Ditch or Trench In this Ditch the Lips being opened two Holes appear but hardly visible save in live bodies out of which a good quantity of wheyish Humor Issues which moistens the Mans Share in the time of Copulation The Orifice or Beginning of the Neck of the Womb is in the middle of this Ditch Now this Ditch with the external Chink were to be large that the Child might in the external part come out more easily seeing the Skin cannot be so stretched as the membranous Substance within may be Then we meet with two COLLATERAL CHINKS which are less the right and the left and they are between the Lips and the Wings Now in this large Ditch there are first of all to be seen certain Caruncles or little Parcels of flesh of which we are now to discourse CHAP. XXXIII Of the Myrtle-shaped Caruncles IN the Middle of the Ditch or Trench aforesaid appear four CARUNCLES or little Particles of flesh presently after the Wings They are so situate that each possesses a corner and oppose one another in manner of a quadrangle One of them is before in the circumference of the hole of the urinary Passage to shut the same it being greater then the rest and forked least after the water is voided any external thing as Air c. should enter into the Bladder The secon opposite to the former is situate behind the two remaining ones are Collateral Their Shape resembles the Berries of Myrtle Their Size varies for some have their shorter longer thicker and thinner then others Howbeit they abide til extream old Age and wear not away so much as in those that have used frequent Copulation and frequent Child-bearing They have some Membranes joyned to them which Pinaeus together with the Caruncles terms Valves so that their substance is partly fleshy and partly membranous The Hole in the middle between these Caruncles is of various size according to the age of the Party Howbeit Riolanus hath observed that in Virgins it equals a third part of the great Chink Also He conceives these Caruncles are made by the wrinkling of the fleshy sheath of the Privity that the external part being narrower then the sheath may in time of travel be widened as much as it And therefore in a Child-bed Woman after she was brought to bed he observed them for seven daies quite obliterated by reason of the great distention of the Privity nor is there any appearance of them till the Privity be again straitned and reduced to its Natural form Their Use is I. to defend the internal parts while they immediately shut the Orifice of the Neck that no Air Dust c. may enter To which end also the Nymphs and Lips of the Privity do serve II. Fortitillation and pleasure while they are swolen and strongly strain and milk the Yard as it were especially in young Lasses But Pinaeus will have their use to be far different For he saies these Caruncles whose Extremities are fleshy Membranes are so bound together as to leave only a little hole and so to make the Hymen or true Mark of Virginity Nor will he have it seated across or athwart but long-waies so that the figure of the whole Hymen should make an obtuse cone or a cone with the sharp end cut off CHAP. XXXIV Of the CLITORIS FAllopius arrogates unto himself the Invention or first Observation of this Part. And Columbus gloriously as in other things he is wont attributes it to himself Whereas nevertheless Avicenna Albucasis Ruffus Pollux and others have made mention hereof in their Writings The XXVIII TABLE This TABLE comprehends the Sheath of the Womb the Body of the Clitoris and the external Female Privity both in Virgins and such as are defloured The FIGURES Explained FIG I. AA The Bottom of the Womb dissected cross-waies BB. The Cavity of the Bottom C. The Neck of the Womb. D. The Mouth of the Neck in a woman that hath bore a child EE The rugged inside of the Neck cut open FF The round Ligaments of the Womb cut off FIG II. A. The Nymph or Clitoris rather in its proper Situation BB. The Hairs of the Privities C. The Insertion of the Neck of the Bladder near the Privity DD. The Privity EE The wings of the Privity FF The Neck of the Womb cut off FIG III. A. The Body of the Clitoris sticking up under the Skin BB. The outer Lips of the Privity separated one from another CC. The Alae or wings and the Nymphs likewise separated D. The Caruncle placed about the Urin-hole a EE Two fleshy Myrtle-shap'd Productions FF Membranous Expansions which contain the Chink FIG IV. Presents the Privity of a Girl a. The Clitoris bb The Lips of the Privity cc. The Wings or Nymphs d. The Orisice of the Urethra or Piss-pipe â— ff h. Four Myrtle-shap'd Caruncles e. The upmost Caruncle which is divided into two and shuts the Passage of the Piss-pipe â— The Hole of the Hymen or Virginity-skin â— The lowest Caruncle â— The Fundament k. The Perinaeum FIG V. Letter A. Shews the Membrane drawn cross the Privity which some have taken to be the Hymen or Virginal-skin FIG VI. Shews the Clitoris separated from the Privity A. The top of the Clitoris resembling the Nut of a Mans Yard B. The Fore-skin thereof CC. The two Thighs of the Clitoris cut off from the protuberancy of the Hip or Huckle FIG VII The Clitoris cut asunder athwart its inward spungy Substance is apparent page 76 Now the CLITORIS is a small Production It is seated in the middle of the Share in the upper and former end of the great Chink where Its Size is commonly small it lies hid for the most part under the Nymphs in its beginning and afterward it sticks out a little For in Lasses that begin to be amorous the Clitoris does first discover it self It is in several persons greater or lesser in some it hangs out like a mans Yard namely when young Wenches do frequently and continually handle and rub the same as Examples restifie But that it should grow as big as a Gooses neck as Platerus relates of one is altogether praeternatural and monstrous Tulpius hath a like Story of one that had it as long as half a mans finger and as thick as a Boys Prick which made her willing to have to do with Women in a Carnal way But the more this part encreases the more does it hinder a man in his business For in the time of Copulation it swells like a mans Yard and being erected provokes to Lust It s Substance is not boney though it was so in a Venetian Courtezan who
eaten the night before at Supper and bran hath been seen in the Excrements of a child that only lived with sucking 4. Nurses perceive as soon as ever they have eaten and drunken the going down of the Milk and the swelling fulness of their Dugs Yea and our Nurses are extraordinary careful not to eat while they give their children suck for otherwise the children should suck undigested Milk 5. Castellus pleads their Scituation over the Stomach not near the Liver or Womb excepting in beasts 6. The Milk is colder then the Blood and leaves more Excrement in her that gives suck then blood does in the Embryo or child in the womb Howbeit we find many difficulties in this new Opinion and those of no small moment 1. There are no manifest passages from the Stomach to the Dugs which if any man can find I shall willingly acknowledg my self convinced Martianus indeed Castellus Vestingus and Horstius do talk of invisible passages like the milkie Veins which cannot be discerned in a dead body or at least they conceive the Pores of the flesh may suffice to admit a passage for milkie Vapors But the Pores seem too narrow for thick Chyle to pass through which in the Mesentery did require large milkie Veins which any body may discern A subtile Spirit and thin Vapors with smoakie steams do pass through the Pores and not the Chylus nor blood according to Nature for if so then there were no use of Vessels Nor is the Infant satisfied only with Vapors I willingly acknowledg that Nature endeavors the translation of Humors from one part to another by unknown wayes but she does it compelled and besides her customary Course whereas the breeding of Milk is a constant and ordinary thing 2. The Dugs being heated by any other cause whatsoever do not breed Milk but the action is hindred by the said Heat 3. Nurses confess that after they have drunk the Milk does manifestly descend out of their backs and from about their Channel-bones and puts them to some little pain For there the Chest-arteries are seated and not the Stomach 4. A tender Infant should be ill nourished with undigested meat having been vsed to be nourished with blood before 5. Out of the Nipples of Children newly come out of the Womb before the use of meat a wheyish matter drops like Milk before they have eaten any meat 6. What shall we say to that Aphorism of Hypocrates If a Woman want her Courses neither any shivering o Feaver following thereupon and she loath her Meat Make account that she is with Child 7. Cows when they eat grass after hay or hay after grass before the fifteenth day there is no perfect change either in the Constitution or colour of their Milk or Butter according to the Observation of Walaeus yet they perfectly change their Chyle the first day but their Blood more slowly Also our Nurses observe that after they have slept and their Meat is digested their Dugs make Milk which does not so happen if they want sleep 8. Hogeland proves by Famines and Seiges that when all the Nutriment of the Nurse is turned into perfect blood yet nevertheless Milk is bred in the Dugs Wherefore until some diligent hand shall have found evident wayes and passages for the Answering of the contrary Arguments You are to Note 1. That we admit of the Chyle as the remote matter of Milk but not as the immediate matter thereof 2. That the Blood being plentifully evacuated by the Milk is bred again by plentiful meat and drink and therefore the plenty of Milk ceases when there is little drink taken in as all Nurses do testifie Morcover such as are of a Sanguin complexion afford most Milk whereas those that are of a tender constitution grow lean by giving Suck 3. That all the blood which is poured out of the Arteries into the Dugs is not turned into Milk but only the more wheyish part a great deal running back by the Veins into the Heart 4. That Women which give suck have their Courses because the Vessels of the Womb are then more enlarged then in the first moneths of their going with Child and ever and anon they flow sparingly from Nurses and leave off by fits Also Women that give suck seldom conceive unless they be of a Plethorick habit of body that is to say full of good blood Our Women when they would wean a Boy if their Dugs swell they do by certain Medicines keep back the Milk by straitning the Vessels that the matter thereof may not enter nor be drawn that way 6. That the Breast and Dug-Arteries are large and are more and more widened by continual sucking 7. That the Milk doth drink in the faculty of Meats and Purgatives even by mediation of the Blood which conserves the color and faculty of the meats though sundry digestions have preceded though vapors alone be raised and the substance ascend not 8. That many things are performed in the body according to the singular constitution of particular persons yea and many things which rarely happen which is to be understood of the Milk which was in the Dugs of that Man at Cous and of other things thence voided Nerves are carried from the Nerves of the Chest especially the fift for to cause sense and they end in the Nipple Besides these Vessels the Dugs have also white Pipes according to the observation of later Anatomists springing from the whole Circumference of the lower part which growing narrower do alwayes meet together wherein Milk being made is preserved for use Whether or no they are nothing but widened Arteries becoming white because of the change of the milk and the bordering kernels which I am willing to believe I leave to acuter Eyes and Wits to determine They treasure up the Milk when there is occasion of omitting to give the Infant suck and when that use is over they grow as small as the most Capillary Veins Their Use is 1. General in Women and Men to be safeguards to the Heart hence Nature hath given Men of cold Complexions larger Dugs then ordinary and Women that loose their Dugs become rough-voiced according to Hypocrates Nor doth the pectoral Muscle hinder which performs the same Office which is Riolanus his Objection for the more noble parts require great fencing even by the smallest thing as the Eyes from the Eye-brows the Heart from the water in the Heart-bag or Pericardium c. II. In women their use is to breed Milk to nourish the young Infant For the Child was nourisht by blood in the Womb and milk is the same blood only whitened so that Nature seems to have put a trick upon living Creatures by obtruding upon them the gentler appearance of white milk in place of red blood as Plato hath it Which is the Cause that the People of Savoy and Daulphine did anciently prohibit their Preists the use of milk as well as of Blood Now the Efficient Cause of
will have it to proceed from our drink some portion whereof they conceive peirces like Dew out of the Asperia Arteria into the Arteria Venosa III. Some conceive it proceeds from a Watry matter in the Seed as the inbred Air of the Ears is thought to proceed from a windy matter in the said seed IV. Of kin hereunto is the opinion of Jasolinus who will have it to be a select most perfect and Elaborate portion of the serons Humor sent thither by Nature it self haply in the first formation of the Child through the Veins and Arteries besides another part of the drink of which Hippocrates speaks and he has experiments touching the same V. Some say it proceeds from the watry Excrements of the third digestion VI. Others from the spittle slipping out of the Kernels of the Tongue into the Wezand and from thence into the Arteries and Heart VII Others from the fat of the Heart by agitation turned into water VIII Others from the thicker part of the Air which we draw in being changed into water IX And lastly some think which I conceive to be most likely that it proceeds from moist Vapors and Exhalations forced out of the Humors of the Heart by the motion and Heat theerof and thrust forth into the Heart-bag and there congealed into water in regard of the compactness of the said Heart-bag It s Use is I. To moisten and cool the Heart and to facilitate the motion thereof And therefore those in whom it is consumed have their Hearts roasted As it happened to Casimire the Marques of Brandenburg And to that young man of Rome mentioned by Panarolus Hofmannus being of a contrary mind will needs have it to be as a Spur and Incitement of Heat as Smiths are wont to dip their wisps of Straw in Water that they may burn the longer And as Wood is sprinkled with Water to make it burn more lustily But those bundles of Straw are preserved by the water because their substance being made more moist and Tenacious is not so soon consumed But the heat of the Heart is preserved by its radical moisture and by the blood continually flowing in nor doth it need any Incitement from the Water for if so then the Heart would be more hot and lusty in old persons who have most water in their Heart-bags II. It serves to make fat by congelation III. That the Heart by swimming therein may be less ponderous and may not strike against any part An HUMOR likewise is commonly found in the Cavity of the Chest resembling blood and water mingled together wherewith the parts of the Chest are smeared that they may not be overheated nor overdryed Hence the side of our Saviour being opened blood and water flowed out which by the suddan flux and mixture of blood and the Authorities of the Ancients I have at large proved in my Dispute of the side of Christ against Laurentius Arias Montanus Bertinus Nancelius Poza Tremellius Beza Tirinus Grotius and others who would have it to proceed from his Pericardium or Heart-bag also against Collius Tarnovius Brentius Laurenbergius among the late writers and Cyprianus Prudentius Brigitta Vida Sannazarius Vigerius c. who would fetch it from the Vessels of the Heart being wounded Now the Objection of P. Laurenbergius is not worth a button who saies there was not enough of the said Liquor in the Cavity of the Chest because 1. The natural quantity might suffice seeing the Evangelists do not record that it come away in a great quantity 2. It might be augmented in that last conflict for life notwithstanding the great perfection of his Body which being for our Redemption made liable to temporary passions underwent death it self 3. I have at Padua somtimes observed so great a quantity of Water in this part that it hung down like a great purse the Midriff being depressed by its weight Jasolinus in wound of the Chest the inner parts being unhurt did somtimes collect every day five measures of water called Heminae for thirty daies together which the Membranes being inflamed was dried up and diminished but when the Inflammation was cured it returned in its former Quantity In a Boy at Paris who died of the small pox I being present store of water was found in this part but of a green colour of which else-where Chap. VI. Of the Heart in General THe Heart is called in Latine COR à currendo from running because of its motion some peradventure will derive it from the Greek name Kêr which they derive from céo which signifies to burn the Greeks term it cardia we the Heart quasi bieròn a sacred thing It is the principall part of a living Creature which none is found to want according to Aristotle and by the hurting whereof the Creaure does for the most part immediately die because it is the fountain of Life and labors the vital Spirits which having made it distributes by the Arteries arising from it self into the whol body Yet may you find examples in Schenkius of those that have had no Hearts See also Gellius book the 16. Chap. 15. Galen relates that beasts sacrificed have lowed at the Altar after their Hearts were taken out and the Lord Verulam tells of a man who spake three or four words of a prayer when his Heart was pluckt out of his Body and in the hand of the Executioner Plinie tells us the entrails were twice found without any Heart when Caesar sacrificed and Julius Obsequens saies the same The Lives of such persons were maintained by the remainders of arterial Blood And Spigelius suspects that among the Bowells the Heart was rather hid and unfound then wanting who saw so much fat in an Ostrich that a man might easily have bin deceived so as to think the Fowl had no Heart Peradventure those Hearts of the sacrifices were stole away by the Devil A Live-wight dies not with every hurt of the Heart For the Heart undergoes all kind of diseases 1. Putrefaction witness Galen in a pestilential and a putrid Fever 2. The Consumption according to Plinie to be dried like a roasted warden according to Jordanus to be wholly consumed by immoderate Heat as Tileseus averr's 3. Inflammation in which Case it cannot live a natural day as Saxonius found by experience in a certain Reader 4. Filthy hollow Ulcers have bin found therein by Fernelius Trincavellius Riverius 5. Divers kinds of Tumors Columbus saw an hard Tumor in the left ventricle of a Cardinal as big as an Egg. Benevenius saw a swelling of black flesh Massa Hollerius Bauhinus and Joubertus have other like Stories I lately found in the Parenchyma of an Oxes Heart on the left side a swelling as big as a Pigeons Egg in a double Coat full of Whey and Flegm On the out side Gesner saw an Excrescence of Flesh in the Basis the quantity of an ounce and six drams Bavius makes mention of the Membrane eaten and fretted away round about Also Histories shew
Heart and the swelling thereof by reason of the Ebullition which afterward falls by reason of the inbred heavyness of the heart as parts puft up with wind do of their own accord settle when the wind is out and the heaving of the Earth caused by repletion and blowing up of wind settles again by the peculiar heavyness of the Earth Caspar Hofman flies to the inaequality of the boyling blood which is like boyling water part whereof ascends and part descends Others do interpret the matter with greater subtilty saying that the blood is changed into an Airie spirit Primerose saies that blood just as Milk Honey and very many things besides doth exceeding swel and rise so as to become nothing but a kind of Spirit or light Air. Leichnerus saith that of one grain of good blood a great quantity of Cordial Balsam is made even as by one grain of Odoriferous Gum cast upon a Cole an whole Chamber is filled with a delitious smel But many difficulties stand in the way of this Opinion 1. No boyling is of it self equal but the Pulse is somtimes equal 2. The Pulse should be greater according as the Boyling is greater But the boyling of the blood is greatest in burning Fevers by reason of the extremity of bubbling heat and the various nature of the Blood yet is the Pulse in such cases very smal and in Putrid Fevers it is evermore little in the beginning according to Galen 3. In live Anatomies if you wound the heart or the Arteries near the heart pure blood leaps out abundantly not frothy nor boyling nor heaving and it continues as it came forth Nor can it in a moment of time either boyl in the Heart or Leave boyling if it did boyl Yea and if in two Vessels you shall receive the veiny blood out of the Cava near the heart and the Arterial blood out of the Aorta near its orignal you shall find no difference neither at the first nor afterwards This Harvey Walaeus and as many as have made trial can witness with me 4. It cannot all be turned into pure spirit by the heart nor ought it so to be Not the former because there is not so much heat in a sound heart nor can the blood taken out of the Arteries set over a great fire be all extenuated as Conringius hath observed Not the latter because the parts for whose nourishment it is ordained are not meerly spiritual 5. Plunging into cold water would asswage the boyling But the Arm being hard bound till it swel and grow red again and then thrust into most cold Water or Snow when you unbind the same you shall perceive how much the Blood returning to the Heart doth cool the same as Harvey hath taught us The most subtile Renatus des Crates and Cornelius Hogelandius and Henricus Regius who tread in his footsteps with equal commendation do after another manner demonstrate the motion of the Heart to proceed from a Drop or two of blood rarified when the Ventricles of the Heart are not distended with blood of necessity two large drops do fall thereinto one out of the Cava into the right Ventricle another out of the venosa Arteria into the left because those two Vessels are alwaies full and their Mouths towards the Heart are open which drops because of their aptness to be dilated and the heat of the Heart and the remainders of blood therein burning presently they are set on fire and dilated by rarefaction by which the Valves through which the drops entred are shut and the Heart is distended But because of the straitness of the Ventricles the blood rarifying more and more cannot there abide therefore at the same moment of time it opens in the right Ventricle the three Valves of the Vena Arteriosa which look from without inwards and being agitated by heat it breaks out through the said Vena Arteriosa and by distending the same and al its branches and driving on the blood makes them beat the Pulse but in the left ventricle it opens the three valves of Arteria magna looking from without inwards and through them breaks into the great Artery which it widens and drives the next blood warmed and exâ—…led by the former pulsations into the rest of the Arteries of the whole body that they might be thereby distended And so they conceive the Diastole is caused And they say the reason of the Systole is because the blood being expelled out of the ventricles of the Heart the Heart is in part evacuated and the blood it self in the Arteries cooled wherefore of necessity the heart and Arteries must flag and sink whereupon way is again made for two drops more to enter that so the Diastole may be repeated I dare not deny a light Rarefaction from a gentle heat such as we observe in the opening of a Vein and I grant that it may be somtimes praeternaturally augmented but that a few drops should be rarified into so great a bulk as to cause the motion of the Heart and that they should be cooled in the Arteries many Arguments besides those before those opposed to the Ebullition of the blood do disswade 1. Living Dissections in which neither when the Heart nor when the Arteries are wounded does the blood come out drop by drop or rarified but pure such as the Ear had forced out 2. The Heart being cut in pieces or pricked is seen to pulse without any rarefaction of blood which is but imaginary 3. In strong Dogs the point of the Heart being cut off Walaeus observed that when by reason of the Efflux of Blood it was not half full it was nevertheless erected but not filled by rarefaction but when it was contracted that portion of blood which remained in the Heart was cast out to the distance of more then four Feet It is in vain to call in the outward Coldness of the Air as an assistant cause for the blood in the Heart doth not grow cold in a moment the heat thereof being yet Vigorous as a boyling pot taken from the fire and uncovered doth not immediately cease to boyl but after some time 4. Jacobus Back doth elegantly devince the same from the structure of the heart and its Vessels For the Musculous flesh of the heart being firme and strong is unapt to rise and fall by the bare Rarefaction of the blood A more vehement action is requisite to move this vast bulk Also the Arteries of the heart should have had a greater Orifice and the rarefied blood being to go forth would require a larger space then then was necessary for its entrance 5. A Confusion would arise in the motions of the Heart and valves as he observes The Diastole of both of them would be performed in the same time and so the valves should be useless both which is repugnant to experience Moreover the valves must be both shut and open in the Systole of the Arterie 6. That it should be cooled in the Arteries neither
And by the Superaboundance or Deficiency hereof the Voice is hurt For in the former contracted by Distillations it becomes Hoarse in the latter through burning Feavers c. It becomes squeaâ—ing If it overabound we are quite Dumb and unable to speak and the moisture being consumed our Speech returns again which might happen in that same dumb Son of Craesus mentioned by Herodotus and in Aegle a Samian wrastler mentioned by Valerius Maximus and Zacharias Orphanus a Fool of whom Nicolas Fontanus tels a story in his Observations This Coat is of exquisite sense that it may raise it self to expel what ever is trouble-some thereunto Between these two Membranes is the proper substance of the Trachea arteria which is partly of the nature of a Gristle and partly of a Ligament The VIII TABLE The FIGURES Explained This TABLE represents the Aspera Arteria the Oesophagus the recurrent Nerves about the Arteria Magna and the Arteria Axillaris behind FIG I AA The Muscle contracting the Oesophagus BBB The Oesophagus or Gullet CCC The Aspera arteria or Wesand placed under the Throate D. The Membrane between the Wesand and the Gullet EEEE The Nerves of the sixth Conjugation FF Nerves of the Tongue inserted behind GG The right recurrent Nerve turned back to the Artery of the Shoulder HH The left recurrent Nerve about the Descendent Trunk of the Arteria Magna II. A Nerve tending to the left Orifice of the Stomach and to the Diaphragma KK A Nerve descending to the Diaphragma L. The jugular Arteries on each side one M. The left humeral Artery N. The right Humeral or Shoulder Artery OO The Arteria Magna or great Artery PP The Trunks of the Arteries descending to the Lungs FIG II. This Figure shews the upper part of the Gullet with its Muscles AA The Musculi Cephalo-pharyngaei sâ— called BB. The Musculi Spheno-pharvngaei CC. The Musculi Sâ—â—lopharyngaei DD. The Sâ—luncterd awn from the Gullet E. The Inâ—de of the Gullet F. The Descending part of the Gullet page 120 I. For the Voices sake because that which makes a sound must be solid II. Otherwise by reason of its softness it would alwaies fall together and would not easily be opened in Respiration It was to be partly Ligamental and not wholly of a Gristly substance for if it should consist of one only Gristle or many circular ones I. It would be evermore open and not somtimes widen and then fall together II. It would bear hard upon the Gullet to which nevertheless it ought to give way especially in the swallowing down of solid meats that the Throat or Gullet might be sufficiently widned And so the Gristles help to frame the Voice and the Membranous Ligaments for Respiration The Gristles are many round like Rings but not exactly For on their backside where they touch the Gullet a fourth part of a circle is wanting in place whereof there is a Membranous substance From their shape they are termed Sigma-shap'd resembling the old Greek letter C til they are fixed in the Lungs for then changing their Fignre they change their name For the Wind-Pipes do there consist of perfect Gristles Round four square or Triangular but where they are joyned to the rest of the Vessels of the Lungs they become Membranous These Gristles are joyned together by Ligaments going between which in Men are more fleshy in brute Beasts more Membranous and in men the shew like little Muscles And the Gristles do every where keep an equal diâ—…n from another and the higher the â—…ey â—hey are It hath Vessels â—â—mmon wiâ—â— others Veins from the the external Jugulars Arteries from the Carotides Nerves from the Recurrent Nerves of the sixth pair It s Use is I. In drawing in the Air that by it as a Pipe the Air may be received from the Lungs as from a pair of Bellows Hence comes that same Wheezing in such as have the Tissick the Pipes of the Wesand being stopped so that the Air coming and going and not finding a free passage makes that Hissing noise II. In blowing the Air out I. That through it Fuliginous Excrements may be voided at the Mouth and Nostrils For which intent the mouths of the Vena arteriosa do so artificially joyn with the Mouths of the Aspera arteria that there is passage only for sooty steams but not for blood unless it come away by force and violent Coughing In the next place that it may help to form the voice which it doth by expiration likewise though some Juglers frame their Voice by inspiration only or drawing in of their Breath And therefore Hippocrates calls it the breathing and vocal Organ A wonder therefore it is that some Men can live long in the Water like Fishes by Nature and not by Art if Cardan is to be believed in the second Book de Subtilitate when he makes relation of one Calanus a Diver in Sicily who would lie three or four hours under the Water And how in the West-indies everywhere such as dive for Pearl-oysters will lie an hour together under the Water If they did this by some art it were not so wonderful So the Aegyptians are most perfect divers and exercise Robberies that way For as appears by the Description of Nicolus Christophori Radzivilij his journey to Hierusalem they lie lurking under the Waters and not being content to steal on land what ever they can catch they draw into the water and carry it away and frequently they catch a man as he lies upon a Ships deck draw him under the water and kill and strip him of his cloathes So that such as sail are said many times to watch all night armed And in the same parts aboundance of fisher men will dive under the water and catch fish with their hands and they will come up with a fish in cach Hand and a third in their mouths These persons doubtless do either live only by Transpiration as such do that have fits of the Apoplexy and the Mother or they have Anastomoses open in their Hearts by means of which as in the Womb the blood is freely moved without any motion of the Lungs Chap. XI Of the Larynx THe Head or beginning of this Lung-Pipe is termed LARYNX which is the voices Organ T is Situate in the Neck and that in the middle thereof for it is In Number one that there may be only one voice It s Figure is round and almost circular because it was to be hollow for the voices sake but on the foreside it is more Extuberant on the hinder side depressed that it may give way to the Gullet especially in the time of swallowing in which while the Oesophagus is depressed the Larynx runs back upwards and so assists the swallowing both by giving way and bearing down that which is to be swallowed It s Magnitude varies according to the Ages of persons For in younger persons the Larynx is strait which makes
Arm swel and being opened they void as much Blood as you wil yea all that is in the body Likewise if with your finger you press the Vein below the Orifice the blood stops if you take away your finger it runs again whence we gather that the blood runs from the outmost small Veins of the body upwards unto the great Veins and the Heart and not from the upper and greater Veins into the lower smaller and more remote 2. Without Blood-letting the Veins being pressed with the finger shew as much for if in an Arm either hot or whose Veins naturally swell you force the blood downwards with your finger towards the fingers there follows no blood in the upper part of the Vein but it appears empty Contrariwise if you force the blood from the Fingers-ward upwards you shall presently see the Veins full more blood following that which you forced up 3. If you shall plunge your Arms and Legs into cold Water or Snow being first bound when you unbind the same you shal perceive your Heart offended and made cold by the cold blood ascending thereunto and it will be warmed if you put your Legs or Arms as aforesaid into hot water Nor is it any other way by which cordiall Epithems applied to the Wrists and Privities do good 4. In persons that are hanged their Heads and Faces become red the Veins being distended because the recourse of the Blood into the Heart iâ— hindred as in opening of the Veins of the Head the upper parts in the Head swell the other parts towards the Heart being empty But the Halter being loosed from the dead body the swelling and redness of the Face does fall by little and little unless the Blood which is forced into the smallest Veins cannot run back again because of the coldness of the parts 5. In Dissections of Live-Animals the matter is most evident For in what part of the body soever you bind a Vein it appears lank and empty on that side of the Ligature next the Heart and on the other side it swels where it is furthest from the Heart and neerest the extream parts of the Body 6. In a living Anatomy if you lift up a Vein and open it being tied beyond the Ligature plenty of Blood flows out on this side nothing at all which you shall find true in the crural and jugular Veins of any Creature whatsoever though you cut the Veins quite in sunder as I have often experimented with the great Walaeus and Harvey was not ignorant thereof 7 The Valves of the Veins do conspire to this end which are so contrived that they stand all wide open towards the Heart and afford an easie passage from the smallest Veins to the greatest and from thence to the Heart But from the Heart and great Veins being shut they suffer nothing to go back no not Water driven by force or a Probe unless being hurt they gape 8. The Liver sends only to the Heart the Heart only to the Lungs and all the Arteries as hath been already demonstrated concerning the Heart Seeing therefore the Blood by continual pulsation is sent in so great quantity in all parts and yet cannot be repaired by Diet nor can return back to the Heart by reason of the Miter-fashioned Valves of the Aorta nor abide stil in the Arteries which are continually driving the same nor finally is there so much spent by the parts to be nourished it follows that what remains over and above is brought back again to the heart and enters the Veins by Circulation Whereof although some dark Footsteps are extant in the writings of the Ancients as I have proved in my Book de Luce Animalium and Walaeus and Riolanus do afterward declare the same at large yet it hath been more â—â—â—erly manifested in this Age of ours to that most ingenious Venetian Paul Sarpias Fulgentius as relates from his papers and soon after to Harvey an Englishman to whom the commendations and praise of first publishing the same to the World and proving iâ— by many Arguments and Experiments are justly due finally to Walaeus and others approving the same The Primary End therefore of the Veins is to carry and recarry Blood unto the Heart the secondary ends may be these following II. A little to prepare the said Blood as do the Rami Lactei or to finish and perfect the same as a small portion of Vena Cavae between the Liver and the Heart III. To perserve the Blood as the proper place preserves that which is placed therein as much as may be in a speedy passage and to retain it within its bounds For extravenated Blood or Blood out of its natural place viz. Veins and Arteries curdles and putrefies Also in the Veins themselves when they are ill affected and the course of the Blood is stopped somtimes the Blood is found congealed witness Fernelius somtimes a fatty substance is found instead of Blood as in the Nerves which Bontius saw among the Indians IV. Some would have the red veins to make Blood and the milkie veins to make Chyle but they are quite mistaken The Form of the Veins is taken from sundry Accidents It s Figure is that of a Conduit pipe It s Magnitude varies For the Veins are great in the Livet as in their Original in the Lungs because they are hot soft and in perpepetual motion and theresote they need much nourishment because much of their substance spends but especially because all the Blood in the Body passes this way out of the right into the left Venrricle of the Heart as hath been proved already In the Heart by reason of its heat and because it is to furnish the whole Body with Arterial Blood received in and sent out by continual pulsings Also the emulgent Veins are great by reason of plenty of blood and serosities which is brought back from the Kidnies to the Vena Cava But where the substance of a part is lasting and is not easily dissipated by reason of the smal quantity of Heat the Veins are lesser as in the Brain where the Veins do not alwaies easily appear and in the Bones where they never manifestly appear though the Animal be great In all parts towards the ends they are very small and are divided into Capillary Veins sprinkled into commonly confounded with the flesh that the superfluous Blood may be better received into them which is one way by which the Arterial Blood is mediately passed through the porous flesh to the Veins which way also Blood made of Chyle in the Liver is infused into the little branches of the Venae Cava The other is by the Arteries immediately For The Connexion is such with the Arteries that every Vein is for the most part attended with an Artery over which it lies and which it touches Galeâ— tels us a a Vein is seldom found without Arteries but no Artery is ever found without a Vein But there is in the Body a
To God our Creator be Praise Honour and Glory who hath form'd and fashion'd us so wonderfully FINIS TWO EPISTLES OF Johannes Walaeus Concerning the Motion of the Chyle And the BLOOD To Thomas Bartholinus The Son of CASPAR BARTHOLINUS THE FIRST EPISTLE Concerning the Motion of the Chyle and Blood TO Thomas Bartholinus the Son of Caspar THe chief men in Church and Commonwealth have in all Ages contended about Primacy but learned Men have in no Age more ambitiously striven who should seem most learned then at this present time And to attain their desire very many are not afraid to assist themselves by Calumnies and other worse Arts. No man can publish in Print or communicate to his Friend any writing which some account excellent but he presently meets with a Detractor who will prick cut and tear him most cruelly Now for a man to seek nothing else by his Cares and Labours but Envy and Vexation of Mind is extream madnesse These Causes have I confess hindred me from satisfying your frequent Request and besides because I am not willing to determine of those things which long experience of years cannot either prove or sufficiently limit Howbeit you continue your Request and I am much ashamed alwaies to deny you Also a certain learned Man hath imposed a necessity upon me in a manner to discover to others my opinion concerning the Motion of the Blood For certain Theses having been disputed concerning the Motion of the Blood my self being President of the Dispute though the Defendant truly professeth in his said Theses that they are his own yet he hath undertaken to tax and blame them as if they were mine And although that young man need not be ashamed of those Theses yet I would not have another mans Theses though disputed when I was President to be accounted mine Neither can he be ignorant of the Reason who is acquainted with my Liberty in Disputing or the Custome of our University Now therefore take my Opinion of the Motion of the Blood as follows That some hot blood which leaps out of the great Arteries being opened is thinner more rare and of a more bright colour than that which flows out of the Veins when they are opened yet I will not therefore say that the Arterial Blood differs formally from the Venal Blood for the Arterial Blood may differ as aforesaid from the Venal because it comes reaking hot as it were from the fire and abounds with greater store of Spirits as we see boyling Milk differs from it self being cooled for the same reason for that Blood which is in the smaller Arteries and so farther from the Heart is observed to differ less from the venal Blood And when we have taken Blood out of the greater Arteries yea out of the Heart it self of a living Creature and from the same Creature have taken some out of the Veins and have let then both grow cold and congeal we could never observe any difference betwixt them So that we can see no other but that the Arterial Blood is of the same kinde with the Venal Some few will have that the venal Blood is of two kinds one which is contained in the Vena cava another in the Vena porta But we cannot see any difference of these Bloods either when they are included in their vessels or when they are let out and that Reason doth teach as much we shall see anon Besides these we may likewise conceive another sort of Blood which being made of Chyle in the Liver hath not received any further perfection in the Heart And we are little concerned to know the Nature thereof because we see it continues such but a very little while So that we are to enquire into the motion of only one sort of Blood Now the Blood may be moved either in that part of the Vein or Artery wherein it is contained or out of that part into another In one part of a Vein or Artery the Blood is not discerned to move up and down like boyling water neither when it is received into a Vessel nor when let out of a living and hot Body nor yet in the Artery it self if it being on either hand tied shall be opened in the upper part betwixt the two Ligatures Yeâ— when we have many times cut off the point of a living Heart and set it upright we have found the Blood to be hot but never to boyl But that the Blood is moved from one part of an Artery or Vein into another is a thing very manifest For Blood is contained in the Veins of the furthest parts of the Body which seeing it is not bred there it must needs come from some other place And it is evident enough that in living Creatures the Blood flows out of the Vena Cava into the Heart and out of the Heart into the Aorta But that this same whole Motion of the Blood may be by us the better understood I conceive our best way will be to begin at the very Fouâ—tain and Original thereof I have often seen solid Meat in Dogs hold the same order in the Stomach just as it was eaten by the Beasts unless the Stomach being distended with too much Drink did make the Meat to float and so to change its order and situation The Meat which the Stomach receives although it be but two ounces it evidently imbraces the same round about just as we see folded purses contract themselves about a Bullet or round Ball within them also the upper and lower Orifice are both shut which by making an hole near the same and putting in your little finger it is easie to try But the lower Orifice notwithstanding when we finde it perfectly shut seems rather to be fallen together than straitly closed that upon the smallest pressure it may let the Chylus pass by Also many times when the Stomach and its Orifices are weak they fail in their natural closeness and upon searching are found looser The meat retained in the Stomach as thoroughly moistened with the Liquor of our food Drink and Spittle and it quickly becomes porous and Spungie because as is most likely the said Liquor hath drawn out and suckt into it self some of the substance of the Meat A while after it is cut and torn as it were into very small particles both that of thin and that of gross Substance yea in Dogs the very shells themselves of Eggs which doth questionless proceed from some acid sharp humour that hath in it a dissolving power So we finde by experience that the Stomach burthened with the quantity or grossness of meat doth find it self eased by taking a little Vinegar Juice of Citrons Oyl of Sulphur or Vitriol Nor let any man assign the Cause thereof to Spittle or Choler belching back into the Stomach when he shall see Bread steeped some hours in hot Spittle or the Gall of an Ox by them not dissolved moreover in
a Vein which I see contained in the smallest little Arteries and in an Aneurisma where the Artery hath but one coat And whereas the Arteries neer the Heart have a double Coat that might be so contrived least by violence of the Blood issuing out of the Heart the Artery might be loosned as we see it loosened by a strong palpitation of the Heart But doth not the Blood flow as out of the Arteries so out of the greatest Veins into the lesser This that kind of Blood-letting seems to argue which is ordained for Revulsion sake for the Vein of the Arm being opened in a Pleurisie that Blood seems to be revelled or drawn back which flowed out of the Vena cava into the Azygos and out of the Azygos into the Pleura But there is no token that the blood is so revelled for the Basilica Vein being opened the blood may be drawn out of the Arteries of the Arm the Arteries of the Arm draw out of the axillary Artery the Axillaris out of the Aorta by whose intercostal branches it had flowed into the Thigh and not by the twigs of Azygos as we shall see by and by And doubtless except in the Pleurisie the blood should be revelled through the Arteries there were no reason to be given why we should for Revulâ—ions sake rather open the Vein of the side affected then that on the right side alwaies since the Azygos arises from the right side of the Vena cava and that a Vein to be opened for Derivation is to be opened on that side through which the blood flows into the part affected But what shal we say Doth not the Arm after a sort grow lean and fall away and so other parts when it is bound as in those who have it hollowed in a Fistula because the Vein being bound the blood cannot descend as it ought unto the lower parts of the Arm There is no necessity that it should be so For all that may happen because the Artery is bound And really this is an Argument that it is so in that many times that Arm in which there is an Issue is perceived to pulse less and more faintly than the other the influx of the blood and spirits being in some measure hindred by the the binding of the Issue Yet some part may peradventure fall away by binding of a Vein alone because Nature cannot plentifully infuse new blood through the Artery seeing it cannot freely go back by the Veins And though the Veins and Arteries do then contain store of Blood yet is it peradventure not very fit to nourish the parts as they should be but this wil better appear hereafter It is nevertheless manifest that in such as have the Varices so called the blood descends from the Vena cava to the greater and out of the greater into the lesser Veins For that is easie to see in a Varix of the Thigh and Foot and in the Haemorrhoids But that motion of Blood may happen besides Nature because the Veins being weakned do not send the Blood upwards but gather the same and because the humors by that weight do resist the Natural motion upwards and descend and therefore being collected in great Quantity in the lower Veins new Blood still coming out of the Arteries they cause their dilatation and consequently a Varix Thus artificial Fountains about those places from which they ascend are most frequently observed to make clefts being at last drawn asunder and torn by the Heaviness of the Water which ought nevertheless according to the Nature of Fountains to ascend upwards And it is altogether most likely that Varices are caused after this manner because humors in such as have Varices do not inlarge the Vein when they are violently moved in exercise but when they have rested after exercise because the humors can resist a smaller motion and descend by their own weight So that these are not tokens that the Blood goes out of the greater Veins into the lesser but they argue rather that the Blood goes out of the Arteries into the Veins and out of the lesser Veins into the greater and the Vena cava it self We said before that the Blood goes out of the Vena cava into the right ventricle of the Heart But what Doth that very self same Blood which a little before had come out of the Vena cava into the Heart and out of the Heart was shed into the Arteries and from thence had returned into the Veins doth that enter again into the Heart or doth that alone which being newly bred in the Liver doth the first time enter into the Vena cava and hath never yet past through the Heart Truly both For that may easily be done seeing both are alike near to the Heart and it ought to be done seeing that which is returned out of the Arteries into the Cava is more plentifull than that which is all of it consumed in the nourishment of the Vena cava and that is not carried to the lesser Veins Doubtless it is a sign that this is so in that a Vein being tied neaâ— the Heart is not only a little but very much emptied and sends all the Blood it hath and not only some to the Heart Also the Heart seems to shed more Blood into the Arteria aorta then the Liver can supply it withall at least not in some daies fasting For I have divers times experimented that in many persons the Heart pulses above three thousand times in an hour And the Heart as long as it hath any vigour left expels somwhat at every pulsation for the Arteria aorta being bound near the Heart between the Heart and the Ligature I opened the said Artery and I saw some Blood come out at every pulse till the Heart grew quite to languish for then somwhat came away after three or four pulses only because so little was thrust from the Heart that it could not be moved upwards till some quantity of it was collected nor pass out at the upper orifice of the Artery Also I cut off the tip of an Heart and setting the same upright I observed though the Ventricles were not full at every pulse somwhat was shed forth which also Harvey notes in his 2. Chapter Yea and when the Heart is cut through the middle there ceased not to come somwhat out till either the Beast died or the Blood congealed so in the upper part as to make a kind of small Skin so that the Blood could flow no more that way And certainly somwhat must needs come out of the Heart at every pulse because there in the Heart is alwaies made more strait as shall afterward appear Now how much comes from the Heart at every pulse we cannot determine this I can witness that out of the Heart of a Rabbit there hath come at every pulse half a dram of blood and out of the Heart of a great Water-spaniel
abated by little and little of their pulse yea and sometimes intermitted and afterward the red colour of the bound Arm was changed into black and blew and therefore I presently undid the Ligature being frighted with this Example A certain Country-man being wounded in the inside of his Arm about the Cubit when the Village Chirurgeon could not stop the blood he bound the Arm extream close about the Wound whence followed an exceeding Inflammation of the lower part of his Arm and such a swelling that deep pits were seen in the place of his fingers joynts and within eighteen hours the lower part of his Arm was gangrenaâ—ed and sphacelated which Christianus Regius an expert Chirurgeon did cut off in the presence of my self and Eâ—aldus Screvelius an excellent Physitian Moreover they object if the venal Blood comes out of the Arteries how can the arterial Blood differ so much from the venal But we must know that it differs less from the venal Blood then most men imagine who from the violence wherewith the arterial Blood leaps forth do collect the great plenty of Spirits therein and the great rarity or thinness thereof whereas that Leaping proceeds from the Force wherewith the Heart drives the Blood through the arteries for an Arterie being opened below or beyond the ligature the Blood comes out only dropping And the difference between these two bloods is caused by the greater or less quantity of Heat and Spirits according as the Blood is more or less remote from the Heart the fountain of Heat For the Blood which is near the Heart differs much from that which is far off in the smallest arteries which you can hardly distinguish from that which is in the small veins And the smaller veins have more thin and hot Blood then the great ones which any one may easily try in opening veins of the Arm and Foot Yea and if the Vein be opened with a double Ligature on each side the orifice as I said before the Blood will come out hotter then with a single Ligature Now that the Blood does not go out of the smaller veins into the greater they endeavour to prove by womens monthly purgations which according to their judgment are gathered one whole month together in the Veins about the Womb and if they are carried from the Womb unto the Head they conceive that they do not pass through the Vena cava and the Heart Howbeit the common and true opinion is that about the time of the usual flux the blood begins to be moved to the Womb from which motion of the humors pains of the sides and loines are wont to arise about that time And I know by Experience that about the time of the menstrual Flux if the Pulse of the Heart and arteries can be made greater the Courses will flow the better because the Blood will through the arteries be driven more forcibly into the Womb. It may nevertheless fall out that the Courses may be collected and make an Obstruction in the Womb and that then the Blood may not return into the greater veins that motion being stopped but that is besides nature And when the menstrual blood is carried out of the Womb into the Head the way is not inconvenient through the Vena cava the Heart and the ascending branch of the Arteria Aorta and that they do indeed pass through the Heart those palpitations and light faintings do seem to argue which are wont to attend upon the Courses stopped But should we not conceive it to be a dangerous thing if all the ill humors in our bodies must pass into and through the Heart But we must know that our bodies are so framed as that they may be most convenient for us when we are in Health and not when we are sick Moreover the Humor which putrifies by reason of obstruction and is very bad comes not to the Heart because its way is stopped up Nor is the Heart so weak as to be corrupted by an evil Humor which stayes not long therein for those great Physitians Galen Hollerius Laurentius have observed that the Quittor of such as have an Empyema and other sharp and stinking Humors do critically and without any bad symptomes pass through the left ventricle of the Heart which many times makes for the good of the sick Persons in whom that bad Humor passing through the Heart is often vanquished by the Vigour and Vertue hereof The other Objections which they make do only respect the Causes of this motion or certain Circumstances wherein men are wont more freely to dissent yet let us breifly consider whether or no they have in them any weight wherewith to burthen our Opinion They say that at every contraction of the Heart the blood is not driven out by half ounces nor by drams nor by scruples out of the Heart of a Man for three Causes first because that blood is too spirituous but I have already shewed that it is not so spirituous as men imagine commonly secondly because those little Valves of the Heart do only gape a little and then are close shut again which also doth not agree with experience for an Arteric being cut off from the heart great streams of Blood do issue from the Heart Thirdly that the Arteries are too full then to be able to admit half an ounce a dram or a scruple of Blood But that is too inconsiderately avouched for when the Heart contracts it self all the arteries in the body are enlarged and that on all sides as I have divers times perceived with my hand holding the naked arterie betwixt my fingers And who will now say that all the Arteries of the Body being dilated cannot admit of a Scruple a Dram yea half an Ounce of blood more then they have Also they deny that in the child in the Womb the blood out of the Vena Cava does through the Vessels of the heart united enter into the Arteria Aorta and go from thence out of the umbilical Arteries into the umbilical Vein and return back by it into the Heart because they think this great absurdity will follow that one Vein should carry the mothers blood and withal so much blood as the two umbilical arteries do bring in As if Rivers did not frequently carry as much water in one Channel as many Brooks are able to bring in And here the umbilical Vein when it is but one is much greater then the Arterie There is often but one arterie or there are two veins that the arteries may as much as may be answer to the veins In brute Beasts sayes Fallopius a rare Anatomist there are allwayes two Veins and two Arteries which with the Vrachus or pis-pipe do reach as far as the Navil and the Veins do presently grow into one before they enter into the Abdomen which does reach to the Gates of the Liver as I have observed in all Sheep Goats and Cows whose young ones I have
dissected But if they speak of the Child in a Womans Womb I avouch that sometimes I have not seen the two umbilical Arteries but only one Arterie and one Vein ascending together with the Vrachus to the Navil where the Arterie is again divided into two which afterwards go unto the sides of Os sacrnm And that indeed those Vessels of the Heart are united in a Child in the Womb that the blood may pass that way out of the Vena Cava into the Aorta Waterfowl as the Duck Goose and such like do seem to teach us which because they cannot often breath under the water noâ— dilate their Lungs nor consequently admit the blood that way they have those unions of the vessels of the Heart when they are grown up Which also Harvey notes in his 6. Chapter Also they deny the frequent Anastomoses of the Veins and Arteries for if such there were they say tumors would not arise by Fluxion and Congestion of Humors As if Rivers though they have outlets receiving over-great plenty of water may not overflow the neighbouring fields nor can the blood shed out of the Vessels because it congeals easily return into them again Moreover Tumors are many times caused for as much as by reason of Obstruction the bloods passage is stopped and because by heat and pain it is drawn into the flesh Now those Tumors seem rather to favour the Doctrine of the bloods circular motion because they happen through cold bruising and all stoppage of the passages of the Body and because with Aqua vitae or some such medicine the Humors and the Tumors being often made fluid it is by this motion of the blood drawn into the Veins and the Tumor by that means sooner cured then by repulsion revulsion concoction or dissipation Touching the Cause of the Bloods motion difficulties do also present themselves unto us and when we deny that the blood according to the Course of Nature is so suddenly and vehemently rarified in the Heart as to be able to move the Heart the blood of the whole Body and the Arteries themselves those famous men the Ring-leaders of this opinion do suppose that they do hereby prove it In that while we are cold all the Veins of our Body are contracted and can hardly be seen where as afterwards when we grow hot they do so swell that the blood contained in them seems to take up ten times so much space as before it did As for me this truly is my Opinion and thus I perswade my self that seeing they have now divers times so diligently endeavored in Publick to perswade men to embrace this their Opinion of Rarifaction and have diffected and lookt into the Hearts of Living Creatures nor have yet dared to say that they could sensibly perceive any such Rarifaction of the blood in the Heart I say my Opinion is that they could not indeed and in truth observe any such Rarifaction of the blood in the Heart and as they would in this place maintain And it will be easie for him that is a little verst in live Dissections to see that there is no such rarifaction And therefore though it might be proved that such a Rarifaction of the blood does sometimes happen praeternaturally yet ought not the cause of the Natural motion of the Heart Blood and Arteries be therefore attributed thereunto Yet in the Example which they propound I do not see what certainty there is that the blood by reason of its Rarifaction does possess ten times more space then before For might not that same Tumor of the external Veins easily arise because whereas before the veins were contracted and straitned through cold they could not receive much blood and therefore they could not swell Which cold and straitning of the vessels being afterwards taken away and the Veins being loosned by heat they might admit much blood which is driven into them by the heart and so appear full and swelling That this is not the least cause of the tumor of the Veins persons that are feauerish seem to teach us who if they thrust their arms into the cold have not their Veins so swelling but if they keep them warm under the cloaths they have them very full and swole which tumor if it came from Rarifaction it ought to be in both cases alike seeing that in them the bloods Rarifaction proceeds from an internal cause Nor do I conceive that it is also void of Question and undoubted that when we are first cold and afterwards grow hot the inner Veins as well as the outer do swell For it is much to be suspected that the inner parts do possess less blood and heat before because by that cold wherewith before they were not hurt if when we are so heated we drink cold drink they are wonderfully weakened Doubtless as the inner veins are oftentimes the treasury of the blood wherein the blood is stored up for future uses so may the external Veins be the like treasury and they appear to be when they so swell as aforesaid These men themselves when they observed that this also was much against their Opinion that we asserted that the blood was manifestly poured out at the constriction of the Heart they avouch that that is not the constriction but the dilatation of the heart which we mean But that we were deluded by a certain appearance because in our constriction there was a constriction only at the Basis but about the tip a true Dilatation which Invention when others saw that it could not hold least they also should seem to desert their cause they invented that there is a constriction indeed in the Cavity of the whole Ventricle but in the pits and passages of the sides especially in Dogs there is a certain kind of Extension and true Dilatation But truly the upper part of the Heart is not seen to be dilated when the lower is contracted save when the Creature is dying and that the waving motion of the Heart is caused by the impulse of the blood Nor can we observe one Dilatation or Constriction of the Pits another of the â—avity of the Ventricles Only a certain progressive motion is observed in a large Heart because the Dilatation or constriction doth evidently begin at the basis and sensibly proceeds to the tip although 't is performed all welnear in a moment And that I might be perfectly assured that the Heart was contracted within likewise on all sides having cut off the tip of each Ventricle â— put my thumb and fore-finger into the living heart of a Dog and a Rabbit and I manifestly felt the sides of the Heart to press my fingers to the middle partition equally in the middle tip and Basis and that the pits in greater Beasts became to Sense not bigger but lesser And soon after the Constriction abating that the sides of the heart above beneath and in the middle were loosned and the pits did feel evidently larger But in