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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A33602	The history of Wales comprehending the lives and succession of the princes of Wales, from Cadwalader the last king, to Lhewelyn the last prince of British blood with a short account of the affairs of Wales under the kings of England / written originally in British, by Caradoc of Lhancarvan ; and formerly published in English by Dr. Powel ; now newly augmented and improved by W. Wynne ...; Historie of Cambria	Caradoc, of Llancarvan, d. 1147?; Powell, David, 1552?-1598.; Wynne, W. (William), 1649 or 50-1711?	1697 (1697)	Wing C488; ESTC R12980	312,583	490

the main Land with an Arm of the Sea called Maenai and had in it self three Cantreds or Hundreds which were subdivided to six Comots as Cantref Aberffraw to Comot Lhion and Comot Malhera●th Cantref Cemais to the Comots Talibo●ion and Twr Celyn Cantref Rossyr to the Comots Tyndaethwy and Maenai And at this day there is a ●ine Town in that Isle called Bewmoris and a common Passage to Ireland at Caergybi called in English Holyhead But here I cannot wink at that notable Error of Polydor which after his accustomed fashion denieth this Isle to be called Môna but Anglesia or Anglorum Insula because it is called in English Anglesey and giveth this Name Môna to Man and so hath lost the Names of both Isles which ignorance and forgetfulness might be forgiven him if he had not drawn a great number to this Error with him which in their Charters do daily wrong Name these Isles which may be easily proved First because the Inhabitants of the Isle do know none other Name but Môn and it is called through all Wales Tir Môn that is to say the Land of Môn unto this day So that neither by memory of Man neither by any Monument in Writing in the British Tongue can it appear that ever it had any other Name but Môn yet there be manifest Monuments for these ●000 years It is also grown to a Proverb through Wales for the fertility of the ground Môn mam Gymry ●hat is to say Môn Mother of Wales The antient History of Cornelius Tacitus which be like Age had beaten out of Polydor's Head saith that the Souldiers of Paulinus Suetonius and afterward of Julius Agricola after they had passed thro' North-Wales then came over against Môna where they did swim over an Arm of the Sea of 200 paces and so by force won the Isle Now whether it is more reasonable thus to swim over 200 paces or 20 miles I know there is no Man that believeth Polydor in this point I see all Men therefore judge the rest As for that which he saith of the great Woods it is nothing for both the Romans and after when the Christian Faith took place in this Realm the Christians did fall and root them out for the Idolatry and absur● Religion which was used there that the King 〈◊〉 Man sent for Timber to Môn read the Life of Hug● Earl of Chester which also is evident by the grea● Beeches and other Trees found in the Earth at these days His other reason is because it is called Anglesey in the English Tongue so is Lhoyger England and Cambry Wales Are those therefore the old Names No surely And what if the Inhabitan● called it so as they did not had it not a Nam● before the Angles won it Yes I warrant you b● he had forgotten that Now to the Name of Man 〈◊〉 was ever or at the least these 1000 years named i● British Manaw of which cometh the English Name Man The Inhabitants thereof call it so and 〈◊〉 Nation about it did ever call it Môn no nor any Writer but Polydor which was too young a God father to name so old a Child For Gildas who wrote above 900 years passed whose Writings Polydor never saw but untruly Fathers upon him his own devise Giraldus in his Description of Ireland to Henr● the Second and Henry Huntington do plainly ca●● Man in Latin Eub●nia adding thereto either Man●● or Man for the better understanding of the Name Will you believe them or Polydor Other Argument● there are which I will pass over till I have more leasure and occasion to write of this Matter Arfon The second part of North-Wales was called Arfo● which is as much as to say over against Môn an● had in it four Cantreds and ten Comots Cantref Aber had in it three Comots Y Lhechwedh-uchaf Y Lhechwedh-isaf and Nant-Conway Cantref Arfon had two Comots Ywch Gwyrfai and Isgwyrfai Cantref Dunodic had two Comots Ardudwy and Efionyth Cantref Lhyn containeth three Comots Cy●nytmay● Tinlhayn and Canologion This is now called Caernarvon-shire as Môn is called Anglesey-shire and have the same division at this day In this Shire are ●nowden-Hills called Eryri neither in height ferti●ity of the Ground Wood Cattel Fish and Fowl ●iving place to the Famous Alps and without Con●roversy the strongest Country within Britain Here is the Town of Caernar●on called in the old ●ime Caersegonce and there is also Conwey called Caer●yffyn And the See of Bang●r with divers other ●ntient Castles and Places of Memory and was the ●ast part of Wales that came under the Dominion of ●he Kings of England It hath on the North the Sea ●●d Maenai upon the East and South East the River ●onwey which divideth it from Denbigh shire altho' ●t now pass the River in one place by the Sea-shore And on the South-West and West it is separated from Merionyth by high Mountains and Rivers and other Mears The third part of Gwynedh was Merionyth con●aining three Cantreds Merionyth and every Cantred three Co●ots As Cantref Meyreon hath three Comots Talyhont Pennal and Ystumaner Cantref A●ustly had these Vwcho●ed Iscoed and ●warthrenion Cantref Pa●lhyn had these Vwchmeloch Ismeloch ●nd Micu●ins and this keepeth the said Name till this ●ay but not within the same Mears and is full of Hills ●nd Rocks and hath upon the North the Sea notable ●t this day for the great resort and number of People ●hat repair thither to take Herrings It hath upon ●he East Arfon and Denbigh-Land upon the South Powys and upon the West Dyfi and Cardigan-shire In this Country standeth the Town of Harlech Tegyd and 〈◊〉 great Lake called Lhyn-Tegyd through which the River Dee runneth and mingleth not with the Water of the Lake which is three Miles long and also the ●almons which are commonly taken in the River ●ard by the Lake are never seen to enter the Lake Likewise a kind of Fish called Gwyniaid which are like ●o Whitings and are full in the Lake are never taken ●n the River Not far from this Lake is a place called Caergay which was the House of Gay Arthur's Foster-Brother This Shire as well as Arfon is full of Cattel Fowl and Fish with great number of Red Deer and Roes but there is great scarcity of Corn. y Berfedhwlad The fourth part of Gwynedh was called y Berfedhwlad which may be Englished the in-land or middle Country which contained five Cantrede and thirteen Comots as Cantref Rhyfonioc had in it these Comots Vwchalet and Isales Cantref Ystrad had Hiraetho● and Cynineiroh Cantref Rhos these Vwchdulas Isdulas and Crouthyn all which are in the Lordship of Denbigh saving the Creuthyn which is in Caernarvon shire wherein the Castle of Dyganwy did stand which was the Earls of Chester and is commonly called in the Latin and English Chronicle Gannoe Dyffryn Clwyd The fourth Cantref was Dyffryn Clwyd which may be Englished the Valley of Clwyd and now is called the Lordship of Rhuthyn

●antref Selef which hath these Comots Selef and ●rahayern Cantref Canol these Talgarth Ystradyw and Brwyn●ys or Eglwys Yail Cantref Mawr these Tir Raulff Lhywel and Cerrig●owel In this part is the Town of Brecknock upon ●●e meeting of Vsk and Honddi and is called Aber●onddi and Hay called y Gelhy with Talgarth Buelht ●hangors it hath West Caermardhyn-shire with the River Tywy upon the North Radnor-shire with Wy ●pon the East Herefordshire and Monmouth upon the ●outh Glamorgan This for the most part is full of Mountains Woods and Rivers especially Buelht And ●he Lords of this Country called Bruces with the Mor●mers most of all others Lords Marchers sometimes by Might but oftner by Treason have molested and grie●ed the Princes of Wales This Land came after the Bruces to the Bohuns Earls of Hereford and so to the ●taffords Dukes of Buckingham These six Shires being subject to the Territory of Dynefawr with Radnor-shire which was belonging to Mathrafal are now commonly called South-Wales which Country is both great and large with many ●air Plains and Vallies for Corn high Mountains and Rocks full of Pasture for Cattel great and thick Woods with Forrests and Parks for Red Deer and Fallow clear and deep Rivers full of Fish of which Severn is the Chiefest which with Wy and Rheidol ●pring out of a high Mountain called Pymlhymon in the edge of Cardigan-shire and are called commonly the three Sisters Severn runneth full East through Cydewen by the Pool and under the Castle of Shraden to Shrewsbury from whence it turneth Southward and runs to Bridgenorth Bewdley Worcester Glocester and ●o to the Sea by Bristol The second Sister is Gwy in English Wy which took her Journey South-East by Rayader Gwy to Buelht where Irwon meeteth her thence to Glasbury and so to Hereford and Monmouth and to the Sea of Severn at Chepstow for so they call Môr Hafren the Sea which severeth Wales from Somerset-shire Devon shire and Cornwal The third Sister named Rheidol ran Northward to the Sea being not far off at Aberystwyth There be other fair Rivers as Vsk which rising in a high Mountain called y Mynydh dy in the South part of Brecknockshire runneth to Brecknock and so through Monmouthshire to the Town of Vsk Caerlheon and Newport and so to the said South Sea Tywy also rising not far from Wy runneth South to Lhanymdhyfri and thence South-West by Lhandcilo and Dynefawr to Abergwily and Caermardhyn and so by Lhanstephan to the Sea Teifi likewise which riseth in the edge of Caermardhyn shire and runneth North-West by Emlyn Ci gerran Cardigan and so to the North Sea In Teifi above all the Rivers in Wales 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Greek Fiber Lat. Beaver English Afanc British Giraldus in Itiner were in Giraldus's time a great number of Castors which may be Englished Bevers and are called in Welch Afanc which name only remaineth in Wales at this day but what it is very few can tell It is a Beast not much unlike an Otter but that it is bigger all hairy saving the Tail which is like a Fish Tail as broad as a Man's Hand This Beast useth as well the Water as the Land and hath very sharp Teeth and biteth cruelly till he perceives the Bones crack his Stones be of great efficacy in Physick He that will learn what strong Nests they make which Giraldus calleth Castels which they build upon the face of the Water with great Boughs which they cut with their Teeth and how some lye upon their Backs holding the Wood with the fore-Feet which the other draweth with a cross stick the which he holdeth in his Mouth to the water-side and other particularities of their Natures let him read Giraldus in his Topography of Wales There be besides these a great number of Rivers of which some run to the South and some to the West and North Sea as Tywy in Glamorgan-shire Taf also in Caermardhyn shire which runnenh to Cledheu two Rivers either called Cledheu which do give Milford the name of Aberdaugledheu in Pembroke-shire Arth Aeron and Ystwyth in Cardigan There be also divers Lordships which be added to other Shires and were taken here●ofore for parts of Wales and in most part of them at this day the Welch Language is spoken as Oswestry Knocking Whittington Elsmer Masbroke Chirbury Caurs Clun which are now in Shrop-shire Ewyas-Lacy Ewyas-Haroald Clifford Winsorton Yardley Hun●ingdon Whitney Loghardneys in Hereford-shire Also this Country of South Wales as all the rest of Britain was first inhabited by the Britains which remain there to this day saving that in divers places especially along the Sea-shore they have been mingled with Saxons Normans which the Welch History calleth French-men and Flemings so that the Princes of Wales since the Conquest of the Normans could never keep quiet possession thereof but what for Strangers and what for disloyalty of their own People vexation and War were for the most part compelled to keep themselves in Caermardhyn-shire THE HISTORY OF WALES WHEN the Roman Empire under Valentinian the Younger began to decline and became sensibly unable to repress the perpetual Incursions of the Goths Huns Vandals and other barbarous Invaders it was found necessary to abandon the remotest Parts of that unwieldy Body and to recal the Roman Forces that defended them the better to secure the Inward and the Provinces most exposed to the Depredations of the Barbarians And in this Exigency of the Roman Affairs Britain as lying far remote from the Heart of the Empire was deprived of the Roman Garrisons which being transported into Gaul upon more urgent Occasions left it naked and exposed to the inveterate Cruelty of the Scots and Picts for no sooner had they understood of the Romans Departure out of Britain and that the Britains were to expect no further Help from the Empire but they descend in greater Number than formerly and with greater Courage and Expectation being how rid of the Fear they entertained of the Roman Legions who always used to hinder their Progress and to prevent their Incursions into the Roman Province The Britains perceiving their antient and implacable Enemies to fall upon them and finding themselves far too weak to repel their Endless Devastations with a lamentable Narrative of their own Miseries and the cruel Oppressions of their Enemies they sent over to Gaul imploring Aid of Aetius Praefect of that Province who being moved with the deplorable Condition of the Britains dispatch'd over a Legion under the Command of Gallio which unexpectedly surprising the Picts and Scots forced them with great Loss and Destruction to retire over the Seas or Friths to their own Habitations Then helping then to build a Wall of Stone cross the Land for a Bulwark against any future Irruptions the Romans at their Departure told them they could not any more undertake such dangerous Expeditions for their Defence and therefore admonished them to take Arms and like Men vindicate their Country their Wives Children and Liberties

upon him the Management of it But the Normans in Rydcors Castle being sensible that they were not able to effect any thing against Howel ap Grono in open Field after their accustomed manner began to put that in execution by Treachery which they could not compass by force of Arms. And how to make Howel a Sacrifice to those Normans he had lately slain they could find no safer way than by corrupting one Gwgan ap Meyric a Man in great Favour and Esteem with Howel upon the account chiefly that one of his Children was nursed by Gwgan's Wife This ungrateful Villain to carry on his wicked Intrigue the more unsuspected gave Howel a very earnest invitation to his House to a Merriment where without any suspicion of Treachery being come he was welcomed with all the seeming Affection and Kindness imaginable But no sooner was he settled A.D. 1103 but Gwgan gave notice thereof to the Norman Garrisons and therefore by break of day they entered the Town and coming about the House where Howel lay in Bed they presently gave a great shout Howel hearing the noise suspected something of Mischief and therefore leaping in all haste out of Bed he made to his Weapons but could not find them by reason that Gwgan had conveyed them away whilst he was asleep And now being assured of Treachery in the case and finding that his Men had fled for their Lives he endeavour'd all he could to make his escape but Gwgan and his Company were too quick for him and so being secured they strangled him and deliver'd his Body to the Normans who having cut off his Head convey'd it to the Castle of Rydcors This most villainous Murther so barbarously committed upon the King's Lieutenant was not in the least taken notice of for King Henry was so unreasonably prejudiced in favour of the Normans that whatever Misdemeanour be it of never so high a nature was by them committed it was presently winked at and let fall to the ground whereas if the Welch trespassed but against the least injunction of the King's Laws they were most severely punished which was the cause that they afterwards stood up against the King in their own defence being by experience assured that he minded nothing more than their utter Destruction About this time Anselm Archbishop of Canterbury convened a Synod at London wherein among other Injunctions then decreed the Celibacy of the Clergy was enjoyned Marriage being before ever allowed of in Britain to them in Holy Orders But this new Injunction created a great deal of Heat and Animosities among the Clergy some approving of it as reasonable and orthodoxical others condemning it as an innovation and contrary to the plain Letter of Scripture But during these Disputes between the Clergy King Henry being now in the Fifth Year of his Reign sailed over with a great Army into Normandy where his Brother Robert together with Robert de Belesmo Arnulph and William Earl of Mortaign gave him battel but the King having obtained the Victory took the Duke his Brother with William of Mortaign Prisoners and carrying them into England he caused first his Brother Robert's Eyes to be plucked out and then condemned them A.D. 1104 both to perpetual imprisonment in the Castle of Cardyff About the same time Meyric and Gruffydh the Sons of Trahaern ap Caradoc were both slain by the means of Owen ap Cadogan ap Blethyn whose Uncle Meredith ap Blethyn who had been Prisoner for a long time in England now brake open the Prison wherein he was very narrowly confined and returning to his own Country had his Estate restored which afterwards he quietly enjoyed A.D. 1105 The next Year a very dismal and calamitous Accident happening in the Low-Countries proved very incommodious and prejudicial to the Welch for a great part of Flanders being drowned by the overflowing of the Sea the Inhabitants were compell d to seek for some other Country to dwell in their own being now covered with Water And therefore a great many being come over to England they requested of King Henry to assign them some part of his Kingdom which was empty and void of Inhabitants where they might settle and plant themselves The King taking advantage of this charitable opportunity and being in a manner assured that these Flemings would be a considerable Thorn in the side of the Welch bestowed upon them very liberally what was not justly in his power to give and appointed them the Country of Ros in Dyfed or West-Wales where they continue to this day But Gerald the King's Lieutenant in those Parts was resolved to be afore-hand with them and rebuilt the Castle of Pembrock in a place called Congarth Fechan whither he removed his Family and all his Goods A. D. 1106. But here a very unfortunate accident happened to him for Cadwgan ap Blethyn having prepared a sumptuous Feast in the Christmas invited all the Lords to his Country-House in Dyfed and among the rest his Son Owen who lived in Powys This young Gentleman being at his Father's House and hearing Nest the Wife of Gerald universally praised for her incomparable Beauty was so smitten with the rumour that went abroad of her that by all means he must see the Lady who was by all so much admired And forasmuch as Gwladys Wife to Rhys ap Theodore and Mother to Nest was the Daughter of R●walhon ap Confyn Cosin-German to Cadwgan his Father under pretence of Friendship and Relation he made bold to pay her a Visit But finding the truth far to surpass the Fame that went of her he returned home so inflam'd with her Charms that not being able to keep the Mastery over himself he went back again the very same night and being attended by a company of wild head-strong Youths they privily entered into the Castle and encompassing the Chamber about where Gerald and his Wife lay they set the House on fire Gerald hearing a noise would fain go out to know the meaning of such unseasonable Disturbance but his Wife fearing some Treachery persuaded him to make as private an Escape as he could and then pulling up a Board in the Privy let him go that way Then returning to her Chamber she would fain assure those notorious Youths that there was no body besides her self and Children there but this being not satifactory they forcibly broke in and having searched every the most private Corner and not finding Gerald they took his Wife and two Sons with a Son and a Daughter born by a Concubine and carried them away to Powys having first set fire to the Castle and destroyed the Country as they went along Cadwgan Owen's Father hearing of what outragious Crime his Son had committed was exceedingly concerned and sorry chiefly because hereby he was like to incur King Henry's great Displeasure and therefore he went with all speed to Powys and desired his Son with all Intreaties to send home to Gerald his Wife and Children with whatever else he had taken

with great Fury and Courage faced them and joyning Battels forced them back with a very considerable loss Polydore Virgil says but upon what Authority is not known that the Welch obtained this Victory rather upon the account that the English Army was hired with such Money as had been wrongfully taken out of the Abbies and other Religious places so that it was a Judgment from above more than the Force of the Welch that overcame the English Army But be the cause of it what it will 't is certain the English were vanquished upon which account King Edward came in Person to Wales and kept his Christmas at Aberconwey where Robert Winchelsey Archbishop of Canterbury being returned from Rome came to him and having done Homage returned honourably again to England But as the King advanced farther into the Country having but one part of his Army with him the Welch set upon and took most of his Carriages which contained a great quantity of Victuals and Provision so that the King with all his followers were constrained to endure a great deal of hardships in so much that at last Water mixed with Honey and very course and ordinary Bread with the saltest Meat were accounted the greatest Delicacies for his Majesty 's own Table But their misery was like to be greater had not the other part of the Army come in time because the Welch had encompassed the King round in hopes to reduce him to the utmost distress by reason that the Water was so risen that the rest of the Army could not get to him But the Water within some time after abating the remainder of the Army came in whereupon the Welch presently retired and made their escape One thing is very remarkable of King Edward during his distress at Snowden that when the Army was reduced to very great extremity a small quantity of Wine was found which they thought to reserve for the King 's own use But he to prevent any discontent which might thereupon be raised in his Souldiers absolutely refused to taste thereof telling them That in time of Necessity all things should be common and as he was the Cause and Author of th●ir Distress he would not be preferred before them in his Diet. But whilst the King remained in Snowden the Earl of Warwick being informed that a great Number of Welch were assembled and had lodged themselves ●n a certain Valley betwixt two Woods chose out a Troop of Horse together with some Cross-Bows and Archers and set upon them in the Night time The Welch being thus surprised and unexpectedly encompassed about by their Enemies made the best they could to oppose them and so pitching their Spears in the ground and directing the points towards their Enemies endeavoured by such means to keep off the Horse But the Earl of Warwick having ordered his Battel so as that between every two Horse there stood a Cross-Bow so gauled the Welch with the shot of the quarrels that the Spear-men fell apace and then the Horse breaking easily in upon the rest bare them down with so great a slaughter as the Welch had never received before After this King Edward to prevent any more rebellious attempts of the Welch cut down all the Woods in Wales wherein in any time of Danger they were wont to hide and save themselves And for a farther security he repaired and fortified all the Castles and places of Strength in Wales and built the Castle of Bewmoris in the Isle of Anglesey and so having put all things in a settled posture and punished those that had been the occasion of the Death of Roger de Pulesdon he returned with his Army into England But as soon as the King had left the Welch Madoc who as it is said before was chosen Captain by the North-Wales Men gathered some Forces together and came to Oswestry which presently yielded to him And then meeting with the Lord Strange near Knookine who with a Detachment of the Marchers came to oppose him gave him Battel vanquished his Forces and miserably ravaged his Country The like Success he obtained a second time against the Marchers but at last they brought together a very great Number of Men and met Madoc marching towards Sh●ewsbury upon the Hills of Cefn Digolh not far from Camrs Castle where after a bloody Fight on both sides Madoc was taken Prisoner and his Army vanquished and put to flight Then he was sent to London and there sentenced to remain in perpetual Imprisonment in the Tower tho' others affirm that Madoc was never taken but that after several Adventures and severe Conflicts whereby the Welch were reduced to great extremities he came in and submitted himself to the King who received him upon Condition he would not desist to pursue Morgan Captain of the Glamorgan-shire Men till he brought him Prisoner before him Madoc having performed this and the whole Country being peaceable and undisturbed several Hostages from the Chiefest Nobility of Wales for their orderly and quiet behaviour were delivered to the King who disposed of them into divers Castles in England where they continued in safe Custody till the end of the War which was presently-commenc●d with Scotland A.D. 1301 In the 29th year of King Edward's reign the Prince of Wales came down to Chester and received Homage of all the Free-holders in Wales as follows Henry Earl of Lancaster for Monmouth Reginald Gray for Ruthyn Foulke Fitzwarren for his Lands the Lord William Martyn for his Lands in Cemaes Roger Mortimer for his Lands in Wales Henry Lacy Earl of Lincoln for Rhos and Rhyfoneioc Robert Lord Montalt for his Lands and Gruffydh Lord of Poole for the Lordship of Powys at the same time paid their Homage Tudor ap Grono of Anglesey Madoc ap Tudor Archdeacon of Anglesey Eineon ap Howel of Caernarvon Tudor ap Gruffydh Lhewelyn ap Ednyfed Gruffydh ●ychan Son of Gruffydh ap Iorwerth Madoc Fychan Denglfield Lhewelyn Bishop of St. Asaph and Richard de Pulesdon This last in the Twelfth Year of King Edward was constituted Sheriff of Caernarvon for life with the stipend of Forty Pounds sterling yearly At the same place Gruffydh ap Tudor Ithel Fychan Ithel ap Blethyn with many more did their Homage Then the Prince came to Ruthlan where the Lord Richard de Sutton Baron of Malpas paid Homage and Fealty for the said Barony of Malpas Thence the Prince removed to Conwey where Eineon Bishop of Bangor and David Abbot of Maynan did their Homage as did Lewis de Felton Son of Richard Felton for the Lands which his Father held of the Prince in Maelor Saesneg or English Maelor John Earl Warren swore Homage for the Lordships of Bromfield and Yale and his Lands in Hope-Dale at London in the Chappel of the Lord John de Kirkby sometime Bishop of Ely as also a while after Edmund Mortimer for his Lands of Cery and Cydewen But besides all these there paid Homage to the Prince of Wales at Chester Sir