or Armes but when he came to meet a greater number than his own forces at least equally furnish'd with necessaries and almost as good Disciplin'd he sustain'd the loss at Dyrrachuum where if it had been well followed a period had been set to his glories But in the end he overcame Pompey by the advantage of his cunning in mixing certain cohorts of Foot with his Horse and then meeting the confident precipitancy of the ungovernable Nobility of Rome against whom he fought Caesar in Spain after meeting with many Romanes of Discipline and Provision somewhat like his own Army under Pompey's Sons he professed he then fought for his life whereas heretofore he had contended for honour Bajazett the Turkish Emperour with a great Army excellent Discipline and well provided made considerable Conquests but when Tamberlaine with an Army greater and Discipline and necessaries at least equal he was not long before he did encage him Scanderbegge did singular exploits with a few choice men but it is observable he found the inconvenience of a small Territory as Epirus was and in the cloze of his years made it his principal care to fortifie himself with alliances by way of Supply to that deficiency We must not deny that where the numbers are great without good Discipline and stores it breeds confusion and hastens destruction as on the other hand an Army or Countrie never did exceed in number such a proportion as was beyond the capacity of good Discipline many great Monarchies of the World and the March of Tamberlaine in exact order are manifest examples and arguments 8. PRovisions are the next thing necessary to make a flourishing Nation they are such as these plenty of Flesh and Corn Iron Brass Wood for Fuel Ship-sides and Masts Hemp Pitch Tarr the materials of Powder if they are not all produceable from the ground that they be not farr off and that there be conveniency of Carriage for them the chief whereof is Water Hence it is that all great Governments have had their Capital Seats in Plentifull Countries which are well stored with convenient Provisions and for what they want have the benefit of water for quick and easie Carriage The Romans were seated on a rich Soyle and not far from the Mediterranean and the Neighbouring Seas places of the most convenient Navigation in this part of the World at those times in respect of the extent thereof and quietness the Mariners Compass not being then invented The Eastern Empire upon the same the Turkish at this day before them the Aegyptian and Carthaginian and few if any great Towns of note are not upon or near good Rivers or the Sea it self It is observable the ground the Romans conquered was chiefly upon the skirts of those Seas through which they could the more commodiously send and receive supplyes and the Emperours were forc'd to withdraw first from the places most remote from the Seas Since the invention of the Mariners Needle there are other more commodious for Navigation and a more proper seat than that is where the Winds and Tides are more stirring since Seamen by the benefit of the Compass can guide themselves in the day without the sight of the Sun or Land-marks and in the Night without benefit of Stars or Fire unless at some special places and times 9. IF the People have a good government are many in number and well provided yet especially till there are good constitutions of Laws if there be not a good election among the Officers those advantages for such time will be rendred the less significant We shall find the same Nation sometime victorious and the World trembling under them and one would think at first sight it proceeded from the nature of the people and in the turn of a hand upon the alteration of a Prince or his affections grow degenerate and effeminate the Government People and Stores still the same and e converso a sluggish People after a time victorious Now seeing Princes act chiefly by their Ministers and Officers and that they have to do generally with all their Neighbours for otherwise it might arise from the condition of some without it cannot arise from any other more considerable cause than the want of good choice In the one Men of Vertue appear uppermost who give an universal reputation to their Country in the other these by degrees are thrust down and such shew themselves who in the management of business bring an ignominious report upon the whole Nation Edward the third in his first time and Henry the fifth of England in his last opur Chronicles make honourable mention of with great admiration of their Valour and Conquests in France and our happiness then at home and with as great sorrow and reflections on their other times and on both their Successors But if men of virtue are chosen who are the spirit and life of a Commonwealth yet we see Fortune now and then will be shewing her self but not oft and so we may the better bear her insolencies But against the apprehensions of men God Almighty will and does those things oft times by his extraordinary providence that seem to differ not only from the course of nature but of reason who of his mercy by devout applications may notwithstanding be appeased 10. AT this day in this part of the World it may be there is not any Nation so near compleat in many of the former particulars as this of England If we compare it with the Low Countries the Crown of England has more Men more Provisions of some sort of its Native production and may have as many of any other better seated the Country of a larger extent add to this that here cannot easily be diversions by a Land Invasion As to their Government sithence it has much of a republique were it not that they fix their thoughts without upon fear of danger the caement of republiques it is likely they would divide and settle on one another the usual fate of such governments as it fell out to Rome in the dayes of Scylla Marius Caesar c. for having overcome a great part of the World and amongst the rest the Carthaginians a powerfull Neighbour they fell to Civil Wars as was foretold by a Senatour and thereupon were advised not utterly to destroy but to leave that Government as an awe upon their State to prevent divisions at home War abroad is the Interest of Republiques the Low Countries to the wonder of Queen Elizabeths dayes thriving like Salamanders in the fire of contention If we compare the King of England with the French it is obvious they have neither so convenient Ports nor are so well seated we lying betwixt them and the North where the greatest stores are for Naval employments adde to this that the form of their government and nature of the people indisposes them to business on the Seas Take this out of Sir Walter Rawleigh as Popaelynire well observeth The Forces of Princes by Sea are
Mona the Isle of Anglesey and it should seem had not there so perfected his business but that Agricola thought it might be matter of profit to the Romans and honour to himself to confirm the Conquest whereupon he marches next way thither and wanting Ships upon so suddain a Resolution he contrives to Swim and Foard over that narrow Water which makes an Island of it distinct from the other Country of Wales with his Auxiliaries accustomed to such Services The People remembring their former misery and how that if they could not withstand the Romans when they had a less apprehension of them they were not likely when they had enlarged their Province without disputing so much as their passage Surrendred the Island to the mercy of those that they could not probably resist with hopes of success The Winter following he contrives to secure what was gained and among other of his Resolutions two he did take of especial benefit to the Roman Peace the one was in the Tributes and Exactions upon the Britains he took care that there should be an equality and corrected all those petty Oppressions in the collecting them which usually are more grievous than the burden it self and as to the Roman Army he made Election of Officers according to Merit and not by Bribes and affection and recommendation whereby he rendred it very considerable for the next Expedition Summer being come he assembles them together and first in discourses intermixing commendations and chidings as they had done well or ill takes afterwards his march from one Country to another up and down those Places which were either not as yet Conquered or would not willingly submit to Conditions making great destruction When the Summer was almost spent he courts them with good words and forbearance of Acts of Hostility into tearms of Peace which they willingly at last accepted the Game inclining altogether on the Roman side So a Peace is made with them Hostages are given on the Britains part for the security thereof and several Garrisons planted on their Borders with great Judgment which became a strait and sharp bridle to the Britains The Winter following he made a greater Conquest then he had done the Summer before but it was of a different nature The Britains divided into petty Nations had frequent Wars one upon another So that Houses of value to have been built would have been ridiculous seeing in the frequency of their Wars they could not have long stood free from Fire and thereupon many other blandishments as of Gardens and Orchards c. were neglected likewise Their thoughts being active and not taken up with these things would be with somewhat else and nothing was more obvious than the matter of War whereto they gave their minds upon some necessity also and in that Military Discipline which was proper for petty Nations in Woody and Boggy Countrys as this then was They were excellent in Art and well fitted with strong resolute and hardy Bodies Agricola did not much fear an open Invasion from a People weak by their Divisions and naked and amongst whom there were many Trayterous to their Country even Princes themselves corrupted by the Romans yet he might expect great disturbance in parties out of the Woods which would much obstruct the quiet of the Country and might destroy the Fruits of the Land Hereupon he gets together about him many of the chief Nobility commending to them the pleasure and delight of a civil life in fine Buildings neat Cloaths Comptness of Language which some affecting naturally and others the rather to please the General do observe and follow Some distast these things whom he disgraces and villifies but the other he commends and gives them encouragement by granting assistance thereunto By these means he softned the Nation and made them more lyable to the Impressions of the Roman steel upon all disturbances And of Consequence rendred their Province more secure The next Summer he spent in a March Northwardly Conquering several Nations that is to say destroying their Country and killing many where he met them or they would attempt to set upon either his Army or a party thereof but this was sparingly done for whether the Britains were terrified at the apprehensions of the Romans or this so great an Army or that they had experimented a plain Field sufficiently to their sorrow already or that they hoped to protract the War till Winter expecting then to make use of the advantage they had by their light Arming or for some or all these Reasons they never attempted to joyn their Forces and to give Battail but divided in Woods and Bogs and places inaccessable make now and then some Incursions on the Romans but with no considerable effect and he foreseeing their thoughts prevented their attempts designed for Winter by fortifying divers Castles among them which was done with excellent Judgment as to the choice of the scite of the places and great Art as to the Model and stored them with a twelve Months Provision before hand so that what he gained by a strong hand he kept by prudent Managements In this Expedition he pass't beyond the Borders of Scotland that now is to a Water called Taus beyond Bodotria The next Winter the Britains assaulted several of these Castles and made some Incursions into the Roman Quarters but little mischief was done The fourth Summer was spent in securing what was gained and more especially that narrow entrance into the further part of Scotland lying between Glota and Bodotria two Arms of the opposite Seas they are now called Dun Britten and Edenburgh friths which he did with Castles and Forts as if having enlarged the Province he desired to make it the bounds of the Romane Empire that way But the fifth Summer he pass't beyond it turning on his left hand making several Conquests of Copuntrys bordering on Ireland and placed many Souldiers therein affecting a Conquest of that Island also receiving to this purpose a Prince of that Country come out upon private dissentions then amongst themselves to whom he was courteous with an intent to make such use of him as the Romans had done with several others in Britain heretofore that is to say to betray their Native Countries to the pride and Luxury of the Romans for at this time they were fallen from their ancient Virtue though Agricola himself had some more than ordinary sparks left But the sixth Summer his thoughts were taken up by a diversion on his right hand for the Britains beyond Bodotria intending to assault the Garrisons and divert his course had already begun to make some attempts by seizing the Passes and assailing certain Castles Agricola for his further security mann'd that Summer a considerable Fleet which was of great use to him in his passage into the Country for his March was by the Sea side and his sailing not far from the Land So that frequently the Souldiers both of the Navy and Army met and were in many respects
very useful the one to the other Agricola suspecting the Britains might have advantage upon him in number divided his Army into three Parts making his March with some Considerable distances thereby thinking to prevent his being encompassed with a multitude a manifest errour doubtless against a new Enemy whose valour he had not yet try'd as appeared by the Consequence though he might guess shewdly at them by what he had found in the rest for which Tacitus makes an excuse that he had heard the Britains were divided into Parties and did intend so to set upon him They taking this advantage in the dead of the Night set upon the Ninth Legion being somewhat weak of it self and with good success for they kill the Watch enter the Camp and therein Fight it manfully with the Romans and had in all probability cut them off if Agricola having notice of this accidentally by his Scouts had not sent the lighter-Armed with all expedition before hand to their succour and followed himself with the Legions When the Battail was at last before and behind the Britains after a bloody Fight in the entrance of the Camp the Day appearing and the Legions also fled into the Woods Tacitus tells us that at the beginning of the Summer several of his Officers upon a report of the Power of the Enemy did advise him to retreat within the bounds of the formerly intended Province for his security suspecting very much the danger but after this Victory the very same did chiefly arrogate to themselves the glory of that battle an infirmity common to many Men of that disposition to this day The Britains with a noble resolution did attribute the loss of this day not to the valour but craft and fortune of the Roman General With this conceit they make very much greater Preparations confederate themselves by Solemn Rites and convey their Wives and Children into places of safety intending in a Field to try their fortune again with their new-rais'd Forces The Britains had thirty thousand Men designed for the main Battail besides many young and old Voluntiers who out of an honourable resolution came to partake in the fortune of a Day over whom Galgacus of great descent and virtue to be mentioned not without honour to his name commanded in Chief They took up their ground upon the declining of the Hill Grampius now Grantzbain the first Battalion stood upon the Plain the Chariots and Horse passing up and down with great noise before the Battail expecting the Romans The Romans having sent their Fleet before by frequent and uncertain Landings as they did some other mischief so they could not but make some distraction upon the Britains but at last Agricola takes his March directly to them that were prepar'd to receive him having with him certain of the Country whose faith and courage was a long time known to be truer to the Romans than to their own Nation His Battail he orders thus eight thousand Auxiliaries were placed in a Body and in the Van on each Wing three thousand Horse were divided in the Rear his Legionaries were the whole Front being extended beyond a just and usual proportion Agricola thinking thereby to prevent surrounding by the Enemy which over-numbered him The Speech of Galgacus as it is delivered by Tacitus is to this purpose When I consider the cause of this War and our necessary I am greatly confident this day and this your consent will give a happy beginning to the freedome of the whole Island We all have hitherto lived in Liberty and moreover no Land remaineth beyond and no Sea for our safety the Roman Navy thus as you see hanging on our Coasts So that Arms which Men of virtue desire for honour the faint-hearted must also use for his security The former Battails which have with divers events been fought against the Romans had their hope and reserves in our hands For we the choice of the British Nobility and seated in the furthermost recesses never yet had view of the enslaved shoares nor were our eyes offended with the sight of subjection This inward bosome hath defended us the boundary of Land and Liberty for this Day of Glory Now the uttermost point of the Country is laid open and things the less they have been within knowledge the greater the glory is to atchieve them What Nation is there now beyond us what else but Water and Rocks and the Romans Lords of all within whose intollerable pride in vain shall you seek to avoid by service or submiss demeanour Robbers of the World that having now left no Land to plunder search also the Sea it self If the Enemy be rich they are greedy of his wealth if poor they covet glory whom not the East nor West have satisfied they only of all Men with equal lust affecting riches and vanity To rob kill and commit rapine falsly they terme Empire and when they have brought desolation to a Country they call it Peace Children and neer Relations every Man by nature holdeth most dear and those are pressed for Souldiers and carryed away to serve in a slavish condition Sisters and Wives though they may escape an open ravishment are notwithstanding frequently prostituted when they come as Guests and pretend friendship The goods and substance of the Conquered they exhaust with Tributes and rob them of their Corn to supply their Garrisons wearying out their Hands and Bodies in preparing Woods and Fenny places for their purposes with a thousand stripes and indignities Slaves which are born to bondage when they are once sold are after maintained at their Masters expences but Britain daily buyeth her own bondage and is at the charge of continuing it Now as in a private retinue the fresh man and last comer is most abused by his very fellow-servants So in this old servitude of the World our destruction is sought being the latest and is most vile in account We have no Fields to manure no Mines to be digged no Ports to trade in and to what purpose then should they reserve us alive Moreover the man-hood and fierce courage of the Subject pleaseth not much the jealous Soveraign and this corner being so secret and out of the way the more security it yieldeth to us in them it works the greater suspicion So seeing all hope of pardon is past at length all of you take courage as well these to whom safety as such to whom glory is in greatest esteem The Britains led by a Woman fired the Colony forced the Castles and if such a lucky beginning had not ended in sloath and security they might have with ease shak't off the Yoak We as yet never touched never subdued and born to be free not to be Slaves to the Romans let us shew streight in the first joyning what manner of Men Caledonia reserved in store for her self Or do you think the Romans to be as valiant in War as they are wanton in Peace No not by their virtue but by our discords
marks of the greatness of an Estate for whosoever commands the Sea commands the Trade whosoever commands the Trade of the World commands the Riches of the World and consequently the World it self If with any other this being an Island in the midst of Trade betwixt the North and South East and West a temperate Clime upon the great waters of the World especially since relief may be received and sent with more certainty upon the invention of the Needle has manifest advantage Some men in certain Nations it must be confessed out of covetousness have in certain times abused the publique Revenue as did the Officers of the Greek Emperour Constantine when Mahomet besieged Constantinople Others out of envy to the glory of great and virtuous Commanders have puzzled business and obstructed necessaries as Hanno did to Hannibal in the course of his Victories against the Romans in Italy Others have been traiterous as was Bessus to Darius his Master in the time that Alexander invaded him And it did fall out to that Hanno the Ball was after toss'd upon African ground and consumed the envious obstructer his Family and Country to the Emperour who having try'd below his Imperial Dignity to ask money at the Doors of his Citizens for the necessary defence of him and them through a perverse and obstinate discontent at the former abuses though they had plenty within them that he was refused and so they perished together And to Bessus who depending on dealing with Alexander upon the ruine of his Prince of whom he had the greatest apprehensions did perish in the design And some heretofore out of arrogance and want of skill have endangered their Country But we must take great heed we be not too apt to think amiss of the actions of a Prince or his Officers which Men are too prone to complain of First because we cannot judge aright of them sithence they are at distance to most and secret to all the hearts of Kings are unsearchable Secondly We know not what they drive at for they rowe one way oft times and look another intending still the publique good Moreover they are but men and may have their failings and we ought to cover and not divulge much less expatiate on their Infirmities as we would not men should do so to us They have their hands full of business so that it is almost impossible but that deficiencies must be Adde to this that male contents do always magnifie the oversights of men in authority and vilifie their good deeds beyond a due proportion and by the reports they spread up and down do give a discolouring to their actions So that for this very reason we must always allow many grains and if it were as bad as it may be sometimes made which without all dispute it is not as all men have their failings so have they oft their poculiar periods wherein they commit them sometimes gaining ground by such stumbles and make the more wary men upon the benefit of their experience 11. THe gradations means and manner how the English Nation came to such a greatness is the subject of the History of England of which the following Book is the first part and this the Sum. At the discovery hereof by Julius Caesar it was divided into a multitude of petty governments exceeding weak for that reason and more liable to the Roman Conquests Under them it continued some hundreds of years in that time designed in the nature of a Treasury out of which they might draw men and wealth for the purposes of the Roman interests On their Exigencies in the Continent they left it weak and subject to all Invaders being disabled by the policies and practises of their late Masters for what they had most apprehensions of they did most carefully endeavour to extinguish which was the power and strength of them whom having subdued they had desire to keep under In this condition habituated also for several Ages to a Slavish temper of mind they were the more easily conquered by the Saxons invited in to assist them upon the fresh affliction of their Northern Neighbours Under them it continued a considerable time divided into seven Nations commonly called the Saxon Heptarchy being then in somewhat better plight to defend themselves than formerly because they were reduced to a fewer number of principalities and were in no subjection the Danish inroads and the consequence thereof for some too considerable time excepted After divers contentions and great fluctuations it all resolved at last into one Monarchy under a West Saxon Prince and then far more considerable While it remained thus the Church of Rome and sereral of the Nobility who had large possessions here from the Roman policy in granting large immunities to some who yeilded to them in their Conquests consequently great interest did frequently perplex the Nation with civil diffention and by that very means principally it became a prey to the Norman Conquerour The same causes remaining the effects did not differ under the succeeding Kings in somuch that those victorious Attempts and Conquests that were made in several places especially in France were frequently distracted and at last utterly extinguisht by our contentions at home In the time of Henry the 4th The policy upon which great men kept and increased their estates beyond a moderate and competent bulk by advantage of a Statute they had gained in the days of Edward the First impowring them to Entayle all was frustrated by an invention at Law which could not be effected before upon divers designs in Parliament the issue of this was a bane to great possessions and consequently to such powers and interests as did frequently mate the Kings and disturb the people of England Henry the 7th followed the blow acting several things levelled to the same purpose and with benefit to them that in those days did not generally think so for by this means they were taken off from inclinations to a common mischief to which they were provok'd by their passions and the urgings of vain and necessitous men and in the calamity whereof they themselves and their Families had the most deplorable shares The Church of Rome together with the Doctrine of Salvation had impress'd in the minds of men an opinion that what is once given to the Church is Sacrilege to take away by which means it likewise having divers other arts to increase they kept their estates and became very formidable to the Kings of England but being undertook by Henry the 8th he tore from them with great severity those large possessions which rendred them dangerous to his interests Queen Elizabeth his Daughter by a long and prudent reign did fix her self and marvellously improve the Interest of this Nation wrapt up inseparably with the truest of the Crown And now did begin to appear the fruits of the Mariners Compass not long before invented the Trade and shiping of the world leaving the calmer and and setling in our more active Seas
hard laid to at last they were forced to flie many of his Men being killed in the Battail and pursuit Cassibelan ' s second thoughts CAssibelan upon this concluding with himself that nothing of advantage could be had upon the Romans in a close fight on equal ground comes in the next place to a resolution of attending Caesar in his march with a small number of his choice Forces which accordingly he does and taking with him about four thousand Wagons By the advantage he had in the knowledge of the Country he thought to secure himself the better from being forced to fight and to keep the Romans from doing much spoile in plundering and firing it Withall he conceived he might starve them out at last by causing all the Cattle to be driven into the Woods where they apprehended the Romans would take their march this was accordingly put in execution not without hopes also as occasion serv'd to cut some of them off who did straggle if they could not light upon an opportunity of advantage on the whole body of the Roman Army a Counsel of good contrivement and success for it fell out after that divers who were spread up and down upon hope of plunder were killed which occasioned the Romans to march close putting them to some streights for provision and prevented thereby great mischief to the Towns Caesar being in his march for the Country of the Trinobantes intending to pass over the River Thames at a place fordable but one thereabouts being known about Oatlands supposed by the Captives and Runagates he understood that the Enemy lay with a good force on the other side and that the Foard was knock't full of Piles of Wood sharpned at the upper end and were all under Water out of sight to the intent they might annoy and disorder the Romans in passing the River being ignorant thereof and so set upon them at landing in their confusion which being discover'd did prevent the hoped for success of Cassibilan's design for Caesar pass't over with the greater care and expedition readily provided to receive the Britains sending the Horse first and directing the Legions to follow close after them in whom he had greater confidence against this Enemy then in the Cavalry these being frequently in great danger as Caesar confesseth in their marches when they were far from the Legions upon any occasion The Romane Foot having march't through the Water which was up to their shoulders and being come to the Bank-side gave a charge upon the Britains who not being able to sustain it gave way after some contest and at last fled Caesar from hence takes his march directly to Verulam not far from the now St. Albanes intending to force it having understood it was a Town of some importance the principal Seat of Cassibelan and full of Cattle driven in thither upon apprehension of the Roman Army this he assaults and possesses himself of it the People hastening out not being able to resist him many of whom were killed in the flight All this while Cassibelan waited on Caesar and out of the Woods by paths unknown to the Romans did skirmish with them now and then as he contriv'd or found advantage especially with the Horse and such parties as were abroad for forrage and plunder which did occasion more safety to the Britains and in a great part render Caesar's design of a speedy conquest and to enrich himself and his Souldiers with the spoile of the Country fruitless Whereupon on the other hand the Roman General casts about to save his honour and to shift off a War like to be tedious and unprofitable There was a faction against Cassibelan among the Trinobantes who had sent Commissioners at this time in the name of that State to Caesar desiring that Mandubratius the Son of Immanuentius who was formerly Prince of their Country but deposed and kill'd by Cassibelan might be restored to them and withall offer to submit themselves to the Roman Common-wealth and to give Hostages for security thereof This opportunity Caesar gladly takes hold on and accepts the tearmes requiring forty Hostages and certain Corn for his Army which by the policy of the British General would not long have been out of want had they not receiv'd these Provisions or gain'd the like by some other means which would not have been so easie and secure Pursuant hereunto Caesar sends Mandubratius who had formerly fled to him out of Gallia for the security of his life to this people according to their request and his Conditions on the other hand they punctually and speedily observe Caesar desirous to improve the fortune and contrivance commanding his Souldiers to offer no violence to the Trinobantes which was punctually obeyed the consequence whereof brought in five petty States more to Caesar's submission The Britains submit and Caesar leaves the Country CAssibelanus this while expecting the success of a design he had laid to fall upon the Romane Camp in their security by his Allies where the shipping was in Kent though he found a decay of his strength did forbear as yet to treat but that failing also by a Sally made out of the Camp the Romans beating them of Kent who were to execute it and one of their chief Nobility taken Prisoner he comes at last to a Resolution of submitting having performed to his eternal glory all the parts of an able General with inconsiderable Forces compared to those of his Enemy hoping for a better conjuncture of affairs hereafter which Caesar more willingly accepts expecting little other good to be done that Summer and now studying to return to affairs of better expectation Cassibelan was a Prince of admirable conduct and valour and inferiour to Caesar only in the quality of his Forces he commanded as has appeared by the prudent courses he took at all times in managing the War and the resolute attempts he made his ground being won from him by the Inch and not without puzling the brains of Caesar himself It is manifest here was made but an inconsiderable progress by Caesar yet in his Commentaries he declares he put down what tribute the Britains should pay as if he had made a compleat Conquest when Tacitus and other Romane Authors conclude generally he did little more than shew than the Country We will receive it in a favourable sense that he meant he had made such tearms with some part of them Caesar intending for the Continent and being fuller of baggage at his return than entry having many Prisoners also because he had lost some of his Ships in the tempest contrives to carry over his Souldiers at twice which accordingly he did after some delay in exspecting the return of certain of the first that were disperst by contrary Winds and landed them safe in Gallia in a good passage thither These were the enterprizes of Caesar in this Island he was of an excellent contrivance and bold in execution wary subtile and circumspect in all his martial affairs attended