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water_n fresh_a salt_n sea_n 5,044 5 7.2576 4 false
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A44314 An attempt for the explication of the phænomena observable in an experiment published by the Honourable Robert Boyle, Esq., in the XXXV experiment of his epistolical discourse touching the aire in confirmation of a former conjecture made by R.H. Hooke, Robert, 1635-1703. 1661 (1661) Wing H2612; ESTC R15266 21,208 59

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know a more likely hypothesis for gravity which I can make out by experiment I shall at present proceed to other Queries contenting my self to have here only given a hint of what I may elswhere determine A Third Query then was whether the heterogeneity of the ambient fluid may not be accounted a secondary cause of the roundness or globular form of the greater bodies of the world such as are those of the Sun Stars and Planets the substance of each of which seems altogether heterogeneous to the circum-ambient fluid aether A Fourth was Whether the globular Form of the smaller parcels of matter here upon the Earth as that of Fruits Pebbles or F●ints c. which seem to have been a Liquor at first may not be caus'd by the heterogeneous ambient fluid For thus we see that melted Glass will be naturally form'd into a round Figure so likewise any small Parcel of any fusible body if it be perfectly enclosed by the Air will be driven into a globular Form and when cold will be found a solid Ball. This is plainly enough manifested to us by their way of making shot with the drops of Lead or a shower of Rain congealed in its falling into Hailstones and if you gently let fall a drop of water upon small sand or dust you shall find as 't were an artificial round stone quickly generated I cannot upon this occasion omit the mentioning of the strange kind of Grain which I have observed in a stone brought from Kettering in Northamptonshire and therefore called by Masons Kettering-Stone like to which are found also at Tormanton neer to Sudberry in Glocestershire For I found it to consist of a great number of small and almost globular parcels of matter which to my naked eye look'd much like the Cob or Spawn of a Herring though through a Microscope it looked like a great Beach of round Pebble stone such as I have often seen by the Sea-shore some of which I perceived to be hollow much like the broken Shels of Granadoes Which brings into my mind what I long since observ'd in the fiery Sparks that are struck out of a flint c. For having a great desire to see what was left behind after the Spark was gone out I purposely struck fire over a very white piece of Paper and observing diligently where some conspicuous sparks went out I found a very little black spot no bigger than the point of a Pin which through a Microscope appeared to be a perfectly round Ball looking much like a polisht ball of Steel insomuch that I was able to see the Image of the window reflected from it making the like Observation in very many others I found some to be hollow and to look like the broken shels of Grandoes much like that represented in the 4th Figure I cannot here stay to examine the particular Reasons of it but shall only hint that I imagine it to be some small parcel of the flint or steel for I find it may be of either which by the violence of the motion of the stroke most of which seems to be imprest upon those small parcels is made so glowing hot that 't is melted into a Vitrum which by the ambient Air is driven into a round Globul A Fifth thing which I thought worth Examination was Whether the motion of all kind of Springs might not be reduc'd to the Principle whereby the included heterogeneous fluid seems to be moved or to that whereby two solids as Marbles or the like are thrust and kept together by the Ambient fluid A Sixth thing was Whether the Rising and Ebullition of the water out of Springs Fountains which lie much higher from the Center of the earth than the superficies of the Sea from whence it seems to be derived may not be explicated by the Rising of water in a smaller Pipe For the Sea-water being as it were strain'd through the Pores or Crevices of the earth is as it were included in little Pipes where the pressure of the Air has not so great a power to resist its Rising But examining this way and finding in it several difficulties almost irremoveable I thought upon a way that would much more naturally and conceiveably explain it which was by this following Experiment I took a Glass Tube of the form of that described in the 6th Figure and chusing two heterogeneous fluids such as water and Oyl I poured in as much water as fill'd up the Pipes as high as A. B. then putting in some Oyle into the Tube A. C. I deprest the superficies A. of the water to E. and B. I raised to G. which was not so high perpendicularly as the superficies of the Oyle F. by the space F. I. wherefore the proportion of the gravity of these two Liquors was as G. H. to F. E. This Experiment I tried with several other Liquors and particularly with fresh water and salt which we made by dissolving Salt in warm water which two though they are nothing heterogeneous yet before they would perfectly mix one with another I made trial of the Experiment Nay letting the Tube wherein I tried the Experiment remain for many daies I observed them not to mix but the superficies of the fresh was rather more than less elevated above that of the salt Now the proportion of the gravity of sea-Sea-water to that of River-water according to Stevinus and Varenius for I have not now the opportunity of making trial my self is as 46. to 45. that is 46. Ounces of the salt-salt-water will take up no more Room than 45 of the fresh Or reciprocally 45 pints of salt water weigh as much as 46 of fresh Though I conceive the difference to be much more for I found the proportion of Brine to fresh water to be near 13 to 12 Supposing therefore G. H. M. to represent the Sea and F. I. the height of the Mountain above the Superficies of the Sea F. M. a Cavern in the Earth beginning at the bottom of the Sea and terminated at the top of the Mountain L. M the Sand at the bottom through which the water is as it were strained so as that the fresher parts are only permitted to transude and the saline kept back if therefore the proportion of G. M. to F. M. be as 45. to 46. then may the Cylinder of salt water G. M. make the Cylinder of fresh water to rise as high as E. and to run over at N. I cannot here stand to examine or confute their Opinion who make the depth of the Sea below its Superficies to be no more perpendicularly measur'd than the height of the Mountains above it 'T is enough for me to say there is no one of those that have vented it have experimentally known the perpendicular of either nor shall I here determine whether there may not be many other causes of the separation of the fresh water from the salt as perhaps some parts of the earth through which it is to pass may contain a salt that mixing and uniting with the Sea salt
may precipitate it much after the same manner as the Alkalizate and Acid Salts mix and precipitate each other in the preparation of Tartarum Vitriolatum I know not also whether the exceeding cold that must necessarily be at the bottom of the water may not help towards this separation for we find that warm water is able to dissolve and contain more salt than the same cold insomuch that Brines strongly impregnated by heat if let cool do suffer much of their salt to subside and chrystallize about the bottom and sides I know not also whether the exceeding pressure of the parts of the water one against another may not keep the Salt from descending to the very bottom as finding little or no room to insert it self between those parts protruded so violently together or else squeeze it upwards into the superiour parts of the Sea where it may more easily obtain room for it self amongst the parts of the water by reason that there is more heat and less pressure To this Opinion I was somwhat the more induced by the relations I have met with in several Geographical Writers of drawing fresh water from the bottom of the Sea which is salt above I cannot now stand to examine whether this natural perpetual motion may not artificially be imitated Nor can I stand to answer the Objections which may be made against this my Supposition As First How it comes to pass that there are somtimes salt Springs much higher than the Superficies of the water And Secondly Why Springs do not run faster and flower according to the varying height made of the Cylinder of sea-Sea-water by the ebbing and flowing of the Sea As to the First In short I say the fresh water may receive again a saline Tincture near the Superficies of the Earth by passing through some salt Mines or else many of the saline parts of the Sea may be kept back though not all And as to the Second The same Spring may be fed and supply'd by divers Caverns coming from very far distant parts of the Sea so as that it may in one place be high in another low water and so by that means the Spring may be equally supply'd at all times Or else the Cavern may be so straight and narrow that the water not having so ready and free passage through it cannot upon so short and quick mutations of pressure be able to produce any sensible effect at such a distance Besides that to confirm this hypothesis there are many Examples found in Natural Historians of Springs that do ebb and flow like the Sea As particularly those recorded by the Learned Camden and after him by Speed to be found in this Island One of which they relate to be on the Top of a Mountain by the small Village Kilken in Flintshire Maris aemulus qui statis temporibus suas revomit resorbet Aquas which at certain times riseth and falleth after the manner of Sea-Tides A Second in Caermardenshire near Caermarden at a place call'd Cantred Bichan Qui ut scribit Giraldus naturali die bis undis deficiens toties exuberans marinas imitatur instabilitates That twice in four and twenty hours ebbing and flowing resembleth the uustable Motions of the Sea The Phanomena of which two may be easily made out by supposing their Cavern by which they are fed to arise from the bottom of the next Sea A Third is a Well upon the River Ogmore in Glamorganshire and near unto Newton of which Camhden relates himself to be certified by a Letter from a Learned Friend of his that observed it Fons abest hinc c. The Letter is a little too long to be inserted but the substance is this that this Well ebbs and flows quite contrarily to the flowing and ebbing of the Sea in those parts for 't is almost empty at Full Sea but full at Low water This may happen from the Channel by which it is supplied which may come from the bottom of a Sea very remote from those parts and where the Tides are much differing from those of the approximate shores A Fourth lies in Westmerland near the River Loder Qui instar Euripi saepius in die reciprocantibus undis fluit refluit which ebbs and flows many times a day This may proceed from its being supply'd from many Channels coming from several parts of the Sea lying sufficiently distant asunder to have the times of High-Water differing enough one from the other so as that whensoever it shall be High Water over any of those places where these Channels begin it shall likewise be so in the Well But this is but a Supposition A Seventh thing was Whether in general the Glutinousness of most bodies may not be partly attributed to this property For supposing glutinous bodies to be such as will easily conform themselves to the superficies of homogeneal bodies and being suffered for some time to rest in that Position until they grow hard the intercourse of the Air or other fluid body being hindred the force requisite to disjoyn those two superficies must necessarily be such as is able to preponderate and prevail against the pressure of the Air upon a superficies equal to that of the body which is toucht by the glutinous substance for these two touch so exactly that 't is impossible for the Air to get between until they are somwhat disjoyn'd by which means the pressure of the Air can only be against the two outward sides opposite to those which joyn them together This may be confirmed by the Experiment of two flat Marbles pieces of Glass and the like smooth bodies for if they be so exactly plain that by rubbing them together you can detrude the interjacent Air you shall find them stick so hard that an ordinary strength can hardly separate them especially if they be of any bigness This Property I say may at least be the cause why some bodies adhere to Glass and the like For I am not ignorant that as for Wood and many other porous bodies the glutinous substance may penetrate into their little cavities and so hardning become little Hooks or Buttons that may contribute much to the former Cohesion An Eighth Query was Whether the dissolution or mixing of several bodies whether fluid or solid with saline or other Liquors might not partly be attributed to this Principle of the congruity of those bodies and their dissolvents As of Salt in water Metals in several Menstruums Unctuous Gums in Oyles the Mixing of Wine and water c. And whether precipitation be not partly made from the same Principle of Incongruity I say partly because there are in some dissolutions some other Causes concurrent I shall lastly make a much more seemingly strange and unlikely Query and that is Whether this Principle well examined and explain'd may not be found a co-efficient in the most considerable Operations of Nature As in