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water_n	fish_n	great_a	sea_n	3,519	5	6.8793	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A69789	The history of Poland. vol. 2 in several letters to persons of quality, giving an account of the antient and present state of that kingdom, historical, geographical, physical, political and ecclesiastical ... : with sculptures, and a new map after the best geographers : with several letters relating to physick / by Bern. Connor ... who, in his travels in that country, collected these memoirs from the best authors and his own observations ; publish'd by the care and assistance of Mr. Savage.	Connor, Bernard, 1666?-1698.; Savage, John, 1673-1747.	1698 (1698)	Wing C5889; ESTC R8630	198,540	426

tho' they be of the largest Size When they have hamper'd one all the Hunters ride in great Numbers about him and having pinn'd down his Head and Feet with great wooden Forks they bind him every way about with strong hempen Cords that he is not able to stir then they roul him into a great wooden Cage but it must be understood that the Knots of the Cords are so contriv'd that with one artful Pull they may be unloos'd after which the Bear is kept so shut up till they have a mind to let him forth by lifting up a Trap Door to be hunted In Poland likewise they have a great many Heath-Cocks most of which are of the Bigness of a Capon There are also abundance of Pheasants in Lithuania and of Bustards in Prussia They have moreover about Lowitz a little Bird not unlike a large Sparrow which comes and disappears with the Snow and thence is call'd a Snow-Bird These are very agreeable to the Taste As for tame-Fowl the Poles never eat any but such as is brought alive into their Kitchins in the Morning and kill'd for Dinner For Fish the Baltick being the only Sea that borders upon Poland has scarce any but that Defect is abundantly supply'd by the great Plenty of fresh Water Fish both in their Lakes and Rivers some Sorts whereof are not to be found in other Countries It may be observ'd that those which are taken out of Rivers are more palatable than those bred in Lakes and the Sea The Poles have a peculiar way of ordering Cabbage They chop it small and put it into a Tub between Lays of Salt then they press it very hard and after pour warm Water upon it which makes it ferment and serves for Pickle Thus they preserve it all Winter and sometimes for a whole Twelve-month Tho' this Dainty of theirs smells very strong at a Distance yet do they nevertheless think it good Meat Their Potables are of different Kinds but their usual Drink is Beer which in Prussia is made only of Malt but in the rest of Poland with Wheat ground small and boyl'd with Hops sometimes they mixt Spelt a Kind of Wheat in Italy and Flanders and Oats along with it Their Beer is generally of an Amber Colour and of a brisk and poignant Sweetness especially that of Varka or that which the Gentry make for their private Use which is stronger and better than the Brewers fell In Lithuania Russia and Vkrania they have two Sorts of Liquor made with Honey which are red and white both which they call Mead tho'we give that Name only to the latter the former with us being Metheglin Prussia and Masovia also has some Honey tho' at Warsaw it is made after a peculiar Manner by mixing Juice of Cherries and Blackberries as likewise Aromaticks along with it and thence has the several differing Names of Kerstrang Malinicz and Troinicz Besides Beer and Mead both the Poles and Lithuanians have several Sorts of Wine brought from Hungary Italy France and Germany That of Hungary excels the Spanish in Strength and is brought to Cracow over the Carpathian Mountains in large Casks drawn by Oxen. The best is sold at twenty Shillings a Polish Pot which amounts to no more than three of our Quarts so that we may reasonably believe that the poorer Sort are oblig'd to obstain from so costly a Liquor The Italian Wine is brought likewise over-Land but not drank so much as the other by reason of its Lushiousness and Price being brought much farther The French and Rhenish Wines come by way of the Baltic to Dantzic These as they are naturally weaker than the former so they lose much of their Strength by coming by Sea As to the Rhenish Wine that seldom goes much beyond Dantzic altho' some be sold in other Parts of Prussia yet which they always drink with Sugar by Reason of its Sharpness Strong Waters in Poland are generally Spirits drawn from Wheat Barley Oats Sider c. and mixt with Water but these are only drank by the common People unless in Winter when the Gentry likewise drink them but they then are rectify'd with Aniseeds and other Aromaticks For their Customs in eating and drinking it must be observ'd that they seldom or never eat any Breakfasts and do not care for cold Meat In the Mornings both Men and Women generally drink Ginger Yolks of Eggs and Sugar boyl'd in Beer They are immoderate Lovers of Pig roasted tho' their Sauces have commonly an odd Taste The Great Men seldom dine without a Dish of Peas and yellow rusty Bacon slic'd which it seems they prefer They eat all manner of Mushrooms not excepting those that cleave to the Trees which they gather and dry to preserve them Those of above a Nights Growth we commonly esteem Poyson and which perhaps may be so here and not there no more than Poppy Seeds which they likewise eat in great Quantities for they drink the Milk of them as also make it into several Sauces or Dishes by it self They also make abundance of Oyl of this Seed as likewise of Hemp and Flax Seeds c. which they eat on fasting Days They seldom eat any Potage unless what the French Cooks make which they will feast on with a great deal of Pleasure They do not boil their Meat over much and that gives it the better Relish Their Sauces also differ extreamly from ours some whereof are yellow and made with Saffron others white consisting chiefly of Cream a third Sort grey being of Onyons and a fourth black being made with the Juice of Plums Into these Sauces they put a great Quantity of Sugar or sometimes Pepper Cynamon and sometimes Ginger Cloves Nutmeg Olives Capers Kernels of Pine Apples and Prunes Their Fish Sauces excel both ours and the French The Poles use Spices to that Degree that some Great Men have been found to spend above fifty thousand Livres a-Year in that single Commodity They do not want for all Sorts of choice Potherbs and some that are not to be found elsewhere They have also Sweet-Meats of various Kinds and all Manner of Deserts especially Pistacho Nuts The Poles generally eat a great deal of Meat to a very little Bread altho they have such Plenty of Corn in Poland especially Rye which is much better than in other Countries They are great Admirers of Roots which they dress different Ways and very palatably They have a Sort of Dish which they call Crachat and which is made of the coarse Meal of Wheat Barley Millet or Oats or sometimes of a small Grain call'd by them Manna This Crachat is very good when well dress'd On Flesh Days they eat it with Milk and Butter and on Fasting Days only with Oyl But notwithstanding there are some who dispense with this Rule especially on Saturdays The common People for want of Wheat or the like are accustom'd to make Bread of Acorns dry'd and ground

Kingdom have a right to any of these Mines as likewise to those of any Metals found upon their Lands there being by the Constitutions no Royal Mines in Poland except those of white Salt only which belong peculiarly to the King Throughout all Poland and Lithuania there are a great many Corn and Cachat-Mills but scarce any for Fulling or Paper yet which they might very well have by reason of their great number of rapid Streams In this and in other respects the Poles are very negligent of their own Interest being content to pay great rates for Cloth and Paper when they might easily have both of their own Manufacture As for Leather tho' no People use it more having almost all Boots and Chariots which they call Ridevans yet do they not care to take the trouble of dressing it themselves but suffer Foreigners to do it for them and which commonly they pay very dear for when done The Poles Trade very much in fresh Fish amongst themselves and the manner of their Fishing I imagine may not be unacceptable to your Excellency having something peculiar in it Their Lakes and Fish-ponds in Poland and Lithuania being generally so large that it would be almost impossible ever to drain them They usually choose to Fish them in Winter when they are all frozen up They first make a great hole in the Ice to let down their Nets and afterwards several little ones from place to place that they may draw them along from hole to hole with a Rope fastned to a long Pole till they bring them back to the first large opening When the two ends of the Nets are brought together they pull them up and bring out with them all the Fish that happen to be within the space of Water thro' which the Nets were drawn for they cannot possibly leap over them because of the Ice Throughout all Poland and Lithuania there are huge quantities of Honey to be found in the Woods either in hollow Trees holes of the Ground or any where else that the Bees can find to settle in Of this Honey as I said before the People make several sorts of Mead with which and the Wax that comes from it they Trade very much into the Neighbouring Countries Now is it not a great wonder that these Bees can produce so great plenty of Honey in so Cold a Climate But it seems they find something in the Fir-Trees whereof there are great numbers in every Wood that supplies the place of Flowers which they suck their materials from in other Countries Before I proceed to give your Excellency a description of the Famous City of Dantzic I must take some cursory Notice of the former Trade of Prussia before its Inhabitants came to have the use of Money In the XIIIth Century the Teutonic Knights coming out of Germany into Prussia brought along with them the Coin of their Country for before that time the Prussians only barter'd Commodities with their Neighbours Their chiefest Trade then lay in Electrum or Amber of the Nature of which Hartman a late German Author gives this account He says that since it can neither be melted down nor is Malleable it is impossible it should be Metal and because it is too solid a Body to come under the Species of Sulphur or Bitumen it must necessarily be rank'd among the precious Stones This Amber is of divers Colours and notwithstanding Hartman insinuates it to be always solid yet is it certain that sometimes it is as liquid as Oyl There is a black sort of it which is no other than what we call Jett A Description of the City of DANTZIC TO come to the Description of Dantzic in Latin Dantiscum or Gedanum your Excellency may be pleased to understand that it is the Capital and Largest City in Royal Prussia and lies in 41 Degrees and 30 Minutes of Longitude and in 54 Degrees and 20 Minutes of Latitude It is Situate in one of the three Islands of which Regal Prussia consists called by the Germans der Dantzicher Werder the other two having the Names of der Marienbursche Werder and der Elbings●her Werder This Name Der Werder implies properly so many pieces of solid Ground encompassed by Fenns and Boggs By whom this City was first built remains as yet undetermin'd Becanus will have the Danes to have been the Founders of it and from them to have been called Danes-wick i. e. Danes-Town but this derivation seems to have too much Dutch in it therefore it is more probable that to the word Dan Cdan or Gdan was added the Sclavonian term Scke signifying a Town which made it Danscke Cdanscke or Gdanscke and which might very reasonably be suppos'd afterwards for better Pronunciation's sake to be chang'd into Dantzig or Dantzic It is distant about 80 Polish Miles from Cracow 40 from Posnan 50 from Warsaw 30 from Gnesna 22 from Thron 24 from Koningsberg 8 from Elbing 6 from Marienburg and near 4 English Miles from the Baltick Sea and is built on the borders of the Vistula on the North-West side of the aforesaid Island The Town it self is watered by the Rivers Rodawn and Motlaw and divided by the former into two parts the Old and the New On the Southern and Western side it is surrounded with high Mountains and was well fortified with Bulwarks against the Incursions of the Swedes in the Year 1656. It has a large and high Wall so broad that Coaches easily go round the Ramparts and so large in compass that it is three hours Journey round which I may very well compute at six English Miles At the Entrance of the Rodawn on the other side it has a strong Fort wherein there is commonly kept a Garrison of 1000 Soldiers It is impossible this City should be Bombarded from the Sea by reason of its distance from it but from the Neighbouring Hills it may and therefore some Works are raised there and always a certain number of Soldiers with store of Cannon and Ammunition plac'd in them for its greater security This City is at present a famous Mart and one of the principal of the Hanse-Towns being altogether govern'd by its own Laws tho' under Protection of the Crown of Poland from which it has a Castellan appointed over it Half of the Suburbs belong to that Crown and the other half to the City for in some Parts the Crown-Lands reach to the Suburbs but in others the City-Lands go several Miles together into the Country There are Twenty Parishes in the City and the Suburbs The Houses are generally of Brick and the Streets most commonly very large and well pav'd tho' somewhat dirty in Winter as most of the Towns in Poland are The chief Part of the City call'd by the Inhabitants Die rechte Stadt was built by Conrad Wallenrodt Master of the Teutonick Order about the Year 1388. There are no Gardens in the City but nevertheless several very fine and large

Trespass upon the Ordination of their Nature In Great Poland there are a sort of Hogs with uncloven-Feet which differ in no other respect from our Hogs In Poland likewise but more especially in Lithuania there are a kind of little Beasts like Weesels call'd in Polish Zassicz whose Fur is a little courser than Ermine and in Summer is Brown but as soon as the Snow appears in one Night they become all over White and so continue till the Spring when they resume their former Colour This Animal is something less than a Squirrel I may here Sir give you a description of the wild Ox being a Beast that is very common in Poland He when full grown is of an extraordinary size with large black Horns and somewhat turn'd inwards towards the top With these Horns he will commonly throw a Horse and its Rider into the Air and moreover root up Trees of no ordinary Magnitude Between his Horns two or three Men may sit a-breast His hide is exceeding bristly and under his Chin grow two or three very large Dew-laps His Horns serve for use to Hunters I might describe other strange Beasts that are to be found in this Country but have omitted them by reason their descriptions are to be met with at large in Gesner's History of Quadrupeds only I may here observe farther that the Polish Bears will live a great while especially in the Winter without Eating Sir Before I conclude this account of natural Knowledge peculiar to Poland I must entertain you with some rarities communicated to Dr. Connor while he was in that Kingdom His Memoirs inform me that two Fryars whose Names were Father Lewis and Father Fulgentius shew'd him a Horse-shooe chang'd into Brass and likewise gave him a piece of Iron turn'd into that Metal by Virtue of a Spring in Hungary likewise that they shew'd him several pieces of natural Chrystal with running Water in the middle And moreover that the latter of these Fathers presented him with two pieces of Chrystal which he had off from the Mountains of Savoye and which he affirms to have been as white as Milk when he first broke them off the Rock but that they afterwards became Diaphanous of themselves I am moreover inform'd by the same means that this Father Fulgentius made Argentum Fulminans by chance the manner of which was this He dissolv'd Silver in Aqua Fortis and afterwards put crude Tartre pulveriz'd into the Dissolution which likewise soon dissolv'd by the help of a little heat After that he evaporated the Humidity almost to a degree of dryness in an Earthen Platter and then encreas'd the heat when all of a sudden without his expecting any such thing the Powder flew up into a flash gave a strange report and fill'd and blacken'd all the Room where he was with Smoak Of three Ounces of the Powder which he had in the Platter there was scarce three Drams remain'd but the Platter notwithstanding continu'd unbroke His design in making this Powder was to Silver something over for it seems the mixing Liquid Silver with Tartre will produce that Effect This Person likewise made an exquisite volatile Salt of little Centaury infus'd into fair Water with Yeast Also he distill'd Water from Roses which would set Gunpowder on Fire I have now Sir but two things more to entertain you with before I come to the Practise of Physick c. in Poland and one is about Dr. Bernitz King John Casimir's Physician 's Closet of Rarities which Dr. Connor says in his Memoirs was shewn him by that Physician 's Wife at Warsaw who spoke good Latin in which Language he convers'd with her This Collection consisted of a great number of petrefi'd Bodies of Raisins Serpents Wood Toads and the like It likewise contain'd a vast variety of Shells Minerals and Gums There was also a Thermometre in form of a Serpentine of many degrees computed by Elevations upon the Glass and the least heat of the Hand would cause the Spirit of Wine to mount sensibly There was moreover a Sea-Pigeon or Fish like to a Pigeon which hung up by a String and Doctor Connor says Dr. Bernitz's Wife assur'd him that it would always turn to that quarter where the Wind sat as also that in moist Weather many drops of Water were wont to distil from it In this Closet there were moreover many huge Horns of Elks and several prodigious Bones of other Creatures All sorts of Plants also were there well preserv'd and pasted upon Paper There were likewise a great many Designs painted and drawn very neatly by Dr. Bernitz's own Hand The other Thing I propos'd to inform you of is the manner of making Glass in Poland with some circumstances relating thereunto The Poles make their Glass of Beech-Ashes and great Pebbles pounded these they boyl together for twelve Hours till such time as they begin to Vitrifie When they have a mind to make their Glass clearer than ordinary they are accustom'd to mix a particular sort of Earth with it of the colour and hardness of Tartre which renders the Glass of different Colours according to the greater or lesser quantity of this Earth mixt with it I may observe that if Salt be mixt in the composition of this Glass it makes it more fluid and easier to be wrought by the Workman Sometimes the Labourers or their Children by treading about barefooted wound themselves with the pieces of Glass that lie about the Furnace when they are accustom'd to have recourse to this odd remedy which is to take out a Ladleful of the red hot Metal and clap it to the part afflicted which presently it seems draws forth the Splinters of the Glass out of the Flesh and afterwards upon clapping on an Anodine Plaister it is soon heal'd Practise of Physick and Diseases in POLAND AS for the Practice of Physick in Poland it is but very imperfect The Doctors there know nothing of the Modern Discoveries in Anatomy and Chymistry nay the Materia Medica is hardly known to them much less improv'd The Medicines which they use are altogether Galenical and those always of the worser sort They are but little acquainted with Modern Authors and particularly with those of our Nation tho' they have heard of their Names and will allow that the English Physicians have improv'd Physick beyond any other Nation whatever but this is still more by hear-say than out of any knowledge they have of us or our Authors They use all the means of curing Diseases that we do here such as Mercury Steel Antimony Jesuits-Powder Volatile Salts and Spirits all which are brought into Poland chiefly to Warsaw or else made there by German Apothecaries The late Queen's Apothecary was a German and an expert Chymist Tho' the Poles use the same Medicines as we do yet are they ignorant of the Method of applying them In their Consultations they advance but little reason tho' they quote Presidents and Authors

Diet Who not to be present at Tryals for Treason Naturalization and Manner of making Noble in Poland Restrain'd in some Respects notwith standing Great Concourse at the Diet. Provisions indifferent Planty notwithstanding Dangerous to walk a Nights Visits at this Time unacceptable Great Guards of some Gentry Order of Session in the Diet. Members wear no distinguishing Habits * Hartnoch lib. 2. cap. 3. p. 512. What proves Equality among Polish Gentry Intended Limitation of Votes like to produce a bad Effect Deputies awe the King and Senate Causes of Disunion in the Diet. Fomented by the Empire and France What promotes foreign Factions Members not to give Reason for Dissent to any Bill Easie Matter to annul the Projects of the Diet. Great Freedom of Speech there Unhappy State of the Polish Government Policy of concluding Matters by unanimous Consent Wonderful how the Polish Government can subsist Must always flourish for several Reasons I. Reason II. Reason III. Reason Assemblys of the Convocation and Synods in Poland The Kaptur Court Ecclesiastical Courts and their Jurisdiction Court of Nunciature Gentry's Civil Courts High Tribunals The Senate and Green-Cloth Exchequer Courts Gentry-Courts not free from Appeal Of Land-Judicature with its Judges Vice-Chamberlains Court Commissioners to take Appeals Gentries Criminal Courts Starostas Power and Office Courts of Commonalty in Cities In Villages Officers and Magistrates of Plebeian Courts 〈◊〉 Profits Military Jurisdiction Origin Progress and present State of Laws Punishments in Poland Manner of chastising Servants No Disgrace to the Genty to be thus beat Crown vacant has many ways Diet summon'd Proceedings in little Diets before Grand Session Who officiates where no Interregnum * Lib. 2. cap. 1. p. 275. First Proceedings * Hartnoch lib. 2. cap. 1. p. 291. † Ibid. lib. cap. eodem p. 306. Courts of Justice cease except two Foreign Ministers on this Occasion Notifie their Arrival and how receiv'd Embassadors from the Republick Caution to foreign Ministers Deputies Business after this Diet Diet of Election * Hartknoch lib. 2. cap. 1. p. 295. † Ibid. lib. 2. cap. 1. p. eadem First Proceedings therein * Piasecius ad An. 1632. p. 530. Exorbitancies examin'd and Embassadors receiv'd Manner of Receiving them What requisite in forreign Ministers Diet proceeds to Election Further Particulars thereof Great Concours at the Election and Policy to byass them Qualifications requir'd in a Candidate * Lib. 2. Cap. 1. p. 309. to 312. † Ibid. p. 431. Rules observ'd by the Poles in Elections Why preserve their Kingdom elective Who have Votes and who not The Pacta Conventa When taken by Embassadors By whom drawn and after what manner Administred The Form and several Articles An Article Violated Occasional Articles Ceremony of the Kings swearing The Oath Presented with the Decree of Election Concerning the Election of a Successor Interest of foreign Princes to oppose it Reasons for and against such an Election The King has no Regal Authority till Crown'd * Hartknoch lib. 2. cap. 1. p. 331. Appoints the Day of Coronation † Neugebaver Hist Polon lib. 3. p. 185. Manner of his entring Cracow with other Ceremonies Obsequies of Deceas'd King and order of Procession * Piasetius in Chron. Anno 1632. p. 525. † Hart knoch lib. 2. cap. 1. p. 336. Ceremonies at the Interment Day of Corenation and by whom perform'd * Herbert Tit. Cardinalatus p. 63. † Heidenstein lib. 2. Rerum Polon p. 95. Procession in order to Coronation Ceremony at the Coronation Further Particulars of the Ceremony of Coronation King exhorted and sworn His Coronation Oath Words at kissing the Book Unction with other Ceremonys Manner of Crowning him Is Enthron'd And prenounc'd King Feasts thereupon Procession to receive Homage and Citizens Knighted Inter-Rex resigns and King Proclaim'd Queens where Crown'd and where not Place of their Coronation And what requir'd to confirm it Gentry only capable of Preferment Commonalty Incapable except some few Gentrys Power and Privileges Cannot be Apprehended till convicted Exception Cannot be Executed without the Kings Consent Need not Quarter Soldiers Other Privileges of the Gentry Need not pay Taxes unless oblig'd by the Diet. Privilege of Preemption Have one Grievance notwithstanding How they came by these Privileges All equal and consesequently value no Honour Title of Prince despis'd An Order Instituted but undervalu'd What Dutchies in Poland Polish Gentry assume Titles when they Travel Farther Power of Polish Gentry What makes them so Great Their Excessive Grandeur and Magnificence Means to support for ever the Polish Republic What foreign Embassadors are oblig'd to Law Differences decided by the Sword An Example Nature of Descents in Poland Children however support their Families Good Temper of the Poles and its Effect How Occasion'd Polish Peasants how first Enslav'd Live satisfy'd notwithstanding Their present Condition Enrich their Lords How establish'd in a Farm Their Service annex'd thereto Meet to reap their Lords Corn. Their Manners at Bed and Board Children how taught to go Habits of both the Men and Women Nobility how acquir'd in Poland Creation of a Gentleman A third way of becoming Noble Three ways of forfeiting it In what Case restor'd Chracter of the Poles Their Complexion Constitution c. Manners of the Polish Men. Their further Character Education and Learning To what generaly apply themselves Worst part of their Character Genius how enclin'd Enur'd to Hardship Greedy of Money Manner of Lending and Borowing Love to make a Figure Their present Fashions What Furrs us'd Rusticks Habit in Lithuania A few follow the French Mode The Womens former and late Fashions Poles great Extravagance Description of their Houses Furniture No Gardens nor Orchards Private and publick Baths with their Effects Poles great admirers of Shows Their Atendants Women very Modest Exception Women's Liberty restrain'd Indifferences in the Polish Temper What Exercises Practis'd Polish Families and Names formerly and now Marriages and their duration Court-Marriages Customs thereat Presents made the Bride Espousals and Ceremonies Who not Married without Dispensation Burials and order of Procession Other Proceedings Particulars relating to the King and Queens Enterment Cause of J. Casimir's Queens Death Manner of Mourning in Poland Edibles among the Poles Way of Hunting wild Oxen. Odd Dainties Manner of taking Bears Other sorts of Fowl What Fish they have Way of ordering Cabbage Their Potables Beer of what Quality Sorts of Mead. And of Wine What strong Waters Customs in Eating and Drinking Potage and Sauces Poles eat little Bread Crachat how made Customs at Feasts Banquetting Hall Particulars of Servants Manners at Table Poles way of taking Tobacco Feasts made by turns Brimmers much practis'd Customs in Traveling Description of Inns. Have few Conveniencies Travellers oblig'd to carry Provisions c. Travelling cheap in other respects Poles manner of Travelling Incommodities in Travel how remedy'd Disturb'd a Winter Nights by Boors Danger of losing Noses Manners of peculiar Countries Concerning Lithuania What relates to Courts of Justice there Former Judges Of