to avoid the injury of the weather Rheen and Ol. Pet. describe their march on this wise They go to the brinks of a River where they find the bark of Pine or Birch trees on which they trust themselves and venture to launch forth pricking up their tailes for sailes Thus they are carried at the mercy of the wind till it overturns them and their bark Their body is of that nature that it will not sink but being drowned is driven to shore where very often great numbers are taken up and their skins if they are found soon enough are as sit for use as ever but tho such an accident as this sweeps away most of them yet the few that are left preserve the species and multiply very soon for each Squirrel brings forth 4 5 or more at a time And those are all the Beasts which S. Rheen mentions But besides these there are others such as are the Sables which Olaus Magnus calls Zabelli their skins Johnston in his History of Animals commends Olaus saith that their skins were made use of by the Lapland Women especially by the Brides to adorn themselves with them and that there is but small plenty of them in these parts Some make this beast like a weezel others especially Scaliger like the Martin and indeed he seems to be in the right both to the bulk and shape of it Their color the nearer it comes to black is the more esteemed There are found several all white such as we have often seen the Muscovian Embassadors bring over to the King for a most singular present By which Adamus Bremensis in his Scandinavia seems to have understood white Martins There are also Ermins which are found only among the Laplanders Jovius first wrote of them that they were good exchange for any sort of Merchandize These Ermins are nothing but white weezels having the end of their tails black Johnston takes notice thereof out of Albertus Magnus he calleth the beast Erminius which is the same thing with Armelinus and Hermelinus differing neither in bigness nor nature from the weezel the color argues nothing for he has that only in Winter but in Summer is of a bright yellow It is as greedy of Mice as the Weezels are whence the Sweeds call it Lekat I am unwilling to call it with Scaliger a Swedland Mouce Among these I had rather reckon a little sort of beast which they call Lemmus which Olaus Magnus saith the Ermins feed on Samuel Rheen speaks of a sort of Mice found in Lapland which they call Mountain Mice or Lemblar which Wormius describes with short tails and staring hair and not unlike a Mouce I will speak little of their color which Olaus saies is various Samuel Rheen affirms it red who observes too that they come of a sudden and cover the ground with their multitude Olaus observes that this is alwaies in stormy weather and thinks that it rains these creatures but is all together in a doubt whether they are brought thither by the winds or bred in the clouds Wormius thinks plainly that they are bred in the clouds but the learned Isaac Vossius in his notes to Pomponius Mela corrects him and saies the reason why these animals are supposed to fall from the Clouds is because they use not to appear but immediatly after rain they creep out of their holes either for that they are sill'd with water or because this creature thrives much in rain which opinion seems most probable to me These creatures are very bold never making their escape when Passengers come by but keep on their way and make a noise like the barking of a dog they fear neither club nor sword but if any one strike at them they turn again and bite It is observable in them that they never go near or do any mischeif in any hut sometimes they set upon one another being divided as it were into two armies this the Laplanders take to be an omen of future war in Swedland and gather whence the enemy will come by observing whence those animals first moved that provoked the rest These creatures have their enemies too first the Ermines as I mentioned before then the Foxes which bring a great number of these into their holes hence the Laplanders have no small disadvantage for the Foxes using this sort of sood most regard not the baits which they lay to catch them Thirdly the Rain-deers devour them and lastly the dogs which eat only the fore part of them These creatures never live if they chance to eat any herb grown after they had tasted it before sometimes they perish otherwise as being choaked in the Hedges or dropping into water The last sort of beasts are hares which are esteemed for their white skin especially in the winter at which time they are as white as the Foxes they change their color every year alwaies turning white towards this season for which tho many reasons may be given I think this is most considerable that Nature and Providence designed it least when the ground was quite cover'd with Snow their color might easily discover them and they being equally oppressed by man and beast should be quite destroy'd For which reason too probably some birds at that time are white Olaus Magnus testifies the same of hares that immediatly after Autumn they begin to grow white and at that time are frequently taken half white and half not but in the midst of the Winter they are all white as before CHAP. XXX Of their Birds and Fish I COME now to the Birds of which here is great store Samuel Rheen mentions these Swans Geese Ducks Lapwings Snipes all sorts of water Birds and wild fowl as Heathcocks Stock-doves Partridges Woodcocks he makes a distinction between water fowle and those that are bred in Woods and proves that they abound with each sort because the country has so many pools ponds and woods Of these birds some are in other countries some only in these Northern parts Swans Geese and Ducks are known every where he means wild ducks for they have no tame ones Olaus Petri takes notice of the same thing It is remarkable in these wild soul that they come from the South into the North where they build their nests hatch and breed up their young ones which is not frequent elsewhere I believe it is because they do not find such security nor plenty of food in other places The Snipes I suppose are scarce found any where else their back and head are black and most part of their wings white on their breast and belly red bills very long and set with teeth short feet and red with skin between their claws as all water fowle have As you may see in the next page The next is their Fish of which they have incredible store Zeiglerus saies their draughts are so great that they are forced to transport some of them into other Countries Jovius speaks too of great plenty they reap from the Seas because
Marshal Carolus Caroli Gyldenhielm High Admiral Petrus Baner Deputy Chancellor Gabriel Oxenstern Tresurer This is that School to which the Laplanders ow their Progress in the knowledg and love of Christian Religion which appears from those many useful and eminent Persons who have bin there bred also the success may be seen from the testimonials of the Examiners who were constituted in the same year that the School was endow'd by the aforesaid Roial Charter the words are related by Brazius as follow WE whose names are underwritten do testify that we were called by the Reverend and Learned M. Olaus our Pastor of the Church of Uma to be present at the examination of the Laplandish Youth frequenting the School of Lyksa in the Province of Uma we also testify that we did hear them examined by their Rector our aforesaid Pastor First they altogether sang the Psalms of David translated into the Swedish language as they are now used in the Church next they all and singular repeted the Primer containing not only the Elements of Speech but the Lords Praier ten Commandments Apostles Creed the words used in administring the Sacraments of Baptism and the Lords Supper also the Graces before and after meat together with the Morning and Evening Praiers This Book they all read according to the manner prescribed in other Schools and the more ingenious of them did distinctly and without hesitation repete the little Catechism made by Luther Besides this they read the Gospels for Sundaies and Holy-daies as they are published in the Swedish tongue this was the task of all the Scholars Only 8 of them being of slower parts did nevertheless emulate the more ingenious according to their abilities Now they all begin to learn the Fundamentals in the Laplandish Idiom that they may instruct their Country-men in their own mother tongue This school exercise and the fruit arising from thence as it exceeded our expectation to see the illiterate Youth in a short time by the blessing of God learn the Principles of our salvation which better Scholars have bin much longer in attaining to so ought we to give singular thanks to Gods who hath made their endevors so successful Nor must we omit the deserved Commendation of those pious men who by their bountiful largesses founded and endowed the School and at this time maintain it altho for the reward of their piety they must expect the blessing of God according as he hath promised Witness our hands and seals Dated in the place aforesaid Ann. 1634. Jacobus Andreae Buraeus Petrus Jonae Andreas Hacquini Jacobus Nicolai Olaus Olai From this testimony it appears that the School was frequented by no small number of the Laplandish Youth also that they were not wholly unfit for the study of learning and Religion making it their chief care to learn those things which are especially necessary to the improving of a Christian life Last of all the readiness of the Laplanders to send their children to School so that now there appears another face of Religion in Lapland then what there was in former ages because the Kings have taken greater care in providing for Churches Schools Books Ministers and School-masters The Priests in like manner are more careful being now for the most part Laplanders or skilful in that tongue whereof there is in Lapponia Vmensis one in Lapponia Pithensis 3 in Lapponia Luhlensis one whose trouble is the greater because the Country is large and the inhabitants dispersed In Lapponia Tornensis and Kiemensis they have both Laplandish and Swedish Priests who once a year at their public Fairs in February visit the Country baptising their children and preaching to them in the Finnish language which they seem to understand For their reward they have one third part of the Rain-dears which the Laplanders are bound to pay to the Crown and whereas every Laplander was obliged to pay for a tax either two pair of shoes or a white Fox or a pound of Pike this is now equally divided between the King and the Priest which makes not only the Priests more chearful in doing their duty but the People also more diligent in their performances Hence it is that they pay their Ministers so much honor and respect saluting them at their first coming with bowing their head giving them in token of Reverence the title of Herrai i.e. Sir conducting them upon their Rain-dears to their Cottages adorned with birch bows covered with their furrs and shewing them all the civility they have Upon a table or rather a plank laid upon the ground they set them meat which is usually fish or flesh of Rain-dear dried together with the tongue and marrow They use neither Salt Bread nor Wine all which the Priess are forc't to bring with them the Laplanders drinking only Water because the extremity of the cold spoils their Beer They are careful in observing Sundaies refraining both themselves and their Cattel from all work on that day and somtimes on the day before nay some there are who refuse to milk their Raindears on Sundaies While the Sermon is preaching they attend diligently and in singing of Psalms they are so zealous that they strive who shall sing best They very much reverence and frequent the Sacraments especially that of Baptism which they never defer but the women themselves within eight or fourteen daies after their delivery do often bring their children thro long and tedious waies to the Priest They likewise pay much reverence to the Lords Supper and to the ceremonies of Confession and Absolution which are alwaies used before that Sacrament which they now are really partakers of whereas in the times of Popery they received it without any solemn consecration Neither do they neglect the other parts of Christian Piety They most religiously abstain from swearing cursing and blasphemy they are very charitable to the poor and just insomuch that there are scarce any robberies ever heard of in the Country Their mutual conversation is very courteous especially among persons of the same Country or family often visiting and discoursing with one another This they learn from the precepts of Christianity which requiring them not only to regulate their Faith but their lives teaches that tho there be three Persons the Father Son and holy Ghost yet they are but one God And as by the help of Christianity they learn the rule of true piety so do they utterly abhor all their ancient superstition They pull down all their drums and burn and demolish all their Images of wood and stone A memorable example hereof is mentioned by Johannes Tornaeus in this manner A certain Laplander just pious and wealthy named Petrus Peiwie dwelling in Peldojaerf at a Village of Lappmarkia Tornensis with all his family worshipped the Idol Seita it happened upon a certain time that his Rain-dears died in great numbers whereupon he implored the assistance of his Seita But he praied in vain for his Rain-dears died still At length with his whole family
long And for this reason they buy but very few of them and feed almost altogether on their Rain deer which they have in great abundance The flesh of these they feed on in the Winter and that alwaies boiled but in the Summer their diet is Milk Cheese and dried flesh Their dainties most in esteem with them are the tongue and marrow of their Rain-deers and with these they are want to entertain their Priests One odd kind of dish these of the Mountains have and that is the blood of their Rain-deers boiled in water to the consistence of a hasty pudding The others that dwell in the Woods feed partly on Fish and partly on Birds and Beasts and that too both Summer and Winter bnt more frequently on Fish The flesh of Beares they prefer before all other and with that they feast their dearest friends They have also some kind of Sawces of Black-berries Straw-berries and other peculiar ones of their own as also wild Angelica and the inner rine of the Pine-tree The use of Bread and Salt is almost unknown to them and when they have any of the later they use it very sparingly Instead of bread they eat dried fish which by grinding they reduce to a kind of meal and instead of Salt the inward rine of the Pine-tree prepared after an odd kind of manner They pull the bark off first and then they take the inward rine and divide it into thin skins like parchment making it very clean these they dry in the Sun and then tearing it into small pieces they put it up in boxes made of the barks of trees these they bury under ground and cover them with sand When they have bin dried about a day they kindle a great fire over the hole where they put their boxes and by that means the rines acquire a red color and a very pleasant tast On Fridaies they eat no flesh but feed either on fish or milk having retained this custom from their Roman Catholic Priests They boil all their fresh flesh but not very much that their broth may be the better and fuller of gravy and sometimes they put also fish into the same kettle Their milk they either boil with some quantity of water it being of it self to thick or else they let it stand in the cold to freeze into a kind of Cheese that it may be kept longer for use Their fish they eat sometimes fresh as soon as they catch them sometimes they dry them in the Sun and being hardned by the wind and air they may be kept severall years Their sweet meats which serve them instead of Apples Nuts and the like are preparations made of severall sorts of Berries When their Straw-berrries begin to be ripe they gather them and boil them in their own juice without the addition of water with a slow fire till they are very soft then they sprinkle them over with a little salt and putting them into a vessell made of birch-bark they bury it in the ground and in the Autumn and Winter when they have occasion for them they take them out as fresh as if they had bin newly gathered and these stand them in good stead when no other Berries are to be had Sometimes whilst they are fresh they put them to the flesh of Fish and make an odd kind of dish after this manner Having boiled the Fish they first bone them and then add Straw-berries to them and beat them together in a wooden pestle to a mash and so eat it with spoons And this dish they make also with all other kinds of Berries Another Kickshaw that pleaseth them very much they make of Angelica They take the staulks before it seed and scraping of the outward skin they put the rest upon coals and so eat it broiled They have also another way of preparing it and that is to boil them in whay for a whole day till they look as red as blood But this sort of meat is very bitter of it self but by custom becomes plesant enough to them especially since they are perswaded 't is a great preservative of health They likewise boil sorrell in milk as also the rine of the Pine-tree which as was said before being prepared serves them instead of salt I come next to speak of their drink which is ordinarily nothing but water Lomenius calls it dissolved Ice but certainly he is mistaken for having such plenty of Rivers and Lakes for all the Ice they can hardly want water And to prevent its freezing they have alwaies some hanging over the fire in a kettle out of which every one with a spoon takes what he pleases and so drinks it hot especially in the Winter time Besides common water they often drink the broth I spoke of made of flesh and fish which they call Laebma and also whay if you will beleive Olaus These are their usual drinks for Ale and Beer is utterly unknown to them That which they drink for plesure is spirit of Wine and Brandy with a little of which you may win their very souls This they buy from Norway at their Fair times and use it especially at their solemn Feasts and Weddings I had almost forgot Tobacco of which they are very great admirers and traffic for it as one of their cheif commodities In the next place let us see the manner of their eating Their dining room in the Winter time is that part of the Hut where the man and his wife and daughters use to be and is on the right hand as you go in at the foregate but in Summer without doors upon the green grass Sometimes too they are want to sit about the kettle in the middle of the Hut They use not much ceremony about their places but every one takes it as he comes first They seat themselves upon a skin spread on the ground cross-leg'd in a round ring and the meat is set before them in the middle upon a log or stump instead of a table and severall have not that but lay their meat upon the skin which they fit on Having taken the flesh out of the kettle the common sort put it upon a woollen table cloth called Waldmar the richer on a linnen as for trenchers and dishes they are quite unknown to them But if any liquid thing be to be served up they put it in a kind of trey made of birch Sometimes without any other ceremony every one takes his share out of the kettle and puts it upon his gloves or his cap. Their drink they take up in a wooden Ladle which serves instead of plate And it is farther observable that they are abominable gluttons when they can get meat enough and yet hardy too to endure the most pinching hunger when they are forc't to it When their meal is ended they first give God thanks and then they mutually exhort one another to Faith and Charity taking each other by the right hand which is a symbol of their unity and brotherhood Samuel
killed for his Exchequer as I mentioned in another place Olaus saies that they continue altogether in the South of Lapland and are taken most frequently by running them down or hunting in other places they are rarely found but it is manifest that twice a year they swim in great Herds out of Carelia over the River Niva to wit in the Spring to go into Carelia and in Autumn to return into Russia Some few Stags have bin seen in Lapland S. Rheen mentioning the chief Beasts which have bin found there reckons severall species of four-footed Beasts as wild Rain-deers Bears Stags Wolves Gluttons Beavers Otters Martins Squirrels but these Stags are but few and little such as they call Damacervi or Platicerotes which since they have nothing peculiar from those in other Nations let it suffice that they are named To these I may add wild Rain-deers but because they differ from the tame ones only in bulk being bigger and in color somewhat blacker I will likewise pass them over Sam. Rheen after the Stags mentions Wolves of which there is a great number distinguisht from those in other Countries only by their color something whiter whence they are often called white Wolves their hair is thicker longer and rougher These most of all molest the Rain-deers which are armed against them with their horns I find in some Papers of Buraeus that the Wolves did never assault the Rain-deer if it was bound to a stake the reason may be because he fears some trap when he sees the rope that binds the Raindeer for the Wolf is a very suspicious creature and thinks every thing he sees to be a snare to catch him Besides he may suspect that men lie hidden to kill him whereas the Rain-deers are only bound for the better conveniency of milking them Nevertheress the Wolves venture not only on Beasts but on Men and Women especially those that are big with child Travellers are forced to go armed particularly Women near their time for the Wolves take their scent and watch more greedily for them therefore no Woman is permitted to travell without a guide assisting her The next are the Gluttons which are frequent here they have a round head strong and sharp teeth like a Wolfs a plump body and feet shorter than the Otters their skin is of a very dark color some of them resemble Sables only they have softer and siner haire this Beast lives not altogether on Land but many times in the Water like the Otter tho much bigger and stronger some compare it to the Otter but it is far greedier than he for thence it gets its name For Olaus tells us that it is called by the Swedes Jerff by the Germans Wildfras but this German name doth not denote the Beast to eat much but to devour what it finds in the Woods for wild signifies any thing in the Woods wherefore either Scaliger did not understand the word or else the Printer did not follow his copy which appears more plainely from that the Gulo doth not only infest wild Beasts but tame as hath bin often known in Swedland and Water creatures too being it self accustomed to the Waters There are abundance of Beavers in Lapland because the Nation abounds with plenty of Fish whence they have store of food Olaus thinks that the plenty of them proceeds from the quietness of the Waters which are never troubled with Ships as the Rhine and Danow are I add nothing of these because they are not distinguish'd from the vulgar sort neither are the Otters Next to these Sam. Rheen speaks of the Foxes as being numerous and of severall sorts over all Lapland He reckons up besides the common ones those that are black brown ash-colored white and those that are marked with a cross The black are most valued because they are rare in Moscovy Men of honor and preferment have their Caps made of their skins which are sold as Herberstenius observes for 10 sometimes 15 pieces of gold Those that are marked with a cross Johnston calls Crucigerae and describes them thus they have from their mouth over their head and back to their tail a black streak another crossing their back and down to their forefeet which two lines do resembleacross These are preferred before the common red Foxes being bigger and having thicker hair The ashen-colored Foxes are those which Johnston calls Isatidae their color is mixt of ash and blew such as is the color of the woad tho this color is not spread all over his body nor is any single hair wholly of this color for the longest hairs are black at the end the shortest white from both which this color results Olaus calls these Celestine or sky-colored Foxes where too he tells us that they are of less worth than the rest and the white ones too because their color is so without the tincture of any other such as Conies use to have The reason is because their number is great and their hair not durable but that there is such abundance of these skins happens because the Foxes are more easily taken not living in the Woods but on the naked Mountains between Norway and Swedland After the Foxes the Martins are mentioned These too are frequent in Lapland and indeed no Nation doth afford more or better skins than this doth But these differ too those that have yellow on their throat being preferred before the white but this is observable that the Laplanders have no Martins but in the Woods and they have also a particular sort of meat for they feed on Squirrels and Birds In the night time saies Olaus by the advantage of their sharp claws they can easily climb any Tree where they make a prey of the Squirrell who is quite as nimble tho not so strong and therefore can sometimes save himself by skipping round the arm of a Tree this the enemy cannot imitate especially if the Squirrell leads him up to the top branches otherwise he cannot escape and leap from the top of one Tree to another The Martin is not injurious only to the Squirrel but to both small and great Birds which he seizes on as they are at roost if they be the greater Birds they presently betake themselves to flight with him sitting on their backs and persisting to bite so long till they drop down dead Next are the Squirrels which are incredibly numerous These particularly change their color every year When Winter draws on they turn from red to grisle which color is valued in the skin this color the further the Beasts are Northwards is the purer and less mixt with red and is so too the farther the Season is from Summer at which time they are never hunted but all in the Winter Tho they do so abound yet they are wont to go away in such troops till there are scarce any left The reason of their departure is not known some think it is because they fear hunger and foresee the want of meat Others think it is
he is describing those Laplanders which live near Muscovy whereas the rest can have plenty enough out of the rivers The best sort they have is Salmon for which Olaus Magnus saith there is not better fishing in any part of Europe then in the Bothnic towards Lapland whose mountains send down vast rivers of fresh water against which the Salmons come in such shoales and with such vigor that the Fishermen find them at the head of the river on the top of the mountains Samuel Rheen too prefers these fish before all the rest and saith that they swim up all rivers that they are able and come down again about St Matthews tide And that it is much worse when it returns then when it went up which seems to be because t is wearied and spent in strugling against the stream and engendring which it alwaies does in those parts of the river which are most remote from the Sea when he comes up the river they call him Salm at his return lax The 2d sort of fish are Pikes Olaus Magnus speaking of this saith that in Lapland there are marshes of fresh water 400 Italian miles in length and 100 in bredth in which there is such abundance of Pike and other fish that they do not only supply 4 Kingdomes but are dried and transported farther into Germany to be sold these fish alwaies use fresh water and are every where known having long heads the lower jaw hanging out many sharp teeth which the Germans call Hecht They are found sometimes to exceed men in length Olaus affirms that if they have fresh water and food enough they will attain to 8 foot in length The 3d sort are those which the Swedes call Syck not much differing from the Carp only they have longer mouths and not so broad they are commonly not so big as carps but in Lapland they are found extraordinary sometimes weighing 10 or 12 pounds The 4th sort is Abbor which is with us a perch this is very plentiful too and frequently of an incredible bigness There is to this day in a Chappel at Luhlah kept one of their heads dried which is from the top to the under jaw 2 spans thick There are found water-weezels red and white chiefly in the pools near the Sea Samuel Rheen speaks of 2 sorts which the Swedes call Raeding and Aerlax whether they are any where else found I know not Rheen thus describes the first sort Raeding has its name from the red color on the lower part of its belly The latter is very like a Salmon but not so big Some take them for Salmons not come to their full growth but this is an error for these fishes are taken in pools which are on every side parted from the Sea and are known never to have any Salmons I had rather refer them to the trout or Trutta because it scarce differs in shape only the Trouts flesh is redder and softer Besides these there are many other fish in Lapland but not regarded because they serve not for food for which reason I pass them over only Olaus Petrus gives us this doubtful account of their names Salario Cobitis Barbatula Rubellio Borbocha ocutala Prasinus Cyprinus Cobitis aculeata This Country breeds not many reptiles no serpents but this is meant of the upper Regions towards the Norway Mountains for in the low woody places they are found tho not many There are but few insects as for fleas they are quite unknown but they receive much injury from gnats which infest man and beast especially the Rain-deers which upon that account are driven away to the top of the highest Mountains The men arm themselves against them by keeping a continual smoak in the house If they sleep they put a blanket over their body and head when they go abroad they put on a garment made of hides and on their heads cloth caps I have bin told by the Natives that many to defend themselves from this insect dawb their faces all over except their eies with refine and pitch Besides these there are great wasps which trouble the Rain-deers and sting them so deep that sometimes they leave marks behind them even when the beast is flayed those little holes which they make with their stings the vulgar call Kaorme The only remedy for the Raindeer against these is smoak which if not present they dip themselves in water and let this suffice for their Animals CHAP. XXXI Of the Laplanders Trees and Plants I descend from their Animals to their Trees and Plants with which they are well stored tho Jovius observes that they have no fruit Trees as Apple Pear c. neither have they any wild Trees which will not bear the cold as Oak Beach which Ol. Pet. takes notice of but adds that they have plenty of Pine and Fir Juniper and Birch Service tree and Willow Alder and Dog-tree the Asp and Ollar but these Trees do not grow every where for the Mountains called the Fells between Norway and Lapland bear no Trees at all Pet. Claud. thinks the reason of that to be the continual storm of wind that is on them but perhaps a truer reason may be the extremity of cold The ground that lies near the Mountains is thick set with Woods with this distinction that the parts next them bears nothing but Birch tree remarkable for their thickness and height and pleasant prospect Nature having contrived them so regularly that they seem afar off to be some pleasant Garden The soil more distant from those Hills besides Birch-trees hath Fir and Pitch which seems like some new kind of wood composed of these three sorts Besides these there are very few others found in Lapland Shrubs especially Currans or Ribes are very frequent but they regard not these because perhaps the tast is unpleasant especially of those which bear Black-berries which are more numerous than the others The Junipers grow thick being very tall and comely This Country yields all manner of Berries the chief are those which the Swedes call Hiortron some Dew-berries or the Norway Berry whose species is the same that grows on Brambles each Berry being divided as it were into graines of a pale yellow color beginning to be red as they ripen These commonly grow in marshy places They creep on the ground and are sustained by little props so that they ought not to be reckoned among shrubs The Berries are very wholsome and are a present remedy for the Scurvy The Inhabitants delight to eat them with their flesh and salt meats as I mentioned before They have a sort of black Berries called by the Swedes Halton according to Olaus Pet. also the thin leaved heath that bears a Berry which some call ground Ewe the Swedes Kraokebaer the lesser black Berries called in Swedland Lingon and the lesser black Berries called Blaobaer all which Olaus Pet. takes notice of speaking of their manner of dressing meat particularly of the Heath-berries whence it appears that these Berries were as