undertake it Of Canada or Nova Francia CAnada so called from the River Canada which hath its Fountains in the undiscovered parts of this Western Tract sometimes inlarging it self into greater Lakes and presently contracted into a narrow Chanel with many great windings and falls having embosomed almost all the rest of the Rivers After a known Eastern course of near fifteen hundred Miles it empties it self into the great Bay of St. Lawrence over against the Isle of Assumption being at the Mouth thirty Leagues in breadth and one hundred and fifty fathom deep On the Northside whereof the French following the Tract of the said Cabot made a further discovery of the said Northern parts by the Name of Nova Francia The Country is full of Stags Bears Hares Martins and Foxes store of Conies Fowl and Fish not very fruitful or fit for Tillage the Air more cold than in other Countries of the same Latitude The chief places are Brest Quebeck and Taduosac a safe but small Haven The French Trade here for Bever Mouse-skins and Furs and are said to be about five thousand what discoveries have been made of late years of the Southern parts of this Country may be seen in the Map of Florida c. Nova Scotia COntains that part of Land which the French call Accadie or Cadie being so much of the main Land as lieth between the River Canada and the large Bay called Bay Francoise from the River of St. Croix upon the West to the Isle of Assumption on the East first discovered by Sebastian Cabot who setting sail from Bristol at the charge of King Henry the Seventh made a discovery of it unto the Latitude of sixty seven and a half Which being neglected after this the French planted on the North-side of the River Canada And after that Monsieur du Monts settled on part of that Land called Nova Scotia but in the year 1613 was outed by Sir Samuel Argal And in the year 1621 King James by Letters Patents made a donation of it to Sir William Alexander afterwards Lord Secretary of Scotland calling it Nova Scotia in pursuance of which Grant he in the year 1622 sent a Colony thither And I am informed that it was after by Acts of Parliament annexed to the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland however I think the French have now a Colony at Port Royal and are the only possessors of that Country Of Newfoundland THIS was first discovered by the two Cabots John and his Son Sâ—bastian employed by King Henry the seventh 1497 the business laid aside was afterward revived by Thorn and Elliot two of Bristol who ascribed to themselves the discovery of it and animated King Henry unto the enterprise Anno 1527. In the mean time the French and Portugals resorted to it But the English would not relinquish their pretensions to the Primier Seisin and therefore in the year 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert took possession of it in the name of the Queen of England who being Shipwrack'd in his return the sending of a Colony was discontinued till the year 1608 when undertook by John Guy a Merchant of Bristol and in the year 1626 Sir George Calvert Knight then principal Secretary of State afterward Lord Baltimore obtained a Patent of part of Newfoundland which was erected into a Province and called Avalon where he caused a Plantation to be setled and a stately House and Fort to he built at Ferriland 'T is an Island for extent they say equalizing England from whence it is distant about five hundred and forty Leagues situate between the Degrees of forty five and fifty three Northern Latitude and is only severed from the Continent of America by an Arm of the Sea as England is from France It is famous for many excellent Bays and Harbors it hath great plenty of Fish Land and Water Fowl and is sufficiently stockt with Deers Hares Otters and Foxes which yield great Fur it affords stately Trees fit for Timber Masts Planks and other uses The Soil is esteemed fertile the Climate wholsom but the rigor of Winter and excessive Heats of Summer much detract from its praise Before the Island at the distance of twenty Leagues from the Raze lieth a long Bank or Ridge of Ground extending in length about two hundred and forty Leagues in breadth in the broadest place about five and twenty Leagues by Cabot called Bacalaos from the great multitude of Codfish which swarmed there so numerous that they hindred the passage of the Ships and is now called the Grand Bank where our Ships salt and dry their Fish There is no part of Newfoundland more happy for multiplicity of excellent Bays and Harbors than the Province of Avalon and there are vast quantities of Fish yearly caught by the English at Ferriland and at the Bay of Bulls though the whole Coast affords infinite plenty of Cod and Poor John which is grown to a setled Trade and were the English diligent to inspect the advantage of setling Plantations upon the Isle and raising Fortifications for the security of the place they might ingross the whole Fishery Of ICE-LAND ICe Land or the antient Thule supposed by some to be as large as Ireland Our English Masters who have fished there many years give this Account of it That the most Southerly part of it called Ingulf foot is in the Latitude of sixty four Degrees and twenty five Minutes And the most Northerly part is Rag-point in the Latitude of sixty six Degrees and five Minutes whereas our Maps as also the Great Atlas makes the Island above eighty eight Degrees of Nothern Latitude which gross mistake is refuted not only by Observation but also by the Suns continuance two hours above the Horizon in the middle of December in the most Northern part of the Island It is seated North Westerly from the North of Scotland viz. from the Start or Head Land of Orkney to the S. W. Head of Fero is fifty five Leagues and from thence to Ingulf-foot is eighty five Leagues more It hath four remarkable Mountains in it of which Hecla is the most famous which burns continually with a Blew Brimstone-like and most dreadful Flame vomiting up vast quantities of Brimstone and that when it burns with greatest vehemency it makes a terrible rumbling like the noise of loud Thunder and a fearful Crackling and Tearing that may be heard a great way off See more of this in Martineres Northern Voyage page 134. In the Philosophical Transaction Number 103 Dr. Paul Biornonius Resident informs us That it abounds with hot Springs of which some are so Hot that in a quarter of an hours time they will sufficiently boil a piece of Beef Arugreim Jonas tell us It was inhabited by the Norwegians Anno 874 afterwards by the Danes under whose Government and Religion it now is The Island is well peopled but they live only in the Vallies and towards the Sea-shore Their Dwellings are rather Caves than Houses The Inhabitants are said to be a Lusty
of Physical Drugs especially of Aloes called in Spain Semper vivum Sanguis Draconum Here John the Castro for many days found it high Water at the Moons Rising and low Water when the Moon was Highest Of the AFRICAN Islands IN the Occidental or Atlantick Ocean and not far from Africa we find three different Bodies of Islands and each very considerable viz. the Azores the Canaries and Cape Verde Islands The Isles of AZORES The Isles of AZORES by Rob t Morden Of the AZORES THE Azores are situate betwixt the thirty seventh and forty sixth Degree of Northern Latitude and are nine in number Saint Michael Saint Maries which lies next to Spain Tercera on the North-West then Saint Graciosa Saint Georges Faial and Pico in the middle Câ—ruo and Flores nearest to America Saint Michael directly North of Saint Maries is the largest and of most note among Modern Geographers for the place of the first Meridian about which you may see more in my use of the Globes Tercera is the chief of the rest in regard of its strength of its commodious Haven and well fortified Town Angra the Residence of the Governor and Arch-bishops Sea it is esteemed the Principal of these Islands and communicates its Name unto them the Air of these Islands is generally good They are well stored with Flesh Fish and Fruits but the Wines not very good nor durable The chief Commodities they transport unto other Countries are singing Birds Oad for Dyers which yearly they gather in two places called Los Folhadores and los Altares and a sort of Wood red within and waved admirable beautiful I suppose the same Workmen call Princes Wood. The Isle Tercera is as well fenced by Nature and strengthened by Art as most Islands in the World being every where hard of access having no good Harbor wherein to shelter a Navy and upon every Cove or Watering Place a Fort erected to forbid the approach of an Enemy yet the Marquess of Sancta Cruz after he had shewed himself in the Road of Angra to Emanuel de Sylva and Mons de Chattes who kept it for the use of Don Antonio with five or six thousand Men set Sail suddenly and arrived at Port des Moles and there wan a Fort and landed before Mons Chattes could come to hinder him The difficult landing of our English at Fayal in the year 1597 under the Conduct of Sir W. Rawleigh was as valorously performed as honorably and bravely enterprised but was more of Reputation than Safety These Islands were first discovered by the Flemings but subdued by the Portugals under the conduct of Prince Henry in the year 1414. The CANARIE or FORTVNATE Ilands by Rt. Morden THE Canary Islands are now in number seven by the Antients call'd Insulae fortunatae and by Pliny Ombrio Iunonia Major Iunonia Minor or Theode Canaria Nivaria Capraria Plavialea By Ptolomy they were styled Aprosita Herae Insulae Canaria Pinturia or Conturia Casperia Pluitania or Pluitalia first discovered 1346. But now better known by the names of Lancerota Forteuentura Canaria Teneriffe Palma Ferro and Gomera Lancerota or the inaccessible and enchanted Island because of the difficulty sometimes to make it more than at other times It was the first of these Islands that was made subject to the Crown of Castile discovered 1393. In Forteuentura are said to be the Tarhais trees which bear a Gum of which there is made pure white Salt the Palm tree which bears Dates Olive-trees Mastick-trees and a Fig-tree from which they have a Balm as white as Milk and of great Virtue in Physick Canary Island is exceeding fruitful and the Soil so fertile that they have two Harvests in one Year its Commodities are Hony Wax Sugar Oad Wine and Plantons which bear an Apple like a Cucumber which when ripe eats more deliciously than any Comfit Teneriffe is famous for its high Pike said to be the highest Mountain in the World for its Laurel-trees where the Canary Birds warble their pleasant Notes and for its Dragon-trees out of which they draw a red Liquor well known to Apothecaries by the name of Dragons blood and for its yearly export of twenty thousand Tuns of the most excellent Wine which the World produces Palma abounds in Corn Wines and Sugars and all sorts of Fruits well stored with Cattel therefore the Victualling place of the Spanish Fleet that passeth to Peru and Brasil Fero Isle is famous for a Tree whose Leaves distil Water which serves the Island it would be too tedious for me here to relate the different Relations of Writers about this Island I shall therefore only mention some few One Nichols who had been seven years Factor there saith there is no Fresh Water in the Island only in the middle of the Isle there grows a Tree which being always covered with Clouds drops from its Leaves into a Cistern very good Water and in great abundance One Jackson an English man affirms that the Tree hath neither Flowers nor Fruit that it dries up in the Day that at Night a Cloud hangs over the Tree and distils its Water drop by drop and fills a Reserver of twenty thousand Tuns Jans in his Hydography saith it very rarely rains in the Island Linschot saith there is no fresh Water except about the Sea Coast but this defect is supplied by the Tree In the History of the Conquest of these Islands 't is said that this Island hath great plenty of water and Rain often and in the higher Countries are Trees which drop Water pure and clear which falls into a Ditch the best in the World to drink Ferdinand Suarez saith That this Tree bears a Fruit like an Acorn of a pleasant and aromatick taste and that the Pond or Cistern contains not twenty Tuns Sanutus saith the Cloud begins to rise about Noon and in the Evening quite covereth the Tree Others say that this Water falls from Noon all Night Others will have the Cloud always about the Tree and that its distillation is continually now how to reconcile all these different Relaters in a Verdict of Truth I must leave to the Readers Experience or the more certain informations of time These Canaries are often times the Rendevouz of the Spanish West India Fleet where they receive Orders to what part of Spain they shall make in order to the unlading of their Wealth Madera or Isle of Wood sixty Leagues in compass in the Atlantick Sea and to the North of the Canaries belongs to the Crown of Portugal The Air is very wholesome many Fountains and Rivers refresh the Country so that it is not subject to excessive heats it is called the Queen of the Islands because of its Beauty and the Fertility of the Soil which produces excellent Wine strong and racy and in great abundance for the Vines bear more Clusters than Leaves It bears delicate Fruits excellent Wheat and delicious Sugar the best in the World it affords great store of Quinces and other Sweetmeats Dragons
Lodges near the Mines and some Cities as Zacatecas Durango c. In new Biscany there are no Cities but only Mines of Silver as Saint John Barbara and Endes The Audience of Gautemala is divided into these Provinces Gautemala Soconusco Chiapa Vera-paz Honduras Nicaragua Costarica and Veragua Gautimala is a Country hot but rich subject to Earthquakes and hath excellent Balms Amber Bezar and Salt and Indigo Full of rich Pastures stocked with Cattle plenty of Cotton Wool excellent Sulphur store of Medicinal Drugs and abundance of Fruit especially Cacao in vast plenty that it lades many Vessels which serves both for Meat and Drink Chief Cities are Saint Jago de Gautimala Situate on a little River betwixt two Vulcano's one of Water the other of Fire that of Water is higher than the other and yields a pleasant Prospect being almost all the year green and full of Indian Wheat and the Gardens adorned with Roses Lilies and other Flowers all the year and with many sorts of sweet and delicate Fruit. The other Vulcan of Fire is more unpleasant and more dreadful to behold here are Ashes for Beauty Stones and Flints for Fruits and Flowers for Water Whisperings and Fountain Murmurs noise of Thunder and roaring of consuming Metals for sweet and odoriferous Smells a stink of Fire and Brimstone Thus is Gautimala seated between a Paradise and Hell other chief Towns are Mixco Pinola Petapa and Amatitlan The Residence of the Governor the Seat of the Bishop and Court of Audience In 1541 it was almost overwhelmed by a Deluge of boiling Water which descended from that Vulcano which is near it out of which it cast Fire in abundance Soconusco hath only the little City Guevetlan on the Coast nothing of particular or worthy to be noted in it Chiapa is not very fruitful in Corn or Fruits but well stocked with lofty Trees some yielding Rosin others pretious Gums and others Leaves that when dried to Powder make a Sovereign Plaister for sores 'T is full of Snakes and other venemous Creatures Chiapa exceedeth most Provinces of America in fair Towns 't is divided into three parts viz. Chiapa Zeldales and Zoques Chief Places are Chiapa Real and Chiapa de Indies twelve Leagues from the first upon the River Grejavalva St. Bartholomews at the foot of the Cuchumatlanes Mountains Copanabastla noted for its Cotton Wool. Near Chiapa are several Fountains which are strange near Acaxutla is a Well whose Water is observed to rise and fall according to the flowing and Ebbing of the Sea though far from it near St. Bartholomews is a pit into which if one cast a stone tho' never so small it makes a noise as great and terrible as a Clap of Thunder another Fountain that for three years together increaseth though there be no Rain and for three years after diminisheth though there be never so much another that falls in rainy weather and rises in dry another that kills Birds and Beasts that drink it yet cures the Sick. The entrance into Golfe Dulce is straitned with two Rocks or Mountains on each side but within a fine Road and Harbor wide and capacious to secure a thousand Ships Honduras or Comayagua is a Country of pleasant Hills and fruitful Vallies hath Fruits Grains rich Pastures brave Rivers and Mines of Gold and Silver but it s greatest profit is Wool. It s chief places are Vallad lâ—d equally distant between the two Seas situate in a pleasant fruitful Valley 2. Grâ—tias a Dios near the rich Mines of Gold. 3. Saint Juan del poâ—to de los Cavallos once a famous Port. 4. Traxillo both pillaged by the English Nicaragua called Mahomets Paradise by reason of its fertility and store of Gold a Country destitute of Rivers the want whereof is supplyed by a great Lake which Ebbs and Flows like the Sea upon its Banks are seated many pleasant Cities and Villages the chief is Leon near unto a Vulcan of Fire where a Fryer seeking for Treasure met with the end of his design and of his Life the Residence of the Governor and Seat of a Bishop Grenada beautified with a fair Church and Castle Jaen Segovia and Realeo near Mar del Zur The City Granada is one of the richest places in the India's The passage of the Lake Granada or Nicaragua called El Desaguadero is very dangerous Costarica and Veragua are the two most Eastern Provinces of the Audience of Gautimala in the first are the Cities of Carthage seated between the two Seas In the other La Conception La Trinadad and Sancta Fe being the place where the Spaniards melt refine and cast their Gold into Bars and Ingots New MEXICO vel New GRANATA et MARATA et CALIFORNIA by R. Morden WEst of Florida and North of New Spain there are numerous Inhabitants and various Provinces and Countries little known by the Europeans which I call in general New Mexico others comprehend them under the name of New Granada however there have been observed divers people very different in their Languages Manners and Customs some having fixed and setled Habitations others wandring after their Flocks some dwelling in Cities or Towns others in Herds or Troops like the Tartars This Country was first made known to the Spaniards by the Travels of Fryer Marco de Nisa inflamed by whose reports Vasquez di Coranado in the year 1540 undertook the further discovery thereof where not finding what they looked for Gold and Silver hungry honour yielding but poor subsistence the further search of these Countries was quite laid aside almost as little known now as before New Mexico California Anian Quiviria and Libola are the principal parts of it St. Fe or St. Foy is the principal City distant from the the Old Mexico above five hundred Leagues being the Residence of the Spanish Governor where they have a Garison and Silver Mines California once esteemed a Peninsula now thought to be an Island extending in length from the twenty second Degree of Northern Latitude to the forty second but the breadth narrow the Northern Point called Cape Blance of which there is little memorable the most Southern called Cape St. Lucas remarkable for the great prize there taken from the Spaniards by Captain Cavendish in his Circumnavigation of the World Anno 1587. Where is also Nova Albion discovered by Sir Francis Drake Anno 1577 and by him so named in Honor of his own Country once called Albion who caused a Pillar to be erected in the place on which he fastned the Arms of England Opposite to Cape Blanco and the utmost North parts of America lies the supposed Kingdom of Anian from whence the Straits of Anian which are by some thought to part Asia and America do derive their name The riches of Quiviria consist in their Oxen whose Flesh is the ordinary food of the Inhabitants their Skins serve them for cloathing their Hair for Thred of their Nerves and Sinews they make Cords and Bow-strings of their Bones they make Nails and
integrating part of the Earth 2. Or of some one Region and so it is properly called Chorography 3. Or of some particular place in a Region or Country which is Topography According to the greater integrating parts thereof the Ancients divided the whole Earth into three great parts viz. Europe Asia and Africa to which is now added a fourth viz. America these are again divided into Provinces Countries Kingdoms c. And each of these are again subdivided into Earldoms Baronies Lordships c. These three kind or parts make up the perfect Subject of Geography Again every part and place of the Earth is considered in its self or according to its Adjuncts and so it is either Continent or Island A Continent is a great quantity of Land in which many great Kingdoms and Countries are conjoyned together and not separated one from another by any Sea as Europe Asia c. An Island is a part of the Earth compassed and environed round about with Water as Great Britain and Ireland These again are observable parts both of Continents and Islands viz. Peninsula Isthmus Promontorium Peninsula quasi pene Insula is a part of Land which being almost environed and encompassed round with Water is yet joyned to the firm Land by some little Isthmus as Africa is joyned to Asia or Morea to Greece An Isthmus is a narrow neck of Land betwixt two Seas joyning the Peninsula to the Continent as that of Darien in America or Corinth in Greece A Promontory is a high Hill or Mountain lying out as an elbow of Land into the Sea the utmost end of which is called a Cape as the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Verde The Adjuncts of a place are either such as respect the Earth it self or the Heavens Those that agree to a place in respect of the Earth are three in number viz. the Magnitude or Extent of a Country the Bounds or Limits the Quality The Magnitude comprehends the length and breadth of a place The Bounds of a Country is a Line terminating it round about distinguishing it from the bordering Lands or Waters The Quality of a place is the Natural Temper and Disposition thereof A Place in regard of the Heavens is either East West North or South Those places are properly East which lie in the Eastern Hemisphere terminated by the first Meridian or where the Sun riseth Those are West which lye Westerly of the said Meridian or towards the setting of the Sun. Those places are properly North which lie betwixt the Equator and Artick-Pole Those South which are betwixt the Equator and the Antartick Pole. The Ancients did also distinguish the Inhabitants of the Earth from the diversity of shadows of Bodies into three sorts viz. Periscii Heteroscii and Amphiscii the Inhabitants of the Frigid Zone if any such are were termed Periscii because the shadow of Bodies have there a Circular motion in 24 hours the Sun neither rising nor setting but in a greater portion of time The Inhabitants of the Temperate Zones they called Heteroscii because the Meridian shadows bend towards either Pole towards the North among those that dwell within the Tropick of Cancer and the Artick Circle towards the South amongst those that dwell within the Tropick of Capricorn and the Antartick Circle The Inhabitants of the Torrid Zone they called Amphiscii because the Noon or Mid-day shadow according to the time of Year doth sometimes fall towards the North sometimes towards the South when the Sun is in the Northern Signs it falleth towards the South and towards the North when in the Southern Signs And because of the different site of opposite Habitations the Ancients have divided the Inhabitants of the Earth into Periaeci Antaeci and Antipodes The Periaeci are such as live under the same parallel being equally distant from the Equator but in opposite points of the same parallel The Antaeci are such as have the same Meridian and parallel equally distant from the Equator but the one North and the other South The Antipodes are such as Inhabit two places of the Earth which are Diametrically opposite one to the other The Ancients did also divide the Earth into Climates and Parallels A Climate is a space of Earth comprehended betwixt any two places whose longest day differ in quantity half an hour A Parallel is a space of Earth wherein the days increase in length a quarter of an hour so that every Climate contains two Parallels These Climates and Parallels are not of equal quantity for the first is longer than the second and the second likewise greater than the third c. At the Latitude where the longest days are increased half an hour longer than at the Equator viz. longer than 12 hours The first Climate begins which is at the Latitude of 8 degrees 34 minutes and in the Latitude of 16 degrees 43 minutes where the days are increased an hour longer than at the Equator The second Climate begins and so onwards But because the Ancients and also Ptolomy supposed that part of the Earth which lies under the Equator to be inhabitable therefore they placed the first Climate at the Latitude of 12 degrees 43 minutes where the longest day is 12 hours ¾ long and the second Climate to begin at the Latitude of 20 degrees 34 minutes where the longest day is 13 hours and ¼ long c. 'T is needless indeed to take any more notice of them than thus much only that they that describe the Situation of places by Climes and Parallels had as good say nothing The Terraqueous Globe is but an Imaginary point compared to the vast expansion of the Universe though of it self of great Magnitude for Geographers divide it into 360 parts or degrees and each degree into 60 minutes which are so many Italian Miles so that the Circumference thereof is 21600 miles and the Diameter or Axis is 6875 miles and its Superficies in square miles is Reckoned to amount to 148510584 of the same measure 'T is a common Opinion that 5 of our English feet make a Geometrical pace 1000 of these paces make an Italian mile and 60 of these miles in any great Circle upon the Spherical surface of the Earth or Sea make a degree so that a degree of the Heavens contains upon the surface of the Earth according to this account 60 Italian miles 20 French or Dutch Leagues 15 German miles 17 ½ Spanish Leagues But according to several Experiments made the quantity of a degree is thus variously found to be By Albazard the Arabian 73 by Fernilius 68 by Withrordus 70 by Gassendus 73 by Picard 73 Italian miles and by Norwood 69 ½ English miles which is much as the same of 73 Italian miles and is the nearest measure yet found by these Experiments to answer to a degree of the Heavens so that the circumference of the Earth then is 26280 miles the Diameter 8365 and 184 parts Or supposing 1000 paces or 5000 English Feet to a mile then 73
such miles are exactly equal to a Degree I shall here note that no Country doth in all parts of its Territories make use of the same extent in measuring The Germans have their great little and ordinary miles the Leagues of France and Spain are of different lengths and so are the miles in our own Country The Earth as was said before is encompassed about with the Water which washing and surrounding the dry Land cuts out and shapes so many winding Bays Creeks and meandring Inlets and seems no where so much confined and penned as in the Straits of Magellan from whence again expatiating it spreads its self into two immense and almost boundless Oceans which give Terminaries to the four Regions of the Earth and extending it self round them all is but one continued Ocean The Water is either Ocean Seas Straits Creeks Lakes or Rivers The Ocean is a general Collection or Rendezvouz of all Waters The Sea is a part of the Ocean and is either exterior lying open to the shore as the British or Arabian Seas or interior lying within the Land to which you must pass through some Strait as the Mediterranean or Baltick Seas A Strait is a narrow part or Arm of the Ocean lying betwixt two Shores and opening a way into the Sea as the Straits of Gibralter the Hellespont c. A Creek is a small narrow part of the Sea that goeth up but a little way into the Land otherwise called a Bay a Station or Road for Ships A Lake is that which continually retains and keeps Water in it as the Lakes Nicurgua in America and Zaire in Africa A River is a small Branch of the Sea flowing into the Land courting the Banks whilst they their Arms display to embrace her silver waves Of the Names of the Ocean According to the four Quarters it had four Names From the East it was called the Eastern or Oriental Ocean from the West the Western or Occidental Ocean from the North the Northern or Septentrional and from the South the Southern or Meridional Ocean But besides these more general Names it hath other particular Appellations according to the Countries it boundeth upon and the Nature of the Sea As it lies extended towards the East it is called the Chinean Sea from the adjacent Country of China Towards the South 't is called Oceanus Indicus or the Indian Sea because upon it lies the Indians Where it touches the Coast of Persia it is called Mare Persicum So also Mare Arabicum from Arabia So towards the West is the Ethiopian Sea. Then the Atlantick Ocean from Atlas a Mountain or Promontory in Africa but more Westward near to America it is called by the Spaniards Mar del Nort and on the other side of America it is called Mar del Zur or Mare Pacificum Where it toucheth upon Spain it is called Oceanus Hispanicus by the English the Bay of Biscay The Sea between England and France is called the Channel between England and Ireland the Irish Sea Between England and Holland it is called by some the German or rather the British Ocean Beyond Scotland it is called Mare Caledonium higher towards the North it is called the Hyperborean or Frozen Sea more Eastward upon the Coast of Tartary the Tartarian Sea or Scythian Ocean c. The Names of the Inland Seas are 1. The Baltick Sea by the Dutch called the Oast Zee by the Inhabitants Die Belth lying between Denmark and Sweden the chief Entrance whereof is called the Sound 2. Pontus Euxinus or the Black Sea to which joyns Meâ—tis Palus now Mar de Zabacke The third is the Caspian or Hircanian Sea. The fourth is the Arabian Gulf Mare Erythaeum Mare Rubeum or the Red Sea. The fifth is the Persian Gulf or the Gulf de Elcatif The sixth is Mare Mediterraneum by the English the Straits by the Spaniards Mar de Levant the beginning or entrance of it is called the Straits of Gibralter rather Gibal-Tarif Now that all Places Cities Towns Seas Rivers Lakes c. may be readily found out upon the Globe or Map all Geographers do or should place them according to their Longitude and Latitude the use of which in the absolute sense is to make out the position of any Place in respect of the whole Globe or to shew the Scituation and distance of one place from and in respect of any other Longitude is the distance of a place from the first Meridian reckoned in the degrees of the Equator beginning by some at the Canaries by others at the Azores by reason of which Confusion I have made the Longitudes in this English Geography to begin from London and are reckoned Eastward and Westward according as they are situated from London on the top of the Map. And have also added the Longitude from the Tenerif round about the Globe of the Earth at the bottom of the Map as usually in the Dutch Maps that so you may by inspection only see the Truth or Error if you compare them with the Tables or Maps formerly Extant The Latitude of a place is the distance of the Equator from that place reckoned in the degrees of the great Meridian and is either North or South according as it lies between the North and South-Poles of the Equator EVROPE is divided into these Kingdoms or Estates  Cities Modern Cities Old. Northwards The Isles of Great Britain or England Scotland Wales and Ireland c. London Londinium Edinburgh Alata Castra Welshpool Trillinum Dublin Eblana Scandinavia contains the Kingdoms of Denmark Norway Sweden Copenhagen Haphnia Berghen Bergae Stockholm Holmia The several Kingdoms of Russia or Moscovia L'Arcangel Archangelopolis Moskow Moscha The Estates of the Kingdom of Poland Cracow and Cracovia Dantzick Gedanum In the Middle The Northern Estates of Turkie in Europe Tartaria Europa Walachia Moldavia Transilvania Hungaria Caffa Theodosia Tarvis Targoviscum Jassy Jassium Weissemburg Alba Julia Buda Sicambia The Empire of Germany Vienna Ala Flaviana The Estates or Republicks of Switzerland 7Vnited Provinces 10 Spanish Provinc Zurick Tigurium Amsterdam Amsterodamum Antwerpen Andoverpum Kingdom or 12 Gover. of France Paris Lutetia Southwards Kingdoms Principal of Spain Madrid Madritum The Kingdom of Portugal Lisbon Olysippo Estates of the Duke of Savoy c. Chambery Cameriacum Kingdoms and Estates in Italy Rome Roma The Kingdom and Isle of Sicily Messina Messana The Southern Estates of Turkie in Europe Sclavonia Croatia Dalmatia Ragusa Bosnia Servia Bulgaria Romania Zagrab Sisopa Vihitz Vihitza Zara Jadera Ragusa Epidaurus Bosna Serai Jayeza Belgrade Alba Graeca Sophia Sardica Constantinople Byzantium The Estates of Greece Athini Athaenae The Islands of Negropont Candia Sardinia c. Negropont Eubaea Candia Matium Cagliari Calaris Of Europe EVROPE by Robt. Morden EVROPE one of the four great Parts of the World is also the most considerable in Respect of the Beauty of her Kingdoms and Commonwealths the Politeness of her Inhabitants the Excellent Government of her Cities as also in Regard
the adjacent Countries 3. Galloway the principal City of the Province of Connaught a Bishops ee and the third City of Ireland for Beauty Bigness and Strength Situate near the Fall of the great Lake or River Corbles in the Western Ocean a noted Emporie well Inhabited and of a good Trade by reason of its commodious Haven or Road for Ships 4. Limrick the second Principal of the Province of Munster and the fourth in Estimation of all Ir land Situate in an Island compassed about with the River Shannon well Fortified with a strong Castle a Bishops See and well frequented distant from the Main Ocean about 60 miles yet the River so large and Navigable that Ships of Burthen come up close to the very Wall. Beautified with a Cathedral Church and a fair Stone-Bridg 5. Kingsale upon the Mouth of the River Bany a Commodious Port being the only s fe and ready Port in all Ireland for our English Ships and others to Victual at and Refresh themselves when Bound for and returning from the West-Indies and other parts of the VVorld 6. Cork a Bishops See well Walled and fitted with a commodious Haven Inhabited by a W althy and Industrious People generally English the Shire-Town and the only Through-fare of all English Goods and Commodities s nt this way most commonly out of England for the two Remarkable Towns of â—imrick and Galloway Armagh Dublin Cassil and Tuam are the four Arch-Bishopricks VVicklow seated on the Sea whose Castle is a strong Rock Newcastle is guarded by its Sands Trim on the River Boyne Longford is the title of an Earldom Kildare a Bishops See much celebrated in the Infancy of the Irish Church for the Holy Virgin St. Brigid VVexford the Menapa of Ptol. seated at the mouth of the River Slane is a fair Town and a good Haven Inish Corthy is a Borough and Town Corporate Kilk nny on the Nure is a fair and wealthy Town and honoured with the See of the Bishop of Ossery London-Derry is a fair and well built Town Dunagan gives its name to the County St. Patricks Purgatory is a Vault or narrow Cave in the ground of which strange stories are reported by the Irish Cloghar dignified with the See of a Bishop Dungannon the ancient residence of the O-neals Antrim gives name to the County Knock-fergus or Carikfergus seated on a large Bay the Vinderius of Ptolomy not far from which once stood the famous Monastry of Magio so much commended by Bede Down and Conner are dignified with an Episcopal See. Tredath or Droghdagh with its good Haven is a well frequented Town Carlingfort is a well frequented Port-Town Owen Maugh the ancient Seat of the Kings of Vlster is near to Armagh the Arch-Bishoprick and Primate of all Ireland Craven is seated on the Lake Cane Kilmore on the Lake Navity Belturbet and Inish Killing on the Lake Earne Clare giveth Title to an Earldom Kylaloe is dignified with an Episcopal See near the Lake Derg on the Shannon Roscommon not far from Loegh Ree Elphen is honoured with the See of a Bishop Athlone on the Lake Ree under the Curlew Hills is defended by a Castle and beautified with a Stone-Bridge Letrim seated in a fertile soil near the L. Alyne Cassile is an Arch-Bishoprick by Eugenius the third Bishoâ— of Rome Holy Cross on the River Shoure once a place much frequented by Pilgrims The North part of Tipperary beareth the Name of Ormond and is Honoured in giving Title to James Butler Duke Marquess and Earl of Ormond Earl of Brecknock and Ossery c. Dingle hath a commodious Port. Ardfart or Ardart is a Bishops See. Yoghil on the River Broadwater is well fortified and hath a good Haven as also is Dungannon Of Denmark DENMARK by Robt. Morden at the Atlas in Cornhil LONDON DENMARK is a Monarchy which in former times was very formidable both to France and England and tho the English for many years have minded no other Interest in this Country but that of the Baltick and North Trade yet since these two Crowns are now come to a closer Union it may be worth our while to look back and consider the State of that Monarchy wherein the English hath so great an Interest by the late Marriage of George Prince of Denmark with the Princess Ann. Concerning the Original of the Dane we read not in any of the more ancient Greek and Latin Authors excepting Jornandes and Venantius Fortunatus who yet but slightly mention them In the French and English Histories they are often remembred first in the reign of Theodorick King of Austrasia about the year 516 under their King Cochliarius foraging upon the Sea-coast of Gaul-Belgick slain in their return by Theodebert Son to Theoderick After this in the reign of Charles the Great under their Prince Gotricus or Godfrey then warring upon the Obertriti the Inhabitants about Rostock teste Krantzio and Invading Freisland with a Fleet of 200 Sail threatning the Neighbouring Saxons with Subjection and much endangering the Empire of the French if the death of Godfrey and the Quarrels about Succession had not prevented Afterwards their mention is very frequent and famous during the race of the French Kings of the Caroline Line and of the Monarchy of the English Saxons with sundry Fleets and Armies unresistible invading France and England conquering and subduing the English Saxon Nation and giving the Name of Normandy to part of France for by that common Name of Normans the Danes as well as the Norweeis and Swethes were then called The word Dane Saxo Gramaticus Krantzius and others fabulously derived from one Dan a King hereof about the year of the World 2898. Becanus from Henen or Denen signifying a Cock in the Danish Language the Arms of the Alani their Progenitors But how they got thither is very uncertain Andreas Velleius in Cambden from the Dahi a people of Asia and Marck signifying a border Ethelwardus from Donia a Town sometimes since seated herein Montanus from Aha signifying water in regard of the Situation of the Country The more Judicious fetch their Name from the Bay or Strait of the Sea called by Mela Sinus Codanus about which Strait and in the Islands adjacent these people since their first being known have to this day inhabited From this Name hath the Country been called Denmark A Nation famous a long time for Arms and their many and great Victories atchieved abroad Themselves never conquered by foreign power Lords sometimes of England and Swethland Yet such is the Vicissitude of Kingdoms that Denmark was in the compass of four years viz. 1657 58 59 and 1660 almost conquered by the Swedes the History of which Wars are well written by Sir Roger Manley there you will find the King of Sweden fighting with a wonderful resolution and continued Successes the King of Denmark with an undaunted and indefatigable courage endeavours to check his Career till by the Mediation of the Dutch and English the Treaty of Roschilt in
Father They write upon Rolls of Paper cut into long scrowles and glu d for 25 or 30 Ells together They wear long Robes under which they have close Coats down to their knees but they tye their Girdles under their Bellies they make their Collations with spie'd Bread Aqua-vitae and Hydromel that is Watâ—r and Honey mixt There are two things remarkable amongst the Muscovites one is that they begin the day at the rising of the Sun and end it at the Sun-setting so that their Night begins at the Suns-setting and ends at its rising The other is they begin their year the first day of September allowing no other Epoche than from the Creation of the world which they think to be in Autumn and they reckon 5508 years from the Creation of the World to the Nativity of our Saviour whereas most of our Chronologers account but 3969. As for their Armies they generally consist of a 100000 or 200000 but then you must count the Beasts Botis Frederowitz Grand Duke of Moscovy toward the beginning of this Age appeared with an Army of 300000 Men. Alexis Michaelowitz after the defeat of Stephen Radzin had an Army no less numerous when the dispute was about stopping the Turks Progress into Poland Infantry is better esteemed by them than Cavalry being more able to sustain a Siege and patiently to endure all imaginable hardships rather than yeild as they did in our times at the Castle of Vilna and in the Fortress of Notebourg As to the forming a Siege the Muscovites understand little as they made appear before Smolensko 1633 before Riga 1656 and before Azac 1673. Their Forts are generally of Wood or Earth upon the windings of Rivers or else in Lakes The chiefest strength of the Kingdom consists in Forreign Forces to whom they give good allowances in time of War. The Prince bears the Title of Grand Duke he boasts himself descended from Augustus and stiles himself Grand Czar or Tzaar that is to say Caesar The habits which he is said to wear make him look like a Priest they that treat with his Ambassadors have the greatest trouble in the world to give him his Titles because of their so extraordinary pretensions In the year 1654 to the end he might make War in Poland and uphold the Cossacks the Great Duke pretended that some of the Polish Lords had not given him his due Titles and that they had Printed Books in Poland in derogation of his Honour One of his Predecessors was so cruel that he caus'd the Hat of a French Ambassador to be nailed to his head because he refus'd to be uncovered in his presence He commands absolutely and the Muscovites call themselves his Slaves and he calls them in contempt by a diminutive name Jammot Pierrot His will is a Law to his Subjects who hold it for an undeniable truth that the will of God and the Great Duke are immutable His Treasure is very large for he heaps up all the Gold and Silver he can lay his hands on in his Castles of Diolikzen and Vâ—lâ—gda and never makes his Presents or his Payments but in Skins or in Fish or else in some few Hides or Pieces of Cloth of Gold. The Religion of the Muscovites differs little from that of the Greeks For they follow their Faith their Rites and their Ceremonies The principal part of their Devotion after they are Baptized consists in the Invocation of their Saints for every house hath its Saint Pictured and hung up against the wall with a small Wax-candle before it which they light when they say their Prayers The Pictures of the Virgin Mary and of St. Nicholas their Patron are in great Veneration amongst them And the sign of the Cross is the ordinary Preface to all their Civil Actions On Sundays and their Festival Days they go three times to Church Morning Noon and Evening and are standing and uncovered at the time of Divine Service Besides their Ordinary Fasts on Wednesdays Fridays and the Eves before Holidays they have four Lents every year during which they eat neither Butter Eggs nor Milk only the first week of their chief Lent serves them as a Carnaval but after this the most strict of them eat no Fish but on Sundays and drink nothing but Quaz or fair water They commonly take the Communion on a Fasting-day at Noon-service and if any one receives it on a Sunday he must not eat Flesh that day 'T is administred in both kinds with Leavened Bread and Wine mingled with warm water They believe no Transubstantiation nor reckon no Adultery but marrying another mans Wife They believe no Purgatory but hold two distinct places where the Souls remain that are separated from the Bodies Yet allow Prayers for the Dead They hold Baptism of great Importance And admit Children of seven years old to come to the Sacrament All their Images are in flat Painting They never feast but upon the Annunciation of the Virgin They have a Patriarch at Musco the chief of their Religion Three Archbishops or Metropolitans at Rosthou at Susdal and at Grand Novogrode Bishops at Wologda at Resan at Susdal at T wer at Toboleska at Aâ—â—racan at Casan at Plescou at Colomna and almost in all the Provinces of the Great Duke being all chosen out of the body of their Monks They have this good quality that they force no mans Conscience they hate the Roman Catholicks for the exorbitances committed by them when the Polander's became Masters of Musco in the year 1611. But there are likewise some Idolaters of them toward the North. Muscovy is divided into two parts the Southern and the Northern that toward the River Volga this toward Duvina Volga it was the Rhe of Ptol. Tertaris Thamar Armenis the greatest River in Europe throws it self into the Caspian Sea after it has rowl'd above seven hundred Leagues The Duvine after it has run by the Cities of most Trade in Muscovy by six mouths empties it self into the Gulf or St. Nicholas which is called the White Sea because of the now that environs it The Donn which separates Europe from Asia begins not above a hundred Leagues from the place where it ends and yet it winds above six hundred miles first toward the East and then toward the West formerly a conjunction of these three Rivers was designed to the end the principal Seas of our Continent might have participated one with another to facilitate the Trade of the Ocean Mediterranean and Caspian but the contrivance fail'd There are few good Cities in these parts none or very few being pav'd and those that be are pav'd with Wood very few Fortified or Wall'd but have till'd Land between the Streets The Houses are low and made of Wood and Loine a Man may go to Market and buy one of these Houses ready built and so to be carried away great fires happen oft'times by reason both of their Timber buildings and for that the combustible matter is easily set on fire by the great
but its chief place is Rosienne whose houses are built of Mud and Straw-walls teste Sans Polaquia communicates her Name to the Polanders who call themselves Polacks as Descended from Lechus their first Prince It s chief places are Bietskâ— the strong Augustow and the well Fortified Tycassin or Tywckzin where the Kings Treasure is kept Russia Nigra has several Names some call it Black Russia by Reason of the Woods others Red because of the colour of the Earth and some Meridional because of its Situation towards the South Leopol or Lemberg an Archbishoprick is the Principal City but Zamoski the stronger it contains also the Castelwicks of Chilm and Blez and this is by most Geographers esteemed to be in the Higher Poland Volhinia claims for her Capital Kiou Polonis Kioff Germanis an Ancient City having once 300 fair Churches but destroyed by the Tartars still a Bishops See acknowledging the Patriarch of Moschow and of the Communion of the Greek Church Seated upon the Borysthenes where the Cossacks have often had their Retreats It was once the Seat of the Russian Emperors Taken and destroyed by the Tartars 1615 and now said to be taken by the Turks in the War 1678. In Podolia stands the well Fortified and Impregnable Kamienick olim Clepidava teste Cleaver which has formerly withstood the Armies of the Turks the Lesser Tartars the Transylvanians and the Walachians but at length was forced to yield to the Power of the Grand Signior in the Year 1672 since re-taken by the Poles but by the last Treaty delivered to the Turks as is also Oczakow the Axiace of Strab. Plin. Ptol. 1684. the Fortress of Jaslowic in Podolia was surrendred which consisted of 500 men And Dassow at the Mouth of the Borysthenes In the year 1626 the Cossacks entred the Bosphorus with 150 Sail of Saicks or Boats each Boat carrying 50 armed men and have 20 Oars on a side and two men to an Oar and on the Grecian-shore burnt Boyno-devi and Yenichioi on the Asian-side Stenia and put Constantinople into a general Consternation On the Banks of the River Niester Count Esterhasi fell upon the reer of the Turks killed 500 on the place took their Baggage with divers Prisoners and gave liberty to many Christian slaves The next day he charged another party kill'd a great Number and got a considerable Booty And afterwards having got more Recruit he joyned Battel with them and slew 1200 on the place gave liberty to 1400 Christians took divers of their Commanders with their Bag and Baggage with much Gold and Silver in Plate and Money 1624 forty thousand Horse of Tartars enters into Podolia and made Incursions as far as Socal but at Burstinow were overthrown thirty thousand slain and two thousand Prisoners taken the greatest defeat that was ever given to the Tartars Upon a Hill between Tyr River and Chocin the Turks an Tartars being 60000 under Abassa received a great loss by Konispotzki the Polish General with 2500 Horse 1684. Lesser Tartary TARTARIA in EUROPE by Rob t Morden THE Lesser Tartary which lyes in Europe is so called to distinguish it from the Grand which makes part of Asia it is also called Percopensis and Crim from the names of the principal Cities situated in the Peninsula formerly called Taurica Chersonesus The Nogays Tartars must not be omitted that lye between Tanais and Volga nor the Tartars of Ocziakou between the mouth of Borysthenes and the Niester nor the Tartars of Budziack already mentioned to the East of Moldavia between the mouths of the Niester and Donaw Besides all these there are some that are settled also in Lithuania and the Vkraine adjoyning to the Black Sea. The Black Sea is very Tempestuous so named and so famed from the terrible and frequent Shipwracks that happen in it for want of skilful Pilots and good Havens And the people that Inhabit about it are naturally barbarous and wicked without any Religion and under no Government The Circumference of this Sea was reckoned by Eratostenes Hecataeus Ptol. and Ammianus Marcellinus to be 23000 Stadia or 2875 miles The Thracian Bosphorus is certainly one of the comeliest parts of the World the Chanel is about 15 miles in length and about two in breadth in most parts The Shores consist of rising grounds covered over with Houses of Pleasure Woods Gardens Parks delightful Prospects lovely Wildernesses watered with thousands of Springs and Fountains upon it are seated four Castles well fortified with great Guns two eight miles from the Black Sea and the other two near the mouth of the Chanel built not above forty years ago to prevent the Cossacks c. from making Inroads with their Barks Palus Maeotis is by the Turks called Baluck Denguis that is Mare Piscium for 't is incredible what a number of Fish is caught in that Lake And 't is reported that they usually take Fish there which weigh eight or nine hundred pounds and of which they make three or 400 weight of Caveer Their Fishing lasts from October to April The waters do not rise or fall though it partakes of the River Tanais and the intercourse of the Euxine Sea. From the Chanel of Palus Maeotis to Mingrelia 't is reckoned 600 miles along the Coast which consist of pleasant Mountains covered with Woods Inhabited by the Circassians by the Turks called Cherks by the Ancients Zageans by P. Mela Sargacians a Country reckoned by the Turks not worth the Conquering nor the charge of keeping The Commodities that the Turks exchange for with the Inhabitants are Slaves Honey Wax Leather Chacal-skins a Beast like a Fox but bigger and Zerdavas which is a Fur that resembles a Martin with the Furs of other Beasts that breed in the Circassan Mountains The Cherks are a people altogether Savage of no Religion unfaithful and perfidious They live in Wooden Huts and go almost naked And the women till and manure the Ground They are sworn enemies to those that live next to them and make slaves one of another They live upon a kind of Paste made of a very small grain like to a Millet But of this Country little is known to us and what is discovered is by means of the Slaves that are brought from thence into Turkia who are in a manner Savages from whom nothing of certainty is to be expected Crim Tartary is a Peninsula about 200 miles in length and 50 in breadth wonderfully populous and exceeding fruitful abounding in Corn and Grass but Wood and Fuel is scarce The Towns on the Sea-side are Precop Lus lowa Mancup Crim Caffa Kers and Arbotka which lies between the Black and Moeotan or Ratten Seas near to which is a great field 50 miles long enclosed with water where the Tartars in Winter do keep their Hergees or Horses Within the Land are Carasu and Bakessy Seray The Town of Astamgorod stands upon the Neiper in former times there dwelt in it two Brothers Ingul and Vngul who falling at variance and that ending in
runneth a long Course of about 400 miles through Carinthia and Hungary falleth into the Danube at Drazat over against Erdoed or Erdewdy the old Teutoburgium of Ant. and Ptol. D. Brown tells us that it is a good stream as high as Villach where there is a Bridg over it and at Clagenfart he passed over it upon two long Wooden Bridges and an Island in the middle between them 5. The Savus Ptol. Saus Strab. in MS. Sheldeni 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sabus Solin La Sava Ital. Saw Germ. Le Save Gal. is a noble River arising in the Mountains between Carinthia and Carniola and swelling by the accession of many Rivers after a Course of above 350 miles entereth the Danube at Belgrade At Crainburg not far distant from the Head it was a considerable stream which afterwards so enlarged as to make remarkable Islands one at Sissex by Zagrabia the other Metubarris at the West of old Sarmium 6. Upon the North of Hungary are the Rivers arising from the Capathian Mountains which divide Poland from Hungary viz. the Gran and Ipola which uniting together runneth into the Danube over against Strigonium or Gran. 6. The Neytra which passing by Newhausel entereth the Danube over against Komara 8. The Wagg or Vagus which Stuckius saith equals the Po in Italy at Fristat 50 miles from its entrance into the Danube it is a very large River and hath a long Bridg over it And at Trenschin it hath a considerable Bridg over it 9. Besides these there are others esteemed Fluvii non ignobiles viz. the Leytha which entereth the Danube at Altemburg or Owar and the Bounds of Austria 10. The Sarvitza or Orpanus arising near Vesprinium and passing Alba Regalis runneth into the Danube at Jeni or Nova Palanka over against Bathmonster 11. Curassus or Crasso fatal to Lewis the second King of Hungary 12. Walpo or Vulpanus over which there is a Bridg at Walcovar 13. The River Bosnath Boswetha or Bacunthus which falleth into the Savus not far from the old Surmium As this Country excelleth in Rivers so it hath many considerable and long Bridges not to mention the Bridg of Boats over the Danube between Gran and Barchan nor of that Bridg of Boats between Buda and Pest where the Danube is half a mile over which is so contrived as to open a passage for Boats and Vessels of Burthen to pass nor shall I name those already mentioned There is a handsome and well contrived Bridg at Calotza But that over the Danube at Esseck is scarce to be parallel'd by any other Built partly over the Dravus and partly over the Fens which are often overflowed and is five miles in length Having Towers built upon it at the distance of every quarter of a mile supported by great Trees erected under it nine or ten in a rank unto each Arch and handsomely Railed on each side It cost the Turks 300000 Dollars and six years time to build it That part of the Bridg which was over the Dravus was burnt down by Count Serini in the late Turkish Wars between Leopold the Emperor and Sultan Mahomet 4th and is now supplied by a Bridg of Boats somewhat below the former As Hungary aboundeth in Rivers so 't is not without its notable Lakes viz. the Lake Balaton or Platzee the Volcaea of old extending a great length between Vesprinium and the Dravus with some strong Forts upon it which put a stop unto the cruelty of Solyman's Soldiers when they destroyed all from Buda unto this Lake There is also the Newsidlar Sea by the Hungarians Terteu by Plin. Peiso A pleasant Lake seven German miles long and three broad in the Commotions of Botscay 14 Villages about this Lake were burnt by the Turks Tartars and Rebellious Heyducks The Rivers and Lakes of Hungary are abundant in Fishes The Tibissus or Teisse is esteemed the most Fishy River in Europe if not in the World. 'T is commonly said that it consisteth of two parts of Water and one of Fish and the River Bodrack which runs into the Tibiscus as aforesaid not far from Tokay is so full of Fish that in Summer-time when the River is low the people say the Water smells of Fish tho the River is thirty fathom broad and eight and a half deep This exceeding fertility some ascribe unto the Saline Tinctures both of its own stream and others accessionary unto it which lick the many Salt Mines under ground and so may carry some principles of faecundity with them The Danube aboundeth with many good Fishes as Trouts Perches large and delicious Carps a Fish called Scheyden much exceeding a Pike At some seasons great store of Hausans some 20 foot long esteemed a good Dish and somewhat like Sturgeon with many other sorts And as the Rivers are full of Fish so in the Winter they are covered with many sorts of Fowls The most considerable Cities of Hungary are Buda Hung. Aquincum or Acincum Ptol. Ant. teste Clev. Sicambria Curta aliis By the Germans called Offen by the French Bude by the Spaniards Italians and English Buda so called as some tell us from Buda the Brother of Attilla Anno Dom. 401. Others suppose it so called from Budini a famous Scythian people who engaged with Attilla in his famous Expedition Yet others tell us it was called Bada from the so many Renowned Baths in it 'T is distant from Belgrade 49 German miles and from Vienna 54 teste Baud. First taken from the Heathen Successors of Attila by Charles the Great 791 taken from the Hungarians by Sultan Solyman Anno Dom. 1526. Recovered the year following by King Ferdinand Brother to the Emperor Charles the Fifth who was Elected King by the four Orders of the States of the Kingdom But in the year 1529 it was retaken by Solyman and committed to John Zapolia Prince of Transylvania Ann. 1541 K. Ferdinand sent his General Roggendorf with an Army of 40000 men and 40 Cannon But the Turks coming in to their Assistance with a numerous Army the Germans were forced to raise the Siege Whereupon the Sultan politickly seized upon the City sent the young Prince Sigismund with the Princess his Mother into Transylvania and kept the Town in his own hands and made it the Seat of a Biglerbeg or Vice-Roy whose authority extended over all the Bashaws of Hungary In the year 1542 it was besieged by Joachim Elector of Brandenburgh who was forced to draw off and quit the Siege 1598 or 9 Count Swartzenburgh besieged it but the attempt miscarried Anno 1602 General Rosworm also with the Imperial Army attacked it in vain Whosoever shall read of the Sieges of 1684 and 1686 will find the Story of the most famous Sieges in the World where Blood was spilt like water and many brave men found their Graves where the Assailants equalling if not surpassing Titus storming Jerusalem and Abdi Bashaw no less bravely obstinate in defending his Trust than Villerius upon the Walls of
Peerships and divers of new Creation a great number of Principalities Dukedoms Marquisates Earldomes Baronies and other Lordships Eleven Parliaments eight Chambers of Accounts 22 Generalities or Publick places of Receipt of the Kings Revenue There are four Principal Rivers the Seine whose Water is accounted the strongest in the World and more wholesome to drink than Fountain-water The Loire King of the French Rivers the Garonne most Navigable and the Rhone or Rosne most rapid By others thus Characterized the Loire the sweetest the Rhone the swiftest the Garonne the greatest and the Seine the richest The Seine riseth in Burgundy watering Paris and Roan disburdening it self into the English Channel The Sequana of Caesar The Loyre riseth about the Mountains of Avergne being the highest in France watering Nantes and Orleance and augmented with 72 lesser Rivers mingleth its sweet Waters in the Biscain or Gascogne Sea. The Ligeris of Caesar The Rhone or Rhosne springeth up about three miles from the Head of the Rhine watering Lions Avignon c. and taking in 13 lesser Rivers falleth into the Mediterranean Sea near Arles The Rhodanus of Caesar The Garone running from the Pyrenean Hills glideth by the Walls of Bourdeaux and Tholouse and with the addition of 16 other Rivers dilates it self into the Aquitain now Biscain Ocean The Garumna of Caesar The Mountains by Ancient Authors were the Gebâ—nna by Caesar Cammani Ptol. Ital. running along by Languedâ—c Chevennes and Avergne now les Sevennes The Jura Caes Jurassus Ptol. which divideth the French County from Savoy and the Swisses now called by several Names The Vogesus almost Encircling Lorrain and dividing it from Alsatia and Bourgondie now Dauge Mons c. There are several Divisions of France which respect the Church the Nobility the Courts of Justice and the Finances But it suffices here to say that the general state of the Kingdom was held Anno 1614 after the Majesty of Lovis the XIII and that then all the Provinces met under 12 great Governments Four of these Governments lie toward the North upon the Seine and those other Rivers that fall into it viz. Picardy Normandy the Isle of France and Champagne Towards the middle adjoyning to the Loire Bretagne Orlenoise Bourgogne Liâ—nnoise The other four toward the South near the Garonne viz. Guienne Languedoc Dauphine and Provence Under the Orlenoise is comprehended Maine Perche and Beauce On this side of the Loire Nivernois Tâ—uraine and Anjâ—u above the said River beyond it Poiciou Angoumois and Bâ—rry Burgundy hath Brest Under Lionnois are comprehended Lionnois Auvergne Bourbonnois and Marche Under Guienne is Bearne Gascogne and Guienne it self Saintonge Perigort Limâ—sin Querci and Rovergue Under Languedâ—c is Cevennes In each of these Governments are several great Cities the chief of which I shall speak of in Order viz. In Picardy the Storehouse of Paris for Corn is 1. Calais called by Caesar Portus Tecius Portus Britannicus Morinerum Plin. Prom. Icium Ptol. held by the English near 200 Years being taken by Edward the III. after eleven Months Siege in Anno 1347. and unfortunately lost by Queen Mary 1557. seated opposite to Dover in England from which it is distant about ten Leagues A strong Town of great Importance and accounted the Key of France Not far from Calais at a place called Agincourt was the Flower of the French Nobility taken and slain by King Henry the Fifth of England viz. 5 Dukes 8 Earls 25 Lords 8000 Knights and Gentlemen and 15000 common Soldiers 2. Bulloign Cesoriacum Navale Ptol. Portus Morinorum Plin. Civit. Bononensium Ant. Portus Gessoriacus of Caesar a strong Frontier-Town taken by Henry the VIII of England 1544. at which time the Emperor Maximilian bore Arms under the English Cross 3. Amiens Samarobrina Caes Samarobriga Ptol. Civit. Ambianensis Ant. a Walled Town seated upon the Seine well Fortified with an Impregnable Cittadel built by Henry the IV. But most Famous for its Cathedral so beautified within and adorned without that 't is the fairest and most lovely Structure in the West of Europe 4. St. Quintin Augusta Romanduorum Ptol. Civit. Veromannorum Ant. Quinctinopolis Fanum St. Quinctine in Scriptis Gall. two Leagues from Augusta Veromanduorum now Vermand Baud. Crecie the French Cannae famous for their great Overthrow and the Victory of the English in the Reign of Philip the Sixth A strong Frontier-Town Memorable for the Battel there Anno 1557. where King Philip the II. of Spain with the English under the Command of the Earl of Pembroke overthrew the whole Forces of the French. Laon a Bishops Sea whose Bishop is one of the Twelve Peers of France Laudunum Ant. Soissons Augustata Vessonum Ptol. a Bishops See the last place the Romans held in Gaul driven out by Clovis the Fifth 5. Guise of most Note for the Dukes of Guise a Family that in a little time produced two Cardinals and six Dukes besides many Daughters married into the best Houses of France In Normandy formerly Neustria are 1. Rouen or Roan Rothamagus Ptol. Rotomagentium Ant. seated on the Banks of the River Seine over which there is a Famous Bridge of Boats. Taken by Henry the Fifth after six Months Siege where were famished 50000 and 12000 Starvelings turned out of the Town An Arch-Bishops See and Parliament In the Chief Church called Nostre-Dame is the Sepulchre of John Duke of Bedford It is a place of as great a Trade as any in France and one of the Principal Cities where Exchanges are used 2. Dieppe a City of some Trade being a common Landing-place for the English in their Passage into France And is famous for its fidelity and allegiance to Henry the Fourth when the Guisian Faction in derision called him King of Dieppe 3. Falaise once a strong Town Memorable for the Story of Arlet the Skinners Daughters of whom Duke Robert begat William the Conqueror in spight to whom and disgrace to his Mother the English call Whores Harlots Here also was the Roy d' Juidot and Verneil when besieged by Philip the Second of France King Richard the First of England to keep his promise broke through the Palace of Westminster and raised the Siege Haure de Grace Newhaven by the English in Latin Franciscopolis a Cautionary Town to Queen Elizabeth Portus Gratiae of old Auranches Ingena Ptol. Civit. Abrincantum Ant. Constances Constantia Ant. Cherbourg Caesaris Burgum a strong Sea-coast Town Bayeux Cit. Bajocassium Ant. Caen Cadomum graced with a University founded by King Henry the Fifth King of England and the Abbey with the Tombs of William the Conqueror and Maud his Wife Lyseux Cit. Lexoviorum Ant. Eureux Mediolanum Ptol. c. The third Government is the Isle of France whose City is Paris formerly Lutetia because seated in a Clayie Soil A City that for its Riches Power and Number of Inhabitants may contend with any in Europe Seated on the Seine and on a Soil so fertile that no City knows such Plenty 't
Provinces or Estates viz. Campania Romania Sabina Provincia Patrimonii St. Petri Vmbria Marchia Anconitana Ducatus Castrensis Territoria Orivetanum Perusium Civitatis Castelli Ducatus Vrbini Romandiola Bononiensis Ager Ducatus Ferrariensis 2. The King of Spain Rex Hispania to whom belongs Regnum Neapolitanum Sicilia Sardinia Ducatus Mediolanensis Marchionatus Finarii in Liguria with others upon the Coast of Tuscany viz. Orbetellum tratus adjacens called by the Inhabitants Stato delli presidii Principatus Plumbini Ilua insula Isle de Elbe 3. The Venetians or Republica Veneta under whose Dominion are Istria Foro Julium Marchia Tarvisina Ducatus Venetus Vulgo le Dogado Territoria Patavinum Rhodighinum Vicentinum Veronense Brixianum Bergomense Cremense 4. Duke of Savoy Ducatus Sabaudiae to whom belongs Principatus Pedemontium and part of Ducatus Montis-Ferrati Comitatus Nicaea 5. The great Duke of Tuscany Magnus dux Heturiae egente Medicea under whom is the greater part of Heturia viz. Florentina Pisana Senensis Petiliano now Potegliano and Apua now Ponte Moli As also the Islands Gorgona Igilium now il Giglio Gianutum Mons Christi c. and Argous Portus now Porto Ferraio or P. Ferraro in Ilua Insula now I le Elbe in Mari Tyrrheno 6. The Genoans or Res Publica Genuensis upon the Coast of Mare Ligusticum to whom belongs also Corsica Capraria Insula 7. Dux Mantanus e gente Gonzaga under whom is Ducatus Mantanus and the greater part of Ducatus Montis Ferrari 8. Dux Mutinensis e gente Estensi under whom is Ducatus Mutinensis Rhegiensis Principatus Carpensis Corregiensis and great part of Carferonianae or Carfagnana 9. Dux Permensis e gente Farnesia who enjoyeth Ducatus Permensis Placentinus Ditio Bussetana and great part of Principatus Vallis Tarri 10. Lucca or Res Publica Lucensis in Heturia 11. Dux Massae e gente Cibo containing Ducatus Massae Principatus Carrariae in Heturia 12. Dux Mirandulanus e gente Pica containing Ducatus Mirandulae Comitatus Concordiae 13. Dux Guastallae e gente Gonzaga 14. Dux Sabulonetae under the Dominion of Spain 15. Princeps Castillonis e gente Gonzaga 16. Princeps Sulphurini e gente Gonzaga 17. Princeps Monoeci e gente Grimalda under the Protection of France 18. Princeps Masserina e gente Ferraria Flisca Marchionatus Crepacorii 19. Princeps Plumbini e gente Ludovisia containing Principatus Plumbini Ilua Insula now Elbe Isle under the Dominion of Spain 20. Comes Novellariae e gente Gonzaga 21. Res Publica S. Marini Marchio Fosdinovi e gente Malas pinae in Valle Magrae The Emperor of Germany has Aquilea and the Country of Goritz as also Tergeste Pedana Pisino in Istria The King of France hath Pignarol with its Dependencies Episcopus Tridentinus is under the Dominion of the Count of Tirol Lastly The Swisses have four Italian Prefectures viz. Lugan Locarn Mendrisia and Madia which before the year 1512. did belong to the Dutchy of Milan Luganum upon the Lake Lucanus Paulin. Lago de Lugano Ital. Luwertzzee Helvet Chiavenna Ital. Clevenna Ant. Claven 10 Italian Miles from the Lake Como The Larius Strab. Plin. the Comacenus of Ant. P. Diac. Lacus Insubriae aliis Lago di Como Italis Cumersee Germa Bormio Ital. Worms Germ. Sondrio are the chief Places in the Valtolina valis Tatina Volturena Provincia The Lake of Geneva is crossed by the Rhosen and yet they never mix their Waters together And there are Tempests upon it even in fair Weather because it lies at the foot of the Hills The Natives report that Julius Caesar threw his Treasure into this Lake when he was pursued by the Switzers but hitherto they have sought for it in vain The Waters of all the Lakes and Rivers in this Country are observed to be of a greenish Colour as the sea-Sea-water and yet are not Brackish or Salt. Italy is situated in the middle Temperate Zone in shape of a Leg between the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Venice The Alps which F. Livi calls the Walls of Italy and Rome guard it towards those parts where it borders upon France Savoy Switzerland and Germany The Apennine cuts through all the length of it Po Adige Tiber and Arno are the biggest Rivers The Italians are Polite Ingenious Subtil and very prudent in Conversation pleasant in Carriage obliging extreme in their Customs temperate in their Diet faithful to their Friends but these Dispositions are much sullied by four Vices Revenge Lust Jealousy and Swearing The Women for the most part are handsom of good Wit and modest Behaviour Saints in the Church Angels in the Streets Magpies at the Door Syrens in the Windows and Goats in the Gardens Their Cities are therefore the fairer and better Built because the Nobility and Gentry usually have their Habitations in them Their Language is Courtly and Eloquent much of the Latin but the. Tuscan Dialect as being more polished is received at the Court of Rome and among Persons of Quality The Italians count not their Hours as we do from 12 to 12. beginning at Mid-day and Mid-night but begin their account from Sun-setting reckoning from 1 to 24 Hours for a Day And therefore necessitated to alter and new-set their Clocks every Day the setting of the Sun being a moveable Point or Term. In Italy are a vast number of Religious Houses where young Women of Quality who for want of sufficient Fortunes or Personal Endowments cannot get Husbands suitable to their Birth or Quality their Parents for a small matter dispose of and settle them there for their lives There are also Hospitals for the Entertainment of poor Travellers who have their Diet and Lodging for three days Gratis besides a piece of Money when they go away There are also Hospitals to take care of all exposed Children that are brought and put in at a Grate on purpose for at the ringing of a Bell an Officer comes and receives the Child and carries it to a Nurse and there it is maintained till it be grown up The Nobility and Gentry of Italy chuse rather to spend their Revenues in building fair Palaces and adorning them with Pictures and Statues in making Orchards Gardens Walks than in keeping Great Houses and plentiful Tables And certainly 't is better Charity to employ poor people and give them Money for work than to give them Money freely and suffer them to live in Idleness One Phoenomenon observed at Rome by Mr. Ray was that in sharp Frosty weather in the middle of Winter the water in the Fountains was so hot that he thought it had been heated over the fire Italy is divided into three great parts 1. The Higher part which is Lombardy Longobardia containing the greatest part of Gallia Cisalpina in which lies the Dutchy of Savoy the Principality of Piedmont the Dutchy of Montferrat the Commonwealth of Genoua Riviera di Genoua the Dutchy of Milan Stato di Milano of Parma
Badia teste Zardo now Livadio or Libadia Wheeler and gives name to all Achaia The Christians have here four Churches and the Turks five Moschs Their Trade is in Woollen Stuffs and Rice and near it is the Trophonian Cave and Grove where was an Oracle given by Jupiter 4. Ascraea the Birth-place of Hesiod 5. Chaerona that of Plutarch 6. Granitza a Bishoprick 7. Coronaea the same or near to Dymnia i. e. two Months because Corn is sowed ripe and reaped in that time teste Wheeler Here were the Coronaei Agri where the Games Pambriotia were Celebrated 8. Alalcomene probably now St. Georgio where is a Convent and two Churches 9. Thespia now Neocorio hence Musae Thespiades 10. Platea now said to be called Cocla in whose Plain was Mardonius slain and 160000 Persians and of the Grecians but 699. 11. Leuctra betwixt Thespia and Platea now Parapagia in whose Plains the Thebans overthrew the Spartans some of whom had ravished Scedasus Daughters 12. Thisbae now Rimo Castri it hath now about 100 Cottages of Greeks and Albaneses 13. Tanagra of old Graea Paemandria now Scamino its Ruins are large it hath about 200 Houses and many Greek Churches 't is situate near Mount Cerycius on the River Asopus that divides Attica and Baeotia over against Oropus It s chief Lakes are 1. The Lake of Livadia formerly called Copais Cephisis about forty miles in compass The Streams and Torrents that fall into it would drown all Baeotia but for the Subterraneous Channels the Wonders of Art and Nature that suck in the water and convey it into the Aegean Sea These Subterraneous Catabathra are about fifty in all 2. The Helica Palus now Lake Thives It s chief Rivers are Asopus now Scamino and Cephissus River It s chief Mountains were 1. Helicon a Poetis decantatissimus Musis Sacer by the Inhabitants called Eialia now Zagara Wheel 2. Cithaeron Mons Musis Sacer now Elatea Mons teste Wheel Chief Places in Aetolia are Lepanto Naupactus Ptol. Neopactus Cic. Naupactum Plin. Lepanti Gallis Epactos Graecis Einebachri Turcis teste Leonc An Archiepiscopal City now built from the Sea-shore to the top of a high Conical Mountain having four Ranges of Walls before the Castle which is seated on the top of the Mountain It s Harbour is narrow at its Entrance and shallow where 't is said the famous Cosair Durack Bey Basha of Candia resided In the year 1408. it was subject to the Emperour of Constantinople but the Emperor Emanuel gave it to the Venetians who so fortified it that in the year 1475. it destroyed 30000 Turks and the Army forced to raise the Siege but Bajazet the Second with an Army of 150000 attacked it by Sea and Land and brought it to a most deplorable estate and took it from them 1499. But in the year 1687. it was retaken by Generalissimo Morosini The Trade is Leather Oyl Tobacco Rice Barly Wheat Furs c. Near this Town was that famous Sea-fight betwixt the Venetians and the Turks where 29000 Turks were killed 4000 taken Prisoners with 140 Gallies and 1200 Christian Captives redeemed 1571. At the Entrance of this Gulf of Lepanto by the Ancients Sinus Crisaeus Sinus Corinthiacus Mare Alcyonum said to be 100 miles in length are two Castles called also the Dardanelles of Lepanto not far from the Promontaries Rhium Antirrhium Capo S. Andrea Baud. rather C. Antirio Other places in Aetolia are Calydon with its Forest where Meliagar slew the wild Boar now Aiton teste Cyriaco rather Gallata Wheel Here the River Evenus over which the Centaur Nessus carried Hercules Wife Dejaneira to have ravished her Also the River Achelous much Fabled by the Poets The Aetolians were a turbulent and unruly people Chief places in Locris are Amphissa Lambina teste Nigro Anfisa Baud. Salona Wheel once the chief place of the Locrii Ozelorum seated now on a Rock under a Mountain that joyns Mount Corax and Parnassus Musis Sacer apud Poetas Parnaso Liacura teste Soph. Licoura Wheel The Turks have here seven Moschs and the Greeks six Churches whole Bishop is under the Arch-Bishop of Athens They Trade with Tobacco and Cottons Turcochoreo thought to be the ancient Lilaea is seated near the River Cephisus in the middle of a Plain between Mount Oeta and the Thermopylae famous for King Leonidas defence said to be a Town of the Locii Epicnemides so called from the Mount and Town Cnemides Thalanda on the South-side of the River Platanius a Bishoprick and large Town by the Ruins of Churches and Towers a mile out of Town it seems to be the City Opus hence Locrii Opuntii Sinus Opuntius Drepanum Molycrium Strab. Ptol. Trapani Nigro now Capo di Pratras Chief Places in Phocis are Delphos or Delphi Salona Nigro Castri Soph. Wheel once famous for the Oracle of Apollo who delivered his sayings in Amphiboli's and dark Sentences whereby he deceived his Devotee's as Crassus and Pyrrhus seated it was on the middle of the South-side of the Mount Parnassus where Ducalion and Pyrrha swed themselves 2. Daulis now Dalia noted for King Tereus who ravished Philomela 3. Cirrha Plin. Liv. Cyrrha Ptol. Aspropiti Zardo Nardo now Tramochi Wheeler 4. Anticyrrha Ptol. Anticyra Paus famous of old for its Helebore now in Ruins near to the Asprospiti Sinus 5. Pythia the Navil of the World remarkable for the Assembly of the Amphictymes that condemned the Phocians for Sacriledg Chief Places in Megaris are Megara seated in a Valley towards the Gulph of Engia once comprehending two Rocks now but one having three or four Cottages of Greeks much infested with Pyrates famous once for the Secta Megarica of Euelid and for the Fable of King Nyssa's Purple Hair. 2. Towards the Harbour Minoa is the ruined Fortress Nicaea and the Dodeca Ecclesia West are the Scironides Rupes now Kakiscalia or Bad Bay and the ancient Cromium the Bounds between Attica and Peloponnesus Peloponnesus now Morâ—a is the most Famous Peninsula in the World Bounded with the Sea only where it joyneth to Greece by an Istmus of six miles in breadth very Momorable for the Fruitless Design of divers Kings and Emperors to cut it through and to make a perfect Island of it and for the Isthmian Games instituted by Theseus and for the Wall or Hexameli built by the Emperor Emanuel 1413. demolished by Amurath the Second 1424 1463. rebuilt by the Venetians in 15 days with 136 Towers A Country it was once abounding with all things as well for the Delicacy and Contentment as Necessary for the Life of Man and for the bigness of it none in the World hath suffered in the Ruin of so many brave and stately Cities yet the best Inhabited of all Greece being well Seated with Ports and Havens on all sides of it This pleasant part of Greece has not always had the name of Morea as 't is now called Strabo saith that it was once called Argo or Argos from
Shillings 3 Pence there is also another that weighs the third part of the great one viz. half an Ounce 48 Grains and comes to 2 l. 3 s. 9 d. Sterling There are also several Pieces of Silver called Ingots some weighing 7 Ounces at five Shillings the Ounce comes to thirty five Shillings others of two Ounces 3 Drams and a half which comes to 12 Shillings 10 Pence ½ Sterling and so proportionable in value according to their weight are the rest There is also Copper Money which they thred to the Number of 600 which is the value of a Tell or Taile in Silver which the Dutch reckon to be worth 3 Gelders and a half which is 6 Shillings 4 pence ¼ Sterling Their Weights are the Fiakin which is 125 Dutch Pounds one Fiakin makes 100 Cattees one Cattee 16 Taile one Taile 10 Maes and a Cattee is by some accounted 21 Ounces Avoirdupois Their Measure for Length is the Tattany or Ichin which is about 2 Yards ⅛ English or 6 Rhynland feet 60 Ickiens or Ichins is 30 Rhynland Rods and 180 Rods is a Japan Mile Their Dry Measures are the Gant which is 3 Cocas which is three Pints English Persian Money French English    l. s. d. q. A Bassi or 2 Mamoudi's 18 6 Deniers 0 1 4 2½ 1 Mamoudi's or 2 Chayets 0 0 8 0⅕ 1 Cheyets 5 Double Casbekes 0 0 4 0⅕ 1 Bisti 2 Double Casbekes 0 0 6 1 74 / 100 A Casbeke simple 5 Deniers ½ half peny 0 0 7 2 41 / 100 A double Casbeke 11 Deniers 0 0 3 0 82 / 100 One Or 5 Abassi's 0 6 11 1 One Toman 46 Livers 1 Denier ⅕ Piaster 3 9 0 0 9 / 25 Indian Money French English A Larin of Arabia c. 1 Ecu or French Crown  3 10 3⅕ A Mamoudi's    0 1 2 A Roupy of Gold 21 Livers 1 11 6  A Roupy of Silver 30 Sous 0 2 3  A Pecha 6 Deniers 0 0 0 1 ⅘ Arakan-Money 21 Sous 0 1 6 3⅗ A half Roupy 16 Sous 0 1 2 1 ⅗ Tipoura Silver 22 Sous 0 1 7 3⅕ Pagods ½ A Pistol A Pistol in Gold is 11 Livers 0 8 3  Fano's 1 Ecu 0 4 6 0 Achen Gold 16 Sous 8 Deniers 0 1 3  Macassar Gold 23 Sous 8 Deniers 0 1 9 1 ⅕ Camboya Silver 4 Sous 0 0 3 2⅕ Siam Gold 7 Livers 1 Sous 0 10 6 3⅗ Siam Silver 32 Sous 4 Deniers 0 2 5 0⅖ Asem Fanos 1 Ecu 0 4 6  Asem Silver 23 Sous 0 1 8 2⅘ China Goltscut 1350 Livers 101 5 0  China Silver Pieces 59 Sous 8 Deniers 0 4 5 2⅘ Pegu Gold Fanos 1 Real 0 4 4 0 Pegu Silver 20 Sous 6 Deniers 0 1 6 1 ⅘ Japan Gold 87 Livers 10 Sous 6 11 3  Japan Silver Pieces 30 Sous 0 2 3  These Computations are made supposing a French Crown to be in Value 54 d. or 4 s. 6 d. Sterling the reputed Par so that a Sous is in Value 9 d. 10 Deniers 3. A Table containing the Proportion that the English Foot beareth to the Measures of other Places divided into 12 Inches and Tenths And the Proportion of a Pound-weight Avoirdupois divided into 100 parts beareth to the Foreign Pounds carefully collected from the Tables of Snellius Dogen Greaves Ricciolus c. Amsterdam Foot 0 11 3  93 Ell 2 3 2   Antwerp Foot 0 11 3  98 Ell 2 3 3   Bologne or Ell 2 0 8  89 Bononia Foot 1 2 4 1 27 Bremen Foot 0 11 6  94 Cairo Cubit 1 9 9 1 61 China Cubit 1 0 2   Cologn Foot 0 11 4  97 Copenhagen Foot  11 6  94 Dantzig Foot  11 3 1 19 Ell 1 10 8   Dort Foot 1 2 2   Florence Brace or Ell 1 11 0 1 23 Francfort on the Main  0 11 4  93 Ell 1 9 9   Genoua Palm 0 9 6 1 42 Greek Foot Foot 1 0 1   Hamborough Ell 1 10 8  95 Leipsig Ell 2 3 1 1 17 Lisbon Vare 2 9 0 1 6 Lovaine Foot  11 4  98 Lubeck Ell 1 9 8   Lyons Ell 3 11 7 1 9 Mantua Foot 1 6 8 1 43 Middleburg Foot 0 11 9  98 Millain Calamus 6 6 5 1 40  English Feet Inches Tenths Pounds Parts of a l. Naples Palm 0 9 6 1 43 Brace 2 1 2   Cauna 6 10 5   Norimberg Foot 1 0 1  94 Parma Cubit 1 10 4 1 43 Paris Royal Foot 1 0 8  93 Persian Arach 3 2 3   Prague  1 0 3 1 6 Riga Foot 1 9 9   Roman Foot on the Monum of Cossutius 0 11 6 1 23 Of Statilius  0 11 7   Roman Palm 0 8 8   Span. Palm or Palm of Castile 0 9 9   Span. Vare or Rod qt 4. Pal. 3 0 0   Toledo Foot 0 10 7 1 00 Vare 2 8 2   Turin Foot 1 0 7   Turkish Pike at Constantinople 2 2 4  86 Venice Foot 1 1 9 1 53 Vienna  1 0 6  83 Universal Foot or a Pendulum that will vibrate 132 times in a Minute  0 8 1     Foot Inches Tenths Pounds Parts of a Pound ASIA ASIA a New Description by Rob t Morden ASIA is one of the Tripartite Divisions of our Continent if we consider the Advantages which the Author of Nature hath given it Or the memorable Actions which have passed in it That the first Monarchies and Religions have here had their rise That the chief Mysteries both of the Old and New Law were here laid open That from hence all Nations of the World and all Arts and Sciences had their first beginning We may justly prefer it before the other parts of the World. It is seated in the Oriental part of our Continent and most part in the temperate Zone what it hath under the Torrid being either Peninsula or Isles which the Waters and Sea do much refresh It extends from Smirna in the West to the farthest part of Tartaria near Jesso in the East four thousand and eight hundred Miles and from the lowermost point of Malacca in the South to the Straights of Weigats in the North it makes four thousand and two hundred Miles of sixty to a degree In this length and breadth we do not comprehend the Islands which belong to Asia which are as great as rich and possibly as numerous as in other parts of the Universe Whether it took its Name from Asia the Daughter of Oceanus and Thetis wife of Japetus and Mother to Prometheus or from Asius the Son of Atis a King of Lydia or from Asius the Philosopher who gave the Palladium to the Trojans or from the Phoenician word Asia signifiing Medium These
spent 12000 Talents or 7 Millions of Crowns Then did the Altar smoke with Incense and the Doctor was offered up in Sacrifice and the dead Corps worshipped as a Deity It is a great City without Walls thought to be the Rages in Tobit the best half of it is in Gardens seated in a large and fair Plain 30 Miles in compass Here dyed Sir Robert Shirley and Sir Dodmore Cotton the Ambassador who went for Persia Anno 1626. having no gilded Trophies to adorn their Sepulchres only their Virtues which will out-last those bubbles of Vanity Here also dyed Abbas the Persian Monarch in the Year 1628. Sauvay Herb. Saba de Val. a City pleasantly seated upon a rising Hill in a fruitful Country much delightful for aerial Musick especially the Nightingale A Thousand warbling Notes their Throats displays Which their sweet Musick chants as many ways About 11 Leagues from Tauris is a Lake about 15 Leagues compass in the middle of which is a little Hill that rises insensibly out of which there bubble out many little Springs and the Earth which they water is of two strange distinct qualities for one sort serves to make Lime the next to that is a hollow spungy Stone and under that is a white transparent Stone which is only a Congelation of the Waters of these Streams for somtimes you shall meet with creeping Animals congealed therein for one piece sent to Sha Abbas Tavernier offered 15000 Crowns in which was a Lizard about a Foot long Ardevil is not only famous for the Royal Sepulchres of Sha Sefi and other Persian Kings and for the Pilgrimages that are made to it but also for numerous Caravans of Silk which render it one of the most considerable Cities in Persia It is of a moderate bigness seated in a lovely opening of the Mountains the Avenues of it are very pleasant being Alleys of great Trees and is watered with a River that runs thorow the middle of the City Sultany Tigranocerta Tigranopolis and Tigranopetra teste Appiano Sultania Jovio Saua Bonacciolo Bitlis Baud. is a very large City and if you will believe the Armenians they will tell you that there were once near 800 Churches in it Kom Coom Herb. Gauna Arbacta or Coama of old by some Hecatompolis is one of the great Cities of Persia in a fat Country abounding with Rice and excellent Granates that which is most remarkable is a large Mosque where are the Sepulchres of Sha Sefi and Sha Abbas the Second the Tomb of Sedi Fatima the Grand-Daughter of Hali and the Tomb of Fatima Zubra the Daughter of Mahomet Caschan is also a large City and well peopled stored with Silk-weavers which make the best purfled Satins mix'd with Gold and Silver The Houses are fairly built The Mosques and Baths are in their Cupoloes curiously caerulcated with a feigned Torquoise The Buzzar is spacious and uniform The Caravansera is the most stately Fabrick of that kind in Persia Bakuy gives its Name to the Caspian Sea and near to it there is a Spring of Oil which serves all over Persia to burn in Lamps Kirman towards the Ocean affords very fine Steel of which they make Weapons very highly priz'd For a Scymiter of that Steel will cut through an Helmet with an easie Blow Ormus formerly bore the Title of a Kingdom As to the Name it was called Organo and Gera by Verrerius Necrokin by B. Jonas Zamrhi by the Tartars Vorocta by Niger Ormusia by Josephus Omiza Pliny Amozon Ptol. Ogyris Theuetus Curtius and Rufus Ternia Strabo where Prince Erythaeus was buried from whom Mare Rubrum had its denomination The Island is about 15 Miles in compass subject to such excessive heats that it produces nothing considerable but Salt and is two good Leagues from the firm Land. There is not a drop of fresh Water in it but what is carried thither In the Year 1507. it was reduced under the Crown of Portugal by Alphonso d'Albuquerque The fair and delicate situation of Ormus for Trade and Commerce as it was the Staple and Glory of the Eastern World has occasioned some to say That if the World were a Ring Ormus was to be the Jewel In the Year 1622. Sha Abbas took it by the assistance of the English commanded by Capt. Weddal and then translated the Trade to Gombron which he called by his own Name Bender Abassi The Portugals lost about 6 or 7 Millions at the taking of the Town Gombrou or Gomrou Hacand Osâ—r since the Fall of Ormus is become a City of great Commerce guarded with two Castles in which are planted 80 pieces of brass Ordnance The Air is so hot and unwholsom that no Strangers can live there above 3 or 4 Months in the Year but for 6 or 7 Months are forced to retire up in the Mountains 2 or 3 days Journy off About 3 Miles from Gombrou is the famous Bannyan Tree of as great Repute as the Idol Oak to our Druidae of old Now all Nations that traffick upon the Indian Seas and Land Caravans carry Commodities thither and bring from thence Velvets Taffaties Raw Silk and other Persian Commodities So that now Ormus is ruined and may well be called Ormah or destruction Baharem upon the Coast of Arabia is the ancient Tylos yet belonging to Persia it is an Island famous for its Springs of fresh Water at the bottom of the Sea For its Pearl Fishery where are found the clearest biggest and roundest in all the Levant The Air is so unwholsom and so hot that no Strangers can live there unless it be in December January and March for the Wind is so sultry and stifling that it suffocates and kills them presently and somtimes 't is so hot that it burns like Lightning But at Bander Congo the Air is good and the Soil and the Water excellent only the Passage for Ships is dangerous and therefore not so much traded to as the other The City Candahur is the chief of one of the conquered Provinces of Persia Sha Abbas left the possession of it to Sha Sefi in whose time Alimerdenkan delivered it up to the Great Mogul But Sha Abbas the Second took it in the Year 1650 under whose power it still remains At Caramon-Shashoon of old Counstia was decided that Famous Contest for the Persian Crown 'twixt Artaxerxes and Cyrus Of Asiatick Tartaria A New Description of TARTARIE by Robt. Morden THis is the Vastest Region of our Continent in Bigness it equals all Europe and contains all those great and spacious Provinces which the Ancients called Seres Scythia extra Imaum Scythia intra Imaum Sucae Sogdiana and the greatest part of Sarmatia Asiatica extending itself the whole length of Asia If we look back to their Original we shall find that they were of all other the most Antient people patient in Labours fierce in War and strong of Body their Flocks and Herds their greatest wealth Silver and Gold they contemned as much as others coveted it Meum and Tuum
they obtain'd leave to raise a Cittadel which was the first Fort they had in the East-Indies but that Fortress was taken from them by the Hollanders in the year 1662. The Prince of Calicut calls himself Zamorin a Prince of great power and awe and not more black of colour than treacherous in disposition Many deformed Pagotha's are here worshipped but with this ordinary Evasion That they adore not Idols but the Deumo's they represent And the Dutch General who was Cook of a Ship Crowned the King with those hands which had oftner handled a Ladle than a Sword And exacts a Tribute from all the Kings of Malabar but most of them are dispens'd withall from paying it Besides this Prince there are in this Country the Kings of Cananor Tanor Cranganor Cochin Coulan and Travancor and 10 or 12 other considerable ones Cochin Colchin of Ptol. Herb. not much inferior to Goa pays Tribute to the Hollanders who keep the Castle The Harbor is pester'd with Rocks and Shelves Coulan has been much richer and better peopled than it is for it had formerly above 100000 Inhabitants Sopatpa in Arrian and Coâ—â—y in Ptol. Zamoryn valu'd it for its Situation for its Port and its Fidelity Since that the Sands having stop'd up the Port Goa and Calecut have got all the Trade from it Cananor Calligeris Ptol. teste Castal holds also some Islands among the Maldives viz. the Isle Malicut and the five Isles of Diavandorow Onor the Hippocura of Ptol. teste Baud. produces a weighty sort of Pepper and Black Rice accounted better than the White Baticale and Gersopa further in the Land are the Capital Cities of their Kingdoms included under the general Name of Canara To Malabar joins the fishing Coast called the Coast of Manar where they fish for Pearls in April for three weeks together The Country which contains about 30 little Cities is dry and Sun-burnt having no other advantages but by the Fishery for which they keep a Fair at Tuticorin The most part of it is under the Nâ—ic of Madure the Hollanders possessing only the Island of Kings where they have built a Fort and to which there is no coming but by a Chanel for the defence whereof they have rais'd several Works for conservation thereof being of so great importance to them by reason that thereby they are Masters of the Banks of Manar There is also found some Amber-greice and heretofore near to Cape Comâ—rin a Cape well known of old by Ptol. called Cory Calligicum by Strab. Conomencina by Plin. Calusca Colaicum Comar by Arrian in his Periplus Comara extrema or Cape Comryn there was a Pearl found that weighed above 30 Quintals Coromandel or Corobander Cartagar damna Ptol. so called from the abundance of Rice which it produces is famous for the best Ports of India The City of Meliapore Malipur incolis St. Thomaso Lusitanis Mâ—lange Ptol. or the Calurmina of Sophron. and St. Thomas's Anglis where that Apostle wrought many Miracles and where as their Traditions he foretold the coming of White People into that Country It is observed that the Off-spring of those that Martyr'd St. Thomas have one Leg bigger than the other â—â—liour is seated upon a small River having five Foot of Water at the Mouth of it which is about Cannon-shot from the City but small Ships had rather harbor themselves at Pelicate and the great ones at Nâ—gaâ—â—tâ—n which with Meliapor belongs to the Portugalâ— Pâ—licate besides the Town there is a Fort called Geldria that belongs to the Duâ—â—h where they have their chief Factory and where lives the chief Intendent over all the rest that are in the Territories of the King of Gâ—lâ—â—da In the Fort are generally 200 Soldiers besides Merchants The Bastions are well stored with good Guns and the Sea comes up to the very Wall of it Tavernier tells us That when the Inhabitants fetch their Water to drink they stay till the Sea is qâ—â—te gone out then digging holes in the Sand as near the Sea as they can they meet with fresh Water About 7 or 8 Leagues off is Fort St. George which belongs to the English whose Port or Harbor is called Madraspatan The Kingdom of Golconda is a Country abounding in Corn Rice Cattel and other Necessaries for Human Life and Bagnagar is the Name of the Metropolis commonly called Golconda which is the Name of a Fortress about two Leagues from it The City is said to be little less than Orleance seated upon a River which near to Mâ—slipatan falls into the Gulph of Bengala over which River there is a stately and fair Bridge into the City which is adorned with the King's Palace and the Houses of the great Lords and other Persons of Quality the Merchants and Tradesmen living in the Suburbs which are a League in length In this City is to be seen the Foundation of a magnificent Pagod which had it been finished had been the fairest in India there is one Stone which is an entire Rock of such a prodigious Bulk that 5 or 600 Men were five years before they could hew it out of its place and they say that 1400 Oxen were employed to draw it away The Men and Women of Golconda are well proportioned and of comely statures only the Country people swarthy there are said to be 20000 Licensed common Women about the City and Suburbs The present King descended from an ancient Family of the Turcomans is a Mahumetan and of the Sect of Hali and pays the Mogul an annual Tribute of 200000 Pagods Maslipatan is a great City and the most famous Road for Ships in the Gulph of Bengal the Argaric Gulph of old from whence they set Sail for Pegu Siam Aracan c. where Bloom saith the English have setled a Factory Concerning the Kingdoms of Narsinga and Bisnagar which some Authors make two distinct Countries though some others confound them together I shall give you this account That formerly the Territories of the Raja of Narsinga extended from Cape Cormorin all along the Coast of Cormandel as far as the River Guenga that falls into the Bengalan Gulph near the mouth of the Ganges the other Raja's being his Subjects that the last Raja who was at War with Ackbar the Mogul brought into the Field four Armies the first lay in that Province which is now called Golconda the second was quartered in the Province of Visapour the third in Brampore the fourth in Doltabat This Raja dying without Children the four Generals divided amongst them the Country but the Successor of the Mogul conquered again that of Brampore of Doltabat and part of Visapour but the King of Golconda became Tributary to him as was said before so that 't is very probable there are no such Cities as Narsingue or Bisnagar Tavernier in his Travels makes no mention of them The last Relations tell us that Gandicot Tav Guendicot Thev is one of the strongest Cities in the Kingdom of Carnatica about 85 Leagues from Meliapour and
formerly a famous City but swallowed up and shuffled into Ruins and Rubbish by an Earthquake which are very frequent in Japan Oudarro is a stately City adorned with a sumptuous Palace and lofty Spires The other chief Islands about Japan are Bungo Cikoko Saykok or Ximo all one Island but thus called by several Authors 2. Tonsa or Xicoco or Tokoese and Chiccock 3. Firando and Gotto with innumerable others Congoxuma is the first City where the Portugueses landed and got footing in Japan and was their Staple Nangesaque is the chief Staple and Residence of the Dutch in Japan first built by the Portugues This Lodge or Fortress lies on the small Island Disma and is the Magazine for all Indian Commodities and the best harbor for the reception of Merchant Vessels of any Port in Japan At this day the Hollanders pretend all Trade at Japan The extent of Jesso being Mountainous and abounding with costly Furs is yet unknown only that 't is a vast and wild Country full of Savage People cloathed with Skins of wild Beasts who can give no account further than they dwell Of the ISLES in the Indian Sea. SUch is the Infinity of these Isles that 't is impossible to give a just account of them I shall therefore only mention the most considerable And first of the Maldives The Maldives and Ceylon Ilands by Robt. Morden Of the Islands of the MALDIVES THE Maldives Islands situate under the Equinoctial Line derive their Name from the principal City called Male and Dive which signifies an Island They are reckoned to be about 12000 but that is supposed to be only by taking a certain Number for an uncertain They are dispersed from the North-West to the South-East into 13 Provinces which the Inhabitants call Attollons every one of which is fenc'd with a Bank of Sand but some of them are only Sand-hills or Rocks being all of them very little for Male the chief is but a League about They are divided by Arms of the Sea and environ'd with Rocks which renders the Access to them very difficult There are some Ports or Openings one opposite to another so plac'd that they give an Entrance into the four Attollons for the benefit of Trade otherwise the Currents would carry the Vessels above 7 or 800 Leagues beyond The Currents run six Months to the East and six to the West somtimes more somtimes less But the Sea being shallow the Winds outrageous and few Commodities to be had these Islands are not frequented by the Europeans The King of Maldives is called Rascan his Kingdom never is governed by the Female Sex and for his Revenue it consists in the misfortunes of others that is to say Wrecks at Sea. So that there is no trusting to the Maldives Pilots who will cast away a Ship on purpose that their King may have the Spoil On the other side the King himself uses to caress the Masters of Ships and to invite them to his Island to the end that dying of the Distemper of the Island which carries off Strangers in a short time he may be Heir to their Goods The Natives are little Olive coloured and Mahumetans They are subject to violent Fevers and Sickness by reason of the excessive heat They shave with cold Water catch Fish swimming and will dive to the bottom of the Sea to find a convenient place where to cast their Anchors They will fetch up out of the Sea with an incredible easiness an 100000 weight by the help of a Cable and some pieces of their Candon Wood. Their Coco's are very profitable to them for of those they make Wine Honey Sugar Milk and Butter They eat Almonds instead of Bread with all sorts of Food They put every Trade into a particular Island and to preserve their Wares from Vermin they build their Storehouses upon Piles in the Sea about an 100 paces from their Isles A Description of ZEILON alias CEYLON the Nangieris of Ptol. A New Map of CEYLON by Rob Morden THE Hollander is now Master of all the Sea-Coast the Inland Country is under the King of Candy and is divided into several Parts or Provinces which lie upon Hills fruitful and well-watered and are called in general Conde Uda This Inland Country of Conde Uda is strongly fortified by Nature the Entrances being up vast and high Mountains and the Ways so very narrow that but one Man can go a-breast and these Paths also are barricado'd up with Gates of Thorns and two or three Men to watch and examin all that come or go Candy or Conde by the Europeans Hingodagul-neure by the Inhabitants is the Chief or Metropolis of the whole Island bravely situated in the midst of it for all Conveniences but of late much decayed South of Candy 12 Miles distant lies Nellemby-neur where the King kept his Court when he left Candy Alent-neur is the place where the King was born and his Magazin for Corn and Salt. Badoula was burnt down in the time of War by the Portugals Digligy-neur is the place where the King now keeps his Court since the Rebellion Ann. 1664. its Situation is very Rocky and Mountainous being a place for Safety and Security Anurodgbarro is one of the ruinous Cities where they say 90 Kings have reigned distant from Candy 90 Miles Northwards Leawava affords Salt in abundance the Easterly Winds beating in the Sea and in the Westerly Wind which makes fair Weather it becomes Salt. Rece is the chiefest Flower of their Corn which is of several sorts some will be ripe in seven Months others in six five four and three but all requires water to grow in Their Seed-time is about July and August their Harvest about February Of Fruits there are great plenty and variety viz. the Betel Nut whose Leaves are 5 or 6 Foot long and have other lesser Leaves growing out of the sides of them some of these Nuts will make People drunk and giddy-headed and purge if eaten green There are also Jacks which are as big as a Peck-Loaf the out-side prickly like a Hedgehog and of a greenish colour the Seeds or Kernels do much resemble Chesnuts in colour and taste The Jombo is like an Apple full of Juice and pleasant to the Palat 't is white and delicately coloured with red as if painted There are also Murro's like Cherries sweet to the taste Dongs like Black Cherries Ambeloes like to Barbaries Carolla Cabella Cabela Paradigye like our Pears Here are also Coker-Nuts Plantines and Banara's of divers sorts sweet and sowre Oranges Limes Partaurings in taste like our Lemmons but much bigger Mangoes of several sorts Pine-Apples Sugar-Canes Water-Melons Pomgranats Grapes black and white Mirablins Codiews and several other There is also the Tallipot-Tree which bears no kind of Fruit until the last year of its life and then it comes out full of yellow Blossoms which smell very strong which come to a Fruit round and hard as big as our Cherries but not good to eat but the Leaf of
this Tree is so broad and large that it will cover 15 or 20 Men and keep them dry when it rains and the Pitch within the Tree is good to eat and tastes much like to white Bread. There is also the Kettale-Tree which yields a delicious Juice rarely sweet and pleasant to the Palat which they take from the Tree two or three times a day which Liquor they boil and make a kind of Sugar The Cinnamon-Tree grows wild in the Woods as other Trees and by them no more esteemed being as plenty as Hazel in England The Cinnamon is the Bark or Rind which when on the Tree looks whitish when they pull it off they scrape it and dry it in the Sun. The Wood hath no smell 't is of a white colour and soft like Fir. The Leaf much resembles Laurel both in colour and thickness The young Leaves look red like Scarlet if bruised they will smell more like Cloves than Cinnamon It bears a Fruit which is ripe in September much like an Acorn but smaller it neither tastes nor smells like as the Bark but being boiled in Water it will yield an Oil which when cold is hard as Tallow and white and of an excellent smell and 't is used for Ointment for Aches and Pains and to burn in Lamps There is also the Ovula the Fruit whereof they make use of for Physick in Purges and being beat in pieces in a Mortar and soak'd in Water it will Dye a very good Black and rusty Iron lying one Night in the Water will become bright and the Water black like Ink. The Betel-Tree whose Leaf is so much loved and eaten grows like Ivy twining about Trees or Poles which they stick into the ground for it to run up by and as the Betel grows the Poles grow also Of Roots they have Aloes or Inyames of divers sorts some they plant and others grow wild in the Woods These serve for Food and for Sause or a Relish to their Rice some of them in a year or two will grow as big as a Man's Waste others as big as a Man's Arm. They have Herbs of several sorts some in six months growing to maturity the Stalk as high as a Man can reach and being boiled almost as good as Asparagus They have Coleworts Carrots Radishes Fennel Balsam Spearmint Mustard There is also Fern Indian Corn several sorts of Beans Cucumbers Calabassa's and Pumkins And the Dutch have Lettice Rosemary Sage and other European Herbs and Plants which grow well there The Woods are their Apothecaries Shops where with Herbs Leaves and the Rinds of Trees they make all their Physick and Plaisters with which they will make notable Cures Of Flowers they have great variety growing wild as Roses red and white and several other sorts of sweet smelling Flowers one called the Sendric-mal of a murry colour and white which opens at 4 of the Clock in the Evening and shuts at 4 in the Morning which serves them somtimes instead of a Clock The Pichamauls are a white Flower like our Jasmine well scented the King hath a parcel of them every Morning brought to him wrapt in a white Cloth but the Hon-mauls are the chief Flowers the young People use and are of greatest value among them They have Cows Buffaloes Hogs Goats Deer in great abundance Hares Dogs Jacols Apes Tygers Bears Elephants There are Ants of divers sorts some worthy our Remark viz. the Coura-atch which is a great and black Ant living in the ground making great hollow Holes in the earth and have no sting The Vaco's are the most numerous whose hinder part is white and the head red They eat and devour all they come at except Iron and Stone They creep up the Walls of Houses and build an Arch of Dirt over themselves all the way as they climb be it never so high and in places where there are no Houses they will raise great Hills or Humbosses some 5 or 6 Foot high so hard and strong as not easily digged down with Pickaxes within full of hollow Vaults and Arches where they dwell Their Nests are much like Honey-Combs full of Eggs and young Ones As they encrease in multitude so they also dye in multitude for when they come to maturity they have Wings and in the Evening after Sun-set they issue forth in vast Numbers that they almost darken the Sky flying to such a height as they go out of sight and so keep flying till they fall down dead upon the Earth Of the ISLES of SONDE The Isles of SONDA By Rob t Morden The ISLES of SONDE THE Streight of Sonde gives its Name to the Isles of Sumatra Java and Borneo that lie not far from it It is the ordinary passage for Vessels that are bound for China and the more Eastern Seas the Air of these three Islands is very unwholsom nor do they afford those Provisions which the Continent doth The Inhabitants of the Uplands are Pagans of the Sea-Coasts Mahumetans They have several Kings potent as well by Sea as by Land. They afford rich Commodities especially Spices which the Portugals the Hollanders and the most part of the other Nations of the World fetch from thence Sumatra is the most famous Island in all the East for Largeness and Riches For it is 300 French Leagues long and 70 broad having several Mines of Gold. It lies 10 Leagues from the Continent and the Ancients believ'd it to be a Peninsula by reason of the several little Islands that seem to join it to the Land. Six Kings command it the King of Achem best known to us of Camper Iambi Menancabo and Palimban They have so well defended their Island that the Europeans could never get footing on it There is a Mountain that casts forth Flames like Mount Gibel The Pepper of this Island is better than that of Malabar because the Land is more moist They find Gâ—ld in grains and in little pieces after the great Flouds of water The Inland part is inhabited by Barbarians that will eat the Raw Flesh of their Enemies with Pepper and Salt. The City of Achem is the best in the Island it has been better than it is it lies half a League from the Sea upon a Plain by the side of a River as large as the Seine in France but very shallow There is also a Fortress upon the Bank of the River Java governed by several petty Kings every City having one Among the rest the Kings of Japara Tuban Jottan Panarvan Panarucan and Palambuam Many are Pagans some are Mahumetans and the most part acknowledge the great Materan or the Emperor of Materan who formerly claimed the Sovereignty over the whole Island Upon the Coast grow Oysters that weigh 300 pound The Isle produces such large Canes that one alone suffices to make a Boat. It affords excellent Lignum Aloes Salt from Jottan and Gold and Pepper in abundance The Southern Coast is last known It is one of the largest Islands in Asia and for its
plentiful even to Admiration but causeth an infinite encrease in all sorts of Cattel that water there and breeds a prolifick faculty in Men and Women even to Admiration as makes Wonder stand amazed to see Nature turn prodigal This made the Gymnosophists of Aegypt to make it one of their chief Numens which they worshipped under the name of the Goddess Isis This also was the cause of those noble Epithets bestowed on it viz. the Gift of Jupiter the Tears of the Gods the Veines of Paradise the Seed of the Gods c. The Moors and Negroes often call it The Fountain of Heavenly Water and the Arabian Poets style it The Life of the Earth Mr. Sands tells us that in the year 1610 at Cairo it usually did rise 23 Cubits it rises generally sixteen Cubits It is perceived by the retiring of the Cattel by the marks which are in their wells and by the weight of the slime of the River which the people lay out at their windows to receive the Dew which falls and Prognosticates the increase The cause of this overflowing of Nile is variously conjectur'd some say that the Tempests of the Sea swell the River others affirm that the Sand which gathers at the month stops the Stream and that the Northeâ—â— Wind drive it back again Many Moderns believe that it is swell'd and increas'd by the melting of the Snow and the Rains that fall in great abundance and at certain seasons in Aethiopia and in regard that in Aegypt it is Winter when Summer in Aethiopia they say that the Nile encreases when other Rivers decrease Of late it hath been asserted that the Nitre which abounds in this River is the true natural reason of all these marvellous effects which being melted by the heat of the Sun mixes with the Water troubles it ferments it and swells it and makes it exceed its bounds so that the Mud which the Nile carries along with it neither comes very far nor raises the banks any higher The Niger retains the Name which it received from those people whose Country it runs through somtimes it runs under ground and before it falls into the Atlantick Ocean divides itself into three principal Members Senega Gambia and Rio Grande Enfertiles all the Countries through which it passes and in the Sand are found good store of Grains of Gold. The Water having the same virtue as Nile has made some believe that these two Waters somwhere meet together The Zaire is considerable for its Sweetness and for its plenty of Water The Zambera divides itself into three Currents Cuama Spirito Sancto and Rio De los Infantes The Ghir loses itself often in the Sand and as many times retreives itself again The greatest Lakes are Zair Zambere and Zaflan all three in Aethiopia The Mountains of most Remark are the Great and Lesser Atlas the Christal Mountains Mountains of the Sun Saltpetre Hill Sierra Liona Amara Mount Table and Isle Picos Fragosos Montes Lunae c. The Great Atlas by the Natives Aydvacal teste Marmot by Aug. Curio Anchisai by Olearius Majuste runs through Africa as Taurus through Asia beginning in Marmarica about 20 miles from Alexandria extending Westward with many Gaps and Breaks to the Atlantick Ocean dividing Barbary from Belidulgerid No Mountains in Africa are more celebrated for its wondrous height that seems to reach to the Skie The Poets feign'd that Atlas sustained Heaven upon his Shoulders by reason of its excessive height Or else because that Atlas King of Mauritania was the first that studied the motion of the Heavens The Lesser Atlas Coasts with the Midland Sea extending from Gibralter to Bona by the Spaniards Montes Claros The Christal Mountains are in Congo near which is that of the Sun Eastward appears Saltpeâ—re Hill. On the borders of Guinea appears Sierra Leona Amara is the most noted of Aethiopia Table Mount appears near the Cape of Good Hope not far off are those called Ospicos Fragosos And those of the Moon lie between the two Aethiopia's and are the highest in Africa and called by the Inhabitants Betsh The Ancients took these Mountains to be the limits of the World. The Isthmus of Sues which keeps Africa from being a perfect Island is about nine Leagues in breadth between the Red Sea and the Chanel of Nile for from one Sea to the other is above thirty five Leagues Stories relate that one of the Ptolomies Queen Cleopatra some of the Soldans and others that have been masters of Aegypt have assay'd in vain to dig through that Isthmus and that they gave over the enterprise as well by reason of the prodigiousness of the Toyle as for fear of being greatly endamaged by the Red Sea which was found to be higher than the Mediterranean Sea and which with its bitterness would have tainted the River Nile the only drink of the Aegyptians And indeed all Authors agree that the Waters of the Nile are sweet healthful and nourishing Ptolomy's design was to perform a work of Fame by making Africa an Island Cleopatra's intention was to carry her Ships into the Red Sea without any danger of falling into Augustus's hands The contrivance of the Soldans was to carry the Trade of the Europeans into the East Indies through their Territories in hopes of some great Tribute But none of them were able to attain their Ends. Africa is the barrennest and worst peopl'd part of our Continent Hâ—r great Rivers are full of Crocodiles Her Mountains and Deserts fill'd with Lions and other wild and cruel Beasts the scarcity of Water producing many Monsters while Creatures of several species couple and engender at the watring-places where they often meet There is no Creature in the World that grows so big from so small a beginning as the Crocodile for it is hatch'd in an Egg and grows every day as long as it lives which is said to be an hundred years The Elephants are very serviceable to the Africans as also are their Camels and great Baboons Dromedaries are a sort of Camels less and swifter than the others They have also wild Asses Unicorns Barbary Horses Cameleons little Monkeys and Parrots Their Ostriches afford them fine Feathers and their Civet Cats are esteemed for the excellency of their Scents Amongst a great number of different Tongues that are in Africa the most general are the Beribere or African which comes from the Ancient Punick and the Arabick these two extend through all Barbary Billedulgerid Aegygt and Sarra the Aethi pian in the greatest part of Aethiopia The Language of the Negro's which is different and hath divers Idioms Their Religions in Africa are for the most part Idolatrous as Paganism and Mahometanism though there are also mixed amongst them vast numbers of Jews and Christians of several sorts At this day Africa is possessed by five sorts of Religions viz. Christians Jews Caffers Idolaters and Mahumetans The Christians are partly Strangers and partly Natives whereof some are Slaves to the Turks and
narrowest part about one League over The Water deep no ground with forty fathom of Line At the Mouth of the entrance it was high Water at eight of Clock on the Full Moon and on the Change. The distance between the first and second Narrow is about ten Leagues and in breadth about six Leagues The second Narrow is about three Leagues in length and four or five Miles broad in which were Queen Elizabeths Island upon which were seen thirty Indians St. Georges Island St. Bartholomews Island c. About Port Famine the Hills are very high and covered with Snow but the Land towards the Water side was lower and full of good Timber Trees In Fortiscus Bay or Port Gallant Water floweth ten Foot and 't is high Water about ten of the Clock on the Full Moon About Cape Munday was observed sixteen or seventeen Degrees Variation and is about thirteen Leagues from Cape Desire The English went up Segars River by Boat about nine Miles and two by Land but could see no Inhabitants From Cape Blanko to the Lizard the difference of Longitude was found to be 60d 45 m 5 / 10 and Meridian distance eight hundred and forty Leagues The West Entrance of the Streights of Magellan is 5â— d of South Lat. and the East Entrance lies in 52d 20 m The length is an hundred and ten Leagues The breadth in some places two Leagues in others not two Miles over and is famous for the passage of Magellan Drake Cavendish Oliver Van North Scouton c. There is another passage between the South Sea and the Atlantick Ocean call'd Fretum le Maire found out in the year 16â—5 much more convenient than the former being about ten or twelve Leagues of length and breadth and then a large Sea formerly supposed to be Terra Australis or Terra Incognita That of Brewers discovered in the year 1643 hath the same advantages as that of La Maire CHILI and PARAGAY by Robt. Morden CHili bears the name of one of her Valleys though some say it is so called by reason of the cold weather in the Mountains which inviron it toward the North and East The difficulty of passing through these Mountains obliges the Spaniards to go by Sea when they have business at Chili They have possessed it ever since the year 1554 at which time they conquered it under one of the Almagres In some parts of this Country the Soil is so fertile and pleasant that no part of all America more resembles Europe It yields Ostriches Copper the finest Gold in the World and there are so many Mines that Chili is reckon'd but one plate of Gold which makes the King of Spain take more than ordinary care for its preservation So that it costs him more to defend that place than all the rest of America The cold is however so excessive that Almagre lost more Men and Horses by the Cold than by the Sword at the end of four Months after he invaded it the Inhabitants found some of his Horsemen that were dead and sate in a living posture as fresh as if they had but newly taken Horse Their Rivers run only in the day being frozen all the night long notwithstanding there are several Mountains that cast forth Fire The Spaniards have a Governor there who is under the Vice-Roy of Peru. The Savages being governed by their Captains The Arauques above all the rest made such a resistance that the Spaniards were forced to make a Peace with them in the year 1641. In all America there are no people more Valiant or more Warlike than those Arauques They know how to make Swords Muskets and Cuirasses as also how to range themselves in Battel to fight retreating to encamp to advantage to fortifie and to use Stratagems all which they learn by having seen but once They have often surpriz'd and ruin'd Cities massacred Garisons and demolished the Fortresses Araucho Puren and Tu-Capel In short an Arauque will not be afraid at any time to encounter a Spaniard St. Jago La Conceptio and Imperiale are the principal Cities of Chili La Conceptio is the Residence of the Governor by reason of the neighbourhood of the Arauques Valparaiso is an excellent Port for the City of Saint Jago Mocha five Leagues from the Continent is a little Island upon the Coast where the Ships oft-times take in fresh Water and whither many of the Inhabitants retired from the cruelty of the Spaniards La Sarena taken and fired by the Buccaniers It had seven Churches and one Chappel the Houses neatly furnished In the Gardens were Strawberries as big as Walnuts At Isle de Juan Fernandez in Latitude 3â— d 40 m neither Fowl nor Fish At El Guasco the Buâ—caniers got store of Sheep and Goats Lat. 28d 40m. Near Point St. Helena is a Rock which runneth into the Water for half a Mile distant about eight Leagues called Chanday where many Ships are lost Of Paraguay Rio de la Plata THE Name of Pâ—ata is common to the Country and to a great River that waters it 't was given there â—nto in consideration of the Mines and the Silver which they first got from thence The Country is very pleasant and delightful for it abounds in Corn Vineyards Fruit-trees and Cattel in abundance Assumption is the chief Place in the Country where the Spaniard keeps a Garison near to which is a great Lake in the midst whereof is a great Rock said to be two Fathom above the Water The true Paraguay lies towards the head of the River that bears the same name which in our Language signifies the River of Feathers Parana lies along by the River side wherein there are Cataracts or falls of Water above a hundred Cubits high Buenos Aires is one of the best Colonies by reason of its Commerce with Brasil from whence it receives the Merchandizes of Europe Which is the reason that invites the Spaniards thither from Potosi to exchange their Ingots for such necessaries as they want notwithstanding the rigorous Prohibitions of their King whose duties are lost by that means Chaco is a fruitful Country interlaced with many Rivers The Tobares were about fifty thousand and a valiant People The Chiraguanes will not suffer the Spaniards to live amongst them In this Country grow great Trees of which the Natives make Boats all of a piece They mark out their High-ways by the sellings of their Trees and in regard these Trees are some black some green some red some yellow the Forests afford a pleasant prospect The Orochons are remarkable for the bigness of their Ears According to the relations of the year 1627. there are in Plata a more civiliz'd People and more capable to learn our Arts and our Religion than in all the other parts of America For they say that according to a Tradition delivered to their Fathers by Saint Thomas whom they call St. Sume certain Priests shall come into their Country and instruct them in the way of their Salvation Tuâ—uman
into the Fort set fire to their Magazine of Powder by which the Vice-Admiral Binches fifteen Officers and about three hundred Soldiers were kill'd and the rest surrendred the Fort was destroyed two hundred Pieces of Cannon taken and four Dutch-men of War in the Port. Martin possessed by the French and Dutch. St. Martinique Desseada Marigatanta St. Lucia possessed by the French. AESTIVARUM INSULAE at BARMUDAS Lat. 32D 25m 3300 miles from London 500 from Roaneak in Virginia by R Morden THE Bermuda's are a certain number of small Islands first discovered by one John Bermudas since called the Summer Islands from the Shipwrack which Sir George Summers and Sir Thomas Gates suffered Anno 1609. Of these Islands the greatest to which the Name of Bermudas is more generally given is about 5 Leagues long and 2 Miles broad all the rest being very small The whole cluster together do form a Body much like a Crescent and inclose several good Ports the chief whereof are the Great Sound Harrington's Sound Southampton Harbor guarded with several Forts taking their Names from the several Noblemen that were concerned as Undertakers which are set down in the Map as also the Names of some of the biggest Islands Since the English first setled in these Islands they have now established a powerful Colony consisting of above 4 or 5000 Inhabitants who have strongly fortified the Approaches by the aforesaid Forts which with the Rocks in the Seas render them secure and impregnable so that without knowledge of the Passages a Boat of 10 Tuns cannot be brought into the Haven yet by the assistance of a skilful Pilot there is entrance for Ships of the greatest Burden The Earth in these Isles is exceeding fertile yielding two Crops every year which they gather in about July and December They have no fresh Water but that in Wells and Pits which ebbs and flows with the Sea there being neither Fountain nor Stream in these Islands nor venomous Beasts neither will they live if brought thither nor are their Spiders poysonous but of sundry and various Colours and in hot weather make their Webs so strong that the small Birds are sometimes entangled and caught therein The Sky is generally serene and clear and the Air so temperate and healthy that 't is rarely any one dieth of any distemper than that of old Age So that the Inhabitants enjoy a long and healthy Life When the Sky is at any time darken'd with Clouds it thunders and lightens and is very stormy and tempestuous The North and Northwest Winds cause Winter in December January and February which yet is so very moderate that young Birds and Fruits and other Concomitants of the Spring are seen there in those Months They have several sorts of excellent Fruits as Oranges Dates Mulberries both white and red in the Trees whereof breed abundance of Silk-worms which produce much Silk There is also plenty of Tortoise whose Flesh is very delicious There is good store of Hogs and great variety of Fowls and Birds There is also a sort of Cedar Trees which differ from all others in the world the Wood whereof is sweet and well-scented Their chief Commodities are Oranges Cochineil and Tobacco with some kind of Pearls and Ambergreece of which last 't is reported that the three Men left there after the Death of Sir George Summers found in Somerset Island as much of it as was worth 9 or 10000 Pounds Sterling And now they keep Dogs for the finding of it out by its scent These Isles are now divided into Tribes or Counties and the whole reduced to a setled Government both in Church and State and is still improving to greater perfection Place this between page 544 and 545. Of the LVCAYES ARE so called from Lucayon the name of the biggest which is amongst them Bahama lends its name to a very rapid Chanel running from South to North and is remarkable for the passage of the Spanish Fleets in their return from Mexico into Europe A Passage as fatal to the Spaniards by many Shipwracks of their rich laden Plate Ships as kind to some English Undertakers of late years who by Diving get up vast quantities of that Plate which for many years have laid close hugg'd in her rocky and precipitous embraces Binini hardly accessible is said to have a Fountain that renews Youth being stored with handsome Women for whose sake it is much resorted to Guanahani is that Island which was discovered by Columbus for which reason he called it St. Salvador in regard it saved him from the Conspiracy of his Men who a little before would have thrown him over board New Providence a late erected Colony of the English by Patent from his Majesty to the Proprietors of Carolina and is found to produce the same Commodities Fruits Plants Beasts Fowls Birds c. Of an Air healthful and agreeable to English Bodies that since their Settlement few or none have died of the Distempers or Diseases incident to other Colonies Mexico or NEW SPAINE by Robt. Morden THE Indians call this Country Mexico the Spaniards New Spain the Latins Nova Hispania a Country abundantly enriched with inexhaustible Mines of Gold and Silver the Air exceeding Temperate though seated in the Torrid Zone Its Soil is so fertile that no Country in the World feeds so much Cattel The Riches of the Country besides their Gold and Silver Copper and Iron are their Grains as Wheat Barley Pulse and Mayz Their Fruits as Pomegranats Oranges Lemmons Cittorns Malicaâ—ons Cherries Pears Apples Figs Coco-nuts and variety of Herbs Plants and Roots There is also Wool Cotton Sugar Silk Cochenel From thence is likewise exported the Grains of Scarlet Feathers Hony Balm Amber Salt Tallow Hides Tobacco Ginger and divers Medicinal Drugs Among the rarities there is the most admirable Plant called Magney of whose Leaves they make Pepper Flax Thread Cordage Girdles Shoes Mats Mantles Stuffs c. It s Bark if roasted makes an excellent Plaister for Wounds from the top branches comes a Gum which is a Soveragin Antidote against Poison from the top a juyce like Syrup which if boil'd will become Hony if purified Sugar they make out of it also Wine and Vinegar and it affordeth good Wood to Build with As also two Mountains one of which vomits Flames of Fire like Aetna the other sendeth forth two burning Streams the one of black Pitch the other of red to which I may add their fine Pictures made with the Feathers of their Cinâ—ons which is a little Bird living only on dew so excellently are their Colours placed that the best Painters of Europe admire the delicacy thereof far exceeding a piece of Painting It was once an Elective Kingdom full of great Cities well governed civilized Should we saith Acosta parallel the Politicks of the Vncas or Kings of Peru and Mexico with those of the Greeks and Romans these would have the advantage but the best of these good Laws and Policies were abolished when the Spaniards became
Comely Affable People faithful in their Dealings addicted to Learning having three Universities such as they are But their Law allows of no Physitians but admit of some Chyrurgeons to cure their Wounds The Air is healthy but the changes of Weather are very uncertain for sometimes it Snows and Hails in the midst of Summer and the Winds are often in that season most furious Their Commodities are Sheep Cows and Horses Great plenty of most sort of Sea-fish all the year round their Coast There are Lakes upon the high Mountains well stored with fresh-water-Fresh-Water-Fish and their Rivers with Salmon In Summer time they have plenty of of Wild Fowl as Mallard Duck Teal Partridge Wild Geese Plowers In Winter time Ravens Eagles Wild Ducks Swans c. Their Drink is Milk mingled with Water Their Bread is Cod caught in the Winter time and dried in the Frost commonly called Stock-Fish as also Hokettle or the Nurse-Fish with the Livers they make Oil to burn in their Caves under Ground the other parts they cut into pieces and bury them four or five Weeks under Ground then wash them and dry them in their Stoves and this serves instead of Bread if broiled on the Coals it serves for Meat and of the Skins of the Fish they make their Shooes The general Employment of the People is either Fishery or the making of Wad-moll or a course sort of Woollen Cloth of which they make Gowns Coats Caps Mittins for Seamen and Fishermen There is also little Shock Dogs said to be the Whelps of ordinary Bitches lined by Foxes that come on over the Ice There is only one Fort which is upon one of the chief of the West Mâ—â—ny Isles ten Leagues from Merchants Foreland with twelve Iron Guns in it and there their Courts are held and the Bishop has his Residence As for their Government and Laws see Dithmar Belfkins and Arugreine Jonas or Purchas in his Pilgrimage Sometimes Danes Hamburgers and Lubekers put into the Island and furnish the Islanders with such Provisions as they want The chiefest places where the Ships stay are the Havens of Haneford and Keplawick and the Governor resides at Belested the Danes bring from thence dried Fish Train-Oil Butter Tallow Sulphur Raw Hides and particularly a sort of Whales Teeth which some esteem as much as Ivory Betwixt Cape Farewel and Cape Sumay lieth a great Sea dilating it self both towards the North South and West giving great hopes of a North West passage to China and the East Indies much searched into by many English Worthies Frobisher Weymouth Hudson Button Baffin Smith James and others who have sailed therein some one way some another and given names to many places as may be seen in the Map and in the year 1667 an Honourable and Worthy Design was renewed and undertaken by several of the Nobility of England and divers Merchants of London for the discovery of this North West passage and to settle a Trade with the Indians there Captain Zachariah Gillam being Commander who in the Nonsuch Ketch passed through Hudsons Straights then into Baffins Bay from thence Southerly into the Latitude of fifty one Degrees or thereabouts in a River now called Prince Ruperts River he there found a friendly correspondence with the Natives Built a Fort called Charles Fort returned with good success and laid the Foundation of an advantageous Trade in those parts But in the year 1687 seised upon by the French. The North West Part of AMERICA by R. Morden Atâ—â— Atlas in Cornhill Of GREENLAND GReenland is a Country of vast extent an unknown Tract and not yet fully discovered for notwithstanding several Voyages and many Ships have touched upon its Coasts yet it still lies obscured in a Northern Mist unless the names of certain Bays Capes c. viz. Cape Farewel Cape Comfort Cape Desolation Warwicks Foreland and Bearsford where 't is said the King of Denmark hath a Governor Of GREENLAND TOwards the North East lies a Tract of Land called Greenland by the English Spitsburg by the Dutch seated between seventy six Degrees and eighty two of Northern Latitude but whether an Island or Continent is not yet known The whole Land is so compassed with Ice that it is difficult to be approached sometimes in the middle of June tho' ordinarily the Ice breaks in May. The Soil is in most places nothing but Rocks or heaps of vast Stones many of them so high that the upper half seems to be above the Clouds The little Vallies between them are nothing else but broken Stones and Ice heaped up from many Generations About Roefield and Maple Haven is the greatest quantity of low Land which also is full of Rocks Stony and for the most part covered with Snow and Ice which when melted as in Summer discovers nothing but a barren Ground producing Heath Moss and some few Plants as a kind of Cabbage Lettice Scurvy-Grass Sorrel Snakeweed Hartsease a kind of Strawberry divers sorts of Ranunculus and of semper Vives in the Mountains that are exposed to a warm Air and Sun-beams in the Holes and Rocks infinite quantity of Fowls Nest whose Dung with the Moss washed down by the melted Snow makes a Mould in the Vallies or Clefts which produceth those Plants aforesaid For tho' it hath the Sun for half a year yet never about thirty three Degrees and forty Minutes above the Horizon the power of its Beams are insufficient to dispel the Cold or dissolve the Ice so that the Vapors from the Earth are not hot enough to warm the Air nor thin enough to rise to any considerable height but hang continually in thick dark Mists about the Land that sometimes you cannot see the length of your Ship. 'T is also remarkable that at Cherry in June 1608 it was so hot that melted Pitch ran down the sides of the Ships and that the Ice is raised above the Water many Fathoms and many times above thirty Fathom under Water and sometimes 't is frozen to the bottom of the Sea. The freezing and breaking of the Ice makes a great and terrible noise sometimes it breaks into great pieces and sometimes it shatters at once into small pieces with more noise but less danger The Beasts of the Country are Foxes of divers Colours Raindeer Bears six Foot high and fourteen Foot long Of Water Fowl there is great variety and in so great abundance that with their flight they darken the Sun viz. Ducks Willocks Stints Sea-pidgeons Sea-Parrots Gulls Noddees There are also great quantities of Fishes as Seals Dog Fishes Lobsters Gernels Star-Fish Macarel Dolfins Unicorns Whales c. Our Men that wintered in Greenland Anno 163â— lost the Light of the Sun October the fourteenth and saw it not again till February the third Those that staid there 1633 say that October the fifth was the last day they saw the Sun tho' they had Twilight till the seventeenth and on the twenty second the Stars were plainly to be seen and so continued for all