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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A42508	The poetical histories being a compleat collection of all the stories necessary for a perfect understanding of the Greek and Latine poets and other ancient authors / written originally in French, by the learned Jesuite, P. Galtruchius ; now Englisht and enricht with observations concerning the gods worshipped by our ancestors in this island, by the Phœnicians, and Syrians in Asia ... ; unto which are added two treatises, one of the curiosities of old Rome, and of the difficult names relating to the affairs of that city, the other containing the most remarkable hieroglyphicks of Ægypt, by Marius d'Assigny ...; Histoire poétique pour l'intelligence des poéts. English	Gautruche, Pierre, 1602-1681.; D'Assigny, Marius, 1643-1717.	1671 (1671)	Wing G384; ESTC R15913	274,012	534

Stars CHAP. XI Of Neptunus and of the Sea Divinities NEptune was one of the Children of Saturnus that had to his lot the command of the Seas and of the Waters when the World was divided amongst him and his Brethren his Scepter was a Trident and his Chariot a great shell of the Sea which was drawn either by Whales or by Sea-monsters or by Horses that had the lower part of Fish His Wife was Amphitrite so named because the Sea doth encompass about the Earth He obtained her by the means of a Dolphin who was afterwards advanced amongst the Stars near the Capricorn He taught unto men the use of the Horse when he had caused him to come forth of the earth with a blow of his Trident at the dispute he had with Minerva about the name of the City of Athens in the Areopage Because he had been engaged in a conspiracy against Jupiter he was confined to the earth where he was forced to offer himself to the service of King Laomedon to build the City of Troy as we have seen in the story of Ap●ll● The Tritans half men and half Dolphins were his Children they were wont to accompany him sounding certain shells in form of a Trumpet He begot also the Harpies by the acquaintance that he had with the Earth they were Monsters that did ingeniously and perfectly express the qualities of a Niggard They had faces of young Maids although somewhat pale but their bodies were like the Vultures with Wings and Claws both at their hands and feet their bellies were insatiable and of a prodigious bigness whatever they did touch was infected and spoil'd and they did steal all that came near them Neptunus was esteemed a famous God because the Heathens judged him to have the command of one of the Elements he was called Consus for the Romans do affirm that he did advise them in thé first beginning of their Empire when there was scarcity of Women in their City to steal from their Neighours the Sabins a convenient supply of that Sex He was named also Neptunus Hippius or Equester because he taught unto men the use of Horses and as the Fable informs us he created at Athens a Horse when the City was built The Romans to acknowledge the benefit that their Empire had received from Horses instituted Horse-Races in honour of Neptune The Sea is called by his Name either because he was Admiral of it in the Reign of Saturn or because this greedy and inhumane God did drown him in the Sea as soon as he was born He had a famous Temple in Rome enriched with the spoils of many Sea Victories but he received a signal affront when Augustus the Emperour caused his Statue to be pull'd down because he was thought to have raised against him a Tempest at Sea where he had received some loss with no small danger of his life The Ocean where Neptunus commanded was esteemed a God the Father of the Rivers His Effigies was much like to that of a River a great man with Bulls Horns upon his head His Wife was Thetis of whom he had Nereus and Doris that married together and put into the World many Daughters called Nymphs some of them ascended up into Heaven but those that had green locks of hair remained upon the Earth amongst the Waters the Meadows the Forrests The Napeae the Dryades and the Hamadryades did dwell in the Woods in the Meadows and amongst the Flowers and green Pastures The Naiades were for the Fountains and Rivers and the Nereides that did borrow their Name of their Father were appointed to the Sea They did extremely love the Halcyons Sea-birds of whom this Wonder is related that they build their Nests upon the Waves of the Sea in the midst of the most stormy Winters but when their young ones do peep forth of the shell the Sea round about them appears calm and if it be rough they never come by any damage by it The most remarkable of the Nereids was Thetis who kept the Name of her Mother she was so fair that Jupiter fell in love with her but when he heard the Destinies foretel that if she was married that she should have a Son far more couragious and more dreadful than his Father he willingly left her and gave her in marriage to Peleus the Father of Achilles whose Actions and Life we shall describe in their proper place Protheus Neptune's Shepherd and the Leader of his Phoei who were called Calves of the Sea was another Son of Ocean and Thetis the Romans called him Vertumnus because he had the skill to change himself into all sorts of forms and figures and he was a great Fortune-teller those that intended to make any use of him were to surprise him and bind him fast until he did take his proper and natural shape and tell them what they desired Glaucus Ino and Melicerta were Divinities of the Sea Glaucus had been before a Fisherman at a certain time having cast his Fish upon the Grass and perceiving that by the virtue of a certain Herb which they did touch they did receive a wonderful strength and did afterwards leap into the Sea again his curiosity moved him to try the virtue of it in himself He had no sooner tasted of it but he fell into a fit of madness and cast himself into the midst of the Waves where the Sea Divinities had a care to receive him and admit him into their Society The story of Ino is more various Athamas King of Thebes had married her in second Nuptials after that he had divorced his former Wife Nephele This Ino was resolved to destroy Phrixus and Helle Children of Nephele Phrixus to prevent his mischief ran away with the Ram that had a Golden Fleece the honour and riches of his Family He and his Sister mounted upon it with a design to flee to some other Country as they were passing over the Straits between Asia and Europe Helle fell into the Sea in a fright from hence this place is named Hellespont But Phrixus arrived happily in the Country of Colchos where he offered his Ram to Jupiter and since this same Ram hath been admitted amongst the twelve Signs of the Zodiack but the Fleece was put in the hands of Aetha King of the Country who placed it in a Park consecrated to Mars and a good guard to keep it as we shall see in the story of Jason Juno was mightily concerned for the Children of Nephele therefore she troubled the mind of Athamas and caused him to become furious in that condition he offered to kill Ino and her Children but she being surprised with so great a change casts her self into the Sea with Melicerta Neptune pittied her and therefore received her in the number of the Divinities of his Train afterwards she was esteemed to be Aurora and therefore called Leucothea the break of day Her Son was called Palaemon he was the God of the Havens We must not

when he was ready to expire It happened afterwards as he had desired Myrtilus for a supposed crime was cast headlong from a high R●ck into the Sea and left his name to the place Thus the perfidious Myrtilus was rewarded by th se who did owe unto him their lives and satisfactions for it is usual to see Treasons in request but Traytors were never beloved nor trusted by any That Roman Damosel that betrayed a gate of Rome to the Sabins was buried alive under their Bucklers by them who did detest her crime although they did receive an advantage by it Bajazet and Tamerlane did commonly execute Traytors and hang them up with their rewards The Poets say that this Oenomaus was so cruel as to kill twelve or thirteen young Gallants that came to seek his Daughter in Marriage for when he had ünhappily overcom● them in the Race he did dispatch them out of his sight without mercy In running it was his custome to throw at them his Lance and kill them and that he might sooner overtake them he did oblige them to carry ●ith them his Daughter Hippodamia in the Chariot Pelops was more happy than the rest therefore the River Alpheus came out of his currant to crown him with Lawrels after his Victory His Sister was Niobe she espoused Amphion and of him had ten Sons some say seven and as many Daughters but because she was so vain-glorious as to say Cur calitur Latona per aras Numen adhuc sine thuie meum est c. And Quoquo modo audetis g●ni●am Titanida Coeo Latonam praeferre mihi She was deprived of all her Children the Men being massacred by Apollo and the Maids by Diana who left only Cloris alive Some say that her grief caused her to cast her self into the Sea from a Rock that did bear her name upon the Coast of Greece Ovid calls her Mygdonia because of her Image that did stand in the Town of Sipylus in the Mount Mygdonia N●nc quoque Mygdonia flebilis astat humo CHAP. XII Of Atreus and Thyestes THese two Brethren have given occasion to many Tragedies which proceeded from an irreconcilable hatred that they did bear to one another For Thyestes having no other intent but to vex Atreus defiled his Bed with Adultery and Incest and then saved himself out of his reach And Atreus surprized the sons of Thyestes and got them all into his power Then he sent unto him to invite him to a Feast as if they had been to end all their differences and reconcile themselves together Thyestes perswaded with the desire of seeing his Children came readily to the Feast But when they were both risen from the Table Atreus shewed unto him the sad Spectacle of their hands and heads chopt off telling him also at the same time that he had fed at supper only upon their flesh The Poets say that the Sun was eclipsed and did return back towards its rising that it might not behold such a detestable cruelty But as one Crime draws after it another it happened that Aegistus the Bastard Son of Thyestes who was reckoned amongst the Dead because he had been cast away in a Wood satisfied his Fathers vengeance by spilling the blood of Atreus This Aegistus was so named because he had been brought up and nourished by Goats He having therefore espoused his Fathers quarrel he massacred Agamemnon the Son of Atreus at his return from the Siege of Troy by the assistance of his Wife Clytemnestra who had been perswaded to consent to the murder of her Husband We shall in another place take notice how Orestes revenged the death of his Father Agamemnon in killing Aegistus and Clytemnestra his own Mother because she had been so perfidious and wicked as to imbrue her hands in her Husbands blood The hatred of these two Brothers caused many horrid Villanies to be committed by them and their Children Thyestes to displease and affront his Brother Atreus debaucht his Wife Aerope of whom he had two Bastards Tantalus and Plistenes When Atreus came to understand who was their Father he caused them to be roasted and given to Thyestes to eat at a great banquet unto which he was invited He found some way to escape out of it and his Brothers power and so departed to King Thesprotus and from him he went to Sicyone where he had placed his Daughter Pelopia He found her sacrificing to Minerva and dancing about her Altar but it happened that she had stained her cloaths with the blood of the Victim therefore in the night she went do vn to a River alone to wash them Her Father Thyestes followed her and got her with-child but she secretly convey'd his Sword away About that time ●t grievous Famine afflicted the Country which the Sooth-sayers imputed to the cruelty of Atreus advising him to be reconciled to his Brother He hearkned to their counsel therefore he went to seek him out in the Kingdom of Thesprotus but meeting there with Pelopia whom he thought to be the Kings Daughter he desired her in marriage and brought her to his home where she was delivered of Aegistus And because he was her Fathers Bastard she desired that he might be cast away and that he might not live to reproach unto her her shame But Atreus not knowing the mystery caused him to be s●er●tly nourished with Agamemnon and Menelaus his children It happened that in process of time Atreus having surprized Thyestes consulting the Oracle of Apollo how to revenge himself be sent unto him Aegistus to kill him but the Father dise vered the Son by the Sword that his Daughter had stole from him near the River and then stuck it into his Bowels with a command to revenge his death which was done by Aegistus for he kill'd Atreus whiles he was sacrificing and rejoycing at the death of his Brother The Poets 〈◊〉 inform us of the first cause of these Tragedies and fatal discords They say it was because Pelops offered to drown Myrtilus the Son of Mercurius therefore this God in revenge kindled such flames of wrath and enmity in the breasts of his Sons that they ceased not till they were both destroyed with all their Generation CHAP. XIII Of the Kings of Troy THe City of Troy hath been heretofore one of the most famous of Asia minor as well for its largeness and riches as for that Renowned War which it n annag'd against the Army of Greece It was scituate in Phrygia which is a Province stretching it self upon the Coast of the Aegean Sea near unto the Hellespont called now the River of Constantineple over against the C●e●s●n●sus of Thracia and the Island Tenedos which was not far distant from it The River Soamander that proceeds from the Mount Ida did run by the walls to joyn with the waters of the River Sim is both together do empty themselves into the Sea near the Promontory called Sigeum The

to the Pretor in whose absence a Dictator was created for this purpose And when the Empire was arrived to its highest Grandeur not only the Emperors but also the Consuls and other Magistrates did gratifie the People with such kind of sports at their first admittance into their imployments The Romans did affect so much these Pastimes that they did spend the days and the nights to see them without caring for eating or drinking It is ttue that they who did give these sports did also feast the People at the same time And although from all parts of Greece they did meet at the Olympick Games they were nothing near so sumptuous and stately as the Romans in their sports for they had not so many Combatants nor Spectators nor the Place was not so glorious nor beautiful and there was no Pomp in Greece to usher in the Champions as in Rome For in this City all the Statues of the Gods and of the Worthies of the Empire were carried before and then the Chariots followed in a great number succeeded by the Spoils that had been taken from the Enemies and by all the precious Jewels Ornaments that were laid upin the Treasury-house of the Empire After this Train the Priests and Augures and Pontifs did march in good order to Sacrifice to some of the Divinities according to the times and occasions The Secular Games were every hundredth year therefore the publick Cryer who was sent to invite the People to them did Proclaim that they were such Sports as none alive had ever ●een nor should ever see again Time brought many alterations to these Pastimes of the Romans for besides the Gymnick Fights and the Horse and Chariot Races they did invent the Butchery of the Gladiators and the Naumachias or the fight of Ships and the hunting of divers sorts of Beasts for that purpose they erected large Amphitheatres whereof the manner of building was much like unto that of the Circus in respect of the disposition of the degrees and steps where the Beholders were seated for the form of them was almost round approaching to an Oval The sports were represented in the middle and at the bottom called Arena because this place was covered over with Sand that the Blood that was there spilt might the sooner sink down out of sight and that it might be more easie for them to cover it by stirring up the Sand. In the bottom of these Amphitheatres were large Caves and Dens for to keep the wild Beasts or to receive the water upon which they did represent many Sea fights a little higher were the Vaults the Stairs by which they did ascend to the seats The entrance of these vaulted Galleries were called Vomitoria because of the multitude of People who did commonly burst out of that place at the end of the sports They who by their late arrival were excluded out of the seats were named Excuneati because they did shift themselves into several corners where they did see standing The Emperor Vespasian built an Amphitheatre of Stone which was finisht by his Son Titus It was able to hold ninety thousand spectators sitting with twenty thousand more upon their legs The chief sport of the Amphitheatre was that of the Gladiators or Fencers who were appointed to divert the People in spilling their own blood in the same manner as the Duellists of our time A cruel custom introduced by the Devil Heretofore it was used only at the great Funerals as we have taken notice but afterwards it came to be an ordinary practice for according to the times or the greatness of him who gave these Pastimes to the People you should have seen many hundreds of these Combatants appear upon the Sand one after another This extravigancy or inhumanity was so great that some Emperors gave a thousand the others ten thousand Fencers that they might fight and continue the slaughter to divert the People many dayes These Fencers were for the most part Slaves kept for this bloody purpose And before they did bring them out they were wont to send them to a Fence-master called Lanista to prepare them for this Exercise Their Fencing-School was stiled Batualia where they did learn to handle the weapons with a wooden Sword called Rudis so that rudibus batuere is to Fence or Exercise with this kind of Instrument Now these Gladiators were of several sorts some did fight only with a naked sword in the right hand and a Buckler in the left others did appear in perfect Armour some did march to the encounter blind-fold These were named Andabates Others called Retiarij did make use of a Nett to trapan their Adversaries The Myrmillones had on the top of their Cask the representation of a Fish And if it did happen that they were caught and wrapt into the Nett it was not possible for them to escape death Amongst these Gladiators sometimes Dwarfs called Pumiliones were produced to act their parts And although these men were the basest and vilest sort of People many Roman Gentlemen Members of the Senate and Emperors also did often forget themselves so much and undervalue their Persons as to fight in the Arena and divert the multitude with the loss of their Honor. He that did overcome was wont to kill his Antagonist if the spectators did not save his life with the bended Thumb lifted up by which they did make known their pleasure and when they did open the Thumb straight it was a sign of condemnation The oldest Fencers did obtain their freedom and such as had given any testimonie of their valour and activity This was the ceremony made use of in this occasion A wooden Sword was delivered into their hands Sometimes they did afterwards engage themselves to fight for a Sallery called Author amentum and he who did promise and swear for this Money to hazard his life was stiled Authoratus as they who had performed their oath and engagement were called Exauthorati The Chase of wild Beasts was one of the most pleasant Pastimes of the Circus or of the Amphitheatre when it was built Sometimes three or four hundred Lyons or a hundred Austriches were to be seen at once The Emperor Titus caused five thousand of thirty sorts of Beasts to enter into the Amphitheatre in one day Amongst them were Lyons Elephants Wolves Bulls wild Boars Leopards Rhinocerot's c. They did cause many times these Beasts to fight one against another Sometimes they did imploy men to encounter them and sometimes they did expose unto these furious creatures both Men and Women that they might have the pleasure to see them torn in pieces and devoured Many Christians have thus ended their dayes for the Faith of Jesus Christ Sometimes they did bring into the middle of the Amphitheatre a pleasant Forrest full of these wild Beasts running up and down and did cause at the same time several artificial Pipes to be opened to fill the Air with excellent scents

lapides per colla per armos They had amongst them Tirewomen named Psecades The Romans did vvear 2 kind of Shooes Solea and calceus Solea vvas like the Sandals of the Capuchins the bottom of a shooe tyed vvith leathern straps about the toes and heels It is called Gallica and crepidula a crepitu from the noise that it did make The Shooes were either Mullaei Lunulati Vncinati Perones or Cathurni Lunula tricalcei were certain Shooes that did represent upon them or under them the figure C or a half Moon It was only proper to the Senators Vncinati calcei were in use amongst Soldiers they were also named Caligae Many of these Shooes did come up the leg half way in the manner of Boots Some were adorned with precious stones and other ornaments others were plain But of all these kinds of shooes and garments you may see more in Rosinus and Dempsterus CHAP. VI. Of the Customs of the Romans in Eating IN every country there is a great difference in the manner of lying down and taking those things which are necessary for our sustenance The Turks feed sitting as Taylors The Jews did lie down upon Couches made on purpose the Europeans do commonly eat sitting at Tables But my design in this place is only to describe the Roman manner and to mention those words which may give us a perfect understanding of the Authors which speak of their Banquetiugs and Feasts The place where they did eat was named Coenaculum fron Caena as our Dining-room from Dinner because the Supper was the chief Meal of the Romans as ou● Dinner is ours It was also stiled Triclinium from three Beds which were placed round a little Table standing in the middle Before Supper they did commonly wash their hands and face change their Cloaths and take off their shooes that they might not spoil the Beds When the Table was furnished the Master of the Feast did compell all those that were invited to sit or lay down by pulling their garments with some kind of violence which was interpreted an expression of kindness and a sign of being welcom Whereas if this action was performed with indifference and without earnestness it was a sign that the Master of the House cared not for the company of such a one Such as came of their own accord without invitation to a Supper were named Muscae flies or Vmbrae The Guests did commonly lay upon the Bed leaning upon their left elbow with their upper part raised up There were two or three on every Bed the one at the upper end the next had his head leaning in the others breast so was it of the third In publick Feasts where many hundreds were invited the Couches were made capacious and fit to hold four five at a Table When they were thus ready for their Victuals they did adorn their heads with Garlands of Roses and other pleasant flowers to refresh the Brain and preserve it from the ill consequences of the excess of drinking and the powerful operations of the Wine They did also for that purpose gird their heads with Fillets of Wool and Linnen to stop the Veins of the Temples which do convey up to the Brain the evil vapours that do disturb it They did sometimes make use of Colewort-leaves when they were resolved to drink much for as our learned Herbalist hath taken notice there is no greater enemy to Wine or to the operations of it than Colewort and Cabbage Their supping room was usually adorned with the Trophies and noble relicks of their Predecessors as the other part of the House named Atrium was with their Images Vel tibi Medorum pugnaces ire per hostes Atque ornare tuam fixa per arma domum In all stately Suppers there were three services or parts The first was called Gustatio Ant●●oena or Promulsis It was composed of such Dishes as did whett the appetite and prepare the stomach for more corroborating Meats The Fruits most in season were then served on the Table with Eggs Salads Oysters Spraragus c. The second Course was named Coena because it was the chief part of the supper and the Principal Dish of it was called Caput coenae or fundamentum coenae as the first was the Proemium and last the Epilogue In the last Course they did present upon the table all manner of Fruits Cream but especially Apples as they did Eggs in the first Their Suppers were so ordered that there was a convenient time between each Course to discourse of pleasant matters It was not lawful to mention any sad accident at such seasons because there is nothing that helps Digestion so much as mirth and nothing is a greater impediment to a right use of Meats than sadness They did therefore bannish from the Table all melancholick humours In the flourishing state of the Empire they were very expensive in their suppers Vitelli● as Suetonius informs us had a supper where ● thousand rare and forrein Fishes were presented upon the Table and several strange Birds fetcht from the strai s of Gibraltar by Galleys sent on purpose to transport them to Rome And that they might not burden their stomachs with the courser sort of meats and neglect others more pleasing to their pallats It was sometimes the custom in the entrance of supper to give unto every one a little Note of the names of the several dishes prepared for them There were several officers appointed at Feasts named Magister scribendi obsonij Diribitor Scissor Chironomantae and carptor Structor obsonij was the Garnisher of the Feast who did adorn the Dishes with all manner of Flowers and pleasant sights It seems the Carvers and Garnishers were instructed how to behave themselves with ceremony by persons who made it their Profession to shew such as would learn Now in every Feast there was a † portion for Mercurius whose Image was placed at the entry of many Houses as we have already taken notice And that they might please the ears with grateful sounds aswel as the Pallate with dainty meats it was the custom to have a Consort of Musick some of their Instruments were named Hydraulae The word doth make many conjecture that water did contribute to the sound but I rather imagine that they were such kind of Instruments of Musick as they did use at Sea to encourage men to fight or to drownd the noise of the dying soldiers Our Trumpets in which some of our Na●ion do much delight are derived from the Romans Nam veluti resonante diu Tritone canor● Pellit opes collectus aquae victusque movere Spiritus long as emugit buccina vaces And in their Feasts they had pleasant Boyes out of Alexandria and fair Girls to give them all manner of delights which they did fancy The Girls of Cadiz in Spain were famous at Rome for their sportful humour which they did express in