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with_o he_o supply_v he_o so_o well_o with_o air_n that_o he_o be_v not_o incommodate_v in_o point_n of_o respiration_n and_o though_o he_o feel_v no_o other_o inconvenience_n that_o may_v dissuade_v his_o tarry_n long_a yet_o the_o cold_a be_v so_o great_a and_o troublesome_a that_o he_o be_v not_o able_a to_o endure_v it_o above_o two_o or_o three_o hour_n but_o be_v constrain_v to_o remount_v to_o a_o mild_a as_o well_o as_o a_o high_a region_n i_o wish_v several_a time_n he_o have_v have_v with_o he_o a_o seal_a weatherglass_n for_o ordinary_a thermometer_n will_v on_o that_o occasion_n have_v be_v unserviceable_a to_o prevent_v some_o little_a doubt_n that_o may_v be_v make_v whether_o the_o intense_a cold_a he_o feel_v may_v not_o be_v only_o and_o chief_o in_o reference_n to_o his_o body_n which_o may_v be_v so_o alter_v and_o dispose_v by_o this_o new_a briny_a ambient_fw-la as_o to_o make_v such_o a_o disturbance_n in_o the_o course_n or_o texture_n of_o his_o blood_n as_o that_o which_o make_v aguish_a person_n so_o cold_a at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o fit_a though_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la body_n continue_v the_o same_o but_o this_o be_v not_o the_o only_a person_n that_o find_v the_o sea_n exceed_o cold_a for_o i_o remember_v 1._o beguinus_n relate_v from_o the_o mouth_n of_o a_o marseillian_a knight_n that_o be_v overseer_n of_o the_o coral-fishing_a in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o tunis_n that_o have_v upon_o that_o coast_n let_v down_o a_o young_a man_n to_o feel_v whether_o coral_n be_v hard_a or_o soft_a as_o it_o grow_v in_o the_o water_n when_o this_o man_n be_v come_v about_o eight_o fathom_n near_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n he_o feel_v it_o exceed_o cold_a to_o which_o we_o shall_v add_v the_o testimony_n of_o a_o sober_a traveller_n josephus_n acosta_n who_o tell_v 11._o we_o that_o it_o be_v a_o thing_n remarkable_a that_o in_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o ocean_n the_o water_n can_v be_v make_v hot_a by_o the_o violence_n 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that_o captain_n james_n who_o have_v very_o good_a opportunity_n to_o try_v allow_v not_o in_o case_n the_o ice_n be_v not_o make_v by_o accumulation_n that_o the_o frost_n pierce_v above_o two_o yard_n perpendicular_o downward_o from_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n even_o in_o the_o cold_a habitable_a region_n and_o this_o will_v seem_v the_o more_o rational_a if_o we_o consider_v that_o in_o case_n the_o coldness_n of_o the_o sea_n proceed_v constant_o from_o the_o air_n as_o such_o the_o cold_a will_v be_v great_a near_o the_o surface_n where_o it_o be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n then_o in_o the_o part_n remote_a from_o it_o and_o yet_o the_o contrary_n may_v appear_v by_o the_o passage_n late_o recite_v 20._o but_o if_o it_o be_v object_v that_o this_o at_o best_a can_v prove_v no_o more_o then_o that_o the_o air_n be_v not_o the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la notwithstanding_o which_o it_o may_v be_v the_o summum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la for_o answer_v i_o must_v proceed_v 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in_o a_o sharp_a frosty_a night_n will_v be_v able_a to_o congeal_v it_o and_o when_o in_o exceed_v cold_a weather_n the_o ambient_fw-la nocturnal_a air_n have_v reduce_v a_o parcel_n of_o air_n purposely_o include_v in_o a_o convenient_a glass_n to_o as_o great_a a_o degree_n of_o condensation_n as_o it_o can_v i_o have_v more_o than_o once_o by_o the_o external_n application_n of_o other_o thing_n be_v able_a to_o condense_a it_o much_o far_o which_o argue_v that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o air_n as_o such_o but_o some_o adventitious_a frigorifick_a corpuscle_n take_v that_o term_n as_o i_o do_v in_o this_o treatise_n in_o a_o large_a sense_n that_o may_v sometime_o be_v mingle_v with_o it_o which_o produce_v the_o notable_a degree_n of_o
may_v be_v very_o warrantable_o question_v for_o it_o be_v evident_a in_o water_n we_o expose_v to_o freeze_v in_o large_a vessel_n that_o the_o congelation_n begin_v at_o the_o surface_n where_o the_o liquor_n be_v 〈◊〉_d to_o the_o air_n and_o thence_o as_o the_o cold_a continue_v to_o prevail_v the_o ice_n increase_v and_o thicken_v downward_o and_o therefore_o we_o see_v that_o frog_n retire_v themselves_o in_o frosty_a weather_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o ditch_n whence_o i_o have_v have_v many_o of_o they_o take_v out_o very_o brisk_a and_o vigorous_a from_o under_o the_o thick_a ice_n that_o cover_v the_o water_n and_o i_o have_v be_v inform_v by_o a_o observe_a person_n that_o at_o least_o in_o some_o place_n it_o be_v usual_a in_o winter_n for_o shoal_n of_o fish_n to_o retire_v to_o those_o depth_n of_o the_o sea_n if_o not_o of_o river_n also_o where_o they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v in_o summer_n beside_o if_o rivers_n be_v freeze_v at_o the_o 〈◊〉_d we_o must_v very_o frequent_o meet_v in_o the_o emergent_a piece_n of_o ice_n the_o shape_n of_o those_o irregular_a cavity_n and_o protuberance_n that_o be_v often_o to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o uneven_a soil_n over_o which_o river_n take_v their_o course_n whereas_o general_o those_o emergent_a piece_n of_o ice_n be_v flat_a as_o those_o flake_n that_o be_v generate_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n moreover_o if_o even_o deep_a river_n freeze_v first_o at_o the_o bottom_n why_o shall_v not_o very_o many_o spring_n and_o wells_n 〈◊〉_d first_o at_o the_o bottom_n too_o the_o contrary_a of_o which_o nevertheless_o be_v obvious_a to_o be_v observe_v in_o confirmation_n of_o all_o which_o we_o may_v make_v use_n of_o what_o we_o former_o note_v in_o the_o section_n of_o the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la about_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o french_a salt-work_n who_o by_o overflow_a the_o bank_n and_o causeways_n all_o the_o winter_n keep_v they_o from_o be_v spoil_v by_o the_o srost_n which_o can_v not_o be_v do_v if_o the_o water_n they_o stand_v under_o freeze_v as_o well_o at_o the_o bottom_n as_o at_o the_o top._n but_o i_o find_v that_o that_o which_o deceive_v our_o watermen_n be_v that_o they_o often_o observe_v flake_n of_o ice_n to_o ascend_v from_o the_o bottom_n of_o rivers_n to_o the_o top_n and_o indeed_o it_o often_o happen_v that_o after_o the_o hard_a frost_n have_v continue_v a_o while_n these_o emergent_a piece_n of_o ice_n do_v very_o much_o contribute_v to_o the_o freeze_a over_o of_o rivers_n for_o come_v in_o some_o of_o the_o narrow_a part_n of_o they_o to_o be_v stop_v by_o the_o superficial_a ice_n that_o reach_v on_o each_o side_n of_o the_o river_n a_o good_a way_n from_o the_o bank_n towards_o the_o middle_n those_o flat_a icy_a body_n be_v easy_o cement_v by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o cold_a and_o by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o contiguous_a water_n to_o one_o another_o and_o by_o degree_n straighten_n and_o at_o length_n choke_v up_o the_o passage_n they_o give_v a_o stop_n to_o the_o other_o flake_n of_o ice_n that_o either_o emerge_n from_o the_o bottom_n or_o loosen_v from_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n or_o carry_v down_o the_o stream_n towards_o they_o and_o these_o be_v also_o by_o the_o same_o cold_a cement_v to_o the_o rest_n the_o river_n be_v at_o length_n quite_o freeze_v over_o and_o the_o reason_n why_o so_o many_o flake_n of_o ice_n come_v from_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o river_n seem_v to_o be_v that_o after_o the_o water_n have_v be_v freeze_v all_o along_o near_o the_o bank_n either_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o sun_n by_o day_n or_o some_o of_o those_o many_o casualty_n that_o may_v perform_v such_o a_o thing_n do_v by_o thaw_v the_o ground_n or_o otherwise_o loosen_v many_o piece_n of_o that_o ice_n together_o with_o the_o earth_n stone_n etc._n etc._n that_o they_o adhere_v to_o from_o the_o more_o stable_a part_n of_o the_o bank_n and_o these_o heavy_a body_n do_v by_o their_o weight_n carry_v 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the_o river_n whereas_o a_o large_a piece_n of_o ice_n may_v carry_v up_o and_o support_v body_n of_o that_o kind_n of_o a_o great_a 〈◊〉_d in_o case_n the_o ice_n itself_o be_v proportionable_o great_a so_o that_o the_o aggregate_v of_o the_o ice_n and_o heavy_a body_n 〈◊〉_d not_o the_o weight_n of_o a_o equal_a bulk_n of_o water_n on_o which_o occasion_n i_o remember_v that_o captain_n james_n hall_n in_o a_o voyage_n extant_a in_o purchas_n relate_v that_o upon_o a_o large_a piece_n of_o ice_n in_o the_o sea_n they_o find_v a_o great_a stone_n which_o they_o judge_v to_o be_v three_o hundred_o pound_n weight_n but_o of_o the_o tradition_n of_o the_o watermen_n we_o shall_v say_v no_o more_o then_o that_o this_o have_v be_v discourse_v but_o upon_o no_o great_a information_n though_o the_o best_a we_o can_v procure_v so_o that_o for_o further_a satisfaction_n it_o be_v to_o be_v desire_v that_o either_o by_o send_v down_o a_o diver_n or_o by_o let_v down_o some_o instrument_n fit_a to_o feel_v if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v the_o bottom_n of_o river_n with_o and_o to_o try_v whether_o ice_n if_o it_o meet_v with_o any_o be_v loose_a from_o or_o uniform_o coherent_a to_o the_o ground_n and_o also_o bring_v up_o parcel_n of_o whatever_o stuff_n it_o meet_v with_o there_o the_o matter_n be_v by_o competent_a experiment_n put_v out_o of_o doubt_n we_o take_v a_o seal_a weatherglass_n furnish_v with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o though_o not_o above_o 10._o inch_n long_o in_o all_o yet_o sensible_a enough_o and_o have_v cause_v a_o hole_n to_o be_v make_v in_o the_o cover_n of_o a_o box_n just_a wide_a enough_o for_o the_o small_a end_n of_o the_o glass_n to_o be_v thrust_v in_o at_o we_o invert_v the_o thermometer_n so_o that_o the_o ball_n of_o it_o rest_v upon_o the_o cover_n of_o a_o box_n and_o the_o pipe_n point_v direct_o downward_o than_o we_o place_v about_o the_o ball_n a_o little_a beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n and_o observe_v whether_o according_a to_o our_o expectation_n the_o tinct_a spirit_n that_o reach_v to_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o pipe_n or_o thereabouts_o will_v be_v retract_v upon_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o the_o liquor_n in_o the_o ball_n and_o according_o the_o spirit_n do_v in_o very_o few_o minute_n ascend_v in_o that_o short_a pipe_n above_o a_o inch_n high_o than_o a_o mark_n whereby_o we_o take_v notice_n of_o its_o former_a station_n and_o will_v perhaps_o have_v ascend_v much_o more_o if_o the_o application_n of_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n have_v be_v continue_v by_o which_o and_o another_o succeed_a experiment_n to_o the_o same_o purpose_n it_o seem_v that_o the_o condensation_n of_o liquor_n by_o cold_a be_v not_o always_o effect_v by_o their_o proper_a gravity_n only_o which_o ordinary_o may_v be_v sufficient_a to_o make_v the_o part_n fall_v close_o together_o but_o whether_o in_o our_o case_n the_o contraction_n be_v assist_v by_o some_o little_a tenacity_n in_o the_o liquor_n or_o by_o the_o spring_n of_o 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take_v notice_n of_o be_v able_a to_o vary_v their_o success_n in_o confirmation_n of_o what_o be_v deliver_v in_o the_o vii_o section_n about_o the_o expansion_n of_o water_n by_o freeze_a i_o shall_v add_v that_o have_v cause_v some_o strong_a glass-bottle_n of_o a_o not_o inconsiderable_a bignéss_n to_o be_v fill_v with_o a_o congealable_a liquor_n except_v the_o neck_n which_o be_v fill_v with_o salad_n oil_n i_o observe_v that_o in_o a_o somewhat_o long_o and_o very_o sharp_a frost_n the_o contain_v water_n be_v so_o far_o expanded_a by_o congelation_n that_o it_o not_o only_o thrust_v up_o the_o cork_n but_o the_o cold_a have_v take_v away_o the_o defluency_n of_o the_o oil_n that_o liquor_n together_o with_o the_o water_n that_o can_v no_o long_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o glass_n be_v as_o it_o seem_v freeze_v as_o fast_o as_o it_o be_v thrust_v out_o of_o the_o neck_n there_o appear_v quite_o above_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o bottle_n cylinder_n of_o divers_a inch_n in_o height_n consist_v partly_o of_o concrete_v oil_n and_o partly_o of_o congeal_a water_n have_v on_o their_o top_n the_o cork_n that_o have_v be_v raise_v by_o they_o it_o be_v a_o tradition_n very_a currant_n among_o we_o that_o when_o pond_n or_o river_n be_v freeze_v over_o unless_o the_o ice_n be_v seasonable_o break_v in_o several_a place_n the_o fish_n will_v die_v for_o want_v of_o air._n and_o i_o find_v this_o tradition_n to_o be_v 20._o more_o general_a then_o before_o i_o make_v particular_a inquiry_n into_o it_o i_o know_v of_o for_o olaus_n magnus_n mention_n it_o more_o than_o once_o without_o at_o all_o question_v the_o truth_n of_o it_o but_o rather_o as_o if_o the_o general_a practice_n of_o the_o northern_a nation_n to_o break_v in_o divers_a place_n their_o freeze_a pond_n and_o river_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o certainty_n of_o it_o in_o the_o twenty_o book_n which_o treat_v of_o fish_n after_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o reason_n why_o the_o northern_a fisherman_n employ_v so_o much_o pain_n and_o industry_n to_o fish_n under_o the_o ice_n and_o have_v say_v among_o other_o thing_n that_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o fish_n exact_v it_o he_o add_v this_o reason_n that_o nisi_fw-la glacie_n perforata_fw-la respiracula_fw-la moriuntur_fw-la susciperent_fw-la quotquot_fw-la in_o flumine_fw-la vel_fw-la stagno_fw-la versantur_fw-la subito_fw-la morerentur_fw-la another_o passage_n of_o the_o same_o author_n and_o take_v likewise_o out_o of_o the_o same_o 20._o book_n you_o may_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o margin_n though_o in_o another_o place_n he_o seem_v to_o intimate_v another_o and_o not_o a_o absurd_a reason_n of_o the_o death_n of_o fish_n in_o winter_n where_o advertise_v the_o reader_n that_o pond_n and_o lake_n do_v general_o begin_v to_o freeze_v in_o etc._n october_n he_o add_v that_o fish_n be_v usual_o find_v suffocate_v when_o the_o thaw_v come_v where_o vein_n or_o spring_n of_o live_v water_n do_v not_o enter_v by_o which_o passage_n he_o seem_v to_o make_v the_o want_n of_o shift_a water_n cooperate_v to_o the_o suffocation_n of_o the_o fish_n and_o to_o the_o same_o purpose_n i_o shall_v now_o add_v that_o have_v inquire_v of_o a_o learned_a native_a that_o have_v have_v about_o cracovia_n who_o territory_n be_v say_v to_o abound_v much_o in_o pond_n whether_o the_o polander_n also_o use_v the_o same_o custom_n he_o answer_v i_o that_o they_o do_v and_o that_o sometime_o in_o large_a pond_n they_o be_v careful_a to_o break_v the_o ice_n in_o eight_o or_o ten_o several_a place_n to_o make_v so_o many_o either_o vent_v or_o air-hole_n for_o the_o preservation_n as_o they_o suppose_v of_o the_o fish_n and_o when_o i_o inquire_v of_o the_o often_o mention_a russian_a emperor_n physician_n whether_o in_o muscovy_n the_o frost_n kill_v the_o fish_n in_o the_o pond_n in_o case_n the_o ice_n be_v not_o break_v to_o give_v they_o air_n he_o answer_v that_o in_o ordinary_a pond_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v doubt_v but_o that_o in_o great_a lake_n he_o can_v not_o tell_v because_o the_o fisherman_n use_v to_o break_v many_o great_a hole_n in_o the_o ice_n for_o the_o take_n of_o the_o fish_n for_o at_o each_o of_o these_o hole_n they_o thrust_v in_o a_o net_n and_o all_o these_o net_n be_v draw_v up_o together_o in_o one_o great_a breach_n make_v insome_a convenient_a place_n near_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o rest_n it_o appear_v then_o that_o the_o tradition_n be_v general_a enough_o but_o whether_o it_o be_v well_o ground_v i_o dare_v not_o determine_v either_o affirmative_o or_o negative_o till_o trial_n have_v be_v make_v in_o pond_n with_o more_o of_o design_n or_o of_o curiosity_n and_o watchfulness_n than_o i_o have_v know_v hitherto_o do_v man_n seem_v to_o have_v acquiesce_v in_o the_o tradition_n without_o examine_v it_o and_o to_o have_v be_v more_o careful_a not_o to_o omit_v what_o be_v general_o believe_v necessary_a to_o the_o preservation_n of_o their_o fish_n then_o to_o try_v whether_o they_o will_v escape_v without_o it_o wherefore_o though_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v the_o tradition_n may_v prove_v true_a yet_o to_o induce_v man_n not_o to_o think_v it_o certain_a till_o experience_n have_v due_o convince_v they_o of_o it_o i_o shall_v represent_v that_o as_o much_o as_o i_o have_v in_o other_o treatise_n manifest_v how_o necessary_a air_n be_v to_o animal_n yet_o whether_o fish_n may_v not_o live_v either_o without_o air_n or_o without_o any_o more_o of_o it_o than_o they_o may_v find_v intersperse_v in_o the_o water_n they_o swim_v in_o have_v not_o yet_o that_o i_o know_v of_o be_v sufficient_o prove_v for_o what_o we_o have_v attempt_v of_o that_o nature_n in_o our_o pneumatical_a engine_n whether_o it_o be_v satisfactory_a or_o not_o be_v not_o yet_o divulge_v and_o i_o remember_v not_o to_o have_v hitherto_o meet_v with_o any_o writer_n except_o olaus_n be_v construe_v to_o intimate_v so_o much_o that_o affirm_v upon_o his_o own_o observation_n that_o the_o want_n of_o break_v ice_n in_o pond_n have_v destroy_v all_o the_o fish_n beside_o that_o possible_o in_o freeze_a pond_n there_o may_v be_v other_o reason_n of_o the_o death_n of_o the_o fish_n that_o be_v kill_v if_o any_o store_n of_o they_o be_v so_o by_o very_o sharp_a frost_n for_o who_o know_v what_o the_o lock_v up_o of_o some_o kind_n of_o subterraneal_a steam_n that_o be_v wont_n free_o to_o ascend_v through_o water_n unfrozen_a may_v do_v to_o vitiate_v and_o infect_v the_o unventulate_v water_n and_o make_v it_o noxious_a to_o the_o fish_n that_o live_v in_o it_o perhaps_o also_o the_o excrementitious_a steam_n that_o insensible_o issue_n out_o of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o fish_n themselves_o may_v by_o be_v pen_v up_o by_o the_o ice_n contribute_v in_o some_o case_n to_o the_o vitiate_a of_o the_o water_n at_o least_o in_o reference_n to_o some_o sort_n of_o fish_n for_o be_v desirous_a to_o learn_v from_o a_o person_n curious_a of_o the_o way_n of_o preserve_v and_o transport_v fish_n whether_o some_o fish_n will_v not_o quick_o languish_v grow_v sick_a and_o sometime_o die_v outright_o if_o the_o water_n they_o swim_v in_o be_v not_o often_o shift_v he_o assure_v i_o that_o some_o kind_n of_o they_o will_v and_o it_o have_v not_o yet_o that_o i_o hear_v of_o be_v try_v whether_o or_o no_o though_o pond_n seldom_o freeze_v to_o the_o bottom_n yet_o the_o water_n that_o remain_v under_o the_o ice_n in_o which_o itself_o some_o fish_n may_v be_v now_o and_o then_o intercept_v may_v not_o even_o while_o it_o continue_v uncongeal_v admit_v a_o degree_n of_o cold_a that_o though_o not_o great_a enough_o to_o turn_v water_n into_o ice_n may_v yet_o be_v great_a enough_o when_o it_o continue_v very_o long_o to_o destroy_v fish_n though_o not_o immediate_o yet_o within_o a_o less_o space_n of_o time_n then_o that_o during_o which_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o pond_n continue_v freeze_v but_o it_o be_v not_o worth_a while_n to_o be_v solicitous_a about_o conjecture_n of_o cause_n till_o we_o be_v sure_a of_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o phaenomenon_n and_o these_o thing_n be_v propose_v not_o so_o much_o to_o confute_v the_o tradition_n we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o as_o to_o bring_v it_o to_o a_o trial_n which_o have_v no_o opportunity_n to_o make_v in_o pond_n i_o endeavour_v as_o well_o this_o winter_n as_o former_o to_o obtain_v what_o information_n i_o can_v from_o trial_n make_v in_o small_a vessel_n with_o the_o few_o fish_n i_o be_v able_a to_o procure_v and_o i_o shall_v subjoin_v most_o of_o these_o trial_n not_o because_o i_o think_v they_o very_o considerable_a but_o because_o they_o be_v for_o aught_o i_o know_v the_o only_a attempt_n of_o the_o kind_n that_o have_v yet_o be_v make_v to_o satisfy_v myself_o whether_o the_o ice_n deny_v
access_n to_o the_o air_n be_v that_o which_o destroy_v fish_n in_o freeze_a pond_n i_o think_v upon_o this_o epedient_a i_o procure_v a_o glass_n vessel_n with_o a_o large_a belly_n and_o a_o long_a neck_n but_o so_o slender_a that_o it_o be_v only_o wide_a enough_o for_o the_o body_n of_o the_o fish_n to_o pass_v through_o and_o then_o have_v fill_v the_o vessel_n with_o some_o live_v gudgeon_n and_o a_o good_a quantity_n of_o water_n the_o neck_n of_o it_o be_v make_v to_o pass_v through_o a_o hole_n that_o be_v leave_v or_o make_v for_o it_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o a_o metalline_a plate_n or_o wooden_a trencher_n which_o can_v descend_v no_o low_a than_o the_o neck_n because_o of_o the_o inferior_a part_n of_o the_o glass_n that_o will_v not_o suffer_v it_o and_o which_o serve_v to_o support_v a_o mixture_n of_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o salt_n which_o be_v apply_v round_o about_o the_o extant_a neck_n of_o the_o glass_n by_o this_o contrivance_n i_o propose_v to_o myself_o a_o double_a advantage_n the_o first_o that_o whereas_o in_o broad_a vessel_n it_o be_v not_o always_o so_o easy_a as_o one_o will_v think_v to_o be_v sure_a that_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n be_v quite_o freeze_v over_o in_o every_o part_n by_o this_o way_n i_o can_v easy_o satisfy_v myself_o by_o invert_v the_o glass_n and_o observe_v that_o the_o ice_n have_v so_o exact_o choke_v up_o and_o stop_v the_o neck_n that_o no_o drop_n of_o water_n can_v get_v out_o not_o any_o bubble_n of_o air_n get_v in_o and_o yet_o the_o fish_n have_v liberty_n enough_o to_o play_v in_o the_o subjacent_a water_n the_o other_o conveniency_n be_v that_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n be_v apply_v to_o the_o neck_n no_o water_n be_v congeal_v or_o extreme_o refrigerated_a but_o that_o which_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o neck_n so_o that_o there_o seem_v no_o cause_n to_o suspect_v that_o in_o case_n the_o fish_n thus_o debar_v of_o air_n shall_v not_o be_v able_a to_o live_v in_o the_o water_n it_o be_v rather_o cold_a then_o want_v of_o air_n that_o kill_v they_o but_o though_o not_o have_v then_o be_v able_a by_o reason_n of_o a_o remove_n to_o prosecute_v these_o trial_n to_o the_o utmost_a nor_o to_o register_v all_o the_o circumstance_n i_o shall_v not_o lay_v much_o weight_n upon_o it_o yet_o i_o remember_v that_o the_o include_v fish_n continue_v long_o enough_o alive_a to_o make_v i_o shrewd_o suspect_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o vulgar_a tradition_n another_o time_n be_v destitute_a of_o the_o conveniency_n of_o such_o glass_n i_o cause_v some_o of_o the_o same_o kind_n of_o fish_n to_o be_v put_v into_o a_o broad_a and_o flat_a earthen_a vessel_n with_o not_o much_o more_o water_n then_o suffice_v perfect_o to_o cover_v they_o and_o have_v expose_v they_o all_o night_n to_o a_o very_a intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a i_o find_v the_o next_o morning_n that_o some_o hour_n after_o day_n they_o be_v alive_a and_o seem_v not_o to_o have_v be_v much_o prejudice_v by_o the_o cold_a or_o exclusion_n of_o air._n it_o be_v true_a that_o there_o be_v a_o very_a large_a movable_a bubble_n under_o the_o ice_n but_o that_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v generate_v by_o the_o air_n or_o some_o analogous_n substance_n emit_v out_o of_o the_o gills_o or_o body_n of_o the_o fish_n themselves_o for_o that_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n be_v exact_o freeze_v over_o which_o do_v not_o in_o such_o trial_n happen_v so_o often_o as_o one_o will_v think_v i_o find_v by_o be_v able_a to_o hold_v the_o vessel_n quite_o invert_v without_o lose_v one_o drop_n of_o water_n and_o that_o this_o large_a bubble_n may_v possible_o proceed_v from_o the_o fish_n themselves_o i_o be_v induce_v to_o suspect_v because_o have_v at_o different_a season_n of_o the_o year_n for_o divers_a purpose_n keep_v several_a sort_n of_o fish_n and_o particular_o gudgeon_n for_o many_o day_n in_o glass_n vessel_n to_o satisfy_v myself_o about_o some_o phaenomena_n i_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o observe_v i_o have_v often_o by_o watch_v they_o see_v they_o lift_v up_o their_o mouth_n above_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n and_o seem_v to_o gape_v and_o take_v in_o air_n and_o afterward_o let_v go_v under_o water_n out_o of_o their_o mouth_n and_o gills_o divers_a bubble_n which_o seem_v to_o be_v portion_n of_o the_o air_n they_o have_v take_v in_o perhaps_o a_o little_a alter_v in_o their_o body_n and_o particular_o in_o lamprey_n of_o which_o odd_a sort_n of_o fish_n i_o elsewhere_o make_v mention_n i_o have_v with_o pleasure_n both_o observe_v and_o show_v to_o ingenious_a man_n that_o be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o water_n into_o the_o air_n and_o then_o hold_v under_o water_n again_o they_o very_o manifest_o appear_v to_o squeeze_v out_o and_o that_o not_o without_o some_o force_n at_o those_o several_a little_a hole_n which_o be_v common_o mistake_v for_o their_o eye_n numerous_a and_o conspicuous_a bubble_n of_o air_n which_o they_o seem_v to_o have_v take_v in_o at_o their_o mouth_n if_o not_o also_o at_o those_o hole_n but_o of_o these_o matter_n a_o fit_a occasion_n may_v perhaps_o invite_v i_o to_o say_v more_o to_o return_v now_o to_o our_o gudgeon_n i_o shall_v add_v that_o to_o satisfy_v myself_o further_o what_o cold_a and_o want_n of_o air_n they_o may_v be_v bring_v to_o support_v i_o expose_v a_o couple_n of_o they_o in_o a_o basin_n to_o a_o exceed_o bitter_a night_n and_o though_o the_o next_o day_n i_o find_v the_o ice_n freeze_v in_o the_o vessel_n to_o a_o great_a thickness_n and_o one_o of_o the_o fish_n freeze_v up_o in_o it_o there_o remain_v a_o little_a water_n unfrozen_a the_o other_o fish_n appear_v through_o the_o ice_n to_o move_v to_o and_o fro_o and_o the_o ice_n be_v afterward_o partly_o thaw_v and_o partly_o break_v not_o only_o that_o fish_n be_v find_v lively_a enough_o but_o the_o other_o which_o i_o alone_o judge_v not_o to_o be_v quite_o dead_a though_o when_o the_o ice_n be_v break_v it_o lay_v moveless_a do_v in_o a_o few_o minute_n so_o far_o recover_v as_o to_o tow_v after_o it_o if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v a_o good_a piece_n into_o which_o his_o tail_n remain_v yet_o insert_v and_o though_o one_o of_o these_o and_o some_o other_o gudgeon_n that_o have_v be_v already_o weaken_v by_o long_a keep_n be_v once_o more_o expose_v in_o the_o basin_n to_o the_o frost_n and_o suffer_v to_o lie_v there_o till_o they_o be_v freeze_v up_o yet_o the_o ice_n be_v break_v in_o which_o they_o be_v enclose_v though_o their_o body_n be_v stiff_a and_o crooked_a and_o seem_v to_o be_v stark_o dead_a lie_v in_o the_o water_n with_o their_o belly_n upward_o yet_o one_o of_o they_o quick_o recover_v and_o the_o other_o not_o very_o long_o after_o begin_v to_o show_v manifest_a sign_n of_o life_n though_o he_o can_v not_o in_o many_o hour_n after_o so_o far_o recover_v as_o to_o swim_v with_o his_o back_n upward_o it_o be_v true_a that_o these_o fish_n do_v not_o long_o survive_v but_o of_o that_o two_o or_o three_o not_o improbable_a reason_n may_v be_v give_v if_o it_o be_v worth_a while_n to_o name_n here_o any_o other_o than_o this_o that_o the_o ice_n they_o have_v be_v freeze_v up_o in_o or_o the_o violence_n that_o be_v offer_v they_o by_o the_o fragment_n of_o it_o when_o it_o be_v break_v have_v wound_v they_o as_o be_v manifest_a enough_o by_o some_o hurt_n that_o appear_v upon_o their_o body_n yet_o some_o other_o gudgeon_n be_v irrecoverable_o freeze_v to_o death_n by_o be_v keep_v enclose_v in_o ice_n during_o if_o i_o misremember_v not_o the_o time_n three_o day_n and_o as_o for_o other_o animal_n i_o cause_v a_o couple_n of_o frog_n to_o be_v artificial_o freeze_v in_o a_o wide_a mouth_a glass_n furnish_v with_o a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o water_n but_o though_o they_o seem_v at_o first_o enclose_v in_o ice_n yet_o look_v near_o i_o find_v that_o about_o each_o of_o they_o there_o remain_v a_o little_a turbid_v liquor_n unfrozen_a as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v keep_v so_o by_o some_o expiration_n from_o their_o body_n wherefore_o cause_v either_o the_o same_o or_o two_o other_o for_o i_o do_v not_o punctual_o remember_v that_o circumstance_n to_o be_v careful_o freeze_v and_o for_o a_o considerable_a while_n i_o find_v that_o notwithstanding_o the_o ice_n into_o which_o most_o part_n of_o the_o water_n be_v reduce_v not_o only_o one_o of_o they_o before_o the_o ice_n be_v break_v appear_v to_o be_v perfect_o alive_a but_o the_o other_o that_o be_v moveless_a and_o stiff_a and_o lie_v with_o the_o belly_n upward_o in_o a_o basin_n of_o cold_a water_n whereinto_o it_o be_v cast_v do_v in_o a_o very_a few_o minute_n begin_v to_o swim_v about_o in_o it_o i_o
another_o treatise_n to_o which_o such_o matter_n more_o proper_o belong_v it_o be_v know_v that_o the_o school_n define_v cold_a by_o the_o property_n they_o ascribe_v to_o it_o of_o congregate_a both_o heterogeneous_a and_o homogeneous_a thing_n i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o attempt_v the_o make_v some_o separation_n in_o body_n by_o the_o force_n of_o cold._a for_o if_o that_o hold_v true_a in_o this_o climate_n which_o have_v be_v observe_v by_o traveller_n and_o navigator_n in_o northern_a region_n that_o man_n may_v obtain_v from_o beer_n and_o wine_n a_o very_a strong_a spirit_n and_o a_o phlegm_n by_o congelation_n it_o seem_v probable_a that_o in_o divers_a other_o liquor_n the_o waterish_a part_n will_v begin_v to_o freeze_v before_o the_o more_o spirituous_a and_o saline_a and_o if_o so_o we_o may_v be_v assist_v to_o make_v divers_a separation_n as_o well_o by_o cold_a as_o by_o heat_n and_o dephlegme_n if_o i_o may_v so_o speak_v some_o liquor_n as_o well_o by_o congelation_n as_o by_o distillation_n but_o i_o doubt_v whether_o the_o ordinary_a frost_n of_o this_o country_n can_v produce_v a_o degree_n of_o cold_a great_a enough_o to_o make_v such_o division_n and_o separation_n in_o body_n as_o have_v be_v observe_v in_o the_o more_o northern_a climate_n for_o though_o have_v purposely_o hang_v out_o a_o glass-bottle_n with_o a_o quart_n of_o beer_n in_o it_o in_o a_o extraordinary_o sharp_a night_n i_o find_v the_o next_o morning_n that_o much_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o beer_n be_v turn_v into_o ice_n there_o remain_v somewhat_o near_o the_o middle_n but_o near_o the_o bottom_n a_o uncongealed_a liquor_n which_o to_o i_o and_o other_o seem_v strong_a than_o the_o beer_n and_o be_v at_o least_o manifest_o strong_a than_o the_o thaw_a ice_n which_o make_v but_o a_o spiritless_a and_o as_o it_o be_v but_o a_o dead_a drink_n yet_o in_o some_o other_o trial_n my_o success_n be_v not_o so_o considerable_a as_o some_o will_v have_v expect_v for_o have_v put_v one_o part_n of_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n to_o about_o five_o or_o six_o part_n if_o i_o misremember_v not_o of_o common_a water_n and_o have_v put_v they_o into_o a_o round_a glass_n and_o place_v that_o in_o beat_a ice_n and_o salt_n though_o the_o mixture_n be_v in_o great_a part_n turn_v into_o ice_n yet_o i_o can_v not_o perceive_v that_o even_o two_o liquor_n so_o slight_o mingle_v be_v any_o thing_n accurate_o sever_v from_o one_o another_o although_o once_o to_o enable_v myself_o the_o better_a to_o judge_v of_o it_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n i_o employ_v be_v beforehand_o deep_o tinct_a with_o cochinele_n and_o therefore_o i_o the_o less_o wonder_n that_o in_o claret_n wine_n i_o can_v not_o make_v any_o exact_a separation_n of_o the_o red_a and_o the_o colourless_a part_n however_o i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o try_v how_o far_o in_o some_o other_o liquor_n this_o way_n of_o separate_v the_o waterish_a and_o more_o easy_o congealable_a part_n from_o the_o rest_n will_v or_o will_v not_o succeed_v and_o i_o remember_v that_o a_o large_a glass_n vessel_n wherein_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o cold_a a_o considerable_a part_n be_v turn_v into_o ice_n who_o swim_v argue_v it_o to_o be_v light_a than_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o liquor_n but_o though_o i_o put_v some_o of_o this_o ice_n in_o a_o glass_n by_o itself_o to_o examine_v by_o its_o weight_n and_o taste_n when_o thaw_v how_o much_o it_o differ_v from_o the_o uncongealed_a part_n of_o the_o spirit_n my_o hope_n be_v disappoint_v by_o a_o misfortune_n which_o be_v not_o repair_v by_o my_o expose_v afterward_o a_o small_a quantity_n of_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n to_o the_o nocturnal_a air_n for_o that_o prove_v so_o cold_a that_o the_o whole_a be_v turn_v into_o ice_n wherefore_o i_o must_v reserve_v for_o another_o opportunity_n the_o prosecute_a that_o experiment_n as_o also_o the_o try_v whether_o a_o separation_n of_o the_o serous_a or_o the_o oleaginous_a part_n of_o milk_n may_v be_v effect_v for_o though_o once_o the_o frost_n seem_v to_o have_v promote_v a_o separation_n of_o creme_a notwithstanding_o that_o heat_n also_o may_v do_v it_o and_o though_o another_o time_n there_o seem_v to_o be_v another_o kind_n of_o divulsion_n of_o part_n make_v by_o congelation_n yet_o for_o want_v of_o leisure_n to_o prosecute_v such_o trial_n they_o prove_v not_o satisfactory_a no_o more_o than_o do_v some_o attempt_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n that_o i_o make_v upon_o blood_n by_o freeze_a it_o but_o notwithstanding_o these_o discouragement_n i_o resolve_v to_o try_v what_o i_o can_v do_v upon_o brine_n for_o call_v to_o mind_n the_o relation_n mention_v in_o the_o xv._n title_n and_o elsewhere_o which_o seem_v to_o argue_v that_o in_o some_o case_n the_o ice_n of_o the_o sea-water_n may_v be_v thaw_v yield_v fresh_a water_n and_o be_v the_o more_o incline_v to_o think_v it_o worth_a trial_n by_o a_o physician_n i_o since_o happen_v to_o discourse_v with_o about_o this_o matter_n who_o affirm_v to_o i_o that_o sail_v along_o the_o coast_n of_o germany_n he_o have_v take_v out_o of_o the_o sea_n ice_n that_o be_v thaw_v he_o find_v to_o afford_v good_a fresh_a water_n i_o begin_v to_o consider_v whether_o we_o may_v not_o by_o cold_a free_a salt_n water_n at_o some_o season_n of_o the_o year_n from_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o the_o phlegm_n which_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o cost_v much_o to_o free_v they_o from_o by_o fire_n and_o other_o mean_n for_o a_o little_a help_n towards_o the_o diminution_n of_o the_o fresh_a water_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o so_o useful_a a_o experiment_n by_o many_o that_o boil_v salt_n out_o of_o the_o salt_n spring_v that_o in_o some_o country_n that_o be_v think_v the_o skilful_a in_o that_o trade_n they_o make_v their_o salt-water_n fall_v upon_o great_a bundle_n of_o small_a brush-wood_n that_o be_v thereby_o divide_v and_o reduce_v to_o a_o far_o great_a superficies_n there_o may_v in_o fall_v through_o some_o of_o the_o pure_o aqueous_a part_n exhale_v away_o wherefore_o dissolve_v one_o part_n of_o common_a salt_n in_o 44._o time_n its_o weight_n of_o common_a water_n that_o it_o may_v be_v reduce_v either_o exact_o or_o near_o to_o the_o degree_n of_o saltness_n that_o have_v be_v by_o several_a writer_n observe_v in_o the_o water_n of_o our_o neighbour_a sea_n and_o have_v likewise_o cause_v another_o and_o much_o strong_a brine_n to_o be_v make_v by_o put_v in_o to_o the_o water_n a_o far_o great_a proportion_n of_o salt_n for_o so_o there_o be_v in_o many_o of_o our_o salt_n spring_v we_o expose_v these_o several_a solution_n to_o the_o congeal_a cold_a of_o the_o air_n in_o frosty_a weather_n where_o the_o last_o mention_v solution_n be_v too_o strong_o impregnate_v with_o the_o salt_n continue_v some_o day_n and_o night_n altogether_o uncongeal_v but_o that_o weak_a solution_n which_o emulate_v sea_n water_n be_v expose_v in_o a_o shallow_a and_o wide_o mouth_v vessel_n that_o shape_n be_v judge_v the_o most_o proper_a we_o can_v procure_v for_o our_o design_n the_o large_a superficies_n that_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n do_v as_o we_o expect_v afford_v we_o a_o cake_n of_o ice_n which_o be_v take_v off_o and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o liquor_n expose_v again_o to_o the_o air_n in_o the_o same_o vessel_n we_o obtain_v a_o second_o cake_n of_o ice_n and_o take_v the_o remain_v which_o seem_v to_o be_v indispose_v enough_o to_o congelation_n we_o find_v that_o by_o compare_v it_o with_o that_o which_o be_v afford_v we_o by_o the_o first_o cake_n of_o ice_n permit_v to_o thaw_v there_o appear_v a_o very_a manifest_a difference_n betwixt_o the_o water_n whereinto_o the_o ice_n be_v resolve_v scarce_o taste_v so_o much_o as_o brackish_a whereas_o the_o liquor_n that_o have_v continue_v uncongeal_v be_v considerable_o salt_n in_o taste_n and_o if_o i_o have_v have_v the_o conveniency_n of_o examine_v myself_o these_o two_o liquor_n 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horse-raddish_n and_o 〈◊〉_d have_v be_v infuse_v will_v not_o 〈◊〉_d so_o soon_o as_o other_o strong_a beer_n without_o they_o orange_n and_o lemon_n freeze_v have_v a_o tough_a and_o hard_a rind_n their_o icy_a juice_n lose_v much_o of_o their_o genuine_a taste_n they_o be_v both_o freeze_a hard_a in_o 26._o hour_n or_o a_o little_a more_o have_v a_o thick_a rind_n they_o as_o other_o fruit_n when_o thaw_v soon_o become_v rot_v and_o therefore_o the_o fruiterer_n keep_v they_o under_o ground_n in_o low_a cellar_n and_o cover_v they_o with_o straw_n as_o they_o do_v their_o apple_n which_o do_v expose_v in_o one_o night_n freeze_v throughout_o if_o you_o cut_v one_o of_o they_o through_o the_o middle_n it_o will_v have_v on_o both_o the_o plain_n a_o most_o pure_a thin_a ice_n hardly_o discernible_a by_o the_o eye_n but_o easy_o by_o the_o touch_n or_o by_o scrape_v it_o off_o with_o a_o knife_n the_o cores_fw-la of_o these_o apple_n soon_o turn_v brown_a and_o begin_v their_o 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figure_n of_o freeze_a urine_n i_o shall_v say_v nothing_o the_o accurate_a description_n of_o curious_a mr._n hook_n have_v so_o full_o and_o true_o perform_v that_o part_n of_o my_o task_n now_o as_o to_o the_o famous_a experiment_n of_o quercetan_n and_o affirm_v by_o many_o other_o chemist_n i_o make_v experiment_n in_o these_o follow_a vegetable_n rosemary_n rue_n scurvigrass_n mint_n and_o plantain_n wherewith_o i_o thus_o proceed_v i_o mix_v with_o ½_o a_o pint_n of_o their_o distil_a water_n ½_o or_o ¾_n of_o a_o ounce_n of_o their_o own_o salt_n the_o rosemary_n and_o rue_n be_v calcine_v and_o their_o salt_n extract_v with_o their_o own_o water_n and_o then_o be_v add_v to_o their_o salt_n their_o own_o distil_a water_n in_o the_o above_o mention_v proportion_n the_o glass_n wherein_o the_o rue_n and_o plantain_n be_v put_v be_v seal_v with_o hermes_n seal_v and_o the_o other_o glass_n leave_v open_a the_o effect_n be_v that_o neither_o of_o they_o show_v the_o least_o 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down_o in_o the_o slender_a stem_n of_o a_o small_a weatherglass_n than_o the_o spirit_n of_o wine_n itself_o as_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o show_v that_o when_o air_n be_v not_o force_v a_o bubble_n of_o it_o will_v not_o in_o several_a case_n so_o ready_o pass_v through_o a_o very_a narrow_a passage_n as_o will_v that_o grosser_n fluid_n water_n but_o all_o these_o difficulty_n not_o to_o call_v they_o extravagance_n which_o i_o have_v be_v mention_v about_o seal_v weather-glass_n i_o represent_v not_o to_o show_v that_o it_o be_v at_o least_o as_o yet_o worth_a while_n to_o suspect_v we_o so_o far_o as_o to_o employ_v all_o the_o diligence_n and_o invention_n that_o be_v 〈◊〉_d to_o prevent_v or_o silence_v the_o suspicion_n of_o a_o sceptic_a or_o that_o may_v be_v think_v upon_o in_o case_n the_o matter_n do_v require_v or_o deserve_v such_o extraordinary_a nicety_n but_o only_o to_o give_v man_n a_o rise_n to_o consider_v whether_o it_o will_v be_v amiss_o to_o take_v in_o when_o 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etc._n etc._n which_o will_v sometime_o seem_v to_o be_v total_o clear_a spirit_n and_o at_o other_o time_n will_v suffer_v a_o great_a or_o lesser_a proportion_n of_o salt_n to_o crystallise_v at_o the_o bottom_n according_a to_o the_o mutation_n of_o the_o wether_n in_o point_n of_o cold_a and_o heat_n such_o kind_n of_o instance_n i_o say_v i_o can_v mention_v but_o i_o shall_v rather_o choose_v to_o prosecute_v my_o example_n in_o that_o obvious_a of_o liquor_n water_n and_o add_v that_o even_o that_o may_v afford_v we_o other_o testimony_n of_o the_o increase_v or_o lessen_v cold_a of_o the_o air_n then_o that_o which_o it_o give_v we_o in_o common_a weather-glass_n for_o in_o some_o part_n of_o france_n the_o waterman_n observe_v that_o the_o river_n will_v 12._o bear_v boat_n heavy_a load_v in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n and_o i_o have_v upon_o inquiry_n be_v credible_o inform_v that_o seaman_n have_v observe_v their_o ship_n to_o draw_v less_o water_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o freeze_a region_n where_o yet_o the_o sea_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v less_o brackish_a than_o they_o do_v on_o our_o british_a sea_n which_o argue_v that_o water_n be_v thick_a and_o heavy_a in_o winter_n then_o in_o summer_n nay_o i_o shall_v add_v that_o not_o only_o in_o differ_v season_n of_o the_o year_n but_o even_o at_o several_a time_n of_o the_o same_o day_n i_o have_v often_o observe_v the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n to_o be_v regular_o enough_o so_o much_o great_a at_o one_o time_n of_o the_o day_n then_o at_o another_o that_o a_o glass_n bubble_n hermetical_o seal_v and_o poise_v so_o as_o to_o be_v exact_o of_o the_o same_o weight_n with_o its_o equal_a bulk_n of_o water_n as_o that_o liquor_n be_v constitute_v at_o one_o time_n of_o the_o day_n will_v about_o noon_n when_o the_o warmth_n that_o the_o summer_n sun_n produce_v in_o the_o air_n have_v somewhat_o rarify_v the_o water_n and_o thereby_o make_v it_o bulk_n for_o bulk_n somewhat_o light_a than_o before_o the_o bubble_n will_v sink_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n which_o for_o the_o better_a mark_v the_o experiment_n i_o keep_v in_o a_o glass-tube_n but_o when_o at_o night_n the_o coolness_n of_o the_o air_n have_v recondense_v the_o water_n and_o thereby_o make_v it_o heavy_a it_o begin_v by_o little_a and_o little_a to_o buoy_v up_o the_o bubble_n which_o usual_o by_o morning_n regain_v the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n and_o at_o other_o time_n of_o the_o day_n it_o not_o unfrequent_o happen_v that_o the_o bubble_n continue_v swim_v up_o and_o down_o betwixt_o the_o top_n and_o the_o bottom_n without_o reach_v either_o of_o they_o sometime_o stay_v so_o long_o in_o the_o same_o part_n of_o the_o tube_n that_o it_o much_o surprise_v divers_a of_o the_o virtuoso_n themselves_o who_o think_v the_o poise_v of_o a_o weight_n so_o nice_o not_o only_o a_o very_a great_a difficulty_n as_o indeed_o it_o be_v but_o a_o insuperable_a one_o but_o of_o this_o experiment_n i_o elsewhere_o say_v more_o and_o because_o about_o other_o weather-glass_n i_o have_v say_v so_o much_o already_o i_o think_v it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o sum_n up_o my_o thought_n concern_v the_o criteria_n of_o cold_a by_o represent_v the_o follow_a particular_n 1._o that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o various_a and_o unheeded_a predisposition_n of_o our_o body_n the_o single_a and_o immediate_a information_n of_o our_o sense_n be_v not_o always_o to_o be_v trust_v 2._o that_o though_o common_a weather-glass_n be_v useful_a instrument_n and_o the_o information_n they_o give_v we_o be_v in_o most_o case_n preferable_a to_o those_o of_o our_o sense_n of_o touch_v in_o regard_n of_o their_o not_o be_v so_o subject_a to_o unheeded_a mutation_n yet_o even_o these_o instrument_n be_v subject_a to_o be_v wrought_v upon_o by_o the_o differ_a weight_n of_o the_o atmosphaere_n as_o well_o as_o by_o heat_n and_o cold_a may_v upon_o that_o and_o perhaps_o some_o other_o account_n easy_o mis-inform_a we_o in_o several_a case_n unless_o in_o such_o case_n we_o observe_v by_o other_o instrument_n the_o present_a weight_n of_o the_o atmosphaere_n 3._o that_o the_o seal_a weather-glass_n we_o have_v be_v mention_v be_v so_o far_o preferable_a to_o the_o common_a one_o as_o especial_o they_o not_o be_v obnoxious_a to_o the_o various_a pressure_n of_o the_o external_a air_n that_o there_o seem_v no_o need_n in_o most_o case_n to_o decline_v their_o report_n or_o postpose_v they_o to_o those_o of_o any_o other_o instrument_n but_o yet_o in_o some_o nice_a case_n it_o may_v be_v prudent_a where_o it_o may_v convenient_o be_v do_v to_o make_v use_n also_o of_o other_o way_n of_o examine_v the_o coldness_n of_o body_n that_o the_o concurrence_n or_o variance_n to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o such_o way_n of_o examination_n may_v either_o confirm_v the_o testimony_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n or_o excite_v or_o assist_v we_o to_o a_o further_o and_o severe_a inquiry_n 4._o that_o i_o will_v not_o have_v man_n too_o easy_o deter_v from_o devise_v and_o try_v various_a experiment_n if_o otherwise_o not_o unlikely_a or_o irrational_a about_o the_o estimate_v of_o cold_a by_o their_o appear_v disagreeable_a to_o the_o vulgar_a notion_n about_o that_o quality_n for_o i_o doubt_v our_o theory_n of_o cold_a be_v not_o only_o very_o imperfect_a but_o in_o great_a part_n ill_o ground_v and_o i_o shall_v never_o have_v venture_v at_o try_v to_o make_v seal_v weather-glass_n if_o i_o can_v have_v be_v withhold_v either_o by_o the_o grand_a peripatetic_a opinion_n that_o to_o shun_v a_o void_a water_n must_v remain_v suspend_v in_o glass_n where_o if_o it_o fall_v the_o air_n can_v succeed_v it_o or_o the_o general_a opinion_n even_o of_o philosopher_n as_o well_o new_a as_o old_a that_o air_n must_v be_v far_o easy_a than_o any_o visible_a liquor_n
which_o more_o proper_o belong_v to_o the_o consideration_n about_o heat_n where_o we_o have_v already_o handle_v it_o partly_o because_o our_o design_n in_o the_o follow_a collection_n be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o gather_v and_o set_v down_o observation_n that_o be_v obvious_a to_o any_o that_o be_v furnish_v with_o a_o mediocrity_n of_o attention_n as_o experiment_n purposely_o make_v in_o order_n to_o the_o history_n of_o cold_a and_o partly_o too_o because_o in_o this_o collection_n though_o we_o do_v as_o occasion_n serve_v take_v notice_n of_o some_o experiment_n and_o phaenomena_n that_o relate_v to_o cold_a in_o general_n or_o indefinite_o yet_o our_o chief_a work_n have_v be_v to_o find_v out_o and_o deliver_v the_o phaenomena_n of_o congelation_n or_o of_o that_o intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a which_o either_o do_v freeze_v the_o body_n it_o work_v upon_o or_o at_o least_o be_v capable_a of_o turn_v common_a water_n fit_o expose_v to_o it_o into_o ice_n and_o this_o may_v serve_v for_o a_o general_a advertisement_n about_o the_o ensue_a paper_n and_o consequent_o have_v premise_v it_o we_o shall_v without_o any_o further_a preamble_n proceed_v to_o the_o set_n down_o such_o thing_n as_o we_o have_v try_v and_o observe_v concern_v those_o matter_n beginning_n with_o those_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o title_n prefix_v to_o the_o first_o part_n or_o section_n of_o our_o history_n 1._o the_o body_n that_o be_v cold_a enough_o to_o freeze_v other_o be_v in_o this_o climate_n of_o we_o but_o very_o few_o and_o among_o the_o most_o remarkable_a be_v a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n which_o though_o little_o know_v and_o less_o use_v here_o in_o england_n be_v in_o italy_n and_o some_o other_o region_n much_o employ_v especial_o to_o cool_v drink_n and_o fruit_n which_o man_n may_v easy_o do_v by_o bury_v in_o this_o mixture_n glass_n or_o other_o convenient_a vessel_n fill_v either_o sole_o with_o wine_n or_o other_o drink_n or_o else_o with_o water_n that_o have_v immerse_v in_o it_o the_o fruit_n to_o be_v refrigerated_a 2._o the_o circumstance_n we_o be_v wont_n to_o observe_v in_o make_v and_o employ_v this_o mixture_n we_o shall_v hereafter_o in_o due_a place_n deliver_v and_o therefore_o here_o we_o shall_v only_o take_v notice_n that_o we_o can_v not_o find_v upon_o some_o trial_n that_o such_o glass_n fill_v with_o water_n as_o will_v be_v freeze_v easy_o enough_o by_o this_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n will_v be_v in_o like_a manner_n freeze_v in_o case_n we_o employ_v snow_n alone_o without_o mingle_v any_o salt_n with_o it_o i_o deny_v not_o that_o it_o be_v very_o possible_a that_o in_o very_o cold_a country_n as_o well_o snow_n as_o beat_a ice_n may_v freeze_v water_n pour_v into_o the_o interval_n of_o its_o part_n but_o there_o be_v great_a odds_o betwixt_o water_n so_o intermingle_v with_o ice_n or_o snow_n and_o only_o surround_v with_o it_o in_o a_o vessel_n where_o the_o water_n be_v as_o it_o be_v in_o one_o entire_a body_n and_o of_o a_o comparative_o considerable_a thickness_n and_o there_o be_v also_o a_o great_a difference_n betwixt_o the_o degree_n of_o coldness_n in_o 〈◊〉_d air_n of_o frigid_a region_n and_o of_o england_n and_o perhaps_o too_o there_o may_v be_v some_o disparity_n betwixt_o the_o degree_n of_o coldness_n of_o ice_n and_o snow_n in_o those_o climate_n and_o in_o we_o and_o we_o must_v have_v a_o care_n that_o in_o case_n a_o vial_n full_a of_o water_n bury_v all_o night_n shall_v freeze_v we_o ascribe_v not_o the_o effect_n to_o the_o bare_a operation_n of_o the_o snow_n which_o may_v be_v entire_o or_o in_o great_a part_n due_a to_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n which_o will_v perhaps_o have_v perform_v the_o effect_n without_o the_o snow_n 3._o but_o though_o snow_n and_o salt_n mix_v together_o will_v freeze_v water_n better_o than_o snow_n alone_o yet_o we_o must_v not_o think_v that_o there_o be_v any_o such_o peculiar_a virtue_n in_o sea-salt_n to_o enable_v snow_n to_o freeze_v but_o that_o there_o be_v divers_a other_o salt_n each_o of_o which_o concur_v with_o snow_n be_v capable_a of_o produce_v the_o like_a effect_n for_o we_o find_v upon_o trial_n that_o we_o can_v freeze_v water_n without_o the_o help_n of_o sea_n salt_n by_o substitute_v in_o its_o place_n either_o nitre_n or_o alum_n or_o vitriol_n or_o shall_v ammoniac_a or_o even_o sugar_n for_o either_o of_o those_o be_v mingle_v with_o a_o due_a proportion_n of_o snow_n will_v serve_v the_o turn_n though_o they_o do_v not_o seem_v equal_o to_o advance_v the_o congeal_a power_n of_o the_o snow_n nor_o scarce_o any_o of_o they_o do_v do_v it_o so_o well_o as_o sea_n salt_n but_o of_o this_o elsewhere_o more_o 4._o when_o we_o have_v make_v the_o new_o mention_v trial_n some_o particular_a conjecture_n we_o have_v long_o have_v about_o the_o nature_n of_o salt_n invite_v we_o to_o try_v whether_o votwithstand_v the_o comminution_n and_o consequent_a change_n produce_v in_o salt_n by_o distillation_n the_o saline_n corpuscle_n that_o abound_v in_o the_o distil_a liquor_n of_o those_o concretes_n as_o well_o as_o in_o their_o solution_n will_v not_o likewise_o by_o be_v mix_v with_o it_o enable_v snow_n to_o freeze_v water_n at_o least_o in_o small_a and_o slender_a glass_n this_o we_o first_o go_v about_o to_o try_v with_o good_a spirit_n of_o salt_n but_o we_o find_v as_o we_o fear_v that_o though_o it_o make_v a_o sufficient_o quick_a dissolution_n of_o the_o snow_n it_o wrought_v upon_o yet_o its_o fluidity_n hinder_v it_o from_o be_v retain_v long_o enough_o by_o the_o snow_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o which_o it_o will_v fall_v before_o they_o have_v stay_v so_o long_o together_o as_o be_v requisite_a to_o freeze_v so_o much_o as_o a_o little_a essence-bottle_n full_a of_o common_a water_n 5._o wherefore_o we_o bethink_v ourselves_o of_o a_o expedient_a whereby_o to_o try_v the_o operation_n not_o only_o of_o those_o spirit_n but_o of_o divers_a other_o body_n which_o be_v unapt_a for_o a_o due_a commixture_n of_o snow_n after_o the_o way_n new_o mention_v or_o of_o which_o we_o have_v too_o little_a or_o value_v they_o too_o much_o to_o be_v willing_a to_o spend_v quantity_n of_o they_o upon_o these_o trial_n and_o this_o way_n that_o remain_v to_o be_v mention_v we_o somewhat_o the_o better_a like_v because_o the_o experiment_n make_v according_a to_o it_o will_v also_o prove_v experiment_n of_o the_o transmission_n of_o cold_a through_o the_o extreme_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o glass_n and_o even_o in_o this_o way_n of_o try_v we_o do_v at_o first_o meet_v with_o a_o discouragement_n which_o lest_o it_o shall_v happen_v to_o other_o we_o shall_v here_o take_v notice_n of_o namely_o that_o have_v put_v a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o snow_n into_o a_o somewhat_o thick_a green_a glass_n vial_n though_o we_o copious_o 〈◊〉_d mix_v with_o it_o a_o somewhat_o weak_a spirit_n of_o salt_n be_v loath_a to_o employ_v the_o best_a we_o have_v and_o have_v well_o stop_v the_o vessel_n do_v careful_o 〈◊〉_d together_o and_o thereby_o agitate_v the_o mixture_n in_o it_o yet_o the_o glass_n appear_v only_o bedew_v upon_o the_o outside_n without_o have_v there_o any_o thing_n freeze_v but_o suspect_v that_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o glass_n may_v be_v that_o which_o hinder_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o include_v mixture_n we_o put_v snow_n and_o a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o the_o self_n same_o spirit_n of_o salt_n into_o a_o couple_n of_o thin_a vial_n one_o of_o which_o we_o close_v exact_o and_o the_o other_o negligent_o and_o have_v long_o shake_v they_o we_o find_v that_o what_o adhere_v to_o they_o on_o the_o outside_n be_v though_o but_o somewhat_o faint_o and_o thin_o freeze_v 6._o and_o as_o to_o this_o sort_n of_o experiment_n we_o shall_v here_o observe_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d all_o that_o the_o snow_n or_o ice_n include_v 〈◊〉_d with_o the_o saline_n ingredient_n whatever_o that_o be_v be_v always_o thaw_v within_o the_o glass_n and_o that_o consequent_o it_o be_v the_o condense_v vapour_n of_o the_o air_n or_o other_o liquor_n that_o adhere_v to_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n which_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o in_o mention_v these_o experiment_n we_o often_o use_v the_o word_n freeze_v in_o a_o transitive_a sense_n to_o signify_v the_o operation_n of_o the_o frigorifick_a mixture_n upon_o other_o body_n 7._o this_o premise_a let_v we_o proceed_v to_o relate_v that_o we_o afterward_o take_v oil_n of_o vitriol_n and_o mix_v it_o with_o snow_n in_o such_o a_o other_o vial_n as_o that_o last_o mention_v we_o find_v its_o freeze_a power_n far_o great_a than_o that_o of_o spirit_n of_o salt_n and_o lest_o it_o shall_v be_v pretend_v that_o in_o these_o experiment_n the_o cold_a be_v not_o transmit_v
of_o trial_n that_o we_o find_v among_o our_o note_n concern_v this_o matter_n in_o a_o single_a vial_n we_o seal_v up_o as_o much_o snow_n and_o salt_n as_o afterward_o when_o melt_v we_o find_v to_o weigh_v between_o five_o and_o six_o ounce_n after_o a_o while_n the_o salt_n beginning_n to_o melt_v the_o snow_n the_o dew_n on_o the_o outside_n begin_v to_o congeal_v and_o be_v rub_v off_o the_o hoar_a frost_n will_v quick_o begin_v to_o come_v again_o this_o vial_n for_o further_a trial_n be_v put_v into_o a_o pair_n of_o scale_n with_o a_o counterpoise_n after_o a_o while_n as_o the_o vapour_n that_o wander_v through_o the_o air_n in_o the_o warm_a room_n happen_v to_o be_v detain_v more_o and_o more_o upon_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o to_o be_v there_o freeze_v the_o scale_n wherein_o the_o glass_n be_v begin_v to_o be_v depress_v and_o to_o shrink_v low_a and_o low_o after_o which_o by_o add_v a_o little_a to_o the_o counterpoise_n we_o reduce_v they_o again_o to_o a_o equilibrium_n and_o yet_o after_o a_o while_n the_o scale_n that_o hold_v the_o vial_n subside_v again_o more_o and_o more_o till_o the_o include_v snow_n be_v melt_v so_o that_o to_o reduce_v the_o scale_n to_o their_o first_o equilibrium_n we_o be_v fain_o to_o add_v in_o all_o to_o the_o counterpoise_n a_o weight_n which_o we_o estimate_v to_o be_v about_o eight_o or_o ten_o grain_n for_o we_o have_v then_o no_o great_a weight_n by_o we_o the_o vial_n be_v take_v out_o there_o appear_v near_o half_a a_o small_a spoonful_n of_o liquor_n in_o the_o scale_n it_o stand_v in_o which_o procee_v from_o the_o thaw_n of_o the_o ice_n that_o be_v generate_v about_o it_o but_o in_o that_o part_n of_o the_o scale_n which_o be_v cover_v with_o the_o convex_a part_n of_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n there_o appear_v no_o wet_a a_o like_a or_o small_a quantity_n of_o snow_n and_o spirit_n of_o wine_n be_v seal_v up_o in_o a_o single_a vial_n the_o outside_n quick_o appear_v case_v with_o ice_n as_o high_a as_o the_o mixture_n reach_v within_o and_o this_o vial_n also_o be_v counterpoise_v in_o a_o pair_n of_o scale_n do_v by_o degree_n depress_v the_o scale_n that_o hold_v it_o till_o it_o have_v sink_v it_o very_o low_a and_o about_o seven_o grain_n do_v but_o reduce_v the_o scale_n to_o a_o equilibrium_n but_o the_o scale_n be_v somewhat_o rusty_a we_o can_v not_o make_v the_o trial_n with_o that_o exactness_n we_o desire_v 23._o but_o at_o other_o time_n when_o the_o experiment_n be_v more_o lucky_o though_o not_o more_o careful_o try_v with_o better_a scale_n the_o increase_n of_o weight_n from_o the_o condense_v vapour_n of_o the_o air_n be_v somewhat_o more_o considerable_a for_o i_o find_v in_o a_o short_a note_n that_o at_o one_o time_n a_o mixture_n of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o snow_n weigh_v three_o ounce_n and_o three_o quarter_n afford_v of_o condense_v vapour_n about_o 18._o grain_n and_o at_o another_o time_n a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o sal_fw-la gem_n weigh_v three_o ounce_n and_o seventy_o grain_n procure_v we_o 〈◊〉_d accession_n of_o water_n weigh_v about_o 20._o grain_n title_n ii_o experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v body_n dispose_v to_o be_v freeze_v 1._o it_o be_v almost_o endless_a to_o try_v particular_o which_o body_n be_v or_o be_v not_o capable_a of_o congelation_n and_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a will_v also_o in_o such_o experiment_n be_v as_o near_o as_o man_n can_v determine_v because_o many_o body_n will_v freeze_v in_o one_o degree_n of_o cold_a that_o will_v not_o in_o another_o wherefore_o we_o be_v willing_a to_o leave_v these_o trial_n to_o those_o that_o have_v more_o leisure_n and_o opportunity_n to_o prosecute_v they_o and_o shall_v only_o set_v down_o some_o and_o those_o somewhat_o various_a that_o we_o may_v not_o leave_v this_o part_n of_o the_o history_n of_o cold_a quite_o unfurnish_a and_o we_o must_v mention_v the_o few_o because_o be_v in_o the_o country_n we_o be_v not_o provide_v of_o divers_a of_o the_o body_n which_o we_o shall_v have_v expose_v 2._o in_o very_o cold_a snowy_a weather_n we_o try_v that_o beside_o common_a water_n urine_n beer_n ale_n milk_n vinegar_n and_o french_a and_o rhenish_a wine_n though_o these_o two_o last_v but_o slow_o be_v turn_v into_o ice_n either_o total_o or_o in_o part_n but_o such_o instance_n will_v possible_o be_v think_v too_o obvious_a to_o be_v insist_v on_o therefore_o i_o shall_v add_v that_o not_o only_o we_o freeze_v a_o strong_a solution_n of_o gum_n arabic_a and_o another_o of_o white_a sugar_n in_o common_a water_n but_o that_o we_o take_v alum_n vitriol_n salt-petre_n and_o sea_n salt_n and_o make_v of_o each_o of_o they_o in_o a_o single_a vial_n as_o strong_a a_o solution_n as_o we_o can_v we_o also_o make_v a_o strong_a solution_n of_o verdegrease_n in_o fair_a water_n which_o be_v thereby_o deep_o colour_v all_o these_o we_o expose_v to_o the_o cold_a air._n the_o solution_n of_o alum_n nitre_n and_o 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to_o that_o we_o here_o employ_v obtain_v ice_n and_o though_o in_o this_o metalline_a sugar_n we_o may_v well_o suppose_v the_o saline_n part_n of_o the_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n to_o be_v much_o more_o concentrate_v or_o unite_v than_o they_o be_v in_o the_o spirit_n yet_o the_o solution_n must_v abound_v with_o aqueous_a part_n and_o this_o sugar_n seem_v but_o a_o kind_n of_o vitriol_n of_o lead_n it_o be_v worth_a our_o notice_n that_o its_o solution_n will_v not_o freeze_v as_o well_o as_o that_o of_o common_a vitriol_n though_o in_o this_o latter_a concrete_a the_o metal_n be_v corrode_v by_o a_o spirit_n which_o as_o far_o as_o can_v be_v judge_v by_o the_o liquor_n afford_v in_o distillation_n be_v very_o much_o sharp_a and_o strong_a than_o spirit_n of_o vinegar_n 5._o we_o likewise_o try_v to_o freeze_v quick_a silver_n and_o for_o that_o purpose_n provide_v a_o bubble_n that_o be_v blow_v with_o a_o lamp_n be_v but_o thin_a and_o so_o flat_a that_o the_o side_n almost_o 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it_o to_o freeze_v wherefore_o i_o can_v wish_v that_o trial_n be_v make_v in_o muscovy_n greenland_n charles_n island_n or_o some_o other_o of_o the_o most_o 〈◊〉_d region_n where_o the_o effect_n of_o cold_a which_o here_o be_v upon_o quicksilver_n but_o languid_a be_v the_o most_o considerable_a and_o sometime_o stupendous_a 6._o it_o be_v very_o remarkable_a that_o though_o not_o only_o the_o solution_n of_o other_o gross_a salt_n but_o as_o we_o have_v see_v divers_a more_o saline_a and_o spirituous_a liquor_n be_v bring_v by_o snow_n and_o salt_n to_o congelation_n yet_o a_o brine_n make_v very_o strong_a of_o common_a salt_n can_v not_o be_v bring_v to_o freeze_v at_o all_o though_o we_o keep_v it_o expose_v with_o the_o other_o saline_a solution_n that_o do_v freeze_v during_o a_o whole_a night_n that_o be_v exceed_v sharp_a which_o experiment_n i_o also_o try_v many_o year_n since_o to_o draw_v thence_o a_o argument_n in_o favour_n of_o the_o cartestan_a hypothesis_n about_o cold_a which_o i_o shall_v not_o now_o consider_v but_o rather_o add_v that_o be_v desirous_a to_o try_v with_o what_o proportion_n of_o sea_n salt_n and_o water_n the_o congelation_n of_o they_o may_v be_v effect_v i_o find_v i_o can_v freeze_v some_o sea_n water_n that_o have_v be_v bring_v up_o in_o a_o barrel_n to_o that_o monarch_n of_o the_o virtuoso_n the_o king_n for_o the_o make_n of_o trial_n with_o it_o and_o that_o have_v in_o a_o single_a vial_n expose_v to_o the_o air_n in_o a_o very_a bitter_a night_n a_o solution_n consist_v of_o twenty_o part_n of_o water_n and_o one_o of_o salt_n which_o be_v double_a the_o proportion_n of_o salt_n to_o be_v common_o find_v in_o our_o sea-water_n the_o next_o day_n we_o find_v a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o liquor_n freeze_v the_o ice_n swim_v at_o the_o top_n in_o figure_n almost_o like_a broom_n spread_v from_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n downward_o and_o to_o add_v that_o upon_o the_o by_o we_o suffer_v the_o ice_n of_o salt-water_n to_o thaw_v to_o try_v whether_o it_o will_v yield_v fresh_a water_n but_o it_o seem_v not_o devoid_a of_o some_o brackishness_n which_o whether_o or_o no_o it_o proceed_v from_o some_o part_n of_o the_o contiguous_a brine_n that_o adhere_v to_o the_o ice_n i_o leave_v to_o further_o and_o exacter_n observation_n since_o i_o be_o credible_o inform_v that_o in_o amsterdam_n there_o be_v divers_a that_o use_v the_o thaw_a ice_n of_o the_o sea-water_n to_o brew_v their_o beer_n with_o instead_o of_o common_a fresh_a water_n 3._o and_o since_o i_o make_v that_o experiment_n i_o find_v in_o the_o industrious_a bartholinus_n new_o publish_v book_n de_fw-fr 42._o nivis_fw-la usu_fw-la a_o confirmation_n of_o the_o probability_n of_o the_o report_n i_o just_a now_o mention_v his_o word_n be_v these_o de_fw-fr glacie_n ex_fw-la marinâ_fw-la aquâ_fw-la certum_fw-la est_fw-la siresolvatur_fw-la salsum_fw-la saporem_fw-la deposuisse_fw-la quod_fw-la etiam_fw-la non_fw-la ita_fw-la pridem_fw-la expertus_fw-la est_fw-la cl._n jacobus_n finckius_n academiae_fw-la nostrae_fw-la senior_fw-la &_o physices_fw-la professor_n benè_fw-la meritus_fw-la in_fw-la glaciei_fw-la frustis_fw-la è_fw-la portu_fw-la nostro_fw-la allatis_fw-la title_n four_o experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v the_o degree_n of_o cold_a in_o several_a body_n 1._o after_o have_v treat_v of_o the_o body_n that_o be_v the_o most_o capable_a of_o produce_v cold_a and_o of_o those_o that_o be_v most_o dispose_v or_o indispose_v to_o receive_v it_o it_o will_v be_v methodical_a to_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o differ_v body_n but_o though_o a_o work_n of_o this_o nature_n may_v somewhat_o conduce_v to_o the_o discovery_n of_o cold_a in_o general_n yet_o it_o be_v so_o laborious_a a_o task_n and_o to_o be_v well_o perform_v require_v so_o much_o more_o of_o leisure_n and_o conveniency_n than_o i_o be_o master_n of_o that_o i_o must_v resign_v it_o to_o 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particular_a river_n or_o sea_n man_n be_v to_o sail_v on_o may_v afford_v any_o useful_a estimate_n if_o and_o how_o much_o ship_n and_o other_o vessel_n may_v on_o those_o 〈◊〉_d be_v safe_o load_v more_o in_o winter_n 〈◊〉_d in_o 〈◊〉_d may_v be_v a_o 〈◊〉_d of_o which_o i_o shall_v not_o in_o this_o place_n 〈◊〉_d any_o 〈◊〉_d notice_n then_o to_o intimate_v thus_o much_o that_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o water_n high_o refrigerated_a and_o that_o which_o be_v but_o of_o a_o usual_a degree_n of_o coldness_n be_v not_o so_o great_a as_o some_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d seem_v to_o have_v think_v for_o on_o a_o day_n which_o though_o make_v cold_a by_o snow_n intermingle_v with_o the_o rain_n that_o then_o fall_v be_v not_o a_o frost_n we_o take_v common_a water_n and_o weigh_v in_o it_o a_o glass_n bubble_n who_o weight_n in_o the_o air_n be_v 150._o grain_n and_o this_o bubble_n weigh_v in_o that_o water_n lose_v so_o much_o of_o its_o former_a weight_n as_o to_o weigh_v about_o 28_o â…_n grain_n 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weatherglass_n furnish_v with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o of_o those_o wherein_o a_o drop_n of_o liquor_n be_v keep_v pendulous_a for_o the_o former_a of_o these_o be_v not_o subject_a to_o the_o alteration_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n 〈◊〉_d nor_o as_o may_v be_v probable_o suppose_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n to_o be_v freeze_v by_o send_v the_o same_o weatherglass_n which_o may_v be_v make_v portable_a enough_o as_o i_o have_v try_v by_o transport_v one_o of_o they_o in_o a_o case_n that_o may_v be_v easy_o carry_v even_o in_o a_o pocket_n from_o one_o country_n to_o another_o one_o may_v make_v far_o better_a discovery_n of_o the_o differ_a degree_n of_o coldness_n in_o differ_v region_n and_o know_v somewhat_o near_o how_o much_o the_o air_n even_o of_o muscovy_n or_o norway_n or_o greenland_n itself_o be_v cold_a than_o that_o of_o england_n or_o any_o other_o country_n whence_o the_o weatherglass_n shall_v be_v send_v the_o 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bubble_n may_v be_v apply_v to_o discover_v the_o coldness_n either_o of_o the_o wall_n or_o of_o the_o ceiling_n of_o a_o room_n or_o other_o body_n however_o situate_v and_o if_o the_o pipe_n be_v make_v long_o and_o even_o as_o sometime_o we_o employ_v one_o above_o a_o foot_n long_o not_o only_o sensible_a but_o great_a effect_n of_o very_a little_a disparity_n in_o the_o coldness_n of_o body_n to_o which_o the_o instrument_n be_v apply_v may_v with_o pleasure_n be_v observe_v and_o the_o same_o drop_n of_o liquor_n may_v be_v long_o enough_o preserve_v useful_a in_o the_o pipe_n but_o this_o advertisement_n i_o shall_v give_v that_o as_o sensible_a as_o this_o instrument_n appear_v to_o be_v of_o the_o nice_a difference_n of_o coldness_n as_o of_o heat_n yet_o they_o that_o shall_v have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o examine_v with_o it_o as_o i_o have_v do_v the_o temperature_n i_o say_v not_o of_o more_o resemble_v body_n but_o of_o liquor_n that_o may_v be_v think_v to_o have_v their_o part_n so_o differ_o agitate_a as_o common_a water_n high_a rectify_v spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o even_o rectify_v oil_n of_o turpentine_n i_o add_v not_o dephlegm_v oil_n of_o vitriol_n because_o of_o some_o odd_a phaenomena_n not_o here_o to_o be_v insist_v on_o will_v perhaps_o find_v the_o event_n so_o little_a in_o many_o case_n answer_v the_o expectation_n he_o will_v have_v have_v of_o uniform_o find_v great_a disparity_n in_o their_o actual_a coldness_n if_o he_o have_v not_o meet_v with_o this_o advertisement_n that_o he_o will_v not_o much_o wonder_n that_o a_o person_n who_o want_v not_o other_o employment_n for_o his_o time_n be_v willing_a to_o decline_v so_o tedious_a and_o nice_a a_o task_n title_n v._o experiment_n touch_v the_o tendency_n of_o cold_a upward_o
to_o be_v measure_v so_o the_o measurer_n not_o know_v how_o long_o they_o may_v have_v be_v on_o ground_n for_o aught_o i_o know_v much_o of_o that_o admire_a height_n may_v be_v attribute_v to_o the_o snow_n that_o from_o time_n to_o time_n fall_v very_o plentiful_o in_o those_o freeze_a region_n and_o be_v compact_v together_o either_o by_o the_o sun_n who_o beam_n sometime_o begin_v to_o thaw_v it_o and_o sometime_o by_o the_o water_n of_o the_o wave_n that_o beat_v against_o the_o ice_n and_o be_v congeal_v with_o the_o snow_n do_v as_o it_o be_v cement_v the_o part_n of_o it_o together_o and_o sometime_o by_o both_o of_o these_o cause_n so_o in_o the_o instance_n allege_v 14._o out_o of_o captain_n james_n of_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v twice_o as_o high_a as_o his_o top-mast-head_n it_o be_v say_v also_o that_o they_o be_v on_o ground_n in_o 40._o fathom_n and_o in_o the_o other_o example_n mention_v out_o of_o bartholinus_n though_o there_o be_v 40._o fathom_n attribute_v to_o the_o immersed_a part_n of_o the_o ice_n yet_o that_o measure_n be_v not_o exclusive_a of_o a_o great_a for_o it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o ice_n reach_v downward_o above_o 40._o fathom_n and_o how_o much_o downward_o and_o whether_o as_o far_o as_o the_o ground_n we_o be_v leave_v at_o liberty_n to_o guess_v and_o in_o that_o stupendous_a piece_n of_o ice_n record_v in_o the_o nova_fw-la zembla_n voyage_n to_o have_v be_v in_o all_o 52._o fathom_n that_o be_v 300._o and_o twelve_o foot_n deep_a though_o it_o be_v grant_v what_o they_o affirm_v that_o it_o be_v 16._o fathom_n above_o the_o water_n which_o be_v almost_o a_o three_o part_n of_o the_o whole_a depth_n yet_o i_o observe_v that_o of_o this_o icy_a mountain_n it_o be_v say_v that_o it_o lay_v fast_o on_o the_o ground_n so_o that_o as_o on_o the_o one_o side_n it_o seem_v probable_a that_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o island_n of_o ice_n may_v be_v increase_v by_o snow_n and_o as_o i_o remember_v that_o in_o that_o famous_o inquisitive_a navigator_n mr._n hudsons_n voyage_n for_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o northwest_n passage_n it_o be_v relate_v that_o his_o company_n be_v pricket_n so_o well_o acquaint_v with_o the_o ice_n that_o when_o night_n or_o foggy_a or_o foul_a weather_n take_v they_o they_o will_v seek_v out_o the_o broad_a island_n of_o ice_n and_o there_o come_v to_o anchor_n and_o run_v and_o sport_n and_o fill_v water_n that_o stand_v the_o ice_n in_o pond_n very_o fresh_a and_o good_a so_o on_o the_o other_o side_n we_o know_v not_o how_o much_o low_o the_o dutchman_n ice_n and_o captain_n james_n will_v have_v reach_v into_o the_o sea_n in_o case_n the_o ground_n they_o rest_v on_o have_v not_o hinder_v they_o for_o though_o one_o may_v probable_o think_v that_o these_o be_v the_o great_a depth_n that_o any_o hill_n of_o ice_n have_v be_v observe_v to_o attain_v that_o mention_v by_o the_o hollander_n reach_v 36._o fathom_n beneath_o the_o water_n and_o that_o mention_v by_o captain_n james_n no_o less_o than_o 40._o fathom_n yet_o i_o find_v in_o mr._n hudsons_n voyage_n that_o the_o english_a in_o the_o bay_n that_o bear_v his_o name_n meet_v with_o more_o than_o one_o or_o two_o island_n of_o ice_n of_o a_o fargreat_a depth_n underwater_n for_o among_o other_o thing_n the_o relator_n have_v this_o memorable_a passage_n in_o this_o bay_n where_o we_o be_v thus_o trouble_v with_o ice_n we_o see_v many_o of_o those_o mountain_n of_o ice_n a_o ground_n in_o six_o or_o seven_o score_n fathom_n water_n and_o if_o the_o sea_n have_v be_v deep_a enough_o even_o these_o stupendous_a mole_n of_o ice_n will_v probable_o have_v sink_v much_o low_o and_o so_o have_v lessen_v the_o height_n of_o the_o mountain_n 11._o i_o know_v that_o deliver_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o expansion_n of_o water_n alone_o i_o have_v not_o say_v all_o that_o may_v be_v say_v about_o the_o expansion_n of_o liquor_n but_o because_o as_o it_o have_v not_o yet_o appear_v to_o i_o that_o any_o liquor_n be_v expanded_a by_o cold_a unless_o by_o actual_a freeze_a i_o doubt_v whether_o aqueous_a liquor_n as_o wine_n milk_n urine_n etc._n etc._n be_v otherwise_o expanded_a by_o congelation_n then_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o water_n or_o phlegmatic_a and_o in_o a_o strict_a sense_n congealable_a part_v contain_v in_o they_o and_o whether_o it_o be_v worth_a while_n for_o a_o man_n in_o haste_n to_o examine_v their_o particular_a expansion_n notwithstanding_o which_o i_o will_v not_o discourage_v any_o from_o try_v whether_o or_o no_o by_o the_o differ_a dilatation_n of_o aqueous_a liquor_n some_o of_o they_o of_o the_o same_o and_o some_o of_o they_o of_o differ_v kind_n we_o may_v be_v assist_v to_o make_v any_o estimate_n of_o the_o differ_a proportion_n they_o contain_v of_o phlegm_n and_o of_o more_o spirituous_a or_o useful_a ingredient_n 12._o after_o what_o have_v be_v hitherto_o deliver_v concern_v the_o expansion_n of_o liquor_n by_o cold_a it_o may_v be_v expect_v we_o shall_v say_v something_o of_o the_o measure_n of_o their_o contraction_n by_o the_o same_o quality_n but_o as_o for_o water_n which_o be_v the_o principal_a liquor_n who_o dimension_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v i_o have_v former_o declare_v that_o i_o can_v seldom_o or_o never_o find_v its_o contraction_n in_o the_o winter_n season_n when_o i_o try_v it_o to_o be_v at_o all_o considerable_a and_o i_o shall_v now_o add_v that_o have_v for_o great_a certainty_n procure_v the_o experiment_n to_o be_v make_v by_o another_o also_o in_o a_o bolthead_n the_o account_n i_o receive_v of_o it_o be_v that_o he_o can_v scarce_o discern_v the_o water_n in_o the_o stem_n to_o fall_v beneath_o its_o station_n mark_v at_o the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o pipe_n when_o the_o water_n in_o the_o ball_n be_v so_o far_o infrigidate_v as_o to_o begin_v to_o freeze_v though_o i_o will_v not_o deny_v that_o in_o warm_a climate_n as_o italy_n or_o spain_n the_o contraction_n of_o the_o water_n a_o little_a before_o glaciation_n begin_v may_v be_v somewhat_o considerable_a especial_o if_o the_o experiment_n be_v make_v in_o summer_n or_o in_o case_n either_o there_o or_o here_o the_o water_n expose_v to_o freeze_v be_v put_v into_o a_o vessel_n very_o advantageous_o shape_v or_o bring_v out_o of_o some_o warm_a chamber_n or_o other_o place_n where_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o air_n that_o surround_v it_o have_v rarify_v it_o but_o to_o examine_v the_o measure_n of_o contraction_n in_o the_o several_a liquor_n and_o with_o the_o nice_a observation_n that_o such_o a_o work_n to_o be_v accurate_o prosecure_v will_v require_v will_v have_v take_v up_o much_o more_o of_o my_o time_n then_o i_o be_v willing_a to_o employ_v about_o a_o work_n which_o i_o look_v not_o on_o as_o important_a enough_o to_o deserve_v it_o and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v here_o add_v nothing_o to_o what_o i_o have_v say_v under_o the_o title_n of_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a touch_v the_o contraction_n of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o of_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n by_o the_o differ_a degree_n of_o that_o quality_n and_o as_o for_o the_o condensation_n of_o air_n the_o vast_a fluid_n we_o deal_v with_o i_o do_v indeed_o think_v fit_a to_o measure_v how_o much_o cold_a condense_n it_o but_o the_o account_n of_o that_o experiment_n will_v be_v more_o opportune_o deliver_v in_o air._n one_o of_o the_o follow_a discourse_n title_n xi_o experiment_n touch_v the_o expansive_a force_n of_o freeze_a water_n 1._o have_v show_v that_o there_o be_v a_o expansion_n make_v of_o water_n and_o aqueous_a body_n by_o congelation_n let_v we_o now_o examine_v how_o strong_a this_o expansion_n be_v and_o the_o rather_o because_o no_o body_n have_v yet_o that_o we_o know_v of_o make_v any_o particular_a trial_n on_o purpose_n to_o make_v discovery_n in_o this_o matter_n so_o that_o although_o some_o unhappy_a accident_n have_v keep_v our_o experiment_n from_o be_v as_o accurate_a as_o we_o design_v and_o as_o god_n assist_v we_o may_v hereafter_o make_v they_o yet_o at_o least_o we_o shall_v show_v this_o expansion_n to_o be_v more_o forcible_a then_o have_v hitherto_o be_v common_o take_v notice_n of_o and_o assist_v man_n to_o make_v a_o somewhat_o less_o uncertain_a estimate_n of_o the_o force_n of_o it_o than_o they_o seem_v to_o have_v yet_o endeavour_v to_o enable_v themselves_o to_o make_v 2._o and_o 1._o we_o shall_v mention_v some_o experiment_n that_o do_v in_o general_a show_n that_o the_o expansion_n of_o freeze_a water_n be_v considerable_o strong_a we_o take_v a_o new_a pewter-bottle_n capable_a to_o contain_v as_o we_o guess_v about_o half_a a_o pint_n of_o water_n and_o have_v fill_v it_o top_n full_a with_o that_o liquor_n we_o screw_v on_o the_o stopple_n and_o expose_v it_o during_o
he_o inform_v i_o that_o it_o be_v their_o usual_a way_n to_o turn_v water_n and_o snow_n into_o ice_n by_o pour_v a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o that_o liquor_n into_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o snow_n and_o have_v also_o inquire_v 〈◊〉_d ice_n have_v not_o the_o like_a operation_n he_o tell_v 〈◊〉_d that_o it_o be_v usual_a and_o he_o have_v see_v it_o practise_v in_o 〈◊〉_d to_o cement_v ice_n to_o building_n and_o other_o thing_n and_o also_o to_o case_n over_o body_n as_o it_o be_v with_o ice_n by_o gradual_o throw_v water_n upon_o they_o but_o i_o doubt_v whether_o that_o effect_v be_v to_o be_v ascribe_v bare_o to_o the_o contiguity_n of_o the_o ice_n because_o i_o learn_v of_o he_o that_o this_o way_n of_o increase_a ice_n be_v practise_v in_o very_o frosty_a weather_n when_o water_n thin_o spread_v upon_o almost_o any_o other_o body_n will_v be_v freeze_v by_o the_o vehement_a sharpness_n of_o the_o air._n 7._o the_o glaciation_n that_o nature_n unguided_a by_o art_n be_v wont_a to_o make_v begin_v at_o those_o part_n of_o body_n at_o which_o they_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n it_o usual_o happen_v that_o they_o freeze_v from_o the_o upper_a towards_o the_o low_a part_n but_o how_o far_o in_o earth_n and_o water_n the_o most_o considerable_a body_n that_o be_v subject_a to_o be_v freeze_v the_o frost_n will_v pierce_v downward_o though_o for_o some_o hint_n it_o will_v afford_v worth_a the_o know_n be_v not_o easy_a to_o be_v define_v because_o the_o deepness_n of_o the_o frost_n may_v be_v much_o vary_v by_o the_o degree_n of_o coldness_n in_o the_o air_n by_o which_o the_o glaciation_n seem_v to_o be_v produce_v as_o also_o by_o the_o great_a or_o 〈◊〉_d duration_n of_o the_o frost_n by_o the_o loose_a or_o close_a texture_n of_o the_o earth_n by_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o juice_n wherewith_o the_o earth_n be_v imbue_v and_o by_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o subjacent_a and_o more_o internal_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n some_o of_o which_o send_v 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climate_n the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d less_o into_o the_o ground_n than_o many_o be_v please_v to_o think_v 8._o the_o note_n i_o find_v about_o this_o matter_n be_v these_o that_o follow_v which_o i_o 〈◊〉_d unaltered_a because_o it_o be_v tedious_a and_o not_o worth_a while_n to_o add_v the_o way_n we_o employ_v and_o the_o caution_n we_o use_v in_o make_v the_o observation_n but_o we_o shall_v rather_o intimate_v that_o the_o follow_a trial_n be_v make_v in_o a_o village_n about_o two_o mile_n from_o a_o great_a city_n i._n jan._n 22._o after_o four_o night_n of_o frost_n that_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o for_o very_o hard_a we_o go_v into_o a_o orchard_n where_o the_o ground_n be_v level_a and_o not_o cover_v with_o grass_n and_o find_v by_o dig_v that_o the_o frost_n have_v scarce_o pierce_v into_o the_o ground_n three_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a and_o in_o a_o garden_n near_o the_o house_n we_o find_v not_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v freeze_v more_o than_o two_o inch_n beneath_o its_o surface_n ii_o nine_o or_o ten_o night_n successive_a frost_n freeze_v the_o grasless_a ground_n in_o the_o garden_n about_o six_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a or_o better_a in_o depth_n and_o the_o grasless_a ground_n in_o the_o orchard_n where_o a_o wall_n 〈◊〉_d it_o from_o the_o south_n sun_n to_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o about_o eight_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a or_o better_o february_n the_o 9_o we_o dig_v in_o a_o orchard_n near_o a_o wall_n that_o respect_v the_o north_n and_o find_v the_o frost_n to_o have_v 〈◊〉_d the_o ground_n 〈◊〉_d a_o foot_n and_o two_o inch_n at_o least_o above_o a_o foot_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o eight_o day_n since_o it_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d inch_n and_o a_o half_a a_fw-la slender_a pipe_n of_o glass_n about_o 18._o inch_n long_o and_o seal_v at_o one_o end_n be_v thrust_v over_o night_n into_o a_o hole_n purposely_o make_v with_o a_o spit_n straight_o down_o into_o the_o ground_n the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o water_n be_v in_o the_o same_o level_n with_o that_o of_o the_o earth_n the_o next_o morning_n the_o tube_n be_v take_v out_o the_o water_n appear_v freeze_v in_o the_o whole_a capacity_n of_o the_o cylinder_n but_o a_o little_a more_o than_o three_o inch_n but_o from_o this_o stick_n of_o ice_n there_o reach_v downward_o a_o part_n of_o a_o cylinder_n of_o ice_n of_o about_o six_o inch_n in_o length_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o water_n remain_v 〈◊〉_d though_o it_o be_v a_o exceed_a sharp_a night_n precede_v by_o a_o constitution_n of_o the_o air_n that_o have_v be_v very_o lasting_a and_o very_o bitter_a the_o earth_n in_o the_o garden_n where_o this_o trial_n be_v make_v we_o guess_v to_o be_v freeze_v eight_o or_o ten_o inch_n deep_a as_o it_o be_v in_o another_o place_n about_o the_o same_o house_n but_o be_v this_o tube_n have_v not_o be_v in_o the_o ground_n the_o ambient_fw-la air_n will_v have_v freeze_v it_o quite_o through_o 9_o another_o note_n much_o of_o the_o same_o import_n we_o find_v in_o another_o place_n of_o our_o collection_n find_v that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o mildness_n of_o our_o climate_n i_o be_v scarce_o to_o hope_v for_o any_o much_o deep_a congelation_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o water_n i_o apply_v myself_o to_o inquire_v of_o a_o ingenious_a man_n that_o have_v be_v at_o musco_n whether_o he_o have_v observe_v any_o thing_n there_o to_o my_o present_a purpose_n as_o also_o to_o find_v in_o captain_n james_n voyage_n whether_o that_o inquisitive_a navigator_n have_v take_v notice_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o may_v inform_v i_o how_o far_o the_o cold_a be_v able_a to_o freeze_v the_o earth_n or_o water_n in_o the_o island_n of_o charleton_n where_o that_o quality_n may_v probable_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v have_v as_o large_a a_o sphere_n of_o activity_n as_o in_o almost_o any_o part_n of_o the_o habitable_a world_n and_o by_o my_o inquiry_n i_o 〈◊〉_d that_o even_o in_o freeze_a region_n themselves_o a_o congeal_a degree_n of_o cold_a pierce_v nothing_o near_o so_o deep_a into_o the_o earth_n and_o sea_n as_o one_o will_v imagine_v for_o the_o traveller_n i_o speak_v with_o tell_v i_o that_o in_o a_o garden_n in_o musco_n where_o he_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o thing_n i_o inquire_v about_o he_o find_v not_o the_o ground_n to_o be_v freeze_v much_o above_o two_o foot_n deep_a and_o in_o captain_n james_n journal_n the_o most_o that_o i_o find_v and_o that_o too_o where_o he_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o prodigious_o tall_a ice_n they_o have_v in_o january_n concern_v the_o pierce_a of_o the_o frost_n into_o the_o ground_n be_v this_o that_o the_o ground_n at_o 63._o tenfoot_o deep_a be_v freeze_v whence_o by_o the_o way_n we_o may_v gather_v how_o much_o sharp_a cold_n may_v be_v presume_v to_o have_v reign_v in_o that_o island_n than_o even_o in_o russia_n and_o as_o for_o the_o freeze_a of_o the_o water_n he_o do_v in_o another_o place_n occasional_o give_v we_o this_o memorable_a account_n of_o it_o where_o he_o relate_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o break_n up_o the_o ice_n in_o the_o freeze_a sea_n that_o surround_v the_o island_n we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o it_o be_v first_o to_o be_v note_v say_v he_o that_o it_o do_v 86._o not_o freeze_v natural_o above_o six_o foot_n the_o rest_n be_v by_o accident_n such_o be_v that_o ice_n that_o you_o may_v see_v here_o six_o fathom_n thick_a this_o we_o have_v manifest_a proof_n of_o by_o our_o dig_v the_o ice_n out_o of_o the_o ship_n and_o by_o dig_v to_o our_o anchor_n before_o the_o ice_n break_v up_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o account_n not_o concern_v our_o present_a purpose_n i_o forbear_v to_o annex_v only_o take_v notice_n that_o notwithstanding_o our_o late_o mention_a experiment_n of_o freeze_a water_n in_o
common_a salt_n but_o the_o experiment_n succeed_v not_o well_o though_o once_o we_o bring_v the_o ice_n to_o stick_v to_o the_o wood_n manifest_o but_o not_o strong_o 8._o to_o this_o we_o shall_v add_v the_o follow_a experiment_n which_o when_o we_o watchful_o make_v it_o succeed_v well_o and_o i_o find_v it_o among_o my_o note_n set_v down_o in_o these_o term_n solid_a fragment_n of_o ice_n have_v pretty_a store_n of_o salt_n throw_v on_o they_o upon_o the_o first_o fall_v of_o the_o salt_n among_o the_o ice_n there_o be_v produce_v a_o little_a 〈◊〉_d noise_n and_o for_o a_o good_a while_n after_o there_o manifest_o ascend_v out_o of_o several_a part_n of_o the_o mixture_n convenient_o hold_v betwixt_o a_o candle_n and_o the_o eye_n a_o steam_n or_o smoke_n like_o that_o of_o warm_a meat_n though_o the_o night_n be_v rainy_a and_o warm_a and_o though_o the_o morning_n have_v not_o be_v frosty_a the_o mention_n here_o make_v of_o the_o crackle_n noise_n make_v by_o the_o ice_n upon_o the_o addition_n of_o salt_n which_o seem_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o crackle_n of_o the_o brittle_a ice_n produce_v by_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o salt_n upon_o it_o bring_v into_o my_o mind_n a_o experiment_n i_o have_v former_o make_v whereof_o a_o great_a noise_n of_o the_o same_o kind_n be_v a_o phaenomenon_n though_o the_o experiment_n be_v chief_o make_v for_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o texture_n of_o ice_n the_o event_n of_o the_o trial_n i_o find_v thus_o set_v down_o among_o my_o note_n 9_o we_o take_v some_o cake_n of_o ice_n each_o of_o the_o thickness_n between_o a_o 〈◊〉_d and_o a_o ¼_n part_n of_o a_o inch_n but_o not_o so_o very_o compact_a ice_n as_o to_o be_v free_a from_o store_n of_o bubble_n some_o good_a aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la drop_v upon_o this_o do_v quick_o penetrate_v it_o with_o a_o noise_n that_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o crack_n of_o the_o ice_n underneath_o which_o the_o sour_a liquor_n be_v very_o plain_o to_o be_v taste_v oil_n of_o vitriol_n do_v the_o same_o but_o much_o more_o powerful_o and_o without_o seem_v to_o crack_v the_o ice_n which_o it_o pass_v through_o so_o that_o though_o but_o three_o or_o four_o drop_n be_v let_v fall_n upon_o the_o plate_n it_o immediate_o show_v itself_o in_o drop_n exceed_o corrosive_a on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o the_o like_a success_n we_o have_v with_o a_o trial_n make_v with_o the_o same_o liquor_n upon_o three_o such_o plate_n of_o ice_n freeze_a one_o upon_o the_o top_n of_o another_o 10._o have_v proceed_v as_o far_o as_o we_o be_v able_a towards_o the_o bring_v the_o strength_n of_o ice_n to_o some_o kind_n of_o estimate_n by_o such_o experiment_n as_o we_o have_v opportunity_n to_o make_v here_o we_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o seek_v what_o information_n we_o can_v get_v about_o this_o matter_n among_o the_o description_n that_o be_v give_v we_o of_o cold_a region_n but_o i_o have_v not_o yet_o find_v any_o thing_n to_o have_v be_v take_v notice_n of_o to_o this_o purpose_n worth_n transcribe_v except_o a_o passage_n in_o the_o archbishop_n of_o upsal_n wherein_o though_o the_o estimate_n of_o the_o force_n of_o ice_n be_v as_o we_o shall_v by_o and_o by_o show_n 〈◊〉_d after_o a_o gross_a manner_n yet_o since_o this_o itself_o be_v more_o than_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o elsewhere_o i_o think_v it_o worth_a subjoyn_v as_o our_o author_n deliver_v it_o in_o these_o term_n glacies_fw-la say_v 14._o he_o primae_fw-la &_o mediae_fw-la hyemis_fw-la adeò_fw-la fortis_fw-la &_o tenax_fw-la est_fw-la ut_fw-la spissitudine_fw-la seu_fw-la densitate_fw-la duorum_fw-la digitorum_fw-la sufferat_fw-la hominem_fw-la ambulantem_fw-la trium_fw-la vero_fw-la digitorum_fw-la equestrem_fw-la armatum_fw-la unius_fw-la palmae_fw-la &_o dimidiae_fw-la turmas_fw-la vel_fw-la exercitus_fw-la militares_fw-la trium_fw-la vel_fw-la quatuor_fw-la palmarum_fw-la integram_fw-la legionem_fw-la seu_fw-la myriadem_fw-la populorum_fw-la quemadmodum_fw-la inferiùs_fw-la de_fw-la bellis_fw-la hyemalibus_fw-la memorandum_n erit_fw-la but_o though_o this_o be_v sufficient_a to_o afford_v we_o a_o illustrious_a testimony_n of_o the_o wonderful_a strong_a cohesion_n of_o the_o part_n of_o ice_n yet_o we_o mention_v it_o but_o as_o a_o popular_a way_n of_o estimate_n which_o may_v better_a embolden_v traveller_n then_o satisfy_v philosopher_n in_o regard_n that_o the_o author_n determine_v only_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o not_o the_o distance_n of_o that_o part_n of_o it_o that_o support_v the_o weight_n from_o the_o shore_n or_o brink_n on_o which_o as_o on_o a_o hypomochlion_n the_o remote_a part_n of_o the_o ice_n do_v lean_a or_o rest_v and_o if_o we_o consider_v the_o ice_n as_o a_o lever_n and_o the_o brink_n or_o brink_n on_o which_o it_o be_v support_v as_o a_o single_a or_o double_a sulcrum_fw-la the_o distance_n of_o the_o weight_n may_v be_v of_o very_o great_a moment_n in_o reference_n to_o its_o pressure_n or_o gravitation_n on_o the_o ice_n which_o may_v much_o more_o easy_o support_v the_o weight_n of_o divers_a man_n place_v very_o near_o the_o prop_n then_o that_o of_o one_o man_n place_v at_o a_o great_a distance_n from_o it_o as_o will_v be_v easy_o grant_v by_o those_o that_o be_v not_o stranger_n to_o the_o mechanic_n especial_o to_o the_o nature_n and_o property_n of_o the_o several_a kind_n of_o lever_n but_o not_o now_o to_o debate_v whether_o in_o certain_a case_n the_o ice_n we_o speak_v of_o may_v not_o receive_v some_o support_n from_o the_o subjacent_a water_n nor_o whether_o some_o other_o circumstance_n may_v not_o sometime_o be_v able_a to_o alter_v the_o case_n a_o little_a our_o very_a consider_v the_o ice_n as_o a_o single_a or_o double_a lever_n though_o it_o may_v hinder_v we_o from_o measure_v the_o determinate_a strength_n of_o ice_n upon_o olaus_n observation_n yet_o it_o will_v set_v forth_o the_o strength_n of_o it_o so_o much_o the_o more_o since_o by_o his_o indefinite_a expression_n he_o seem_v sufficient_o to_o intimate_v that_o when_o the_o ice_n have_v attain_v such_o a_o thickness_n its_o resistance_n be_v equivalent_a to_o such_o a_o weight_n without_o examine_v on_o what_o part_n of_o the_o ice_n it_o chance_v to_o be_v place_v 11._o thus_o far_o our_o experiment_n concern_v ice_n with_o the_o appendix_n subjoin_v out_o of_o olaus_n to_o the_o same_o purpose_n we_o will_v now_o proceed_v to_o some_o of_o the_o observation_n we_o have_v meet_v with_o in_o seman_n journal_o and_o elsewhere_o i_o say_v to_o some_o because_o to_o enumerate_v they_o all_o will_v spend_v more_o time_n and_o labour_n than_o i_o can_v afford_v and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v restrain_v myself_o to_o the_o mention_n of_o some_o few_o of_o the_o chief_a i._o and_o in_o the_o first_o place_n for_o confirmation_n of_o what_o i_o deliver_v at_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o section_n from_o the_o report_n of_o a_o traveller_n into_o russia_n touch_v the_o hardness_n of_o ice_n in_o those_o gelid_a climate_n in_o comparison_n of_o our_o ice_n which_o i_o have_v find_v it_o easy_a to_o scrape_v with_o glass_n or_o to_o cut_v with_o a_o knife_n i_o shall_v subjoin_v this_o passage_n of_o captain_n g._n weymouth_n in_o his_o voyage_n for_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o northwest_o 13._o passage_n as_o we_o be_v say_v he_o break_v off_o some_o of_o this_o ice_n which_o be_v very_o painful_a for_o we_o to_o do_v for_o it_o be_v almost_o as_o hard_o as_o a_o rock_n etc._n etc._n ii_o next_o to_o show_n that_o it_o be_v not_o a_o superfluous_a wariness_n that_o make_v i_o in_o a_o former_a section_n doubt_n that_o even_o the_o ice_n make_v of_o sea-water_n may_v be_v altogether_o or_o almost_o insipid_a i_o will_v subjoin_v that_o i_o have_v since_o meet_v with_o some_o relation_n that_o seem_v to_o justify_v what_o be_v there_o deliver_v and_o in_o one_o of_o our_o englishman_n voyage_n into_o the_o northern_a sea_n i_o find_v more_o than_o one_o instance_n to_o my_o present_a purpose_n though_o i_o shall_v here_o set_v down_o but_o one_o which_o be_v so_o full_a and_o express_a that_o it_o need_v no_o companion_n our_o navigator_n speak_v thus_o about_o nine_o of_o the_o 813._o clock_n in_o the_o forenoon_n we_o come_v by_o a_o great_a island_n of_o ice_n and_o by_o this_o island_n we_o find_v some_o piece_n of_o ice_n break_v off_o from_o the_o say_a island_n and_o be_v in_o great_a want_n of_o fresh_a water_n we_o hoist_v out_o our_o boat_n of_o both_o ship_n and_o load_v they_o twice_o with_o ice_n which_o make_v we_o very_o good_a fresh_a water_n but_o all_o this_o notwithstanding_o i_o yet_o retain_v some_o scruple_n till_o those_o that_o have_v better_a opportunity_n to_o make_v a_o more_o satisfactory_a experiment_n shall_v ease_v i_o of_o it_o for_o though_o by_o these_o narratives_n it_o seem_v more_o than_o probable_a that_o the_o ice_n
in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o sea_n consist_v but_o of_o the_o fresh_a particle_n of_o water_n that_o plentiful_o concur_v to_o compose_v the_o sea_n water_n yet_o beside_o that_o in_o case_n the_o fresh_a water_n be_v take_v as_o some_o of_o that_o i_o have_v find_v mention_v in_o voyages_n have_v confess_o be_v from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o ice_n it_o may_v possible_o be_v no_o more_o than_o melt_v snow_n which_o as_o we_o elsewhere_o take_v notice_n do_v in_o those_o extreme_o cold_a region_n easy_o freeze_v upon_o the_o ice_n it_o fall_v on_o and_o oftentimes_o much_o increase_v the_o height_n of_o it_o beside_o this_o i_o say_v the_o argument_n from_o the_o insipidness_n of_o the_o resolve_a ice_n will_v conclude_v but_o upon_o supposition_n that_o as_o that_o ice_n be_v find_v in_o the_o sea_n so_o it_o be_v also_o make_v of_o the_o sea_n water_n which_o though_o it_o may_v have_v be_v yet_o i_o somewhat_o doubt_n whether_o it_o be_v or_o no_o since_o i_o find_v some_o 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he_o elsewhere_o mention_n other_o piece_n of_o no_o less_o depth_n and_o twice_o as_o high_a as_o his_o topmast_n head_n and_o this_o in_o june_n yet_o elsewhere_o and_o long_o after_o relate_v his_o return_n home_o he_o have_v this_o passage_n 106._o we_o have_v sail_v through_o much_o mountainous_a ice_n far_o high_o than_o our_o topmast_n head_n but_o this_o day_n we_o sail_v by_o the_o high_a that_o i_o ever_o yet_o see_v which_o be_v incredible_a indeed_o to_o be_v relate_v but_o the_o stupendious_a piece_n for_o height_n and_o depth_n of_o single_a ice_n that_o perhaps_o have_v be_v ever_o observe_v and_o measure_v by_o man_n be_v that_o which_o our_o famous_a english_a seaman_n mr._n w._n baffin_n who_o name_n be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o many_o modern_a map_n and_o globe_n mention_n himself_o to_o have_v meet_v with_o upon_o the_o coast_n of_o greenland_n who_o whole_a relation_n i_o shall_v therefore_o subjoin_v not_o only_o because_o of_o the_o stupendiousness_n of_o this_o piece_n of_o ice_n but_o because_o he_o take_v notice_n of_o a_o observation_n which_o i_o know_v not_o to_o have_v be_v make_v by_o any_o and_o come_v somewhat_o near_o the_o estimate_n we_o former_o make_v of_o the_o proportion_n betwixt_o the_o extant_a and_o immersed_a part_n of_o float_a ice_n only_o the_o follow_a estimate_n make_v the_o extant_a part_n somewhat_o great_a than_o we_o do_v which_o may_v easy_o proceed_v from_o other_o man_n have_v as_o mr._n baffin_n here_o do_v ground_v their_o computation_n upon_o what_o occur_v to_o they_o at_o sea_n or_o in_o salt_n water_n where_o the_o ice_n must_v sink_v less_o then_o in_o fresh_a water_n such_o as_o my_o estimate_n suppose_v our_o navigator_n word_n than_o be_v these_o the_o 17._o of_o may_v we_o sail_v by_o many_o great_a 837._o island_n of_o ice_n some_o of_o which_o be_v above_o 200._o foot_n high_a above_o water_n as_o i_o prove_v by_o one_o short_o after_o which_o i_o fonnd_v to_o be_v 240._o foot_n high_a 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to_o measure_v some_o of_o the_o piece_n 17._o which_o he_o say_v he_o find_v to_o be_v a_o 1000_o of_o his_o pace_n long_o and_o probable_o among_o so_o many_o mountain_n and_o island_n of_o ice_n there_o will_v have_v be_v find_v some_o entire_a piece_n of_o a_o great_a extent_n than_o even_o these_o if_o man_n have_v have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o measure_v they_o hitherto_o we_o have_v treat_v of_o the_o bigness_n of_o single_a piece_n of_o ice_n we_o will_v now_o proceed_v to_o say_v something_o of_o the_o dimension_n of_o the_o aggregate_n of_o many_o of_o they_o among_o which_o have_v select_v four_o or_o five_o as_o the_o principal_a i_o remember_v myself_o to_o have_v yet_o meet_v with_o i_o presume_v it_o will_v be_v sufficient_a to_o subjoin_v they_o only_o about_o ten_o of_o the_o clock_n we_o meet_v with_o a_o mighty_a bank_n of_o ice_n be_v by_o supposition_n seven_o or_o eight_o league_n or_o twenty_o four_o mile_n long_o say_v that_o experience_a english_a pilot_n 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multiplicaret_fw-la as_o our_o author_n be_v descend_v into_o the_o golden_a mine_n at_o cremnitz_n he_o find_v in_o one_o place_n the_o heat_n to_o increase_v as_o he_o descend_v more_o and_o more_o which_o seem_v not_o to_o agree_v with_o a_o passage_n we_o late_o mention_v out_o of_o he_o and_o to_o exceed_v any_o he_o have_v meet_v with_o in_o any_o other_o mine_n and_o afterward_o the_o overseer_n bring_v he_o into_o a_o room_n that_o abound_v with_o smaragdine_n vitriol_n the_o mineral_n whence_o this_o heat_n proceed_v though_o the_o room_n be_v spacious_a he_o find_v there_o beside_o a_o sharp_a spirit_n very_o offensive_a to_o his_o throat_n so_o troublesome_a a_o heat_n that_o he_o be_v ready_a to_o faint_v away_o with_o sweat_v and_o very_o much_o wonder_v how_o the_o digger_n be_v able_a to_o work_v there_o and_o elsewhere_o the_o author_n himself_o note_n that_o such_o hot_a mine_n of_o vitriol_n or_o sulphur_n may_v be_v find_v even_o in_o the_o first_o region_n of_o 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and_o for_o the_o like_a reason_n i_o think_v it_o not_o improbable_a that_o pure_a earth_n shall_v in_o its_o own_o nature_n be_v cold_a than_o either_o pure_a water_n or_o pure_a air_n since_o the_o earth_n be_v a_o consistent_a body_n its_o component_a particle_n be_v at_o rest_n among_o themselves_o or_o at_o least_o move_v with_o a_o almost_o infinite_a slowness_n whereas_o water_n and_o air_n be_v fluid_n their_o component_a particle_n must_v be_v in_o a_o restless_a and_o various_a motion_n and_o consequent_o be_v less_o remote_a from_o heat_n which_o be_v a_o state_n wherein_o the_o various_a agitation_n of_o the_o minute_n particle_n be_v more_o vehement_a 12._o and_o if_o those_o that_o plead_v for_o the_o earth_n have_v declare_v that_o they_o mean_v not_o the_o pure_a or_o elementary_a earth_n but_o that_o part_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n that_o be_v distinct_a from_o the_o sea_n and_o other_o water_n that_o make_v it_o up_o and_o will_v have_v earth_n in_o that_o 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the_o hollander_n be_v intercept_v by_o icy_a school_n in_o the_o strait_a of_o weigat_n and_o meet_v with_o certain_a muscovite_n demand_v of_o they_o whether_o those_o sea_n be_v always_o freeze_v and_o be_v answer_v that_o neither_o the_o northern_a sea_n nor_o that_o of_o tartary_n do_v ever_o freeze_v and_o that_o it_o be_v only_o that_o strait_a with_o the_o sea_n contiguous_a to_o the_o shore_n of_o some_o bay_n and_o gulf_n that_o be_v freeze_v and_o our_o judicious_a author_n not_o only_o add_v that_o in_o effect_n all_o those_o that_o sail_n into_o those_o part_n relate_v that_o all_o those_o lump_n of_o ice_n be_v such_o as_o have_v be_v loosen_v and_o sever_v from_o the_o island_n and_o the_o river_n of_o the_o samojed_n and_o tartar_n but_o adventure_n to_o affirm_v in_o general_a term_n that_o it_o be_v certain_a the_o main_a sea_n never_o freeze_v and_o that_o it_o be_v but_o the_o confine_n and_o shore_n of_o some_o of_o they_o that_o be_v freeze_v 13._o that_o the_o water_n be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la the_o opinion_n of_o aristotle_n have_v make_v it_o to_o be_v that_o of_o the_o school_n and_o of_o the_o generality_n of_o philosopher_n but_o i_o can_v as_o little_o acquiesce_v in_o this_o opinion_n as_o in_o the_o former_a not_o find_v it_o agreeable_a to_o what_o experience_n teach_v we_o 14._o for_o not_o to_o mention_v that_o it_o will_v be_v very_o difficult_a to_o prove_v that_o divers_a very_o cold_a body_n as_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o crystal_n and_o several_a other_o fusible_a stone_n have_v in_o they_o any_o water_n at_o all_o to_o which_o their_o coldness_n may_v with_o any_o degree_n of_o probability_n be_v ascribe_v nor_o to_o urge_v the_o argument_n that_o some_o modern_a contender_n for_o the_o supreme_a coldness_n of_o the_o air_n be_v wont_a to_o employ_v not_o i_o say_v to_o insist_v on_o such_o thing_n
i_o shall_v content_v myself_o to_o make_v use_n of_o this_o obvious_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o cold_a that_o in_o river_n pond_n and_o other_o receptacle_n of_o water_n the_o congelation_n begin_v at_o the_o top_n where_o the_o liquor_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o immediate_a contact_n of_o the_o air_n which_o sufficient_o argue_v that_o the_o air_n be_v cold_a than_o the_o water_n since_o it_o be_v able_a not_o only_o sensible_o to_o refrigerate_v it_o but_o to_o deprive_v it_o of_o its_o fluidity_n and_o congeal_v it_o into_o ice_n whereas_o if_o the_o water_n itself_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la either_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v at_o least_o as_o to_o the_o major_a part_n of_o it_o always_o congeal_v or_o we_o may_v just_o demand_v a_o reason_n why_o when_o it_o do_v freeze_v the_o glaciation_n shall_v not_o begin_v in_o the_o middle_n or_o at_o the_o bottom_n as_o soon_o as_o at_o the_o top_n if_o not_o soon_o and_o our_o argument_n against_o the_o precedency_n of_o the_o water_n in_o point_n of_o coldness_n may_v be_v strengthen_v by_o this_o that_o frost_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v hard_a when_o the_o air_n be_v very_o clear_a and_o free_a from_o aqueous_a vapour_n whereas_o in_o rainy_a weather_n wherein_o such_o vapour_n most_o abound_v the_o cold_a be_v wont_a to_o be_v far_o more_o remiss_a to_o which_o we_o may_v add_v what_o we_o late_o deliver_v from_o the_o observation_n of_o navigator_n that_o even_o in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n the_o main_a sea_n where_o yet_o the_o water_n be_v in_o the_o great_a mass_n and_o so_o most_o likely_a as_o well_o as_o advantage_v to_o disclose_v its_o nature_n never_o freeze_v though_o the_o strait_o and_o bay_n and_o gulf_n be_v freeze_v over_o which_o argue_v that_o the_o great_a degree_n of_o cold_a be_v rather_o to_o be_v assign_v to_o the_o air_n or_o to_o the_o earth_n then_o to_o the_o water_n which_o by_o the_o practice_n former_o mention_v of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o french_a salt_n marsh_n appear_v to_o be_v when_o it_o be_v of_o a_o considerable_a depth_n fit_a to_o preserve_v body_n from_o congelation_n then_o to_o congeal_v they_o which_o instance_n i_o the_o rather_o repeat_v because_o it_o seem_v to_o argue_v that_o the_o water_n be_v not_o so_o much_o as_o dispose_v to_o receive_v any_o very_a intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a at_o a_o remote_a distance_n from_o the_o air_n for_o though_o navigator_n tell_v we_o of_o exceed_v thick_a piece_n of_o ice_n yet_o as_o we_o have_v already_o elsewhere_o note_v we_o be_v not_o bind_v to_o believe_v that_o the_o congeal_a cold_n have_v pierce_v any_o thing_n near_o so_o much_o as_o that_o thickness_n amount_v to_o from_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o sea_n direct_o downward_o for_o though_o it_o be_v no_o great_a matter_n if_o it_o do_v in_o comparison_n of_o that_o depth_n of_o the_o sea_n which_o though_o the_o water_n be_v natural_o cold_a the_o sharp_a air_n be_v unable_a to_o congeal_v yet_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o prove_v that_o those_o thick_a mass_n of_o ice_n be_v not_o solid_a and_o entire_a piece_n but_o rather_o heap_n of_o many_o 〈◊〉_d and_o other_o fragment_n of_o ice_n which_o run_v upon_o one_o another_o or_o slide_v under_o one_o another_o be_v by_o the_o congelation_n of_o the_o intercept_a water_n and_o perchance_o half_o thaw_v snow_n as_o it_o be_v cement_v together_o into_o misshapen_v and_o unwieldy_a mass_n which_o conjecture_n agree_v very_o well_o with_o that_o observation_n of_o the_o ingenious_a captain_n james_n which_o he_o deliver_v in_o these_o word_n it_o seldom_o rain_v after_o the_o middle_n of_o september_n but_o snow_n and_o that_o snow_n will_v not_o melt_v on_o the_o land_n nor_o sand_n at_o low_a water_n when_o it_o snow_v which_o it_o do_v very_o often_o the_o sand_n be_v all_o cover_v over_o with_o it_o which_o the_o half_a tide_n carry_v 〈◊〉_d ous_o twice_o in_o twenty_o four_o hour_n into_o the_o great_a bay_n which_o be_v the_o common_a rendezvous_n of_o it_o every_o low_a water_n be_v the_o sand_n leave_v clear_a to_o gather_v more_o to_o the_o increase_n of_o it_o thus_o do_v it_o daily_o gather_v in_o this_o manner_n till_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o octob._n and_o by_o that_o time_n have_v it_o bring_v the_o sea_n to_o that_o coldness_n that_o as_o it_o snow_v the_o snow_n will_v lie_v upon_o the_o water_n in_o flake_n without_o change_v its_o colour_n but_o with_o the_o wind_n be_v wrought_v together_o and_o as_o the_o winter_n go_v forward_o it_o begin_v to_o freeze_v on_o the_o surface_n of_o it_o two_o or_o three_o inch_n or_o more_o in_o one_o night_n which_o be_v carry_v with_o the_o half_a tide_n meet_v with_o some_o obstacle_n as_o it_o soon_o do_v and_o then_o it_o crumple_v and_o so_o run_v upon_o itself_o that_o in_o few_o hour_n it_o will_v be_v five_o or_o six_o foot_n thick_a the_o half_a tide_n still_o flow_v carry_v it_o so_o fast_o away_o that_o by_o december_n it_o be_v grow_v to_o a_o infinite_a multiplication_n of_o ice_n thus_o far_o this_o navigator_n to_o which_o i_o shall_v add_v another_o passage_n out_o of_o one_o of_o his_o countryman_n mr._n hudson_n famous_a for_o the_o northern_a discovery_n that_o bear_v his_o name_n by_o which_o add_v to_o what_o have_v be_v elsewhere_o deliver_v to_o the_o same_o purpose_n we_o may_v be_v invite_v to_o believe_v that_o the_o vast_a hill_n and_o island_n of_o ice_n that_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o about_o the_o strait_o of_o weigat_n and_o elsewhere_o be_v not_o generate_v of_o the_o sea_n itself_o 〈◊〉_d it_o be_v no_o marvel_n say_v he_o that_o there_o be_v so_o much_o ice_n in_o the_o sea_n towards_o the_o pole_n so_o many_o sound_v and_o river_n be_v in_o the_o land_n of_o nova_n zembla_n and_o newland_n to_o engender_v it_o beside_o the_o coast_n of_o pechora_n russia_n and_o greenland_n with_o lappia_n as_o by_o proof_n i_o find_v by_o my_o travel_n in_o these_o part_n 15._o but_o for_o all_o this_o i_o think_v not_o fit_a as_o do_v the_o ingenious_a gassendus_fw-la and_o some_o other_o to_o make_v the_o water_n indifferent_a as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold_a for_o as_o i_o former_o note_v concern_v the_o earth_n so_o i_o must_v now_o represent_v touch_v the_o water_n that_o set_v aside_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o sun_n which_o be_v but_o adventitious_a where_o it_o do_v operate_v and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d many_o vast_a portion_n of_o that_o element_n which_o it_o 〈◊〉_d not_o 〈◊〉_d reach_v the_o insensible_a part_n of_o water_n be_v much_o less_o agitate_a than_o those_o of_o our_o sensory_n temperate_o dispose_v and_o consequent_o may_v in_o regard_n of_o we_o be_v judge_v cold_a for_o though_o water_n be_v a_o liquor_n i_o ready_o allow_v it_o a_o various_a motion_n of_o its_o component_a corpuscle_n that_o be_v requisite_a to_o make_v a_o body_n fluid_fw-la yet_o such_o a_o agitation_n which_o be_v sufficient_a for_o fluidity_n may_v be_v and_o often_o be_v far_o more_o remiss_a then_o that_o of_o the_o spirit_n blood_n and_o other_o liquor_n of_o so_o hot_a a_o sanguineous_a animal_n as_o man_n as_o we_o see_v that_o urine_n though_o after_o it_o have_v be_v long_o omit_v it_o continue_v a_o fluid_a body_n yet_o its_o part_n be_v far_o less_o agitate_a than_o they_o be_v when_o it_o come_v hot_a and_o reek_v out_o of_o the_o bladder_n 16._o and_o upon_o this_o occasion_n i_o shall_v add_v what_o by_o inquiry_n i_o have_v learn_v that_o except_o the_o part_n somewhat_o near_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o water_n which_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o neighbour_a lower_v region_n of_o the_o air_n may_v give_v some_o warmth_n to_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v very_o cold_a for_o be_v very_o well_o acquaint_v with_o one_o that_o for_o some_o time_n get_v a_o livelihood_n by_o go_v down_o into_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n to_o fetch_v up_o what_o can_v be_v recover_v out_o of_o shipwrack_a vessel_n i_o purposely_o inquire_v of_o he_o what_o cold_a he_o feel_v under_o water_n and_o he_o more_o than_o once_o tell_v i_o that_o though_o near_a the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n the_o cold_a be_v very_o moderate_a yet_o when_o he_o be_v necessitate_v to_o descend_v a_o great_a depth_n he_o find_v it_o so_o great_a that_o he_o can_v not_o very_o long_o support_v it_o and_o particular_o he_o tell_v i_o that_o have_v occasion_n to_o descend_v about_o twelve_o or_o fourteen_o fathom_n deep_a which_o be_v nothing_o in_o comparison_n of_o the_o depth_n of_o many_o sea_n to_o fasten_v rope_n to_o the_o ordinance_n of_o a_o great_a ship_n that_o be_v some_o year_n since_o cast_v away_o near_o the_o coast_n of_o one_o of_o the_o northern_a country_n though_o the_o engine_n that_o be_v let_v down_o
cold_a or_o upon_o who_o account_n the_o air_n produce_v they_o and_o if_o these_o be_v due_o apply_v water_n will_v be_v congeal_v whether_o air_n come_v to_o touch_v the_o surface_n of_o it_o or_o no_o nay_o though_o body_n which_o the_o air_n can_v never_o penetrte_v nor_o congeal_v any_o of_o their_o part_n be_v interpose_v as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o experiment_n former_o mention_v of_o freeze_a water_n include_v in_o glass_n bubble_n and_o suspend_v in_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n and_o other_o uncongealed_a liquor_n and_o it_o be_v worth_a take_v notice_n of_o by_o they_o that_o conclude_v the_o air_n be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la from_o the_o water_n beginning_n to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n where_o it_o be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n that_o it_o be_v there_o also_o where_o the_o ice_n begin_v to_o thaw_v 21._o beside_o the_o three_o opinion_n we_o have_v hitherto_o examine_v there_o be_v a_o four_o that_o just_o deserve_v to_o be_v serious_o consider_v for_o the_o learned_a and_o ingenious_a gassendus_fw-la be_v suppose_v though_o i_o doubt_v how_o true_o to_o be_v the_o author_n of_o it_o and_o though_o according_a to_o his_o custom_n he_o speak_v wary_o and_o not_o so_o confident_o of_o it_o yet_o in_o his_o last_o write_n he_o much_o countenance_n it_o yet_o some_o eminent_o learned_a man_n as_o well_o of_o our_o own_o as_o of_o other_o nation_n have_v resolute_o enough_o embrace_v it_o according_a then_o to_o these_o the_o congelation_n of_o liquor_n and_o the_o cold_a we_o meet_v with_o in_o the_o air_n water_n and_o other_o body_n proceed_v from_o the_o admixture_n of_o nitrous_a exhalation_n or_o corpuscle_n introduce_v into_o they_o and_o as_o i_o have_v a_o great_a respect_n for_o divers_a of_o these_o man_n person_n so_o i_o like_v very_o well_o in_o their_o opinion_n that_o they_o do_v not_o ascribe_v the_o supreme_a degree_n of_o frigefactive_a virtue_n to_o the_o air_n itself_o but_o to_o some_o adventitious_a thing_n that_o be_v mingle_v with_o it_o but_o whereas_o they_o pitch_v upon_o nitre_n as_o the_o grand_a universal_a efficient_a of_o cold_a i_o confess_v i_o can_v yet_o full_o acquiesce_v in_o that_o tenent_n for_o though_o i_o be_o not_o averse_a from_o allow_v salt-petre_n to_o be_v one_o of_o those_o body_n that_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o refrigerate_a power_n and_o to_o be_v copious_o enough_o disperse_v through_o several_a portion_n of_o the_o earth_n yet_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v there_o may_v be_v not_o only_o divers_a other_o cause_n of_o cold_a but_o divers_a other_o body_n qualify_v to_o be_v efficient_n of_o cold_a as_o well_o as_o salt-petre_n 22._o and_o first_o if_o cold_a be_v not_o a_o positive_a quality_n but_o the_o absence_n of_o heat_n the_o remove_n of_o calorifick_a agent_n will_v in_o many_o case_n suffice_v to_o produce_v cold_a without_o the_o introduction_n of_o any_o nitrous_a particle_n into_o the_o body_n to_o be_v refrigerated_a but_o because_o it_o be_v disputable_a whether_o can_v be_v a_o positive_a quality_n or_o no_o we_o will_v urge_v this_o argument_n no_o further_o till_o the_o controversy_n be_v decide_v and_o till_o then_o as_o it_o will_v remain_v not_o improbable_a we_o propose_v it_o as_o no_o other_o but_o proceed_v to_o the_o next_o 23._o in_o the_o second_o place_n i_o see_v not_o as_o yet_o any_o proof_n that_o the_o great_a cold_a we_o have_v former_o mention_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o depth_n of_o that_o vast_a body_n the_o sea_n especial_o when_o it_o be_v great_a elsewhere_o then_o near_o the_o top_n where_o the_o air_n may_v better_o communicate_v its_o coldness_n to_o it_o must_v be_v the_o effect_n of_o nitrous_a atom_n which_o must_v certain_o swarm_v in_o prodigious_a multitude_n to_o be_v able_a to_o refrigerate_v every_o drop_n and_o sensible_a particle_n of_o so_o stupendious_o vast_a a_o body_n as_o the_o ocean_n beside_o that_o i_o remember_v not_o to_o have_v find_v or_o know_v it_o observe_v that_o nitre_n especial_o in_o vast_a quantity_n reach_v near_o so_o deep_a in_o the_o earth_n as_o those_o part_n of_o the_o sea_n that_o be_v find_v exceed_v cold_a and_o as_o the_o halituous_a part_n of_o nitre_n be_v more_o dispose_v to_o fly_v up_o into_o the_o air_n then_o dive_v down_o into_o the_o sea_n so_o we_o find_v no_o great_a document_n of_o its_o have_v its_o grosser_n and_o sensible_a part_n abound_v in_o the_o sea-water_n since_o the_o evaporation_n of_o that_o leave_v not_o behind_o it_o salt-petre_a but_o common_a salt_n but_o these_o though_o no_o light_a consideration_n be_v not_o those_o that_o most_o weigh_v with_o i_o 24._o for_o in_o the_o next_o place_n i_o be_o not_o satisfy_v with_o the_o experience_n i_o find_v allege_v to_o prove_v that_o it_o be_v by_o nitre_n that_o the_o air_n and_o the_o neighbour_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o water_n not_o to_o repeat_v the_o objection_n i_o late_o borrow_v from_o the_o sea_n receive_v their_o high_a degree_n of_o cold._a for_o when_o gassendus_fw-la and_o other_o tell_v we_o that_o it_o be_v nitre_n resolve_v into_o exhalation_n that_o make_v the_o gelid_a wind_n which_o refrigerate_v all_o thing_n it_o touch_v and_o penetrate_v into_o the_o water_n congeal_v it_o this_o i_o say_v to_o i_o will_v seem_v precarious_a until_o gassendus_fw-la or_o some_o other_o for_o he_o tell_v we_o what_o experiment_n they_o be_v which_o he_o seem_v in_o one_o place_n to_o intimate_v that_o this_o new_a doctrine_n depend_v on_o for_o ay_o confess_v that_o for_o my_o part_n i_o who_o have_v perhaps_o have_v more_o opportunity_n to_o resolve_v nitre_n have_v see_v no_o great_a feat_n that_o the_o steam_n of_o it_o have_v do_v more_o than_o those_o of_o other_o saline_a body_n in_o the_o production_n of_o cold_a and_o the_o spirit_n of_o nitre_n which_o be_v a_o liquor_n consist_v of_o the_o volatile_a part_n of_o that_o resolve_a salt_n not_o only_o do_v not_o that_o i_o have_v observe_v appear_v to_o the_o touch_n to_o have_v considerable_o if_o at_o all_o a_o great_a actual_a cold_n then_o that_o of_o divers_a other_o liquor_n but_o seem_v to_o have_v a_o potential_a heat_n for_o whether_o or_o no_o the_o exhalation_n of_o nitre_n be_v able_a to_o congeal_v water_n into_o ice_n i_o have_v former_o observe_v serve_v that_o the_o spirit_n of_o nitre_n or_o aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la will_v dissolve_v ice_n into_o water_n very_o near_o if_o not_o altogether_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o spirit_n of_o 〈◊〉_d itself_o which_o inflammable_a liquor_n be_v general_o acknowledge_v to_o be_v in_o a_o high_a degree_n potential_o hot_a if_o gassenaus_fw-la do_v not_o mean_v such_o steam_n of_o 〈◊〉_d as_o these_o which_o i_o have_v be_v 〈◊〉_d of_o it_o have_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o have_v signify_v what_o other_o kind_n of_o corpuscle_n of_o resolve_a nitre_n he_o mean_v without_o leave_v his_o reader_n to_o divine_v it_o and_o if_o we_o may_v judge_v of_o other_o experiment_n which_o we_o late_o experimentis_fw-la take_v 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not_o think_v it_o necessary_a to_o reply_v any_o thing_n else_o to_o the_o first_o part_n of_o what_o be_v say_v by_o themistius_n then_o that_o what_o he_o allege_v of_o the_o universality_n of_o the_o opinion_n he_o maintain_v may_v serve_v to_o recommend_v that_o which_o he_o oppose_v for_o the_o vulgar_a doctrine_n about_o antiperistasis_n be_v as_o he_o urge_v receive_v and_o teach_v in_o all_o the_o school_n the_o innovator_n he_o declaim_v against_o must_v have_v learn_v it_o there_o among_o the_o other_o peripatetic_a tenant_n that_o youth_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v imbue_v with_o in_o those_o place_n so_o that_o it_o may_v rather_o seem_v the_o love_n of_o truth_n then_o of_o singularity_n that_o engage_v they_o against_o a_o opinion_n which_o before_o be_v their_o own_o as_o well_o as_o that_o of_o the_o generality_n of_o scholar_n and_o consequent_o against_o which_o they_o can_v maintain_v a_o paradox_n that_o do_v not_o imply_v a_o retractation_n but_o i_o shall_v not_o 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cochanele_o be_v boil_v in_o water_n to_o a_o very_a high_a tincture_n and_o freeze_a and_o to_o twice_o four_o ounce_n of_o this_o decoction_n be_v add_v in_o one_o glass_n a_o little_a spoonful_n of_o spirit_n of_o wine_n and_o in_o another_o as_o much_o sea_n salt-water_n all_o these_o be_v freeze_v throughout_o and_o every_o part_n of_o this_o ice_n seem_v to_o i_o of_o a_o equal_a colour_n though_o the_o edge_n as_o thin_a and_o near_o the_o light_n appear_v of_o a_o bright_a colour_n as_o they_o do_v unfrozen_a but_o the_o glass_n be_v break_v show_v no_o discernible_a difference_n in_o any_o of_o they_o neither_o as_o to_o colour_n nor_o taste_v the_o like_a trial_n be_v make_v with_o mad_v weed_n and_o indigo_n and_o the_o success_n be_v the_o same_o second_o i_o expose_v a_o pint_n porringer_n full_a of_o the_o decoction_n of_o soot_n which_o the_o air_n relax_v do_v only_o freeze_v a_o inch_n thick_a this_o continue_a above_o a_o week_n consistent_a in_o a_o thaw_v season_n 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less_o than_o the_o liquor_n of_o which_o it_o be_v make_v for_o i_o can_v never_o discern_v any_o object_n though_o but_o confuse_o a_o foot_n beyond_o the_o clear_a piece_n of_o ice_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o many_o bubble_n and_o luminous_a part_n within_o it_o which_o bubble_n show_v only_a shadow_n but_o the_o ice_n its_o self_n interpose_v betwixt_o your_o eye_n and_o a_o candle_n appear_v in_o many_o round_a circle_n from_o which_o proceed_v many_o ray_n of_o light_n four_o or_o five_o or_o more_o in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o star_n of_o about_o a_o ¼_n of_o a_o inch_n in_o diameter_n which_o so_o glase_v your_o eye_n you_o can_v scarce_o see_v any_o thing_n but_o bright_a light_n and_o shadow_n as_o for_o its_o penetration_n and_o thickness_n something_o have_v be_v say_v above_o to_o which_o i_o shall_v add_v that_o i_o have_v see_v the_o thames_n ice_n of_o the_o thickness_n of_o eight_o inch_n or_o more_o near_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o river_n and_o on_o the_o side_n much_o more_o and_o in_o garden_n walk_v the_o earth_n freeze_v near_o two_o foot_n deep_a whereas_o on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o same_o walk_n on_o a_o rich_a mould_n the_o frost_n do_v not_o reach_n much_o above_o one_o foot_n and_o ¼_n and_o pipe_n of_o lead_n have_v be_v break_v above_o a_o foot_n under_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o ground_n i_o shall_v not_o mention_v the_o huge_a mountain_n of_o ice_n find_v in_o the_o most_o northerly_a sea_n but_o proceed_v to_o its_o weight_n it_o be_v general_o know_v that_o ice_n swim_v upon_o the_o water_n but_o i_o have_v see_v snowball_n moisten_v only_o with_o water_n and_o then_o compress_v with_o a_o strong_a force_n and_o afterward_o freeze_v to_o sink_v beside_o the_o congeal_a oil_n of_o vitriol_n descend_v in_o water_n and_o common_a ice_n be_v frequent_o observe_v under_o water_n whether_o the_o solution_n of_o salt_n freeze_v will_v sink_v be_v by_o i_o forget_v to_o observe_v and_o whether_o coagulate_v oil_n will_v sink_v in_o unfrozen_a as_o bartholine_n affirm_v some_o affirm_v that_o snowball_n hard_o press_v without_o addition_n of_o water_n will_v sink_v but_o experience_n teach_v i_o the_o contrary_n as_o for_o its_o tactile_a quality_n every_o one_o know_v it_o be_v cold_a than_o water_n which_o you_o may_v increase_v by_o add_v salt_n unto_o it_o or_o rather_o snow_n smell_v it_o have_v none_o but_o it_o bind_v up_o that_o quality_n in_o all_o but_o most_o spirituous_a body_n which_o it_o also_o in_o some_o degree_n refract_v in_o they_o last_o ice_n yield_v both_o reflection_n and_o refraction_n whereof_o i_o shall_v speak_v when_o i_o come_v to_o its_o use_n my_o five_o head_n be_v let_n and_o help_v in_o freeze_a which_o i_o shall_v 〈◊〉_d dispatch_n those_o beside_o the_o north_n and_o north-east_n wind_n the_o absence_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o high_a part_n of_o house_n or_o mountain_n be_v the_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n than_o which_o there_o be_v nothing_o more_o painful_o and_o unsufferable_o cold_a to_o my_o feel_n as_o be_v apparent_a by_o the_o trick_n of_o freeze_a with_o snow_n and_o salt_n by_o the_o fire_n side_n as_o also_o by_o the_o ingenious_a way_n of_o make_v cup_n of_o ice_n invent_v by_o a_o incomparable_a person_n add_v hereunto_o that_o water_n fall_v or_o throw_v upon_o ice_n or_o snow_n soon_o become_v congeal_v a_o mixture_n also_o of_o ice_n beat_v into_o powder_n and_o mix_v with_o common_a sea-salt_n which_o be_v best_a or_o with_o kelp_n alum_n vitriol_n or_o nitre_n and_o here_o note_v that_o vessel_n fill_v with_o water_n and_o set_v in_o these_o mixture_n begin_v their_o freeze_a at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o liquor_n and_o consequent_o be_v not_o so_o subject_a to_o be_v break_v as_o those_o be_v which_o be_v not_o set_v in_o these_o
a_o far_o deep_a colour_n and_o bitter_a taste_n in_o the_o middle_n and_o towards_o the_o bottom_n then_o towards_o the_o outside_n of_o it_o and_o whereas_o barclay_n relate_v that_o king_n james_n be_v in_o denmark_n to_o fetch_v his_o queen_n thence_o in_o the_o winter_n season_n have_v his_o nose_n and_o ear_n in_o danger_n of_o gangreen_v which_o be_v timely_o perceive_v by_o some_o of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n nobility_n they_o cause_v the_o part_n to_o be_v rub_v with_o snow_n and_o so_o the_o danger_n be_v avoid_v the_o same_o traveller_n affirm_v that_o in_o the_o northern_a part_n where_o man_n become_v stiff_a with_o cold_a and_o almost_o freeze_v to_o death_n that_o they_o rub_v the_o freeze_a part_n with_o snow_n or_o else_o cast_v the_o whole_a body_n into_o water_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o whole_a body_n be_v crust_v over_o with_o ice_n as_o egg_n and_o apple_n be_v as_o if_o the_o freeze_a atom_n do_v pass_v from_o the_o body_n freeze_v into_o the_o water_n or_o snow_n and_o this_o way_n of_o cure_v gangrene_n from_o cold_a sennertus_n do_v prescribe_v to_o make_v some_o experiment_n hereof_o i_o expose_v flesh_n and_o fish_n and_o find_v that_o by_o immerse_v they_o into_o water_n they_o soon_o become_v more_o limber_a and_o flexible_a and_o more_o easy_o yield_v to_o the_o knife_n and_o compass_v with_o a_o crust_n of_o ice_n of_o the_o thickness_n of_o about_o half_a a_o crown_n manifest_a token_n of_o their_o thaw_v and_o be_v cut_v they_o discover_v nothing_o of_o ice_n in_o they_o this_o for_o more_o certainty_n i_o often_o reiterated_a as_o also_o in_o egg_n and_o apple_n above_o a_o dozen_o time_n and_o never_o fail_v of_o unthaw_v they_o by_o this_o way_n it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v if_o you_o immerse_v the_o flesh_n fish_n egg_n or_o apple_n deep_a into_o the_o water_n no_o ice_n will_v appear_v on_o their_o outside_n but_o only_o when_o you_o hold_v they_o near_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n as_o to_o the_o persian_a experiment_n mention_v by_o olearius_n of_o make_v huge_a heap_n of_o ice_n to_o be_v preserve_v for_o cool_v of_o their_o drink_n i_o observe_v that_o by_o pour_v water_n into_o a_o open_a pan_n or_o into_o a_o flask_n gradual_o some_o at_o one_o time_n some_o at_o another_o i_o can_v quick_o freeze_v by_o this_o way_n a_o whole_a flaskfull_a when_o near_o half_a of_o a_o flask_n fill_v at_o one_o though_o help_v by_o art_n be_v unfrozen_a i_o observe_v also_o that_o the_o ditch_n betwixt_o southwark_n and_o redderiff_n have_v acquire_v a_o exceed_a thickness_n of_o ice_n cause_v by_o the_o flow_a of_o the_o water_n in_o they_o at_o full_a tide_n for_o new_a water_n be_v bring_v in_o by_o the_o tide_n be_v there_o congeal_v to_o the_o thickness_n of_o some_o inch_n every_o ebb_a and_o flow_v i_o observe_v also_o the_o ice_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o thames_n above_o two_o yard_n thick_a the_o inhabitant_n tell_v i_o they_o have_v see_v it_o three_o or_o four_o yard_n thick_a which_o thus_o come_v to_o pass_v the_o tide_n flow_v in_o and_o meet_v with_o great_a flake_n of_o ice_n drive_v they_o to_o the_o bank_n and_o lodge_v they_o on_o the_o ice_n there_o freeze_v which_o flake_n unite_n there_o with_o the_o former_a ice_n raise_v it_o to_o that_o excessive_a height_n or_o thickness_n beside_o every_o one_o may_v observe_v in_o london_n street_n and_o elsewhere_o in_o channel_n where_o no_o constant_a current_n be_v that_o water_n come_v from_o the_o house_n soon_o fill_v the_o channel_n with_o thick_a ice_n for_o run_v but_o a_o little_a at_o a_o time_n it_o freeze_v almost_o as_o fast_o as_o it_o come_v thither_o nay_o i_o have_v see_v ice_n of_o some_o yard_n thickness_n in_o such_o place_n where_o a_o small_a rill_n or_o stream_n of_o water_n gentle_o fall_v on_o the_o side_n of_o a_o hill_n among_o those_o thing_n that_o will_v freeze_v mortar_n and_o plaster_n of_o paris_n be_v omit_v and_o thence_o it_o be_v that_o plasterer_n and_o bricklayer_n play_v all_o the_o winter_n my_o lord_n verulam_n in_o his_o natural_a history_n and_o some_o from_o he_o have_v affirm_v to_o i_o that_o apple_n and_o egg_n cover_v with_o a_o wet_a cloth_n will_v not_o freeze_v but_o i_o find_v no_o difference_n in_o those_o that_o be_v thus_o cover_v and_o they_o that_o be_v not_o add_v to_o those_o that_o sink_v upon_o congelation_n all_o oil_n from_o animal_n and_o from_o vegetable_n that_o be_v extract_v by_o expression_n or_o boil_a add_v to_o those_o that_o freeze_v not_o water_n and_o sugar_n boil_v to_o the_o consistence_n of_o a_o syrup_n and_o also_o all_o other_o syrup_n none_o whereof_o i_o can_v ever_o take_v notice_n or_o learn_v by_o other_o that_o they_o will_v freeze_v it_o be_v true_a that_o water_n have_v a_o equal_a quantity_n of_o sugar_n dissolve_v in_o it_o will_v freeze_v but_o with_o a_o little_a more_o mix_v therewith_o freeze_v not_o to_o try_v the_o effect_n of_o cold_a upon_o lodestone_n i_o expose_v several_a of_o they_o in_o the_o open_a air_n and_o also_o within_o room_n in_o the_o most_o severe_a weather_n the_o needle_n be_v keep_v in_o a_o warm_a place_n at_o other_o time_n i_o expose_v the_o needle_n to_o the_o cold_a air_n keep_v the_o stone_n warm_a at_o other_o time_n both_o be_v expose_v but_o in_o none_o of_o my_o experiment_n can_v i_o conclude_v any_o thing_n certain_a to_o their_o attractive_a faculty_n for_o the_o sphere_n of_o their_o activity_n be_v find_v to_o be_v sometime_o great_a and_o sometime_o less_o to_o a_o considerable_a difference_n in_o ten_o several_a good_a stone_n employ_v for_o this_o purpose_n i_o assay_v also_o to_o find_v out_o a_o standard_n of_o cold_a whereby_o to_o fit_v the_o tinged_a spirit_n of_o wine_n for_o the_o weather-glass_n and_o to_o that_o end_n make_v use_v of_o conduit_n water_n and_o the_o distil_a water_n of_o plantain_n poppy_n blackcherry_n nightshade_n scurvigrass_n and_o horse-raddish_n all_o which_o be_v first_o place_v in_o the_o same_o room_n where_o a_o fire_n be_v keep_v and_o then_o remove_v and_o measure_v out_o into_o spoon_n in_o equal_a quantity_n and_o also_o a_o drop_n of_o they_o drop_v on_o the_o same_o bench_n but_o though_o this_o be_v often_o try_v i_o can_v not_o make_v any_o sure_a inference_n from_o they_o only_o i_o observe_v that_o the_o blackcherry_n water_n do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n freeze_v first_o but_o the_o other_o with_o very_o great_a uncertainty_n the_o horse-raddish_n and_o scurvigrass_n water_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n freeze_v last_o the_o best_a way_n to_o discover_v the_o very_a beginning_n of_o freeze_a of_o liquor_n be_v to_o move_v a_o pin_n or_o needle_n through_o the_o liquor_n whereby_o the_o ice_n will_v be_v raise_v and_o become_v discernible_a when_o the_o naked_a eye_n can_v discover_v none_o at_o all_o finis_fw-la figure_n 1._o page_z 9_o 10_o 11_o â—_o 98._o a_o the_o ball_n or_o egg._n b_o c_o the_o stem_n d_o the_o little_a aqueous_a cylinder_n figure_n 2._o the_o open_a wether_n glass_n mention_v pag._n 24_o &_o 43_o figure_n 3._o the_o seal_a weatherglass_n or_o thermoscopâ—mentioned_v pag._n 24_o 55_o 56._o figure_n 4._o the_o barometer_n oâ—_n mercurial_a standard_n place_v in_o frame_n b_o b_o mention_v pag._n 25_o figure_n 5._o a_o instrument_n mention_v pag._n 93._o a_o the_o vial._n b_o c_o the_o pipe_n cement_v in_o it_o the_o neck_n of_o the_o vial_n open_a at_o â—_o and_o seal_v at_o b._n figure_n 6._o pag._n 97._o a_o the_o bolt-head_n b_o the_o small_a stem_n b_o c_o the_o cylinder_n of_o wateâ—_n enclose_v figure_n 7._o pag._n 101._o 101._o it_o be_v think_v needless_a to_o insert_v mr._n hobs_n scheme_n touch_v this_o subject_n because_o it_o only_o show_v that_o wind_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o cold._n sceptical_a chemist_n chemist_n chapter_n the_o five_o of_o that_o treatise_n treatise_n the_o two_o essay_n of_o the_o unsuccesfulness_n of_o experiment_n experiment_n another_o remarkable_a instance_n of_o the_o variable_a success_n of_o the_o experiment_n of_o cold_a i_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d with_o in_o a_o experiment_n 〈◊〉_d the_o 〈◊〉_d dr._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o oil_n of_o 〈◊〉_d for_o though_o i_o 〈◊〉_d that_o liquor_n in_o small_a '_o vessel_n of_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d in_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d at_o one_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o air_n in_o 〈◊〉_d night_n 〈◊〉_d extraordinary_o sharp_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v more_o our_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o salt_n will_v 〈◊〉_d the_o experiment_n succeed_v 〈◊〉_d that_o we_o try_v it_o with_o several_a parcel_n of_o oil_n of_o vitriol_n and_o yet_o that_o the_o learned_a doctor_n by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o air_n alone_o for_o he_o use_v not_o our_o 〈◊〉_d mixture_n do_v bring_v that_o liquor_n either_o to_o