it is of excellent fruitfulness and so all Wales-ward borders so rich as that they carry it many miles on Horse-back unto their Lands and make such vast Improvements as to raising Corn and Grass also as is incredulous Now were it on the Northern Eastern or Western Coasts as rich as it is upon the Southern Coast as it may be for any contrary experience I have had I could not believe the people to be so Dronish as they are in some parts thereof but that they would Drain out that Sweetness to their Lands as would cost but little or nothing but their Labour However I must absolutely say there must needs be great heart and fruitfulness in these Sands also because the Richness of the Sands is from the fat or filth the Sea doth gather in by all Land-floods and Streames that bring it from the Lands and also what the Tide fetches in dayly from the Shores and from that fat and brackish nature in it self and from the Fish and other creatures and thousands of other matters that putrifie in the Sea all which the waters Casts to Shore and purgeth forth of it self and leaves in the Sands thereof while it self is clear and pure And now being discoursing thereof give me leave to let you know the vertue and excellency the Sea may yeeld as from Sea-Weeds also which Cornwell and Devonshire and many other parts make great Improvement of for the Soyling and Manuring of their Land and that to very great advantage also and further toward the Inriching of the Land as from Fish of any sort which is so fruitfull for the Land that in many parts of the world they Dung their Lands therewith but here with us it yeelding more Advantage for Food to the relief of mans nature than unto the Earth I 'll say no more unless any Capacity fall in the dead of putrified Fish which is no other use than to this purpose A good Advantage might be made unto the Land thereof as I said before any Liquid Brackish-fat Greasie-matter and any thing that comes from or is the fleshy matter of the creature whether it be by Sea or Land hath a secret operation in it to the Earths fruitfulness Yea the very Urine of man is very excellent and of all beasts very fruitfull and very rich would be of more Accompt if men knew the worth of it I have read of some that have done too strange things therewith to report but most certainly 't is worth labour to preserve it with most exactness There is yet another Opportunity out of many of your great Rivers and is from a Mud or Sludg that lyeth frequently in deep Rivers which is very soft full of Eyes and Wrinckles and little Shels which is very rich yea so rich that in some parts many men get gallant Livings onely by taking it up out of the Rivers and selling it again by the Load One sort whereof they sell for one shilling two pence per Load and another sort they sell for two shillings four pence a Load at the Rivers side which men fetch twenty Miles an end for the Inriching of their Land for Corn and Grass One Load going as far as three Load of the best Horse or Cow-dung that can be made They call it Snayl-Cod and it hath in it many Snayles and Sheâ—s which is conceived occasioneth the Fatness of it The great Experience of this Piece is made upon that part of the River Thames which runs from Oxford and Reading down to Brainford and if my information fail not which I conceive I have from as good a hand a Gentleman full of great Experiences in Husbandry Improvements as hath not many Fellowes The Lord Cottington drawing part of the River through his Park at Hanworth hath cut in the same River many Out-lets or Ponds somewhat deeper than the River on purpose to receive the same from out of which is usually taken up great store of Mud for the Advance of the Upper Lands but whether this be that richest Snayl-Cod I cannot say but beleive it is very good but upwards as high as Cole-Brook in that River it lyeth plentifully all which not failing under mine own Experience I can say little more unto for present neither for the seasons of applying it unto the Land nor the manner of working the Land to it I dare not prescribe Only hence I conclude there may as well be the same opportunity in most Rivers of the Nation which is a most unutterable Advantage But I can say there is in most if not in all Rivers a very good Rich Mud of great Fruitfulness which were it more sought after would work on more Experiments and produce Advantage unexpected it costing nothing but labour getting nor prejudiceth any but profit to all by clearing the Rivers and great worth and vertue it must needs have in it being the Soyl of the Pastures and Fields common Streets Wayes Yards and Dung-hils all collected by the Flood and drawn thither where it concenters into Shelves and Mines as I may so call it and remanines for ever as an undiscovered Advantage where no use is made of it but hereof more if God give opportunity to the Author of Experimenting both this and others of the same nature to the utmost Advancement of it otherwise and in the mean while inquire it out they self CHAP. XXIII Treateth of the use and nature of Chalk Mud of Pooles Pidgeons and Swines Dung and other Soyles and Manures therein contained AS for Chalk Sir Francis Bacon affirms it to be of an over-heating nature to the Land and is best for Cold Moyst Land but as it appears to me in Hartfordshire and other parts thereabout there are great Improvements to be made upon Barren Gravelly Flinty Lands it hath great Fruitfulness in it but not having faln under my own Experience I dare affirm little therein onely advise any that have opportunity therein to be well resolved of the Fruitfulness of the said Chalk or of the nature of the said Lands for there is some Chalk though not very much thereof that is of so churlish a binding nature that it will so sodder and bind and hold the Water upon the top of the Earth so long till it destroy the Corn nor work a sterility in the Earth that neither Corn or Ground shall yeeld but little fruit but there is a Chalk in thousand places of great fruitfulness for Improvement And I also conceive that Chalk Earth and Manure mixed together makes an admirable sure and naturall fruitfull composition for almost any sort of Lands and is a very Excellent Unfallible Remedy against Barrenness and raiseth Corn in abundance inricheth it also for Grazing when you lay it down many great Countries in this Nation are under this capacity Also the Mud of old standing Pooles and Ditches the shovelling of Streets and Yards and Highwaies the Overâ—warths of Common Lanes
to truth as may be and leave the Compleatment to succeeders 1. What Fen-drayning or the recovering of Lands from under water is that deserves the name or merits the Title of perfect Drayning I say it is not onely the overly taking away the Water from off the Surface or over part of the Turf or Sword for then might all bogs or quagmires be recovered and easily would Nor the taking off the downfalls as our Fen men call them that is the waters falling from the Heavens in great Raines and showers Nor is it the taking off all Land-falls Land-floods or great waters from off those Lands No nor the doing of all these in a customary and usuall way that doth or will deserve to be called a perfect Drayning But it is as I formerly said about recovering Boggy-Lands a going to the bottom of the Corruption and taking away the Venom that feeds the Fen or Moor that wateriness and coldness which gnaws out the spirit at the root And the taking away this is perfect Drayning for although I say the other Draynings are not the best nor perfect yet I neither discommend the other nor discourage from them where they are made already or may be made he reafter but highly commend them or any of them where otherwise there would be none or the Lands lye wholly drowned yet being in all Arts Trades and Callings we ought to study cut the Mysteries thereof and all men do or ought to entdeavour to raise the richest fruits and draw forth the greaest plenty to the Common-Wealth they can out of the whole Earth so out of this small parcell we never accomplish The End untill we have brought it to it's best perfection that is not onely to recover it from drowning to bearing sedge or reedy flaggy grass which is the first fruits of Draining and from which the rude ignorant Fen-man desires no appeal nor is it to recover it to bear morish foul strong grass in Summer and Drowned in Winter nor yet to lye dry both Winter and Summer upon the Surface of the Earth and wet and Boggy at the spades or Plough-share point nay though it will through a dry season or heat of Summer bear the Plough and much of it may be converted to Tillage or Corning but still unsound in the bottom all this makes not though a good yet not perfect work but the perfection is in the reducing it to soundness and perfectness of Mould and Earth whether Sand Clay Gravell or mixed then returns it to a perfect Soard and pure Turf brings forth the small common Thistle Clover Crowflower and Hony-sukle then shall you reap the Quintessence of the Earth in breeding feeding or Corning These Lands thus perfectly Drayned will return to be the richest of all your Lands and the better Drayned the better Land Where are your richest Lands of England but your River Lands your Marsh Lands that all of them lye under the Levell of the Sea and were it not inbounded by the banks and the power of Gods word would all return to the Sea again but through their perfect Drayning are most excellent sound and warm Lands yea some of them so good that usually the Winters profit of their Grazing equallizeth the Summer as witnesseth much of the Marsh-Land near London Blackwall c. with many other parts Whence is the richness of your English Holland Land but from the pure and perfect Drayning And the out-landish Holland Lands recovered to this great height of Richness I know all Lands are not so Fecible as others are nor some cannot possibly be brought to that perfection as others may I shall provoke unto the best Improvement and where there can be a Male-Improvement offer not to the Common-Wealth a Female and so you have as plain a description what Drayning is as I can give you I am of a strong opinon that there is very much Fen-Land may be recovered to as great a worth and goodness in it self as any Meadow Marsh-Land in England which leades me to the second branch of this particular to describe the Manner and lying of the Fens to the which I am induced too for these Reasons 1. Because many know them not at all 2. Because many are discouraged from the thoughts of attempting the Improvement of them that are very able thereunto I am confident would have recovered them yet partly because of their ignorance of the lying of them conceiving them to be some great Lake Pan or Meer as are some in Lancashire Cheshire or Yorkshire that lyeth so low that hath no fall or out-let can be made to drain out the Waters of them and partly through the scandall and offence that is taken and given out by rude customary and most an end unrightfull Commoners against the Drayning of them as also conceiving them to be nothing els but some great Bog or Quagmire lying so flat as is not Draynable 3. Because my self was once before I knew them in some measure thus deceived but especially because the report of the Country people was as one man that the undertakers Drayning had no whit at all advantaged them but that their Fen Lawes and Commission of sewers and the works they made through that authority and by the directions and meanes they used had brought the Fens into as good a posture as all he undertakers works the which my self was hardly drawn to believe endeavouring hereby to suggest the impossibility of ever accomplishing a perfect Drayning so that many not knowing that the fall is considerable in it self and very great into the Sea by reason of the Ebbing of the Water will thereby give opportunity unto a most compleat Drayning of them And lastly that by this information I may quicken all Ingenuous Spirits to the helping on the work so advantagious to the Common good and yet so fecible I therefore describe the Fens of England to lie in some proportionable manner to those great Rivers and gallant Meadows adjoyning to them in many eveâ— and less descending Countries onely with these two observations 1. That these Fens are nearer the Sea the Center of the waters and so we must conceive the fall or descent to be the lesser for as our lesser Brooks run quicker than our great Streams and the bigger the stream and nearer the Sea any great River runneth the slower by far the water descendeth and flatter the Land lyeth so the Fens being a far vaster and greater compass lye more flatter and the Rivers run the slower 2. Because these Fen-Lands being far greater and many times more broader than our greatest Meadowes therefore being covered with water and lying more levell will not Drain so fast and so can not hold comparison in each particular yet a more suitable Modell to describe them by to those that know them not I cannot Frame So that the Fen-Lands so called are as I may say great Meadows covered over with water in the time of a great Land-flood
part of the Land by the severall casting up of much mould upon the Grass all which are hinderanees very great to the increase of the owner But for the Ant-hils if my opinion fail not excedingly they are grand enemies to the Grazier and Husbandmans advantage they destroy more than men observe I do beleeve that in some great Pastures in England there is one fourth part of the clear fruit of that Land lost by the multiplicity of them and little better in other pastures by the Molehills for although some are of opinion that the Ant-hills are little or no prejudice they are much mistaken and they will clearly bee convinced thereof if they will but either seriously consider the quantity of grass that groweth upon them or else consider the rareness of Cattle feeding upon them and then also consider the quantity of Ground and good Ground they cover will easily appear the great prejudice by them And that the sand and gravell washed from the Mole-hill is a great cause of rotting Sheep I absolutely affirm But thereto some may object they make more ground I Answer they do such as it is destroy a lesser good quantity of Land and add possibly a double bad but let them consider that this Addition is a great Substraction for if you weigh what I said before they bear little or no grass a little wild Time and speary harsh grass that Cattell eat not but a little thereof in case of hunger And I am sure they cover a great deal of good land Doe but really consider it upon experience made upon one Acre and thou shalt find that one Acre plain or bancked shall do as much service as an Acre and near an half shall do that is so hilly And again if you do not flatter your selves in your own judgments you will find that while the Land was plain if you consider the fruit it then yeelded and the Cattle it then maintained you will find there is no proportion between what it then kept and what it now maintaines for in my experience I find that old resty Land much overrun with these hills much degenerates and doth not nor hath of late yeares kept the former usuall Stock it kept before it grew so hilly and so old by near or about one fourth part which I am sure is as much or more advantage or clear profit the Grazier Breeder or Tenant need expect and although some will not acknowledge their experience herein yet many I am sure they find it by losing proof besides the danger of casting their Cattle and Sheep betwixt the Hills which oft destroyes them Another cause of Barrenness is Bogginess or Mieriness which turns all Lands both bad good and better into such a state of Barrenness unfruitfulness that it in some parts almost destroyes the Land and in other parts it wholly destroyes it and in some places makes it worse than nothing foâ— in stead of yeelding some fruit it not onely yeeldeth none but corrupts and prejudiceth other Lands on which it borders and it self most dangerous to mischieve the Goods or Chattell that do pasture upon the same and so may be accidentally many degrees worse than nothing Another cause of Barrenness is the Overflowing and constant abiding or resting of the waters of the Sea Fenns Rivers standing Lakes or Pools for be it fresh or salt water if it lye constantly upon it it assuredly destroyeth it although some more some less according to the deepness and barrenness of the water which covers it the soundness of the ground on which it lyeth so is the fruitfulness more or less perspicuous Some pretend strange causes which my plainess fathomes not nor much affects our Country Farmers now Yet one more I must not pass by that is such New Inventions for the Improving of Land discovered by some young Husband-man at experiences as I conceive the use wherof will rather destroy Land and wast a mans profits therupon than advance some such I have lately found in a little book called New Inventions for the Improving lands Printed for J. S. and sold at the sign of the Ball on Adling hill 1646. By which I fearing some willing to lay out themselvs in Husbandry experience should be beguiled by his so great overtures of Advantage I shall onely speak to two or three particulars and leave the rest to thy leisure to consider of First As to his manuring Plough manuring Wagon manuring Stone Corroding Harrow or Corroding Rakes which he pretends as Improvements so far as my shallow Principles will compass are likely to prove Impoverishers because while a man stands to dress his Land with fine mould in which is a little strength his Land decayes for want of good soyl or ranck muck which he may sooner lay on work into his Land by the old way than he may his fine earth by his new devised mysticall Instruments not one of them discovered neither but puzzle thy self thou mayst about the thoughts thereof and though thou givest twice as much for the book as it is worth for so thou must thou art but where thou wast at first And for his Seed-Barrâ—w could he but hold that forth to set Corn as he pretends it might be of some good use because certainly setting Corn could it be done with speed and at a certain depth and well covered would be worth discovering but of this I have as little hope and as low an esteem as of his other aforesaid Instruments because he holds it out to contain one Tunnell onely for his Seed which did it contain a hundred would more likely prove for in setting one seed at once no Engine can come near the hand-setting as I conceive And this I charge as a great prejudice and may be as a barrenning the land while men stand looking for great things they neglect their ordinary and old way of Hushandry far better Another cause of Barrenness which this Gentleman puts as a meanes of Improvement is the setting up or banking into a mans land the Rain water or cold Spring water and then trampling in dung by carting and cattell as he saith will raise and increase mire and dirt and so it will I must confess but what that mireand dirt is worth I know not the dung would be excellent good of it self but what it will be in this course of husbandry I not only much question but affirm that in all my experience that treading poching and holing land in winter was an exceeding great hinderance to Corn or Grass that Spring nay some Land I have known so poched by Cattels treading though fothered upon the same both in Kent and Essex and many other parts that it hath not recovered of divers years And what strength or vertue cold spring-water or rain-water hath to fatten any land I know not but wonder then how we have any barren land in England And to make good his Assertion he appeales to them that
he speaks of using the great Claver thus also I am somewhat jealous he is mistaken herein because the thicker it grows and the closer with one continued thickness the better either to mow or grase The experimenting I leave to thee There is also the La-lucern another French Grass which is excellent Fodder and is rather preferred before the St. Foine and it is as advantagious to dry and barren lands and hath been lately discovered there and is now of great credit amongst them but for my own particular experience I can say little and therefore say thus much only to provoke the Ingenious both unto the search experimenting and communicating to publick view not one man being sufficient for the experimenting all discoveries that may be made here and elsewhere I am confident every Age nay every day will bring forth something or other worth our embracements The Second General Peece of Improvement contains the discourse of facilitating the charge and burden of the Plow and a demonstration of the Figures thereof CHAP. XXVIII Discovers the severall Abuses of the Plough BEfore I proceed in this discourse I will lay down these two or three Maxims or Conclusions First that whatever moveth upon the Land or that worketh in the Land and carrieth the least earth or weight with it must needs move or work easiest A wheel the lesser ground it stands upon the easier it turns and the lesser the wheel the easier still so the Plough the more earth or weight it carries with it the more strength must be required The naturall furrow it must carry but the lesser compass both in heigth and length it bears upon the Plough the easier the Plough must go Secondly the more naturally any thing moves the more easily and the more Artificially the more difficultly Thirdly the sharper or thinner is any tool the easier it pierceth and the less strength is required so contrary the thicker or duller any tool is the more strength must work it and Fourthly that which is the plainest and truest to the Rule and admits of least multiplication of work must needs be easiest All my endeavours shall onely be the application of all these to the Plough and that as naturally as I can by truth of Workmanship to discover the Plough and Plough-Irons to the most exactness which will be all the ease that I can give it or any man yet ever did or could If any other shall endeavour to discover by Engine or otherwise to supply the strength of horse and man to draw the Plough I know an easie Plough will go more easie and shall therin rejoyce And because I find so many different names given to the members of the Plough according to the Country phrazes few of one Country understands another Countries terms I shall confine my self to one name to each member all along my discourse for the better understanding of the Reader As for the Plough-sheath Wrest Beam Share and Coulter they retain these names clearly in most parts and so I shal continue them But for Plough-handles some call them Stilts and some Hales and some Staves I shall confine my self to the name of Handles For the Plough-head some call them the Plough-throck some the Plough-chip c. I shall retain the term of Plough-head And the Shield-board some call Breast-board or Earth-board or Furrow-board I shall retaine the Shield board And for the Coumb or Whing of the Share which is that which goeth upward upon the Shield-board I shall term the Coumb And for the Tush or Phin of the Share which is that that cutteth out the bottom of the Furrow as the Fish doth divide the water I shall call it the Phin of the Share so I shall avoyd multiplication of tearms and a littl shorten and clear my discourse and so proceed As for the giving an addition of ease unto an ordinary way of plowing and the taking away of some of the strength which is so great a burthen to the Husbandmans is of very vast concernment and will take up a very large discourse the effecting whereof I shall endeavour under these following heads 1 To discover the severall abuses or hindrances to the welll-going of the plough with some remedies thereto 2 To give you the descriptions with the Figures of several sorts of ploghs now in use 3 To demonstrate wherein the chief ease of the plough consists with the easiest growing plough and the advantage gained thereby 4 To discover to what sorts of Land and seasons of plowing each plough is most suitable with a double plough yet unknown and a plough that shall both plow and harrow at once The Abuses or hindrances to be removed are many wherein I shall speak to particular abuses only And first I shall speak to particular abuses only prejudiciall to the ploughs easie going in the Blacksmith or he that makes the Irons for the plovgh I not being of the opinion as many are that the Irons should be made to the plough but that the plough be made to the irons I therefore shall be bold to say that if Plough Irons be not made exceeding true in all points according to the Land you have to plow and wrought fair and smooth a plough-wright or plow maker shall not nor cannot work true to a false foundation and if it be not wrought true it shall hardly go true unless after much wearing being wrought into work it may plow reasonable well at last and by that time the plough may be worn out but never with that ease nor continuance as it would by truth of Workmanship Another abuse in him is the not steeling his plough-irons well and making them exceeding sharp and well pointed The second abuse is in the plough-maker who works according to certain coarse Rules he hath learned by trade knows not how to hold a plough himself nor to apply himself to the nature of the Land according to the alteration of it nor scarce is able to discern the falsity of the Smiths workmanship and is not able to apply himself to all sorts of Lands or those severall sorts of Tilths the Husbandman gives he shall never make a Plough to go with ease by his rules unless he chop upon it by chance The third abuse may be in the Plough-holder and if he have not abilities to order his Plough to fix and alter his Irons and his Plough too according to the severall natures of Lands he ploweth and according to the manner of his Plowing and keep his Irons in a true and keen posture sometime he is to cast down his Land sometime to raise up and sometime to plow up hill and down sometime even levell Grounds in all which if he have not some good experience though both Smith and Plough wrights do their parts yet because the Plough-holder cannot be made aswell as the Plough many good Ploughs are utterly spoyled in the usage or abusage May be in the Lands when the Lands as
Peece of improvement hath respect unto the Plantations of hops and Liquorish both in relation to the Mystery thereof and profits thereby Chap. XXXVII Treates of Hops plantation and how Land is Improved thereby ibid. How a hop-yard should stand 139. One of the main things in the Hop-yard is raising the hils 140. The profits may be made of them 145. Chap. XXXVIII Treats of the mystery of Saffron and the way of Planting it 148. How to set Saffron ibid. How to pick it pag 149. How to dry it ibid. Chaap XXXIX Treates of the plantation of Liquorish at large 150. The best land for it ibid. How to set your plants 151. The time of planting it 152. The advantage thereof ibid. The fifth Peece contains the 40. 41 42. Chap. And treateth of the Art of Planting of Rape Cole-seed Hemp and Flax with the severall advantages that may be made of each Chap. XL. Containeth onely the discovery of Rape and Cole-seeds Husbandry 253. The best seed ibid. The time of sowing it ibid. VVhen to cut it ibid. How to use it ibid. Chap. XLI Shewes how good a publique commodity hemp is with the manner of planting 255. How to know the best hemp-seed 259. The time of sowing it ibid. The time of getting it ibid. The best land for hemp 260. Chap. XLIII Treateth onely of the husbandring Flax so as to make it come up to as much of the Improvement as wee can 261. How to raise the best Flax. pag. 263. The best Flaxseed ibid. The season for sowing it ibid. The manner of watering it 264. The sixt and last Peece containeth 2 Chapters And discovereth what great advantage may be made upon our lands by a plantation of some Orchard Fruits and some Garden commodities Chap. XLII Treats how our Lands may be advanced by planting them with Orchard fruits 265. Chap. XLIV Doth contain a brief discourse of some choice and more generall Garden fruits intended to have been spoen to more largely 271. FINIS Excellency Necessity Antiquity Gen. 4. 2. Gen 9. 16. â— Chr. 26. 11. Prov. 6. 6. Prov. 15. 19. Prov. 20. 30. Prov. 22. 21. Prov. 12. 20. Prov. 11. 26 Prov. 21. 5 Causes of Barrennesse 1 Cause of Barrenness is ignorance occasioning Prejudice Prov. 4. 15. Prov. 36. 13. 2. Cause is Improvidence and a slavish custome 3. Cause is want of punishment of Idleness and want of Stock to set the poor on work A Crying sin Drunkenness A generall cause of Barrenness Tilling Rockiness Mountainous Improvidence laying down all Lands How to lay down warm Land How cold Land Standing water in winter Mole hils Ob. Ans. Bogginess Constant resting of the water on that Land 1 Head 2 Head Only improve upon great advantage Under great Rivers will be the best Land And under lesser the greater quantities and greatest Improvement Setting water on Pooles or Lakes not so excellent In what Cases to cover land by Water Land sad and moist worst to Improve by watering Land found dry and warm the best Boggy Lands good for watering How to begin the first piece of watering How to make the drayning Trench Shewes how the water is fruitfull How to make the Drayning Trench The best floating season Upoâ— moist Land Upâ—n warm Land A double Advantage of having a water course cut out President of one year cuâ—ting but five or six and the next twenty four President of sandy Land Mr. Plats President President of Boggy Lands To much Trenching is madness There are two sorts of Trenching Manner of making the floating Trench A shallow Trench doth certain hurt and uncertain good How to prevent heaping Earth and in evening the ground How to Level Land Plowing to Levell Spade to help Levelling The speediest Soarding of Land How to make thy Drayn to drain a Bog to purpose Where water lyeth in Rushy Land The matter that feeds the Bog where that lyeth Every Bog hath most certainly a living Spring within it Shewing how every Drayn must â—e carried up from the lowest levell Shallow Trench reprehended The most sure way to destroy a Bog The prejudice by crooks and angles in water courses How to make Draynes without any prejudice to any sheep or bâ—ast The best way of preventing danger to Cattell in Drayning Fens and Marshes recoâ—ery Floring best destroyes a Beg. The probable occasion or first cause of Bogginess Ob. These are but pretences Ans. 1. Watering breeds the Rush. Ans. Especiall season for watering Land Iob 8. 12. Ans. 2. A sign when Land begins to fatten Obj. Many have done great things herein and alway to no purpose Mountebanck Engineers projections Mysterious Engines repâ—â—â—ved Object Answ. Object Answ. Marsh Lands The first Fendrayne's or Levellers highly to be honoured Invention far harder than an Addition to it Cutting water-courses strait no small aâ—vantage Many thousands of acres recoverable wiâ—h little charge to manifold advantage Some Mils destroy more than they are worth To prevent corrupting land by a Mildam as much as may be What Fen-Drayning is not What perfect Drayning is indeed How to know when Land is firmly Drayned The just Form or Modell of the Fen-lands How the Commoner is a hindrance to Fen-drayning How Undertakers may be a prejudice to the work Queries in Fen-drayning Reasons why the land floods would be best taken oâ—â— on the outside the Fen. Some particular â—ands may be drayned of themselves though the generall be not All such-Lands are most feciblâ— to be drayned Water Engins helpfull in 〈◊〉 These more difficult and yet fecible A new World may best admit of new Husbandry Denshiâ—ing Fen lands very usefull Denshiring lands reproved in the West Burning Land extolled in the North. Lands drowned by the Sea A Good Overseer worth Gold Tooles belonging to floating and Trenching to make the work more easie and less châ—rgable A good Line A Water-Levell Sir Edward Peto his Level The manner and form of a true and the speediest Level that I can devise Who are the makers of it The Trenching Plough Turving Spade The paring Spade The use of the Paring Spade 1 Extreme 2 Extreme Enclosure held forth without Depopulation The grandest evill of a just and equall Inclosure prevents Idleness and Oppression onely Enclosure prevents the Rot of sheep exceedingly Inclosure may occasion more work done at an easier charge Lands capable of enclosure Cottier provided for Labourer provided for Minister provided for Tithes not Gospell wayes maintenance 1. Tit. 8. Depopulation reproved Impropiations to be thought of Free-holder Lord of the Soyl or Landlord How Inclosure shall not prejudice the increase of Corn or food Four arguments to prove the advantage by Enclosure and that more Corn may be raised being Inclosed than Common One Acre brings forth as much Corn as three Tillage great profit Onely Right in Commons not Vsurpers I speak to At the first Enclosing of any Common how to cast out Land to the greatest Advance Tow Advantages of this Enclosure Cavils against Improvement in Common A