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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16282	The manners, lauues, and customes of all nations collected out of the best vvriters by Ioannes Boemus ... ; with many other things of the same argument, gathered out of the historie of Nicholas Damascen ; the like also out of the history of America, or Brasill, written by Iohn Lerius ; the faith, religion and manners of the Aethiopians, and the deploration of the people of Lappia, compiled by Damianus a ̀Goes ; with a short discourse of the Aethiopians, taken out of Ioseph Scaliger his seuenth booke de emendatione temporum ; written in Latin, and now newly translated into English, by Ed. Aston.; Omnium gentium mores, leges, et ritus. English. 1611	Boemus, Joannes, ca. 1485-1535.; Góis, Damião de, 1502-1574.; Nicolaus, of Damascus.; Léry, Jean de, 1534-1611. Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Brésil.; Scaliger, Joseph Juste, 1540-1609. De emendatione temporum.; Aston, Edward, b. 1573 or 4.	1611 (1611)	STC 3198.5; ESTC S102777	343,933	572

at any time their footing fayle them yet will they claspe theyr hands about the twiggs and so saue and defend them-selues from falling and though by some mischance they should fall yet receiue they no hurt by reason of the lightnesse of theyr bodyes These people goe alwayes naked and haue theyr wiues and children in common They fight one against another onely for places to liue in being weaponed with staues and domineere and exult greatly ouer those they vanquish They die for the most part by famine whem their sight faileth they are depriued of that sence wherewith they sought their food In an other part of the region dwell those Aethiopians which bee called Cyneci they bee few in number but of a different life from all the rest for they inhabit the wood-land and desolate countrie wherein be but few fountaines of water and they sleepe vpon the tops of trees for feare of wilde beasts Euery morning they goe downe armed to the riuer sides and their hide themselues in trees amongst the leaues and in the heate of the day when the Beefes and Libbards and diuers other kindes of wilde beasts goe downe to the riuers to drinke and that they bee full and heauie with water these Aethiopians descen'd from the trees and fall vppon them and kill them with staues baked at the fire and with stones and dartes and then deuide them amongst their companies and eate them By which cunning deuise they deuoure many of those beasts and sometimes though but seldome they are foyled and slaine themselues And if at any time their cunning faile them and that they want beasts to eate they take the hides of such beasts as they haue eaten before and plucking of the haires laie the hides in steepe and then drie them before a soft fire and so deuiding to euery one a share satisfie themselues with that Their young boyes vnder the age of foureteene yeeres practise throwings at markes and they giue meate to those onely which touch the marke and therefore beeing forced thereto by famine they become most excellent and fine darters The people called Acridophagi border vpon the desert the men bee something shorter or lower of stature then other Aethiopians beeing leane and marueilous blacke In the spring time the West and South-west windes blow an infinite number of slies called Locustes out of the deserts into their Country which bee exceeding great but the collour of their wings is foule and lothsome These Aethiopians as their custome is gather out of places there-abouts great store of wood and other sorts of fuell and laie it in a great large valley and when at their wonted time as it were a whole cloude of Locusts bee carried by the windes ouer the valley they set fire on the fuell and with smoke stiphle and smother to death the Locusts which flie ouer it so as they fal downe vnto the earth in such aboundance as are sufficient to serue the whole countrie for victualls and these beeing sprinckled with salt which that country plentifully yeeldeth they preserue for a long space beeing a meate very pleasant vnto they taste And so these Locusts bee their continuall sustenance at all seasons for they neither keepe cattell nor eate fish beeing farre remote from the sea nor haue any other maintenance whereof to liue They bee nimble of body swift of foote and shorte of life so as they which liue the longest exceede not aboue fortie yeeres their end is not onely miserable but also incredible for when old age creepeth and commeth vppon them there doth certaine lice with winges of a horrible and vglie shape ingendring in their bodies knaw out and deuour their bellies guts and intralls and in a small time their whole bodies and he which hath the disease doth so itch is so allured to scrach as he receiueth thereby at one and the same time both pleasure and paine and when the corruption cometh forth and the lyce appeare he is so stirred with the bitternesse and anguish of the disease as hee teareth his owne flesh in peeces with his nayles with great wayling and lamentation for so great is the number of those vermine issuing out of the wounds heape vppon heape running as it were out of a vessell full of holes as they cannot be ouercome and by this meanes they die a very miserable death the cause whereof is ether the meate they liue vpon or the vnholesomenesse of the aire Vpon the vtmost parts of Affricke towards the South dwell a people which the Greekes cal Cinnamimi but of their neighbouring Barbarians they bee called wild or vplandish people These haue very great beards and for the defence of their liues breed vp great number of Mastiues and wild dogs for from the Summer troppicke to the middle of winter an infinite number of Indian Beefes come into their country the cause of their comming is vncertaine whether it bee that they fly from other wild beasts which pursue them or for the want of feeding or that they doe it by instinct of nature all which are wonderfull but the true cause is vnknowne from these the people defend them-selues with their dogges their owne forces being insufficient to withstand them and kill many of them some whereof they eate fresh and some others they powder vp for their prouision afterwards and with these dogges they take many other beasts in like sort The last people and the vtmost towards the South bee the Ichthiophagi which inhabite in the gulph of Arabia vpon the frontiers of the Trogloditae these carry the shape of men but liue like beasts they be very barbarous and go naked all their liues long vsing both wiues and daughters common like beasts they be neither touched with any feeling of pleasure or griefe other then what is naturall Neido the discerne any difference betwixt good and bad honesty and dishonesty Their habitations are in rockes and hills not farre from the sea wherein they haue deepe dennes and holes the passages in and out being naturally very hard and crooked The entrances into these holes as if nature had framed them for their vse the Inhabitants damme vp with a heape of great stones wherewith they take fishes as it were with nets for the flowing of the sea which hapneth euery day twise about three of the cloke and nine of the Cloke surrownding the borders neere vnto the shore the water increasing very high and couering all places carrieth into the continent an innumerable company of diuers sorts of fishes which seeking abroad for sustenance at the ebbing of the sea are by those stones stayd vpon dry land those doe the inhabitants make hast to gather vp and taking them lay them vpon the rockes against the noone Sunne till they be scorched with the heate thereof and when one side is scorched inough they turne the other when they bee thus broyled against the Sunne they take all the meate from the bones and put it into a

to the first Court of Parliament which is there by them so ratified and confirmed as no one can appeale from it and he which is found guiltie before them must pay vnto the Courts three-score pounds of Tours weight and some are adiudged to pay more according to the quality of the offence but if the party so condemned thinke that his cause was not well vnderstood and discussed and that he had some iniurie done him thereby receiuing some losse or hinderance hee may bring the matter thus crazed by misinformation againe into question before the Iudges but it shall not be heard vnlesse he pawne and put into their hands an hundred and twenty pounds to stand to their censure The fourth Court in the Court of Requests and is kept by the Masters of the Kings pallace or Masters of requests and supplications and none shall haue their causes heard there but only the kings seruāts or such as haue some priuiledges from the King and they shall not be molested in other Courts of this Court there be onely sixe Iudges it is lawfull to appeale from them to the Parlament If in handling controuersies any great difficulty arise it must be decided by the assembly of all the Iudges and Councellors of euery Court together which happeneth oftentimes in matters proposed by the King touching the gouernment of the Commonwealth for no law can be throughly established without the consent of this Senate or Parlament-house In this Parlament the Peeres of France and other masters of Requests that be the kings fauorites may sit as assistants vnto the Iudges and their places be next vnto the Presidents of the first Court or Chamber but all matters touching the king or any of the Peeres be defined and determined by the Peeres themselues and the Iudges of the first Court. There be twelue chiefe Peers elected out of all the Nobility of France whereof sixe be spirituall men six temporall the spirituall Peeres be the Bishop of Rhemes the Bishop of Lavdunum and the Bishop of Langres which be called Episcopi Duces or chiefe Bishops the Bishop of Beuvois the Bishop of Noyon and the Bishop of Challons which be Episcopi Comites or secundarie Bishops The sixe secular Peeres be the Duke of Burgundie the D. of Normandie and the Duke of Aquitania which bee chiefe Princes or Arch-dukes the Duke of Flanders the Duke of Tholousa and the Duke of Campania which be secundary Princes These twelue according to the opinion of Robertus were first instituted by Charles the great who taking them with him into the warres called them his Peeres as hauing equall power in assisting of the King and they were euer present at his coronation and yeelded obedience to no other Court but onely to the King and his Court of Parliament And these be the ancient and later maners of the Gauls and French-men and their customes most worthie of memorie Of Spaine and of the manners of the Spaniards CAP. 23. SPAINE the greatest country in Europe is situated betwixt France and Affricke and bounded with the Ocean sea and the Pirenaean hils It is comparable to any other country both for fertilitie of soyle and aboundance of fruites and vines and so sufficiently stored with all kind of commodities that be either necessarie or behoofull as it affordeth great part of her superfluitie to the city of Rome and all Italy ouer If you require gold siluer or pretious stones there they are in aboundance if mynes of Iron and sundry other mettals you shall find no defect if wines it giueth place to none and as for oyles it excelleth all other nations of Europe besides that they haue such store of salt as they neuer boyle it but dig it out of the earth in full perfection Yea there is no part of their ground be it neuer so barren but it yeeldeth increase of one thing or other the heate of the Sunne is not there so violent as in Affricke nor be they tossed with such continuall stormes and tempestuous winds as France is but there is an equall temperature of the heauens and wholesomnes of the ayre ouer all the Region it beeing greatly wasted with marine winds without such foggie mists and infectious exhalations as proceed from fennes and moorish grounds There is great plenty of hempe flaxe and broome the pill or skin wherof serueth to tye vp their vines and it affordeth more vermilion then any other countrie besides The currents of their riuers be not so swift and violent as they thereby become hurtfull but gentle and mild to water and manure their fields and medowes and the armes of the Ocean sea which adioyne vnto them affoord great store of fish and yet for no one thing was Spaine more commended in times past then for the swiftnesse of their horses whereof grew this fiction That the Spanish horses were conceiued of the winds Spaine taketh her beginning at the Pyrenaean hilles and winding by Hercules pillars extendeth to the Northerne Ocean so as all places contained within that compasse may iustly be said to be of Spaine The breadth of Spaine as Appianus writeth is ten thousand stadia the length much answerable to the breadth it ioyneth vnto France only at the Pyrenaean hils and on al other sides it is inclosed with the sea it is distinguished and knowne by three names Tarragon Bethica and Lusitania Tarragon the chiefe citties whereof were called Pallantia and Numantia now called Soria at the one end ioyneth vnto France and vnto Bethica and Lusitania at the other The Mediterranean sea runneth by the South-side thereof and vpon the North it lyeth opposite to the Ocean the other two prouinces be diuided by the riuer Anas so as Bethica the chiefe citties whereof were Hispalis and Corduba looketh West-ward into the Atlanticke sea and into the Mediterranean vpon the South Lusitania lyeth opposite onely to the Ocean the side of it vnto the Northerne Ocean and vnto the Western at the end the city Emerita being once the chiefe Cittie of that Prouince Spaine was first called Iberia of the riuer Iberus and after that Hesperia of Hesperus the brother of Atlas and lastly it was named Hispania of Hispalis now called Sibilia Their bodies bee very apt to indure both hunger and labour and their minds euer prepared for death they bee very sparing and strict both in their diet and euery thing else and they be much more desirous of warres then of peace So much as if warres be wanting abroade they wil grow to ciuill dissention and home-bred garboiles among themselues They will suffer torments euen vnto death rather than reueile a thing committed to their secrecie hauing more care of their credits and trust reposed in them then of their liues They be maruellous nimble and swift of pace and of an vnquiet and turbulent disposition their horses be both speedie and warlike and their armes more deare vnto them then their bloud They furnish not their tables with daintie

in sacrifices Of Assyria and how the Assyrians liue CAP. 3. ASsyria a countrey in Asia is so called of Assur the son of Sem as Saint Augustine is of opinion It is now called Syria and hath vpon the East India and part of Media vpon the West the riuer Tygris Susiana vppon the South and the hill Caucasus on the North. They haue seldome any raine in Assyria but what graine soeuer the countrey affordeth is obtained by the waterings and ouerflowings of the riuers which they do not naturally of their owne accords as in Aegypt but by the labour and industrie of the inhabitants and yet by this ouerflowing the ground there is so exceeding fruitfull as it yeeldeth two hundred and in the most fertill soyle three hundred-fold increase the eares of their wheate and barley beeing foure fingers in breadth and their pulse and millet in height like trees These things though they bee certainely knowne vnto them to be true yet Herodotus would haue them sparingly reported and with good deliberation as beeing scarce credible especially if the relation bee made to those which neuer saw them They haue great store of Dates of which they make hony and wine they vse boates in their riuers made in fashion of a round shield not seuered with fore-decke and sterne as other boates be but made beyond the Assyrians in Armenia of willow or sallow tree couered ouer with raw lether The Assyrians weare two linnen garments one hanging downe to the foote and the other short ouer which they weare a white stole Their shooes be such as the Thebans were wont to weare they suffer their haires to grow long and trimme them with head-tyres when they go into publike places they annoynt themselues with oyntments euery one weareth a signet-ring on his finger and a scepter in his hand in which is set an apple a rose or lilly or some such like thing for they hold it base and vndecent to carry it without such a signe or cognisance in it Of all their lawes which were in force in that countrey this seemeth most worthie to be remembred That the maides assoon as they were mariageable were once euery yeare brought into a publike place and there offered to be sold to such men as had any disposition to marry and first the fairest and most beautiful virgins were set to sale and after them those which through defect of their beauties or their bodies were not onely not vendible and marketable but which no man would marrie gratis were married away with that money the faire ones were sold for Herodotus saith that this custome was heretofore obserued in Venice in the confines of Illiria as hee heard it credibly reported by others And Antonius Sabellicus in like manner affirmeth that whether this custome bee yet obserued in that countrey he is not very certaine But sure I am saith he that in Venice which at this day for riches is the most flourishing state of the world amongst other good orders of their cittie it was ordained that bastard virgins that were gotten out of wedlocke and fondlings that were exposed and laid abroad to the aduentures of the world should be brought vp in some close place at the common charge of the cittie and there instructed in some hard discipline vntill they were mariageable and that then those which were most beautifull and well brought vp should be married without dowrie either vnto such as had escaped some great perill or some dangerous disease or broken their vowes and that some Freemen also regarding their modestie and beautie would marie them without dower and euer those which were most beautifull were married with lesse portion then the foule ones although they were as well brought vp as the other An other law of the Babylonians being very profitable and worthy to be remembred was this seeing they excluded all Phisitions from amongst them it was ordained that he which began to bee sicke should aske councel of those concerning his disease that had suffred the like infirmity themselues and that had tried some medicine for the recouery of their healthes some others write that their custome was to bring the sicke persons into a publicke place where the law commanded them and that those which once had been sicke themselues and were recouered should goe and visit the diseased persons and teach them by what meanes they were cured The Assyrians bewaile the dead as the Aegiptians doe and when one hath laine with his wife all night neither of them toucheth any thing before they haue washed themselues The custome heretofore amongst the Babylonians was that the women wold once in their life times lie with strangers besides their husbands the maner wherof was thus They would come a great company of them togither very reuerently and solemnly vnto the temple of Venus each one hauing her head bound and wreathed about with garlands and then the stranger with whom shee desired to lie laied vnder his knee as he kneeled in the Tēple such a sum of money as he thought fitting which being consecrated to Venus he leaueth behind him rysing vp taketh the woman into a place a little distant from the Church and there lieth with her There were some families among the Assyrians which liued only vpon fish dried at the sun and bruised in a morter which being moulded and laid togither sprinckled with water they made into lumps like loaues and drying them at the fire vsed to eate them in steed of bread They had three head officers amongst them one of such as had beene souldiours and were put to their pension an other of the nobility and elders and the King which was head ouer them all They had their south-saiers likewise which were called Chaldei which were like vnto the Priests of Aegipt and sacrificed to their gods These Chaldei spent their whole liues in the studie of Philosophy they were great starre-mungers and sometimes by their diuinations sometimes by their holy rimes they would defend men from misfortunes They could truly and faithfully interprete Augurations Dreames and Prodigies not learning their instructions in such things of maisters and tutors as the Greekes did but receiuing thē from their parents as their inheritance The children were taught and excercised in learning at home that by the continuall care of their parents they might better profit themselues They Chaldei were not variable and doubtful in their opinions of naturall causes as the Greekes were where euery man was of a seueral minde and euery writer yeelded reasons repugning one an other but they all by one general and vniforme assent supposed the world to be eternal and that it neither had beginning nor shal haue end and that the order and ornament of al things is established by a diuine prouidence That the Celestiall bodies be not moued of their owne accord or by some accidentary motion but by a certaine law and immutable decreee of some god-head They marke by

of Isthmus and extending north and south lyeth opposite to that part of the Mediterranean sea which is called Aegeum on the East and on the West to the sea Ionium as the hill Apennyne deuideth Italy in the middle so is Greece seperated and deuided with Mountaines called Thermopilae the toppes of the hills stretching in length from Leucas and the Weasterne sea towards the other sea which is Eastward The vtmost hills towards the west bee called Oeta the highest whereof is named Callidromus in whose valley there is a way or passage into the Maliacan gulfe not aboue threescore paces broad through which way if no resistance bee made a whole hoste of men may bee safely conducted but the other parts of those hills bee so steepe craggy and intrycate as it is not possible for the nimblest foote-man that is to passe ouer them there hills bee called Thermopilae of the piles or bankes that stand like gates at the entrance of the hills and of the hot waters that spring out of them by the sea side of Greece ly these regions Acarnania Aetolia Locris Phocis Baeotia and Eubaea which are almost annexed to the land Attica and Peloponesus runne further into the sea than these other countries do varying from the other in proportion of hills and vpon that part which is towards the North it is included with Epirus Phirrhaebia Magnesia Thessalia Phithiotae and the Malican gulfe The most famous and renowned citty of Athens the nurse of all liberall sciences and Philosophers than the which there is no one thing in all Greece of more excellency and estimation is scituated betwixt Achaia and Macedonia in a country there called Attica of Atthis the Kings daughter of Athens who succeeded Cecrops in the kingdome and builded Athens Of this Cecrops it was called Secropia and after Mopsopia of Mopsus And of Ian the sonne of Xutus or as Iosephus writeth of Ianus the sonne of Iaphet it was called Ionia and lastly Athens of Minerua for the Greekes call Minerua Athenae Draco was the first that made lawes for the Athenians many of which lawes were afterwards abrogated by Solon of Salamin for the too seuere punishment inflicted vpon offenders for by all the laws which Draco ordained death was due for euery little offence in such sort as if one were conuicted but of sloth or Idlenesse hee should die for it and he which gathered rootes or fruits out of an others mans grounds was as deepely punished as those which had murdered their parents Solon deuided the citty into societies trybes or wards according to the estimation and valuation of euery ones substance and reueneus In the first rancke were those whose substance was supposed to consist of five hundred medimni those which were worth three hundred medimni and were able to breed and keepe horses were counted in the second order and those of the third degree were equall in substance to the second the charge of keeping horses onely excepted And of these orders were all magistrates and high officers for the most part ordained and those which were vnder these degrees were in the fourth rancke and were called mercenary and were excluded from all offices sauing that they might haue the charge of pleading and decyding causes This institution of ciuill gouernment Seruius Tullius is supposed to haue followed and imitated at Rome Moreouer Solon appointed a Senate or Councell consisting of yearely Magistrates in Areopagus though some haue reported that Draco was the founder of that assembly And to the end that hee might take away all occasion of ciuill dissention that might happen at any time afterwards and that the inconsiderate multitude should not trouble the iudiciall sentences by their doubtfull acclamations as vsually they did out of those foure trybes that were then in Athens hee made choyse of foure hundred men an hundred out of euery trybe giuing them power to approue the acts and decrees of the Arreopagites if they were agreeable to equity if other-wise to councell them and annihilate their doings by which meanes the state of the citty stayde as it were by two sure anchors seemed secure vnmoueable and of likelyhood to continue if any were condemned for parricide or for affection and vsurping the cheefe gouernment they were excluded by Solons lawe from bearing rule and not there onely but all those also were barred and prohibited to beare offices that if any sedition were set a foote in the citty stood neuter and tooke nether part for hee thought it an argument of a bad Cittyzen not to bee carefull of the common good and peace of others when hee him-selfe hath setled his owne estate and designes in safety Amongst the rest of Solons acts this is most admirable whereby he graunted liberty that if any woman had married a man vnable to beeget children shee might lawfully and without controulement depart from him and take vnto her any one of her husbands kindred whome shee liked best Hee tooke away all vse of mony-dowries from amongst them so as a woman might take nothing with her from her fathers but a few clothes and other trinkets of small worth signifying thereby that marriages should not bee made for mony but for loue and procreation of children least their euill life might bee a blotte and skandall vnto them after their deaths If any man slaundered his neighbour ether at the solemnization of their diuine ceremonies or at their sessions and publike assemblies hee was fined at foure drachmas Hee graunted power and authority vnto Testators to dispose and bequeath legacies of mony and goods amongst whome they pleased whereas before by the custome of the country they were not to bequeath any thing from their owne families and by this meanes friendshippe was preferred before kindred and fauour before allyances Neuerthelesse this was done with such caution and prouision that noe one could graunt such legacies beeing mooued there-vnto either through their owne franticke madnesse or by the subtill and vndermyning perswasions of other but meerely of his owne accord and good discretion Hee forbad all mournings and lamentations at other mens funeralls and enacted that the sonne should not bee bound to releeue his father if his father had not brought him vp in some arte or profitable occupation nor that bastards should nourish or releeue their parents and his reason was this that hee which forbeareth not to couple with a strumpet giueth euident demonstration that he hath more care of his owne sensuall pleasures then of the procreation of children and thereby hee becommeth vnworthy of reward or releefe of such children if the fall into pouerty Besides these Solon iudged it meete that the adulterer apprehended in the deed doing might lawfully be slaine and that he that forced and rauished a free-borne Virgin should be fined at ten Drachmas He abrogated and tooke away their ancient custome of selling their daughters and sisters vnlesse they were conuinced of whoredome and amongst

Sarmatia Vppon the West it bordereth vpon Slesia vpon Prussia and Massouia vpon the North vppon the East lyeth Ruthenia and Hungaria on the South The hill Carpathus which is there called Crapack diuideth the Countrey into two parts whereof that part which is next vnto Saxonie and Prussia is called the greater Polonia and the other the lesser lying ouer against Russia and Hungaria The whole kingdome is diuided as it were into foure seuerall and distinct Prouinces all which the king visiteth euery yeare in course one after another and each of them maintaineth the king and his whole court for three moneths together but if he stay longer then three months in any one part of the kingdome it is at their choice whether they wil yeeld him any further maintenance or no. The kings seate is the great and famous cittie Cracouia where is preserued and kept all the wealth of the kingdome and all the other citties are meane and simple in comparison of it most of their houses be made of rough stone rudely compacted and heaped together without mortar or clay and dawbed with mudde the countrey is full of woods and thickets the people bee prudent and wise courteous towards strangers and exceeding great drinkers as most of your Northerne people bee yet is there small store of Wine as hauing no Vines in all the whole country insteed whereof they drinke a kinde of counterfet Ale made of Wheat and other graine for the soyle is very fertile and affoordeth great store of wheat it is also very commodious and fitte for feeding yeelding large grounds for beasts to pasture in There is very good hunting as namely of wilde horses which haue hornes like Harts and the wilde Bull which the Romaines call Vrus mettall mines there bee none but onely of Ledde but Salt is there digged out of the ground in such aboundance as no one thing yeeldeth more custome to the King then that doth and there is so-great store of honey both in Poland and Russia that they haue not spare places sufficient wherein to keepe it for all their trees and woods bee couered blacke ouer with Bees The forme of their letters is much like vnto the Greeke Character their ceremonies of religion are indifferent betwixt the Romaine and the Greeke Church and both men and women in their apparrell doe much resemble the Greekes Of Hungaria and of the institutions and manner of liuing of the Hungarians CAP. 10. HVNGARIA is the same which was once called Pannonia although it was not so large and spacious a countrye when it was so called as now it is all betwixt the the riuer Laytha and the riuer Savus is knowne by the name of the inferiour or lower Pannonia Hungary beyond Danubius reacheth vnto Poland and comprehendeth all the country which was inhabited by the Gepidae and Daci so as the limits of the Empire is now farre larger then the name of the nation This land as auncient writers report is deuided into nine parts or diuisions which in the Germaine tongue bee called Hagas euery one whereof is compassed and inclosed with walls made of blockes or piles of oakes beech or fyr tree fixed fast in the ground twenty foote high and twenty foote broade The soyle is full either of hard stones or stiffe clay and all the vallies bee couered ouer with turfes vpon the borders or marches of the land bee many trees or shrubes planted and set which beeing cut vp and cast away will not-with-standing beare leaues and florish Euery one of these nine circles or diuisions of ground bee twenty Germaine miles distant one from another although they bee not all of one length but some one shorter than other some and in euery part of them bee Citties Castells and Villages builded in such good order and vniformity as a man may bee heard speake from one Castell Towne or village to another Their buildings be compassed and inclosed with strong walls but their gates bee ouer narrow for them to goe in and out at their pleasure to steale and filch from others Euery one of those Circles or inclosed portions of ground called hagges were wont to giue signes vnto others of euery accident by the sound of a trumpet The Pannones long since called Paeones were first that inhabited that land after whome it was possessed by the Huns a people of Scythia and after them by the Gothes which came out of the Ilands of the Germaine ocean when the Gothes were gone it was possessed by the Longabards which came from Scandinauia an iland of the Ocean also And lastly by the Hungarians who came from out the other Hungaria in Scythia which is not farre from the head of the riuer of Tanais and is now called Iuhra This Scithian Hungary is a miserable could country as being scituate wholy vnder the Frigid zone it is trybutary to the Duke of Muscouy the tribute which the inhabitants pay is neither gold nor siluer for thereof they haue none but rich Skins and furres of sundry wild beast as of Sabells and such like They neither plow nor sow nor haue any kind of bread but liue only vpon flesh of wild beasts and fish and drinke water and their lodgings bee cabbins made of twigs and bowes in groues and thicke woods wherevpon it insueth that men liuing in woods with wilde beasts weare neither linnen nor wollen garments but skins only either of harts beares or wolues Some of them addore the Sunne some the Moone and other Starrs or what euer first commeth to their vew they haue a proper and pecular language to themselues They fish for coralls that grow in the sea and fishes called Balenae of whose skins they make coaches and purses They haue exceeding fat Bacon whereof they sell much to other nations Vpon that side of this Hungary in Scythia which is neerest vnto the Ocean bee sundry little hills or cliffes vpon which certaine fishes called Mors or death fishes making offer by meanes of their teeth to clime to the toppe of the rockes when they bee almost at the highest their hold fayleth them and they fall downe and kill themselues with the fall These fishes doe the Inhabitants gather vp and eate reseruing their teeth which bee very white and broad which they exchange with strange Merchants for other commodities of these fish teeth bee made very good kniues hafts But Hungaria in Europe hath vpon the west Austria and Boemia vpon the South that part of Illyria which is next to the Adriatticke sea vpon the East lyeth Seruia once inhabited by the Triballii and Misii and now of many called Sagaria and vppon the North and Northeast Poland and Muscouie The chiefe Citty and Kings seate is Buda so called of Bada the brother of Attila the soyle of the country so much thereof as is errable is very fertile and there bee many veines of gold and siluer It is strange that is reported by the Inhabitants that there is a riuer in Pannonia whereinto if Iron