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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A09829	The most noble and famous trauels of Marcus Paulus, one of the nobilitie of the state of Venice, into the east partes of the world, as Armenia, Persia, Arabia, Tartary, with many other kingdoms and prouinces. No lesse pleasant, than profitable, as appeareth by the table, or contents of this booke. Most necessary for all sortes of persons, and especially tor trauellers. Translated into English; Travels of Marco Polo. English	Polo, Marco, 1254-1323?; Frampton, John, fl. 1577-1596.	1579 (1579)	STC 20092; ESTC S105055	116,899	196

Armenia he lesser and of many things that there is made CHAP. 5. FIrst and formost I will beginne to declare of the Prouince of Armenia noting suche commodities as there is You shall vnderstand there be two Armenias the greater and the lesser In the lesser there is a King subiect to the Tartar and he dothe maynteyne the Countrey in peace and iustice In this Countrey be many Cities and Townes and greate abundance of all things In thys Countrey they take great pleasure and pastime in Hawking and Hunting as well of wilde beastes as of Fowles of all sortes In that Countrey be many infirmities by reason the ayre is yll there and for that cause the men of that Countrey that were wonte to be valiant and strong in armes bée turned nowe to be vile and giuen to ydlenesse and drunckennesse In this Prouince vpon the Sea side there is a Citie called Gloza wherevnto is greate trade of Merchandise and all Merchantes that doe traffique thither haue their Cellers and Warehouses in that Citie as well Venetians and Ianoueys and all other that do occupye into Leuant Of the Torchomanos in Armenia the lesser CHAP. 6. I Haue declared vnto you of Armenia the lesser and now I will shewe you of Torchomania whiche is a part of Armenia in the which ther be thrée maner of people the one called Torchomanos and those bée Mahomets and speake the Persian language and they liue in the Mountaynes and fieldes whereas they may find pasture for their Cattell for those people liue by the gaines of their Cattell There be very good Horses called Torchomani and good Mayles of great value The other or second maner of people be Armenians and Greekes and those dwell and liue togither and liue by occupations and trade of Merchandises There they doe make very goodly and rich Carpettes large and fayre as you shall finde in any place Also they worke there cloth of Crymson Silke and other goodly couloures The chiefest Cities in that Countrey be Chemo Isiree and Sebasto whereas Saint Blase was martired There be also many Townes of which I make no mention and they bée subiecte to the Tartar of the East and he setteth gouernoures there Of Armenia the greater and of the Arke of Noe. CHAP. 7. ARmenia the greater is a greate Prouince or Countrey In the beginning thereof is a greate Citie called Armenia where they doe make excellente Bochachims or Buckrams In this Citie be very good Bathes naturallye And this Countrey is subiect to the Tartar there is in it many Cities Townes and the most noble Citie is called Archinia which hath ioyning to it two prouinces the one called Archeten the other Arzire In this Citie is a Bishop The people of this Countrey in the sommer time bée in the pastures meddowes but in the winter they can not by reason of the great cold snow waters for then it is so colde the scant the cattell and beastes can liue there and for this cause they do driue their cattel into warmer places wher they haue grasse plēty In this gret Armenia is the Arke of Noe on a high Mountain towards the South which doth ioyne to a Prouince towardes the East called Mausill And in that Prouince diuell Christians which be called Iacobites and Nestorians Heretikes of the which hereafter shall be spoken This Countrey towards the North doth ioyne vpon the Georgians of the whych shall be spoken in the next Chapter In this part towards the Georgians there is a well the water wherof is like oyle and is of great abundance quantitie that sometimes they lade .100 Ships with it And this oyle is not good to eate but for Lamps and Candles and to annoint Camels Horses and other beastes that be galled scabbie and haue other infirmities and for this cause it is fetched into diuers places Of the Georgians and of the Tovver and gate of yron CHAP. 8. IN Georgiania is a king called Nand Maliche which is as much to say as Dawnid and is subiect to the Tartar. The saying is that in the olde time the Kings of that Prouince were borne with a token or signe vnder their right shoulder In this Countrey the men be faire of body venterous valiant in armes and good archers and are Christians Gréekes mingled togither they go all with their heare like Priestes This is the Prouince that King Alexander could not passe whē he woulde haue come towards the West parts bycause that wayes were dangerous narrow compassed on the one side with that Sea on the other side with high Mountaines that no Horse can passe or go for the space of four leagues for the way is so narrow strōg that a few mē be able to kéepe it against al the hostes of the world And K. Alexander perceiuing that by no meanes he coulde passe would likewise make prouision that the people of that Countrey might not passe to him And made there a greate strong Tower which is called the Tower and gate of yron In this Prouince of the Georgians be many Cities and townes there they do make great plēty of cloth of gold of silke in great abundance for they haue greate plentie of silke And there doe bréede the goodlyest and best Hawkes in the world And the Countrey is plentifull of all things néedefull They liue there by the trade of Merchandise and by labour of the Countrey Through all this Countrey is greate Mountaynes and the way narrow and strong and many welles and for this cause the Tartars can neuer haue the vpper hand of them There is a Monast●rie of Monckes of the order of Saint Bernarde and hard by the Monasterie there is a water that descendeth from the Mountayne in the which they find no fishe but in Lent and then they do take it in greate plentie from the firste day of Lent till Easter euen The place is called Geluchelan and hath sixe hundred Miles compasse and it is from the Sea twelue dayes iourney and this water entreth into Euphrates whyche is one of the foure principall Riuers whiche come from Paradice terrenall and commeth out of India and is deuided into many branches and doth compasse those hilles From thence they bring a silke called Gella Now I haue declared vnto you the partes of Armenia which be towards the North and now I wil declare vnto you of others their neyboures which be towards the South and West Of the parties of Armenia tovvards the South and of the Kingdome of Mosull CHAP. 9. MOsull is a great Kingdome in the which dwell many generations of people called Arabies and all be of the secte of Mahomet although there be some Christians called Iacobites and Nestorians and these haue by themselues a Patriarke called Iacobia and he dothe institute Bishops Archbishops Abbots Priestes and other Religious men There is made cloth of gold and of silke which

speake the Persian tong and honour Idols They haue scant of victuals From this Ilande you can not sée the North Starre little nor muche Beyonde it standeth the Realme of Ferlech The people are Moores They do honor Martin Piniolo which is Mahomet There dwell others in the Mountaynes that haue no kind of law They doe liue as beastes honouring the first thing that they do sée in the morning as their god They doe eate all kinde of dead fleshe and the fl●sh of man caring not howe nor yet after what sorte it dyeth Of the realme named Bassina and of the Vnicornes and other wilde beastes CHAP. 111. GOing from Ferlech you come vnto the realme of Bassyna wher the people are without law liuing as beastes being subiect at their will vnder the gret Cane although they do giue him no tribute sauing that at sometimes when it pleaseth them they do sende vnto him some strāge thing In this realme there be Apes of diuerse sorts and Vnicornes little lesse than Elephants hauing a head like vnto a swyne and alwayes hanging it downward to the grounde and standeth with a good will in Cieno or miery puddel They haue but one horne in their forehead wherby only they are called Vnicornes theyr horne is large and blacke their tong is rough and full of prickles long and thicke The Apes of this country are small hauing a face like vnto a childe and those in that countrey do flaye them so that they looke like vnto a naked childe They séeth it and dresse it with swéete spices so that they haue no euil ayre nor strong sent and so sodden they doe sende them aboute in the worlde to sell saying they be sodden children In this countrey there be haukes as blacke as Rauens very strong and good to hauke with Of the realme named Samara and of many straunge things that are founde in the sayd countrey CHAP. 112. GOing from the Realme of Baxina you ●nter into the realme of Samara beyng ●n this same Iland where I Marcus ●aulus was fiue moneths by fortune of weather and for feare of the euill peop●e of that countrey for the most parte ●here liueth vppon mans fleshe From hence you sée not the North starre nor yet the other stars that rule the principal winde the people there are rustical and worshippe Idols there is singular good fish they haue no wine but they get it in this wise They haue manye trees like vnto the paulme trée they breake the braunches and from them commeth water as it commeth from the vyne This licour is white and redde like vnto Wine béeing very perfect to drinke there is great plentie of it Another realme there is in this Iland which is named Deragoya the people are rusticall and worship Idols They haue no king and speake the Persian speach In this Iland there groweth great plentie of the Indian nuts They haue this custome in this Iland that when any falleth sicke his kinsfolke demaunde of them if the patient shall liue or dy Then these maisters make Diuellish inchauntments if they say that he shall escape they let him lye and if they say that he shall dye they sende for the Butchers whiche stoppe his breath till he dye and when he is deade they séeth the bodie ▪ and the parents eate the flesh and kepe his bones in a chest Thys they do saying if the wormes had eaten the fleshe they should die for hunger and the soule of the deade bodie shoulde iuffer greate penurie in the other world They do hide this chest with the bones in a caue of the mountaines so that it maye not be founde All the straungers that they doe finde they kil and eate them if they be not ransomed for money as soone as they take them Of the Kingdome named Lambry and of the straunge things there founde and of the realme Samphur and of the things founde there CHAP. 113. LAmbry is another realme in this Ilande where there is great plentie of spices The people are Idolaters In this realme there be men that haue feathers about their priuities great and bigge and of the length of a goose quill The fift realme of this Iland Iaua is named Samphur where there is found the best Camphore that is in the world and it is solde for the waight of gold here they do vse the Wine of trées In this prouince there is a kinde of great trée and it hath a very thinne ryne and vnder the ryne it is full of singular meale and of thys meale they do make perfect meats of the which I Marcus paulus did eat many times Of tvvo Ilandes and of the euill liuing and beastlynesse of the people CHAP. 114. GOing from Lambry sayling 140. myles towardes the North you come vnto two Ilands the one is named Necumea and the other Nangania The people of Necumea liue like beastes the men and women go naked couering no part of their secrets they do vse carnallye like beasts or dogs in the stréets or wheresoeuer they doe finde without any shame at all hauing no difference nor regard the father vnto the daughter nor the sonne vnto the mother more than vnto another woman but euery one doth as he lusteth or may Here there be mountaines of Sandolos or Saūders and of nuts of India and of Gardamonia and many other spyces Nangama is the other Ilande it is fayre and great The people therof are Idolaters they liue beastly and eate mens flesh they are very cruel they` haue heades lyke great Mastie dogges and the men and women haue téeth like dogs In this Ilande there is great plentie of spices Of the Iland Saylan and many noble things which be founde there CHAP. 115. AFter that you go from Nangana you go towarde the Occident and declynyng against Arbyno about ten hundred myles you come vnto the Iland of Saylan whiche is the beste and the greatest Iland in the world being in compasse thirtie thousand myles In this Iland there is a very rich king the people are Idolatours and they goe all naked in this Ilande sauing that they do weare a linnen cloth before their secretes There is great plentie of Rice and of cattel and of the Wyne of trées In this Iland are founde the best Rubies that bée in the worlde and they be founde in no other place than here And here there be founde manye precious stones as Topases Amatistes and of diuerse other kindes Thys king hath the fairest Rubie in the world the length of a spanne and is as thicke as ones arme as redde as fire glistering without any blemmish The men of this countrey are wonderfull leacherous and they are worth nothing for the warres Of the prouince named Moabar vvherin there be fiue kingdomes and of the noble things that be founde there CHAP. 116. PAssing from thys sayde place and trauelling towardes the Occident fortie myles you come vnto a greate prouince nam●d Moabar in the great India This is the greatest and the best

prouince that is in the world standing in the firme land being an excellent regigion There is in thys prouince Margarites verye fayre and great This prouince is diuided into fiue kingdomes wherevpon raigneth fiue brethren legitimate In the first beginning of this prouince standeth the firste kingdome gouerned by one of those fiue brethren named Sendarba and is entituled as king of Nor here is fine great pearles in great number This king hath the tenth of all the pearls whych are founde in his kingdome The fishermen do fish these pearles from the beginning of April vntill the middest of May in a gulfe of the Sea where there is greate plentie of them they are founde in the Oysters The men and women of this realme goe all naked sauing that they do weare a certaine cloth to couer theyr priuities Also the king goeth naked and to be knowen he weareth about his necke a lace full of precious stones whyche are in number a hundereth foure in the remembrance of a hundreth foure prayers that he vseth to say in the honour of his gods morning and euening and on his armes legges féete and téeth he weareth so manye precious Stones that tenne riche Cities be not able to paye for them This king hath fiue hundreth wiues and one of them he toke from his brother In this realme there be verye faire women of themselues also they do vse paynting s●tting more beautie vnto their faces and on their bodies Thys king ha●h alwayes a greate companie with him to serue him when the king dyeth they burne his bodye and with him of their owne voluntarie willes all those that accompanied and serued him in his life time leape into the fire and burne themselues with him saying that they do go to beare their king companie in the other world and liue as they did here in this worlde Yerely this King buyeth tenne thousande horses of the countrey named Cormos at the price of fiue ounces of gold euery horse some more some lesse according vnto the goodnesse and beautie of the horse The merchaunts of Quinsay of Suffer and of Beden sell those horses vnto the merchauntes of this realme These horses lyue not in this prouince aboue one yeare by this meanes that king consumeth a greate part of his treasure in horses In this countrey they doe vse this custome that is when a man is condemned to dy he is begged of the Prince that he maye kill himselfe and when they haue obtayned the kings good will he killeth himselfe in the loue and honour of his Idols After thys wise hauing obtayned the kings grace and fauour the wife of this malefactour and kinred taketh him tying about his necke twelue kniues and in this manner he is carried by them vnto a place of iustice where he crieth as lowde as he may saying I doe kill my selfe in the honour and for the loue of suche an Idoll and with one of these kniues striketh himselfe and then with another vntyll such time as he falleth downe deade this done hys parents with great ioye and gladnesse burne the dead body thinking that he is happy In this countrey euerye man hath as many wiues as he is able to maintain whē the husbande dyeth according vnto their custome his bodie is burnt and ●is wiues of their owne frée willes burne themselues with him and shée that leapeth firste into the fire the beholders take hir to be the best They are all Idolaturs and for the more part of them worship the Oxe saying he is a Sainct for that he laboureth and tilleth the grounde where the corne growth and so by no manner of meanes they will eate anye kinde of Oxe fleshe nor yet for all the golde in the world will they kill an Oxe and when any Oxe dyeth with his tallow they do rubbe al the insides of their houses These people descende of those that killed Saint Thomas the Apostle and none of them can enter into Sainct Thomas Churche whiche he edified in that countrey besides this if one will presume to enter into the Temple he falleth streight deade It hath bene proued oftentimes that some of them would enter perforce into the Church and it hath not bin possible for them doe it The king and those of this prouince eate alwayes vpon the ground and if it be demaunded of them by question why they doe so they doe aunsweare for that they doe come of the earth and to the earth they muste and they cannot doe so much honour vnto the Earth as is worthy In thys prouince there groweth nothing else but Rice these people go naked vnto the warres hauing no other weapon but speare and shield and they kill no wilde beastes at all for their eating but they cause some other that is not of their lawe to kill them All the men and women do wash themselues twice aday morning and euening for otherwise they dare neyther eate nor drinke and he that should not kepe this vse among them shoulde be reputed to bée and Hereticke and they do washe themselues in thys manner as we haue rehearsed they goe all naked and so they go vnto the riuer and ●ake of the water and powre it vpon their heads and then one doth helpe to washe another They are good men of warre and verye fewe of them drinke wine and those that doe drinke it are not taken to be as a witnesse nor yet those that go vnto the Sea saying that the Marriners are dronkards They are desperate men and estéeme lecherie to be no sinne This countrey is intollerable hote and the boyes go altogither naked It neuer rayneth in that Countrey sauing in Iune Iuly and August In this Region there be many Philosophers and many that vse Negromancie and verye manie of them that tell fortunes There be Hawkes as blacke as Rauens bigger than ours and good to kill the game Also there be Owles as bigge as Hennes that flye in the ayre all night Many of those men doe offer their children vnto those Idols that they haue most respect vnto and when they worship and feast those Idols they do cause to come before them all the yong men and maydes whiche are offered vnto them and they doe sing and daunce before the Idols and this done they do cause their meate to be broughte thither and they doe eate the flesh saying that the smell of the flesh filleth the Idols Of the Realme named Musuly vvhere there be found Adamants and many Serpents and of the manners of those in that Countrey CHAP. 117. MVsuly is a Region that standeth beyonde Moabar trauelling towards Septentrion which is the North .1000 miles The people of this Realme worship Idols And in the Mountaynes of this Countrey there be found fine Adamants And after they haue had muche rayne the men goe to séeke them in the streames that runne from the Mountaynes and so they do find the Adamants whiche are brought from the Mountaynes in Sommer when the dayes are

They do delight muche to sée children and for to sée them they come where men be Their heads when they be layde séeme like to Celes heads and when he lifteth vp his head it séemeth bigger It hath at the hinder partes a face like to a man and as though it were paynted of diuers couloures They doe take them by inchantments which the people vse muche there and carrie them to be séene and doe no hurt to anye body Also there is in this Prouince and in the nexte adioyning named Susynaria another kind of Serpēts which hath foure féete and a long tayle lyke mastyes They doe take them hunting and eate them for they doe no hurte and are to eate as amongst vs the Hinde or wilde Goate The people say they are good meate Their Skinnes be of diuers couloures and those people vse them for diuers couerings for it is very fayre to behold Also there be other Serpentes of a maruellous figure in that Countrey of the length of one cubite with wings like vnto Battes They haue seauen heads ordinarily sette of the length of his bodye They dwell among the trées and are of a swifte flighte The yare more venomous than the other that onely with their breath they kill a man Also there be Cattes of the Mountayne that flye for they haue a small skinne from the backe vnto the bellie ouer all theyr body and féete whyche is gathered vp when they are still and when they will flye they spredde it and moue it lyke wings leaping from one trée vnto another The Hunters do follow them till they be wéerie with flying that they fall downe and so are taken Also there is in this Countrey a trée named Cachy that of the troncheon there groweth a fruite lyke vnto a Pyne but it is so great that a man can scarce beare it The hull is gréene and harde but it is of suche a sorte that if you thrust it with your finger it gyueth place It hath within it two hundred and fiftie or thrée hundred Apples like vnto Figges They are of a pleasante tast and are separated with a very thinne rine The hull within is like vnto the Chestnut in hardnesse and sauoure and in like maner they are rosted They are windie so that if they be putte into the fire except they be cut they will start out They do giue the vtter rine vnto the Oxen to eate Sometimes they fynde this fruite vnder grounde in the rootes of the trées and those be of a pleasanter tast therefore they doe vse to presente them vnto the Kings and Nobles The fruite within hath no rine This trée is muche like vnto a great Figge trée the leaues are like vnto the leaues of Platanos or ragged The wodde is like vnto Bore therefore it is hadde in estimation and is vsed aboute manye things Also there is another fruite named Amba verye gréene like vnto a Walnut but bigger than a Peache The rine is bitter and within it hath the sauour of hony They lay them in water before they ripe and dresse them as we doe the gréene Olyues for to eate From Coloen he wente thrée dayes iourney vnto a Citie named Cochin it is fiue myles in compasse scituated at the entring of a Riuer of the whiche it hath the name and sayling a certayne time vpon the Riuer he saw manye fiers and nettes fast by the Riuer and thought there had bin fishermen and he demaunded what those fishermen did with those fires euery nighte and those of that Coūtrey gaue him answere yeepe yeepe that is to say they were fishes or monsters hauing humane forme that on the daye time liued in the water and in the night they doe come out of the water and gather wodde togither and make a fyre striking one stone agaynste another whiche Monsters did take and eate fishe for there woulde come manye vnto the lighte of the fire and sometimes there is taken some of them and there is found no difference in them from other men and women In this Region the frutes are like vnto those of Col●en Beyond this there standeth another Citie named Calonguria standing at the entring of another Riuer into the Sea and beyond there standeth Paluria and Malyancora and this name among them signifyeth a great Citie it is nine miles in compasse He wente through all those and came vnto Colychachia a City standing vpon the Sea coaste it is eyght miles in compasse it is the most noble in trade of Merchandise that is in all India There is héere very much Pepper Laccar Ginger grosse Sinamon and other spices Aromatike and of a swéete sauoure Only in this region the woman taketh as many husbands as she listeth and the husbands agrée among themselues what eache shall giue towardes the mayntenance of the wife Euery husband is in his owne house and when he goeth vnto his wife he setteth a signe at the dore and when another of them commeth and séeth the signe he goeth another way The children are the husbands that the wife listeth to giue them vnto The sonne dothe not inherit his fathers lande but hys sonnes sonne From hence he trauelled ●iftéene dayes tyll hée came to a Citie called Cambayta standing néere the Sea. It is twelue miles in compasse towardes the Occidente There is plentye of Espico Nardo or Lacca Indico or Gome Laka Myrabolanos Crewill There is héere a certayne kind of Priestes whiche are named Bachales hauing but one wife a péece and she by their law is burnt with hir husband This kind of people eateth no flesh but onely fruites of the grounde and Rice milke and hearbes Here be many wilde Oxen they haue manes like vnto Horses but longer and his hornes are so long that when he turneth his heade they reache vnto his tayle and for that they be so bigge they doe vse them in steade of bottels to drinke in by the waye Returning to Colicuchia hée passed vnto an Iland named Secutera whiche standeth towards the Occident distant from the mayne lande a hundreth myles It is sixe hundreth myles in compasse and it is replenished for the most parte with Christians Nestorians Heretickes Right against this Iland no more thā fiue myles there standeth two Ilands a thousande myles distant the one from the other the one is of men the other of women sometimes the men passe vnto the women and sometimes the women go ouer vnto the men and they returne backe vnto their Ilande before sixe moneths for if they shoulde tarrie any longer they thinke shoulde dye From hence he passed by sea vnto a Citie named Adena in fiue days which hath many edifications and from thence in seauen dayes he wente vnto Ethiopia vnto a hauen named Barbara and from thence in a monthes sayling he came vnto the redde sea vnto a hauen called Byonda and from thence he sayled two monthes with great difficultie and landed in a countrey neare vnto mounte Sinay from thence trauelling through the deserts he came