Selected quad for the lemma: water_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
water_n	fish_n	great_a	sea_n	3,519	5	6.8793	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A03069	Foure bookes of husbandry, collected by M. Conradus Heresbachius, counseller to the hygh and mighty prince, the Duke of Cleue: conteyning the whole arte and trade of husbandry, vvith the antiquitie, and commendation thereof. Nevvely Englished, and increased, by Barnabe Googe, Esquire; Rei rusticae libri quatuor. English	Heresbach, Conrad, 1496-1576.; Googe, Barnabe, 1540-1594.	1577 (1577)	STC 13196; ESTC S103974	336,239	412

where the springes feede them and of great profite the other neare to the Sea where Neptune doth yeelde them both store of water and Fishe for examples may serue the Fish-ponds of Hortensius whiche rather pleased the eye then the purse The best making of Pondes is eyther by the sea as Lucullus who to let in the Sea into his ponds made a passage through the midest of a great hill whereby he thought him selfe as great a Lorde of Fishe as Neptune him selfe or els to haue them feede from some great streame or Riuer that may bring in both water and Fish which by Fludde or Sluse may let in alwayes freshe water not suffering the old to corrupt but alway refreshing it and bringing more Fishe The next in goodnesse are those that are fedde with Pipes or secrete passages vnder the ground may be let out agayne by Sluse which Sluses must so be made as whē you lift you may let the water into your Meddowes to make them more fruitefull as is to be scene in the countreys of the Swytches and Heluetians and in many other places And therefore the waters as I said must be well enclosed with good Bayes Bankes and Wales that they may be able to abide the rage of the fluddes and the water The worst and last kind is such as are made in Lakes standing Pooles and Rayne waters These kind of pondes though they be the worst by reason of theyr vncleane stinking and corrupt water yet where there is no better are to be made account of for though they be not the holsomest for keeping of Fishe yet they yeelde some commoditie and are most necessary about the house eyther for watering of Cattell keeping of Beefe and Duckes and washing and other like vses but yf so be you can make them eyther by the Sea or neare s●me great Riuer so as the water may be let in and out at your pleasure and when so euer you open the Sluses to let out the w●ter Be sure that you haue them well grated that the Fishe can by no meanes passe through and let the passages yf the place wyll suffer it be made on euery side the Pond for the old water wyll best voyde when so euer the streame bendes the currant lye agaynst it These Sluses or passages you must make at the bottome of the Ponds yf the place wyll so serue that laying your leuell with the bottome of the Pond you may discerne the Sea or Riuer to lye seuen foote higher for this Columella thinkes wyll be a sufficient leuell for your Pond and water yenough for your Fishe Howbeit there is no doubt the deeper the water comes from the Sea the cooler it is wherein the Fishes most delight And yf so be the place where you meane to make your Pond lye leuell with the brym of the Sea or the Riuer you must dygge it nine foote deepe and lay your currant within two foote of the toppe and so order it as the water come in abundantly for the olde water lying vnder the leuell of the Sea wyll not out agayne except a greater rage come in but for the Pond that is subiect to the fludde and the ebbe it is yenough yf it be but two foote deepe In the bankes and sides of these Ponds you must haue Busshes and Creeke holes for the Fishe to hide them in from the heate of the Sunne besides old hollowe trees and rootes of trees are pleasant and delightfull harbours for Fishe And yf you can hansomely conuay them it is best to bring from the Sea little Rockes with the weedes and all vppon them and to place them in the middest of your Ponds and to make a young Sea of them that the Fishe may skarsly knowe of theyr imprisonment About Turwan in Fraunce and in other places you shall finde in Loughes and Rayne waters euen in the wyldernesse and Heathes great abundance of Fishe In diuers places of the lowe countreys where they haue theyr Ponds fedde with the Riuer which they may shutte out at theyr pleasure they so order them as they be eyther enuironed or deuided with deeper Ditches wherein the Fishe doth liue in the Sommer time and the rest of the ground betwyxt the Ditches the water being voyded and kept out by Sluses and Bankes is sowed with sommer corne and after haruest the water let in agayne whereby the ground being wonderously enritched dooth yeelde great croppes of Barly and Sommer corne and as the Poet sayth for the land so may be sayde for the water Not euery ground for euery seede ● but regarde must be had what for euery one meete The Romanes keepe in theyr Ponds Lampryes Oysters Luces Mullettes Lamporns Guyltheddes and all other Fishe besides that are vsed to be kept in freshe waters Ponds for Oysters were fyrst deuised by Sergius Orata at the Baynes about the time of L. Crastus the Oratour before the battayl of Marsie not so much for delicasie but for his commoditie and gayne Cocles and Musles were kept in Ponds by Fuluius Hirpinus Moreouer diuers Fishes delight in diuers places The best Pykes and Luces were thought to be in the Ryuer of Tyber betwyxt the two brydges the Turbottes at Rauenna the Lampreys in Sicylli so Riuers Lakes Pooles and Seas in some places haue better Fishe then in others Whereto to returne to my Fishponds from whence I came neyther may all sortes of Fishes be kept in euery one for some sortes are Grauellers delighting only in Grauelly Stony and Sandy waters as Menowes Gudgi●s Bullheddes Ruffes Trowtes Perches Lamporns Creuisses Barbylls and Cheuins Others delight agayne in Muddy places seeking euer to lye hyd in the Mud as the Tench the Ele the Breame the Carpe and such others Some agayne delight in both as the Pyke the Luce the Carpe the Breame the Bleake and the Roach The Grauelly Fishes specially the Menowes are ingendred of Sheepes doung layed in small baskettes in the bottome of a grauelly Riuer The Luce or Pyke groweth as likewyse dooth the Carpe to be great in a short time as in three or foure yeeres and therefore in such Ponds as haue neyther the Sea nor Riuer comming to them we vse euery fourth or thyrd yeere to drawe the ol● and to store them with young And in these parts we cheefely store them with Carpe hauing small Ponds and Stewes for the purpose to keepe them in so as you may come by them at your pleasure Thus much I thought good to declare vnto you touching my profession let vs now see what you MELISSEVS can say for your Bees and your Hony MELISSEVS Because I wyll not haue our discourse of husbandry depriued and maymed of such a profitable member whose vse may in al places be they neuer so desart or barren be had I thinke it good as a conclusion to the whole to shewe you for my part the manner of keeping and ordering of Bees for the good husband by cherishing of them picketh out many times

are set in Gardens for the pleasure of them and for the sauour doo garnishe the sayde Gardens and serue also for other purposes Of Rosemarie I spake before I wyll nowe proceede with these that growe before my feete Lauender called in Latine Lauanda or Lauendula that groweth in border● about the beddes in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and keepeth the Latine name in other tongues dooth growe in wylde places and stonie it is set of the slippes remooued it groweth to Spike in Iune and in Iuly is geathered and tyed in bundels for the sauour the flowre is distilled for sweete waters Flowregentle in Latine Amaranthus in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 though it haue no sauour at all yet hath it a delightfull beautie to the eye the Frenchemen for the fayrenesse of the colour excelling both crimson and purple in grayne doo call it Passeuelleurs the Italians Fioruelu●o because it contendeth in colour with crimson in grayne it loueth to be often geathered and plucked whereby it springeth the better the flowres after they be dead with a little water come againe to theyr colour it is called Amaranthus because it dyeth not THRA Here foloweth Lauendercotten MARIVS This Lauendercotten in Greeke is called as Plinie supposeth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as it were the little Cypres some call it Santonia female Sothernewood in Dutch it is called Cypressen in Frenche Cyprez it groweth commonly in Gardens springing euery yeere Myrtel in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Myrtus in Italian Myrto in Spanishe Araihan in Frenche M●inte in Dutch Welsch●heidelberr the leaues are not much vnlike to the leaues of the Oliue tree something smaller with sclender branches and leaues growing in order one by another as you see with blacke berries and leaued like the Pomegranate It groweth alwayes greene it is set and sowed both of the seede the slippe and the stocke but you must styll rayse vp y earth about it til it be throughly rooted Some sowe the berries being a little beaten and couered in Furrowes of ●arth it delighteth in continuall weeding so groweth it to a handsome heygth meete to shaddowe Herbers it loueth to be watred with the vrine of men or of sheepe This onely is to be woondred at that of the li●our thereof alone may be made all sortes of wine and oyle Cato teacheth to make wine of the berries being dryed and put in water honnie sodden togeather yf they be not dryed they come to oyle howe the wine of them is made Dioscorides sufficiently declareth Plinie reporteth that Cato made three sortes of Myrtels white blacke and a thirde kinde that he calleth coni●gale it delighteth to growe by the Sea bankes as Seruius sayth it groweth at this day commonly in Italie along by the Sea coastes THRA Oh what sweete and goodly Gelyflowres are here You may truely say that Solomon in all his princely pompe was neuer able to attayne to this beautie some of them glitter with a perfect crimson dye some with a deepe purple and some with a passing beautifull carnation I marueyle the olde wryters knewe nothing of these in their time MARIVS There are some that suppose to be a kinde of Garden Betony which the Gardner feiching out of the feelde and thrusting Cloues into the rootes of them with diligent planting haue brought to this excellencie others thinke it to be called Vetonica of the Spaniardes who fyrst found it Some thinke it to be O●nanthe because it flowreth with the Uine it delighteth in warme sonny ground it is sowed seeldome of seede but commonly sette of the slippes as I sayde of Rosemarie The Gardners in the end of Sommer doo take the rootes and set them in pannes pottes or payles and when the frostes come they carrie them into their sellers and in fayre warme dayes bring them abroade agayne and suffer them to be nowe or then watred with the rayne It hath been often seene that in such vaultes or sellers they haue flowred all the Winter long through warmenesse of the place some set bowes about them and couer them with strawe and horse doung to preserue them agaynst the colde it often happeneth that one roote beareth one yere white flowre and redde the third speckled or Carnation THRA Loe yonder are Roses growyng in borders and made in a maze doo they growe of the seede or of the sette MARIVS Roses called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Ros● and in all other languages as in Latine are diuersly planted sometime of the rootes sometime of the branches being cutte in small settes and planted a foote a sunder Some wrethe them in Garlandes and so sette them to haue them smel the pleasanter The vse of sowing of them is best howe be it they wyll very well growe of the seede though it be long eare they spring therfore they set them of settes a foote in length i● n●yther delighteth in riche or moyst ground b●t is well contented to growe amongst rubbishe and vnder walles The places where they must grow● must be dygged deeper then come grounde and not so deepe as the Uineyard the Rose is rather a thorne then a plant and groweth vppon the very brambles it commeth fyrst out in a little budde long sharpe beard w●iche after they be opened it discloseth it selfe and spreadeth abrode with a yellowe heary tuske in the middest Plinie maketh mention of sundry sortes of them one sort he calleth Milesia hauyng an oryent and fyerie colour an other Alabandica with white leaues and S●erm●nia the base●t sort of all the dam●s●e and the white are vsed for sweete waters they differ in roufnesse pricles colour and smell There are that haue but onely fyue leaues and others with an hundred leaues neyther good in beautie nor in smell the roufnesse of the rynde as Plinie sayth is a sygne of the sauour There are some little pale ones called Carnation Prouincers these doo woonderfully growe where they once are planted and haue a most excellent sauour R●ses are vsed to be sette in Februarie which is eyther done with the seede or the sette planted in little furrowes The seedes as ●a●adius sayth are not the little yellowe thynges in the ●●ddest of the Rose but the graynes that growe within the redde riped berrie the ripenesse whereof is deemed by the sworthinesse and the softnesse of the berrie where they once are planted they continue long and after they dye they sende ou● newe buddes and springes If you lacke settes and woulde of a fewe haue a great number take the branches that begin as it were to shewe their buddes and cuttyng them in sundry sets foure or fyue syngers in length set them in good grounde well dounged and watred and when they be of a yeeres growth take them vp and set them a fo●te a sunder proyne them and trimme them with often digging about them Roses must styll be cutte for the more you cutte them

wylde Oke serueth also well in water woorkes so it be not neare the sea for there it endureth not by reason of the saltnesse it wyll not be pearced with any Augur except it be wette before neyther so wyll it suffer as Plinie sayth any Nayle driuen in it to be plucked out agayne The Mastholme in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a tree well knowen in Italy the wood whereof is tough and strong and of colour like a darke redde meete as Hesiodus sayth to serue for Plow shares it may also be made in Waynscot and Payle boorde The Larsh tree in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Larice in Dutch Lerchenbaura was in the olde time greatly esteemed about the Riuer Poe and the Gulfe of Veniz not onely for the bitternesse of the sappe whereby as Vitruuius sayth it is free from corruption and woormes but also for that it wyll take no fyre which Mathiolus seemeth with his argumentes to confute It is good to susteyne great burdens and strong to resist any violence of weather howbeit they say it wyll rotte with salt water The Escle is a kinde of Oke called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Esclus is soone hurt with any moysture the Elme the Wyllowe and the Poplar whereof I haue spoken before wyll very soone rotte and corrupt they wyl serue wel yenough within doore and for making of Hedges The Elme continueth very hard and strong and therfore is meete for the cheekes and postes of Gates and for Gates for it wyll not bowe nor warpe but you must so dispose it that the top may stand downeward it is meete as Hesiodus sayth to make Plow handles of The Ashe as Theophrastus sayth is of two sortes the one tall strong white and without knottes the other more ful of sappe ruggedder and harder The Bay leafe as Plinie sayth is a poyson to all kinde of cattell but herein he is deceiued as it should appeare by the likenesse of the name for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is the young tree whose leaues as is certainely tryed killeth all such beastes as chawe not the cudde Ashe besides his manifolde vse otherwayes maketh the best and fayrest horsemens staues whereof was made the staffe of Achilles whiche Homer so greatly commendeth it is also cutte out in thinne boordes The Beeche whereof I haue spoken before although it be brittle and tender and may so be cut in thinne boordes and bent as he seemeth to serue onely for Caskettes Boxes and Coff●●s his colour being very fayre yet is he sure and trusty in ●earing of weyght as in ●xeltrees for Cartes or Waynes The bark● of the Beech was vsed in the olde time for vessels to geat●er Grapes in and other fruite and also for Cruettes and vessels to doo sacrifyce withall and therefore Cu●i●s sware that he brought nothing away of all the spoyle of his enimies but one poore Beechen Cruet wherein he might sacrifyce to his gods The Alder is a tree with a strayght body a soft reddish wood growing commonly in watry places it is cheefely esteemed for fund●tions and in water woorks because it neuer rotteth lying in the water and therefore it is greatly accounted of among the Uenetians for the fundations of their places and houses for being driuen thicke in pyles it endureth for euer and susteyneth a wonderful w●●ght The rinde is plucked of in the Spring and serueth the Dy●r in his occu●ation it hath lyke knottes to the Cedar to be cut and wrought in The Plane tree is but a stranger and a newe come to Italy brought thyther onely for the commodi●ie of the shadowe keeping of the sunne in Sommer and letting it in in Winter There are some in Athens as Plinie sayth whose branches are .36 cubites in breadth in Lycia● there is one for greatnesse like a house the shaddowe place vnderne●th conteyning ●1 ●oote in bignesse the tymber with his s●ftness ●at● his vse but in water as the Alder but dryer then 〈…〉 the Ashe the Mu●bery and ●he Chery The Lynder in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so in Italian in Spanish La●era in Dutch Lyndon this tree ●h●ophras●u● counteth best for the woorkeman by reason of his softnesse it breedeth no woornes and hath be●wixt the barke and the wood sundry little ryndes ●●ereof they were woont in ●linie● time to make Ropes and Wythes The ●yrch is very beautiful and fayre the inner rinde of the tree called in Latine Liber was vsed in the olde time in steade of paper to wryte vpon and was bound vp in volumes whereof bookes had fyrst the name of Libri the twigges and bowes be small and bending vsed to be carried before the Magistrate among the Romanes at this day terrible to poore boyes in schooles The Elder tree called of Dioscoridus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Sambucus in Italian Sambuco in Spanish Sauco in French Suseau in Dutch Hollenter doo●h of all other trees soonest and easelist growe as experience besides Theophrastus dooth teache vs and though it be very full of pith yet the wood is strong and good it is hollowed to diuers vses and very light staues are made of it It is strong and tough when it is dry and being laide in water the rynde commeth of as soone as he is dry The Elder wood is very hard and strong and cheefely vsed for Bare speares the roote as Plinie sayth may be made in thinne boordes The Figge tree is a tree very wel knowen and fruitefull not very hye but somewhat thicke as Theophrastus sayth a cubite in compasse the tymber is strong and vsed for many purposes and sithe it is soft and holdeth fast what so euer stickes in it it is greatly vsed in Targettes Bore tree in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Italian Boxo in Spanishe Box in Frenche Bouys in Dutch Busthaum an excellent tree and for his long lastyng to be preferred before others The Box that turned is sayth Virgil. Iuniper called both of Theophrastus and Diosco●ides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it driueth away vermine for with his sauour Todes and Snayles and suche lyke are driuen away in Latine it is called Iuniperus in Italian Ginipro in Spanishe Euebro in French Geueure in Dutch Wachoi●er it is very like to the Cedar but that it is not so large nor so hye though in many places it groweth to a great heygth the tymber wherof wyll endure a hundred yeeres And therefore Hanibal commaunded that the temple of Diana should be built with rafters and beames of Iuniper to the ende it might continue It also keepeth fyre a long time insomuch as it is saide the coles of Iuniper kindled haue kept fyre a yeere togeather the gumme whereof our Painters vse The Cedar tree in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Cedrus and almost like in other tongues the hardnesse of this tymber is onely praysed and that it wyll neither rotte nor

the last yeeres bringing foorth for the olde ones be neuer fruiteful One Cocke is sufficient for two Hennes they breede once a yeere and lay to the number of twentie Egges beginning in April and somewhere in March but they are better to be brought vp vnder a Henne so as you set vnder one Henne fifteene Egges obseruing the time of the Moone and the number of the dayes as I tolde you before of the Henne The thirtieth day they come foorth for the first fifteene dayes you must feede them with Barly floure tenderly sodde and cooled vpon which you must sprinckle a little Wine After you shall geue them Wheate Grashoppers and Antes Egges let them not come neare the water for catching the Pippe whiche yf they chaunce to haue you shall rubbe their billes with Garlicke stamped togeather with Tarre They are fatted in thirtie dayes with Wheate floure or Barly floure made in pellettes the pellettes must be sprinckled a little with Oyle and so put into their throtes you must take heede you put it not vnder their tongues for yf you doo you kill them neyther must you geue them any meate tyll you perceaue the first be digested PVLLARIVS What say you to Turtle Doues these are also brought vp and kept in some countreys CHENOBOSCVS Columella affirmeth that Turtles wyll neyther laye nor bring foorth in the house nor Partredges and therefore they vsed to take them wylde when they were full ripe and to feede and fat them in little darke roomes like Pigion holes the olde ones be not so good as neither the Pigion is In Winter you shall hardly haue them fatte in Sommer they wyl fatte of them selues so they may haue plentie of Wheate and Corne the water must be very cleare and freshe that you geue them They holde opinion that the Turtle after he hath lost his mate continueth euer after solitary But because there is greater store of Thrushes Blackbirds we care the lesse for keping of Turtles Though Thrushes and Blackbirdes be kept in diuers places yet as Plinie sayth there is in no place greater company then is taken in the Winter time in Germanie that they were vsed for great daynties appeare by Horrace No dayntier dishe then is the Thrush Nor sweeter then the Trype They are commonly dressed whole and not drawen for theyr inward partes may well be eaten so they be new theyr Crops are commonly full of Iuniper berryes M. Varro wryteth that Thrushes were in his time at twelue pence a peece Where they vse to keepe them they also put as many as they take wyld among the others that they brought vp before by whose company and fellowshyp they passe away the sorrowe of theyr prisonment and fall to theyr feeding for you must alwayes haue old fellowes for the purpose by whose example they may learne both to eate and drink They must haue houses warme as your Pigions haue crossed through w●th small Pearches for a●ter they haue flowen about or haue fedde they desire to rest The Pearches must be no higher then a mans heygth so as you may easely reache them standing vppon your feete The meate must be cast in such places of the house as lye not vnder the Pearches for filing of it Columella and Palladius wryte that vnripe Figges beaten and mingled with Wheate flowre must be geuen them that they may eate thereof theyr filles Aristotle maketh many kindes of them among which he also putteth the Colmons that feedeth vppon Grapes Our Thrushes doo feede for the most part vppon Iuniper berryes which theyr Crops being opened as I sayd doo shewe They vse also in many places to kepe Quailes which is rather a Byrde of the earth then of the ayre as Plinie sayth but because they feede vppon Elebor and venemous seedes and beside are vexed with the falling sicknesse many doo marueile as Athenaeus wryteth why they be so greatly esteemed They say their young must be fedde with Ants and Emets Egges as the Partryge It is thought that he flyeth ouer into other countreys in the Winter time as the Crane and the Storke doth following for theyr guyde the oldest Quaile called the mother Quaile PVLLARIVS You haue forgotten one noble and goodly Foule that is vsed to be brought vp in the husbandmans Ponds Lakes and Riuers I meane the Swanne CHENOBOSCVS You say trewe for this Byrde is commonly brought vp in the lowe countreys and kept in great numbers in Linconshyre a countrey replenished with Gentlemen of good houses and good house keepers And Athenaeus aledging the aucthoritie of Aristotle accounteth this Foule to be very fruitefull and of great stomacke so much as it is thought they dare geue battayle to the Egle. They are bredde and kept as you well sayd in Lakes Riuers and Fishponds without any charge at all and doo great good in the Riuers by plucking vp the weedes and other annoiances for the excellencie of his downe and dayntinesse of his fleshe he is greatly esteemed There is one excellent kind of them that taketh his name of the goo● watch that he keepeth and is alwayes cherished and kept in the Ditches of Citties and Fortresses for his great faithfulnesse in geuing warning They be kept almost in like manner as Geese are but that they vse to sitte longer sitting a whole moneth or there aboutes they bring foorth seeldome aboue eyght and so many did my Swannes bring me and sometime fiue They make theyr nestes hard by the water of Sedges Weedes and like stuffe theyr young ones they carry streyght into the Riuers If the Lakes and streames be frozen in winter you must house them This Byrd is counted among such as liue longest foreshewing her owne death as Plato and Martiall witnesse with a sweete and lamentable song Thus much concerning my profession I haue told I trust you that be my freendes wyll take it in good part and nowe PISSINARIVS I resigne my place to you to whose turne it is come PISSINARIVS It falleth out in good order that from talking of water Foules we should come to entreate of Fisheponds and Fishe although I doo meane to entreate larglyer both of keeping and taking of Fishe in my Halientycks but because the husbands house both for watering of cattell and other vses can not be without Ponds and Lakes and that euery house is not so seated as it hath earable ground about it it is lawfull for the husband to make his best aduantage of his Ponds and Waters The Noble men and Gentlemen of Rome were woont to buyld about theyr houses fayre Fysheponds and many times satisfied herein theyr pleasure with exceeding cost and expences as M. Varro wryteth of the sumptuous and costly Fyshponds of Hortensius Hircius and Lucullus M. Cato when he had the wardship of Lucullus made foure hundred pound of the Fyshe in his Pond The same Varro maketh mencion of two sorts of Fishponds the one of sweete water the other salt the one amongst the common people

a mans arme or more as the Wyllowe is Coppissed wooddes are commonly seuered into so many parcels as may serue for yeerely felling some still growing whyle others are a felling and because some of them growe faster then other some euery sort hath his place and his season appoynted Some are felled euery fourth yeere some euery fifth yeere as the Wyllowe the Poplar the Alder and the Byrche some once in seuen yeere as the Chestnut and some in more as the Oke It remayneth that I nowe shewe you the maner of felling of tymber and what tymber is meetest for euery woorke THRA I haue a great desyre to heare what time is meetest for felling of tymber whiche much auayleth as they say to the long enduring of it after I would knowe what tymber is meete for euery purpose MARIVS The season of felling no doubt is to great purpose whether it be for Tymber or Fewel for suche trees as are feld eyther in the spring or in sommer though they seeme dry without are notwithstand●ng full of moysture and wetnesse within whiche in burning wyll neuer make good fyre and therfore for Coppisse and fyre wood your best felling is in Winter and for building it is best cutting of your trees in December and Ianuarie the mo●ne being in the wa●e from the twentie to the thirtieth day Hee are there some that say they haue found by experience that trees being cut in Ianuarie are full of sappe and therefore thinke it better eyther to cut them before or after Cato sayth the best time is about the twelfth of December for the tymber tree that beareth fruite is be●t in season when his seede is ripe and that which hath no seede when it pilles it is time to cut Such as are flawed seruing for pillers of Churches or other rounde woorkes must be cut when they spring shyngles and suche as the Hatchet must flawe are to be cut betwixt midde Winter and the beginning of the Westerne windes Plinie affirmeth the best season for felling of tymber to be whyle the Moone is in coniunction with the Sunne Vitruuius an excellent fellowe in building dooth wyll you to fell your tymber from the beginning of Autume til the time that the Westerne windes begin to blowe the whiche windes begin to blowe as Plinie sayth about the sixth Ides of Februarie for in the spring all t●ees are as it were with childe and bend all their force to the putting out of their leafe and theyr fruite Since then they be sappy an● not sound by the necessitie of the season they are made by the reason of their loosenesse feeble and of no force euen as the bodyes of women after they haue conceaued from their conception tyl the time of their deliuerance are not iudged to be sound or perfite In like sort the trees in Autume when the fruite leaues begin to fall the rootes drawing from the earth theyr sufficient sustenance are restored agayne to their olde estate beside the force of the ayre in Winter dooth fasten and make sounde the trees and therefore is it then thought the best time to fell your tymber The maner of cutting of it is this fyrst to cut it tyll you come to the middle of the pith and so to let it stand that the sappe that is in it may dessend and droppe out so shall not the moysture within putrifie nor corrupt the tymber but passe clearely away When you haue cut it and you see it dry that it hath left dropping you may cut it downe and so shall you be sure it shall best serue your turne There are some maisters in building that thinke it best after you haue sawen out your tymber in boordes to lay them in water for three or foure dayes or yf they be of Beeche for a longer time eyght or niene dayes and being ordered in this wyse they shall neyther they say be rotten or woorme eaten THRA Now let vs heare what trees are best for tymber MARIVS There are diuers and sundry vses of tymber such as are barrayne are better then the fruiteful excepting those sortes where the male beareth as the Cypresse and the Cornel in all trees the partes that growe toward the North are harder and sounder whiche are almost couered with mosse as with a cloke against the colde the woorst are those that growe in shadowy and watrishe places the massyer and better during are they that growe against the Sunne and therfore Theophrastus deuideth all tymber into three sortes into clouen squared and round of whiche the clouen doo neuer rent nor coame for the pith being bared dryeth vp and dyeth they also endure long because they haue little moysture The squared and the rounde or the whole tymber doth coame and gape specially the round because it is fuller of pith and therefore renteth and coameth in euery place And suche hye trees as they vse for pillers and mayne postes they fyrst rubbe ouer with Bullockes doung to season them and to sucke out the sappe for the moysture doo alwayes come sooner then the dry and dry better to be sawed then the greene except the Oke a●d the Box that doo more fyll the teeth of the Sawe and resist it Some agayne refuse to be glued eyther with them selues or any other as the Oke which cleaueth as soone to a stone as any wood neyther doo they wel cleaue but to such as are of like nature to be bored the greene is woorser then the dry the light and the dry are harder to be cut for bandes wythes the Wyllowe the Brome the Byrch the Elme the Poplar the Uine the clouen Reede and the Bramble are best the Hasel wyll also serue but the best is the Wyllowe they haue also a certaine hardnesse and fairenesse meete to be vsed in grauen woorkes Among those that serue for tymber are most in vse the Fyrre the Oke the Pine the Larshe the Escle the Elme Wyllowe Cedar Cypresse the Box Byrch Plane tree Alder Ashe wylde Oke Da●e tree Beeche wylde Olyue Mastholme Walnut Maple and Holly and diuers others vsed according to their nature and the maner of the countrey where they growe The Fyrre tree whereof I haue also spoken before geueth out Rozin and his tymber is meete for diuers woorkes and greatly esteemed for his heygth and bignesse whereof are made the shippe mastes and pillers for houses for it is very strong and able to abide great force It is vsed also in building for great gates doore postes in fine good for any building within but not so well enduring without doores and very soone set afyre They vsed as Theophrastus sayth in the old time to make theyr Gallyes long Boates of Fyrre for the lightnesse sake and their shippes for burden of Pine tree and Oke Of Oke I haue spoken a little before the tymber whereof is best both for inward buildings and for the weather and also well enduring in the water Hesiodus would haue yokes made of Oke The