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water_n	fish_n	great_a	sea_n	3,519	5	6.8793	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A02293	A booke of the inuention of the art of nauigation and of the greate trauelles whiche they passe that saile in Gallies: compiled by the famous Sir Anthonie of Gueuara, bishop of Mondonnedo, preacher, chronicler, and counseller vnto the Emperour Charles the fift. Dedicated by the said authour, vnto the famous Sir Frances de la Cobos, great comptroller of Leon, and counseller vnto the said Emperour Charles the fift. Wherein are touched most excellent antiquities, and notable aduertisements for such as saile in Gallies.	Guevara, Antonio de, Bp., d. 1545?; Hellowes, Edward.	1578 (1578)	STC 12425; ESTC S115663	30,928	60

calme she prepareth a tempest and in time of tempest she prepareth a calme The sea is affectionate to some and appassionate with others for if she like to one she susteyneth life xx yeares and another she depriueth the first day The sea is a great enimie to al things that susteine humane life because her fishe is flegmatike her aire importune her water salt her humour hurtfull her sailing perillous The sea of as many as saileth in her holdeth none contented for she yéeldeth their bodies tyred with the grossenes of their life and their heartes alwayes in great carefulnes of some perillous tempest The sea of her owne condition maketh all stomaches hungrie but we may wel pardon her the appetite whiche she giueth to eate through the force which she vseth to make vs cast our gorge The sea entiseth or deceiueth any man to the end to enter or to commit trust vnto her for vnto all men she discouereth the monstruousnes of her fish the profunditie of her depths the swelling of her seas the contrarietie of her windes the crueltie of her rockes and fiercenes of her tormentes in such wise that such as be there lost be not cast away for want of aduisement but for certeine great dizards The sea suffereth her selfe of all men to be séene to be fished and to be sailed but ioyntly therewith she remoueth all iurisdiction from all men and from all sufficient power to chaunge her condition We say no more in this case but that To liue in the Gallie at the Seas God dispose it to whome it shall please Of the thinges which the passenger hath to prouide when he entereth the Gallie The ix Chapter SOmewhat being said of the priuileges of the Gallie and of the conditions of the sea there remaineth not but to speake of the necessarie prouision for Nauigation for it sufficeth not that the passenger be aduertised of all thinges from which he hath to saue himselfe but that also he enter prouided of all things necessarie It is a conuenient counsel for euery man that goeth to sea either in ship or Gallie not as an Infidel but as a Christian to commend himselfe vnto God for that the sailer leadeth his life in as great hazarde as if he should enter into a set battel Also it is a conuenient counsell that all manner persons before they enter the Sea do make their will declare their debtes accomplishe with their creditours repart their goods and reconcile them selues with their enimies because they may afterwards happen to finde them selues in so terrible a storme that for all the treasure of this worlde they would not be burdened with any scruple of conscience It is a conuenient counsell for the curious passenger either sailer tenne or fiftéene dayes before he goe aboorde to clense and euacuate his bodie either with Rossid Honnie Rosa Alexandrina good Canafistula or else with some perfect Pill for that naturally the Sea vseth more pitie with emptie stomaches then with such as are repleate oppressed with yll humors It is a conuenient counsell and no vnsounde aduise to saile in a Gallie of newe timber and that the Thoughtes thereof be worne smoothe for at the doubling of a point passing any race or gulffe or inuesting with another Gallie or at the chace of an armie or in some furious storme the newe Gallie is more light and nimble to bee gouerned both with saile and oares and best doth saue her selfe at Sea the smoothnesse of the Thoughtes helpeth much in rowing Also it is sounde counsell that before the passenger do imbarke he goe to visite and talke with the Capteine and to vse him with faire termes and no lesse courtesie which is to wéete if hee be aboorde to sende him some refreshing and if on land to banquet him or to accompanie him for as the Capteines of Gallies desire winde goe with the winde liue with the winde saile with the winde alwayes there cleaueth vnto them some tache of the winde wherewith they will of their friendes be honoured of their enimies feared and of their passengers serued It is sounde counsell that at the instant hee shall enter the Gallie he frame friendship with the Steward and Boteswane to haue licence to walke on hatches with some rower to attende him to make him neate with the Pylote to accept him with the Iustice for his fauour with the Cooke for his fire with the swéepers for attendaunce in the poope with the pages to rowe him to lande for if he holde them not all well pleased he is entred into the Gallie verie euil appointed It is also conuenient counsell before he be imbarked that he make him some garment that is strong and well furred more profitable then comely wherewith he may without losse vppon hatches lye downe in the Crossebowe roome climbe into the poope go on lande defende him selfe from heate succour him selfe from raine and also at night to vse it for his bedd for that garmentes in the Gallie ought rather to serue for profite then honour It is conuenient counsell that the curious and delicate passenger doe make his prouision of some halfe bed of a doubled shéete of a little mantell and no more but one pillowe for any man to carrie an whole and a greate bed into the Gallie is to giue occasion vnto some to deride and vnto others to laugh for on the day time there is no place to lay it and at night much lesse to spread and make it It is sounde counsell that for his prouision he haue white biskett olde Bacon good cheese powdered béefe and also some fatt hennes for these and suche other thinges he may not be excused to buy that goeth to Sea. It is sounde counsell that the worshipfull passenger make his prouision of some Barrell Butt or Skinne of good white wine of a yeare olde cleare and fragrant whereof after he hath discharged his gorge he shall more estéeme one droppe then at another time an whole Barrell and further the sauour thereof shall reforme his stomache and the smell comfort his head It is conuenient counsell for him that woulde eate cleanly to be prouided of some towell napkin pott pitcher and cuppe because these trifles are sildome solde in Gallies and much lesse borrowed It is sounde counsell especially for that person which is poareblinde that if he carrie any chest with prouision any Male with armour any Barrell with wine any packe with garmentes or any Caskett with writinges presently that he cause the Capteine to sée it the Pursser to register it and the Steward to saue it for that in the Gallie for scruple of conscience they leaue not from a néedle vpwardes It is sound counsell that he do verie well consider with whome he is conuersant with whome he entereth in whome he trusteth with whome he speaketh and also with whome he playeth for in the Gallie they are so handsome and aduised that if they finde the passenger but a little wittlesse there

this same wée shall be muche better gouerned by him that is of two yeares experience then by him that hath tenne of science The Theame of this our treatise which sayth To liue in the Gallie at the Seas God dispose it to whome it shall please We may safely and without preiudice sweare that it was not inuented by the Philosophers of Athens but by mariners at Sea for which consideration it is great reason that we beléeue and giue them credite holde it in estimation since the inuention procéedeth of matter well proued and not dreamed or diuined But the matter is that in this treatise we shal speake of the originall and first beginning of the manner making of Gallies and what prouision is to be prouided and vsed in them all which things being saide and declared I am assured that manie will woonder and some will laugh All that we shall blazon and saye in this matter our audience hath to vnderstād not hear-say but experience doeth giue vs direction for that scarcely there is not any porte channell or gulffe in all the Sea Mediterrane but therein wée haue béene hauing also passed no small daunger That whiche is saide suffiseth for the introduction and there resteth not but that ye hée attentiue for that hee goeth to the Gallie in an euill houre that taketh not holde of this my doctrine Of the straunge report of Historiographers concerning Gallies The first Chapter BEfore King Ninus before the destruction of Troie before the floud of Can●ion and before the greate battell at Peloponnesus although many and verie notable thinges were founde and inuented by curious men of delicate iudgement yet we knowe not who were the inuenters although their inuentions remaine with vs at these dayes for that in those so auncient worldes men vnderstoode not to read much lesse to write After that mans industrie at leasure had found out letters and the manner order of writing we knowe euery notable thing from whence it was inuented howe it was inuented who was the inuenter and wherefore it was inuented Amongst all old things one of the moste auncient is the arte of Nauigation in which manie haue saide manie and variable things in their writings wherin for so much as they haue béene so diuerse and contrarie in opinions it is verie credible that they were rather feigned then either séene or read But that whiche we meane in this matter is that for such as are curious we will write curiously that which in this arte of Nauigation the most auncients haue written as well Gréekes as Latines and it shall rest in the discretion of the wise Reader that he beléeue what he thinketh to be true and as touching the rest to holde it as fabulous And for that in this treatise our principall intent is to speake of Gallies of the inuenters and trauels thereof we shall here recite howe many fashions of them were vsed in olde time amongest the auncients as well Greekes Aegyptians Carthaginians as also Romanes Writers of histories doe report that Demosthenes the Thebane was the firste whiche inuented to rowe with two oares on a banke which was some what before the siege of Troie Also they report and the Gréeke Thucidides saieth no lesse that a tyraunt of Corinth named Amonicles was the firste that inuented Gallies with thrée oares on a banke The Gaditanes and the Penes haue greate contention betwixt themselues for the firste inuention of foure oares on a banke But Aristotle doth rather yeld his opinion in the fauour of the Penes who vsed that newe inuention when they came to succour the Lydians their friendes and confederates The Gallie of fiue oares on a banke is saide to be the inuention of the Rhodians when Demetrius did besiege them and others giue the glorie of this acte vnto Nasicus a renowmed capteine of King Cyrus The Gallie of sixe oares on a banke Plutarche saith was the inuention of Amonides the Lycaonian but Thesiphont denieth that it was the inuention of any but of Xenagoras the Syracusan in the dayes the Nicias came from Greece to subuert Syracusa The Gallie of seuen oares on a banke Plinie in a certeine Epistle woulde giue vs to vnderstand to be the inuention of Nessegatus Pretonius a moste auncient writer doeth afirme the inuention to apperteine only vnto Promotheus the Argiue and yet others do say that the singular Alchimides in inuention did find out the same and which of these is true he knoweth that is onely true Plutarche in the booke of the Fortune of Alexander would giue vs to vnderstande that when Alexander the great did make an armie at the Sea against Diomedes the tyrant he had a Gallie rigged and furnished with twelue oares on a banke although of trueth he writeth it so obscurely that therein he discouereth his want both in knowledge and exercise of Nauigation If any will giue credite vnto Barbo●us Theneus must holde it as verified that the greate Ptolomeus whiche was named Philadelphus attained to haue foure thousand gallies of twentie oares on a bank the shaftes all trimmed with lead to yeld them pliant and handsome for rowing Th●s●phont Alercius also Hermogenes make mention of a certeine Gallie made by the ancient Herisson of Syracusa which had two forecastels and two p●…pes and vnder hatches xxx chambers and a ponde of fishe that conteined twentie thousand Canthars of water adding thereunto so manie other straunge things that they rather séeme Poeticall then otherwise Also it is saide of Ptolomeus Philopater that was king of Aegypt against whome the good Machabeans did fight that he made a Gallie of fourtie oares on a banke which was so stately to beholde so harde to be gouerned that it conteined more then foure thousand oares besides sixe hundreth mariners The sonne of this said Philopater which also was named as his father made another Gallie not so stately eyther so costly but more beautifull also of greater deuise engine wherewith in Summer he did solace vppon the riuer Nilus and did winter the same in the Isle of Meroe After the terrible battell Pharsalian where Pompeie was ouercome of Caesar they say that Caius Caesar pursued and also did take a Gallie that fledd from that conflict of fiue oares on a banke wherein there were so manie trées with fruit as it had béene an orchard of Campania Lucius Seneca in a certeine Epistle reprehendeth Lucullus the Romane of a certeine curiositie or to say better a vanitie which is to say that he made a Gallie neare vnto his house of the Castell de Lobo whiche was so large that therein they did not onely chace the madde Bull but also the Mariners gatt infinite money to giue place vnto multitudes of people to beholde the same Dionysius the Syracusan and Phocion being mortall enimies Phocion caused a Gallie to bee made wherein he with his wife children seruants friends alies and confederates amounting to the number of sixe thousand and odde which

had enterprised and the parcialities which he had taken in hande on the other parte he was so inconstant of his woorde and promise and so effeminate in his factes that to followe his loue Lamia he suffered detriment in his fame was abhorred of all Greece King Demetrius being demaunded why in his youth he had béene so prosperous in his olde yeres so infortunate answered Because I was an enimie to reason and gaue ouermuch trust vnto Fortune In great conflicts and perils many times sighing he did vse to say O deceiptfull Fortune howe easie art thou to be founde but howe difficil to be kept Being blamed by his familiar friende for his often murmuring at Fortune by whome he had obteined so manie victories and was indued with so many giftes he aunswered Oh howe great reason haue I to complaine of Fortune which with victories hath made mée a foole and with aduersities hath not rendered my witt This King Demetrius alwayes delighted to haue a great fléete at Sea was the first that inuented Gallies with xxv bankes amongest the rest he made a bastarde Gallie which was furnished with foure hundred oares and conteined two thousand armed men Philopater the Thebane although nature had made him lame on one foote and squint in one of his eyes yet his great and doughtie actes were such and so renowmed that he was intituled throughout all Gréece Philopater the iust for his good gouernement and Philopater the fortunate for the victories whiche hée obteined A certeine Capteine named Aristo thwarting Philopater with wordes of reproche that his lame foote in the warres did rather serue him to stumble then to fight Philopater answered O Aristo I confesse vnto thée that to go to the warres is a matter much more safe for thée then for mée for vnto thée there wanteth an heart to fight yet hast thou féete to flye but vnto mée there wanteth féete to escape by flight but no heart or courage to endure all conflicts and hazardes This Philopater was much and long time at Sea and being demaunded if he were not at some times afeard he answered We that go to Sea are but only once afearde and that is on lande before we enter the Sea for after we be entered and determined then we hold it for most certeine that at the mercie of a proude and loftie waue of the Sea a sandie banke or a ragged rocke we leade our liues to be solde This philopater came from Asia to conquer Rhodes with an hundred Gallies all rowing with seuen oares on a banke certeinly a thing verie monstrous to beholde and no lesse difficult to susteine Many Princes bothe Gréekes and Latines did imitate philopater in making gallies with seuen oares on a banke all which did perishe and had an ende and in the ende of many experiences practised in Gallies they resumed in generall that the good Gallie is not to be more then of fiue oares on a banke either lesse then thrée The renowmed Cleopatra sometimes Quéene of Aegypt and onely loue vnto Marke Antonie which loue cost him his life and her both life and honour when shée passed from Aegypt vnto Graęcia to encounter with Caius Caęsar the oares of her Gallie were of siluer her anchors of golde her sailes of silke the ppooe of Marfile entailed Beholde here the inuenters of Gallies also their inuentions wherein to this day Seamen haue alwayes somewhat to bee amended and no lesse to bee added Of the first inuention of Nauigation and the great daungers thereof and of manie philosophers that would neuer saile or passe the Seas The thirde Chapter IF we should beléeue Isidorus in his Etymologies the Lydians were the first that inuented the arte of Nauigation who attained not but to the ioyning of certeine beames or logs which being fastened and calfated they entred into the Sea fishing therein not with courage sufficient to wander farre from lande After the Lydians the Sidonians were the first that added their inuention of certeine baskettes made with Willowe roddes skinnes canes and ciment wherein they did not onely venter to fishe but also to saile somewhat further into the Sea. Long time after this the Islanders of Choronta brought foorth the inuention of meane Barkes and also of little shippes made only without all other matter but of timber All writers of histories do agrée that somewhat before the battell at Maratho Epaminondas the Gréeke did finishe to place in perfection the manner of sailing and the fourme to make shippes for in the Peloponnesian warres the renowmed Capteine Brias was present with shippes Carreckes and Gallies but be it as be may and the inuention to whome it apperteineth for many times I staye to consider howe lothesome it was vnto the first man that being safe on lande would committ him selfe vnto that waterie Element and vnto the waues and pillers of the Sea since there is no sailing so sure wherein betwixt life death is conteined more then a boorde As mée séemeth excéeding couetousnes and want of wisedome did ioyne handes in the deuise and arte of Nauigation since wée sée by experience that for men not infected with couetousnesse indued with peaceable disposition there is no land in this worlde so miserable which stretcheth not to serue the necessitie of mans life Herein it is séene howe man is much more brutish then all other beastes since all beastes doe flye for no other cause but for feare of death pressed by nature to conserue that life which is giuen and may not bée had but onely by diuine gifte onely man beeing captiue vnto couetousnesse saileth and goeth to the Sea. But thou O Mariner giue mée to vnderstande if for the saluation of thy soule or conuersation of life any safe matter may be founde at the Sea What thing is contrarie vnto vs on land which is not muche more on Sea On land wée are vexed with hunger colde thirste heate agues sorrowes enimies misfortunes and angers all whiche thinges doe yeelde double and treble vexation vnto men at Sea. And besides all this the sorrowfull sailer standeth at the mercie of the winde to be ouerthrowen and of the terrible waues to be drowned I neither lye or repent my selfe to say that if couetousnesse did not tyrannize mans heart there woulde no fléetes remaine on Sea for that is the onely cause that doeth alter their hearts draweth them from their houses yeldeth them vaine hopes placeth in them newe strengths banisheth them from their countries maketh them towers of winde depriueth them of their quietnesse leadeth them wandering out of their wittes carrieth them solde vnto the Sea and also teareth them in a thousande péeces on the rockes The Philosopher Aristo saide that he died twise that died on Sea that is to say firste his hearte was drowned in couetousnesse and after his bodie in the water Certeinely a sentence right worthie to be noted and to memorie to be commended since God hath not created man to dwell in the Seas

but to inhabite the heauens The Consul Fabatus in thrée score yeares whiche he liued he neuer passed out of his citie Rhegio to sée the citie of Mesana which was distant by water but nine miles and beeing demaunded in this case why he aunswered The shippe is foolish and vncerteine for shée neuer standeth still The Mariner is foolishe and vncerteine whiche is neuer of one iudgement The water is foolishe and vncerteine for shée neuer ceasseth her vnquietnesse The winde is foolishe and vncerteine whiche in her flight is so variable And since this is so true that shuning but one foole on land howe wouldest thou that I should commend my life vnto foure fooles on Sea From a cleare iudgement of a man of experience of a wise Philosopher and of a man of greate sapience was this aunswere of the Consul Fabatus for if wée profoundly consider the furious importunitie of the Aire the rage and swelling of the Sea the inconstancie of the shippe the tedious trauell of the Mariner and the discomfortable voyage of the passenger as God shall saue mée and so neuer more let mée returne to Sea if all that willingly goe to Sea in shippes deserue not moste iustly to be bounde as distraught fooles What portion of wisedome may he conteine which liueth in the Gallie What thing maist thou more iustly sing in the Gallie then that response or answere of the dead which saieth Memento mei Deus quià ventus est vita mea Is not winde perchaunce thy life since thy chiefest businesse in the Gallie is to talke of the winde to beholde the winde to wishe for winde to tarrie for winde to flie the winde or saile with the winde Is winde perchaunce not thy life that if it be contrarie thou maist not goe thy voyage if it blowe extreame although large yet must thou amaine if it be calme then must thou rowe if it be a tempest then must thou hale or try for thy life and if it blowe from land then must thou not beléeue it in such wise that it shall be no false witnesse to saye The winde be thy guide since thy fortunate or vnfortunate life consisteth in the winde There is no man on lande be he neuer so poore that in a great necessitie obteineth not money to yelde him selfe reliefe or children to serue him or friendes to succour vnto or parentes to restore him or assistantes by whome to be supported or neighboures in whome to put his trust Except the miserable person that goeth in the Gallie who hath placed his life at the iudgement of a foolish Pilot and of a contrarie winde Plutarche reporteth of the Philosopher Att●lus who dwelling in the citie of Sparta through the midds whereof ranne a greate riuer woulde neuer passe the same to viewe the rest of the citie all the dayes of his life affirming that the aire was made for birdes the land for men and the water for fishe It is saide that this Philosopher ieasting vsed to say When I shall sée fishes walke on land then will I go sailing at Sea. Alcimenus liued ninetie yeares amongest the Epyrotes vnto whome was lefte a certeine inheritance which he would neuer accept or as much as viewe the same for that it lay on the other side of the riuer Marathon affirming it to be a miserable inheritaunce the profite whereof must be conueyed by water Marcus Portius Censorine at the point of death said that in his life he had offended the Gods but thrée maner of wayes which is to saye for that there had passed one daye wherein he had committed no vertuous act in the Common wealth for that he had discouered a secreat of importance vnto a woman and for that when he might haue trauelled on lande he sailed as a passenger on Sea. Cropilus Philosopher and disciple of Plato commaunded the windowes of his house that were towardes the Sea to be dammed vpp The question being demaunded why he aunswered To escape all delight to enter therein for my maister Plato did ofte vse to say That sailing at Sea was rather the exercise of fooles then of Philosophers Titus Liuius saith that his Romane people were not more happie on land then vnfortunate on Sea● for whiche cause the auncient Romanes neuer consented to make or sende foorth Gallies or Nauies from the time of the good Camillus vnto the birth of the great Scipio When the Senate of Rome determined to make conquest of Asia and to the same effect commaunded the Consul Cneius Fabricius to prouide a great nauie with a lowde voice the Consul Fabius Torquatus exclamed all men that heare mée and the Gods that sée mée I call to witnesse that I am not or doe consent vnto this counsell which is to wée to that the fame glorie that our mother Rome hath obteined by land ye should committ vnto fierce waues of the Sea because to fight with men is but Fortune but to deale with windes is great foolishnesse Wherefore the worde of my Theame séeme to be well saide which is To liue in the Gallie at the Seas God dispose it to whome it shall please Of many and verie famous Pyrates which haue liued on Sea. The fourth Chapter SPeaking with trueth and also with libertie sailing in the Gallie alongst the coastes is somewhat more safe but in no lesse daunger being ingulffed Whereof it may verie well be gathered that Gallies were rather inuented to robbe then for nauigation Before the Gréeke Theseus inuented the making of Gallies it is not found in any historie that the Sea was haunted with any Pyrate or robber but since the making of Gallies there hath neuer wanted that hath descended to sacke townes and also to robbe at the maine Sea. If I be not deceiued the ende wherefore any man maketh a Gallie is either to defend his owne countrie or else to offende straungers And as the Gallie is both tedious and also costly so I thincke not that any man imployeth therein his owne proper goods but that he supposeth to susteine the same by other meanes substance And as there haue béene many excellent persons which haue béene renowmed by the conquest of countries and subduing of people by land So haue there béene many much feared and famous for their robberies which they haue committed on Sea. The famous Pyrates of olde time haue béene many but amongest the rest the moste r●●●… wined was Dionides in the reigne of Alexander Aeste●● in the days of Demetrius Cleonidas in the time Ptolomeus Chipandus in the gouernement of Cyrus Miltas in the rule of Dionysius Alcamenus in the alteration if the estate committed by Caius Caesar and Agathocles in the happie yeares of the good Augustus To make an ●●…ire report of the beginning● which these Pyrates had the robberies they did the perils they passed the men murthered the townes they subuerted the cruelties they committed the wealth they obteined the endes they made the Fortunes wherein they finished would growe verie large to

Sardinia Lagoleta Callar Pallermo Micina Riioles Naples Saicta Ciuita Vicia Genoua Nissa Freuil Tholou and the dead waters I had more trouble and spent more money with imbarkage and disimbarkage of horses mules seruauntes and prouision then euer I passed or would haue thought in all my life It is a priuilege of the Gallie that at the time of lading or disimbarkage of the poore passenger they take accompt of his money they open his chestes they take view of his stuffe they rippe his packets and take custome for all the same and if the passenger be poare-blind or somwhat squinteyed they will not only take the right eye but also the left And for that it shall not séeme that we speake at large I sweare by the lawe of an honest man that for the custome of a catt whiche I brought from Rome at Barcellona they did take halfe a Riall It is a priuilege of the Gallie that vpon the waters there is no Gallie so perfect sufficient or so furnished that in her is not some want or defection whiche is to say that either she is weake of timber old heauie a slug of saile not armed open leaketh much water or is vnfortunate in such wise that notwithstanding she be furnished with the best Patrone or chiefest Capteine there is alwayes in her more to be wished then to be praised It is a priuilege of the Gallie that neither on Christmas or Sabboth day the Rowers and passengers cease not to play steale blaspheme trauell or saile for that Feasts and Sabbothes in the Gallies be not onely vnobserued neither doe they knowe when they fall It is a priuilege of the Gallie to be obliuious of all dayes and times of abstinence for that their godly deuotion to fast is neuer moued but by some extreame necessitie and want of victuals It is a priuilege of the Gallie that neither mariners rowers aduenturers or any other officers haue any care or make any conscience of Religion or any parte thereof but onely that good part of a Christian which remaineth in them is that in a dangerous torment they begin to pray to sighe and wéepe which being once past they sit downe at great leasure to eate talke play fish and also to curse recompting vnto ech other the dangers that were past and the vows which they had made It is a priuilege of the Gallie that all neighbours inhabitants and passengers therein stand discharged of all customes portage loanes tributes subsidies pensions tenthes and first fruites either to the king or Churche as also discharged of all excommunication for any offence whatsoeuer And when in iest I demaunded a testimoniall of their confessions presently they would shew me a paire of cardes affirming that in that holy fraternitie their chiefest religion was to play curse and sweare It is a priuilege of the Gallie that none which shal there happen to die shall be bound to be innoyled or pay for ringing of bels either to the priest for his burial either building of his sepulchre either to the friers for their diriges either to the poore for carrying of torches either sowing of his winding shéete because the miserable which there once dieth shal scarcely yéelde his spirite to God when they shal hurle the bodie vnto the fishes It is a priuilege of the Gallie that there all manner persons doe eate flesh in Lent in Vigils and all other dayes forbidden and question béeing demaunded of their want of shame or of conscience they aunswere That since all maner persons on land doe aduenture to eate fishe which procéedeth from the Sea vpon any daye by the same reason it is conuenient for them to eate flesh at any time that commeth from the land It is a priuilege of the Gallie that all bread wine bacon powdred flesh chéese butter raisons bisket dishes and pots which shal remaine vnto any passenger of his prouision to leaue all vnto the Gallie at his departing vnto land in such wise that they neuer cease to take the surplusage and in time of necessitie to relieue alwayes not so much as with a raison It is a priuilege of the Gallie that euery passenger that presumeth of Gentrie courtesie or shamefastnes to gratifie the Capteine to imbrace the stewarde to speake vnto the Pilot to take his leaue of the whole companie to reward the swéepers to giue somewhat to the helme man and also to haue remembrance of the pages of the squiffe all whiche if he doe not performe they wil yéeld him a cruel departure and wil not afterwards accept him into that Gallie But the conclusion is that notwithstanding their priuileges are many notable and extreme we alwayes affirme and confirme with the wordes of our Theame which is to say To liue in the Gallie at the Seas God dispose it to whome it shall please Of a certeine subtile discretion of the sea and of her perillous properties The viii Chapter SOmewhat béeing said of the priuileges and conditions of the Gallie now let vs say somewhat of the nature of the sea for that it is no smal errour to commende oure life vnto him whose vertuous conditions or cruel inclinatiō is to vs vnknowen To the ende we maye vnderstand the déedes of the sea consider the name wherewith she is indued since this her name Mare importeth none other thing but bitternes because her water is very bitter but her condition most bitter The sea is not so well conditioned that any man should aduenture to enter the same of will but of necessitie because that man which saileth except it be to the discharge of his conscience or defence of his honour or to support his liuing I say and affirme that such a one is either vnaduised or detesteth his life or els they hold him as a foole or as one distraught of his wittes The sea is delectable to behold and perillous to passe The sea deceiueth no man but once for whome she once deceiueth shal neuer more complaine of her The sea is a Mine where many be inriched and a Cemetorie where infinite people are buried The sea if she like doeth suffer to be sailed with a planke and if she be enraged she consenteth not a Carrecke to endure her The sea resembleth a foole for that she altereth euery quarter of the Moone and maketh no difference betwixt a king and a plough man. The sea suffereth neither fooles nor sluggardes because it chiefly agréeth with all such as wander therein to be of great life in their busines and most diligent in their Nauigation The sea is a cloake for sinners and a refuge for malefactours for in her there is none waged for their vertue or reiected for their wickednesse The sea dissembleth with the vicious but liketh not to be inhabited with cowards for he entreth her limits to smal very euill purpose that is a coward to fight and timorous in sayling The sea is very malicious and alwayes to be considered by her contraries for that in