depressed So that the cause of the diuersity of this appearance is onely the swelling of the earth To be briefe the beginnings and spaces of the dayes and nights and that in diuers places of the earth do vary and yet following in a maner one order But this variety could not happen if the earth were not Sphericall and all about equally rounde herein excluding both vallies and the toppes of hilles which applied vnto the body of the earth cause no inequalitie or diuersity at all For the swelling of the earth causeth that the stars be not séene togither in all countries but drawne about by little and little by a certaine succession and order that they so appeare sooner to them in the East part then to them in the West through the swelling as yet not aboue caried which swelling being high betwéene both is a let and cause of the later appearing of them to the west and by that meanes also kéepeth and hideth the stars the longer from their sight So that by these it euidently appeareth that the onely cause is the swelling of the earth If the earth were fashioned with a déepe hollownesse and compassed round about with a light inclosure then should the stars risen be soonest séene to them in the West partes and much later appeare to them in the East For that the higher inclosure to the hollownesse as a wal built about should be a let and hinderance to the sight of the beholders in such sort that those starres arising it shoulde hinder their sight If the earth were formed with places standing in sharp piller forme or in right line vp then should the stars appeare set and be hidden alike to those places and no differences of dayes should be caused but that they shoulde haue one like day and the sun also appearing to that fide which they shewed so that whiles the Sun runneth and compasseth about the backe parts they should be without light of the sun and should remaine al the time in shadow and darknesse And if it should haue a Cubicke for me then should they sée the sun sixe houres and loose or be without light and sight of the sun other eightéene houres If in round piller-wise as if the howndes were playne vnto both the Poles and the hollow partes should decline vnto the East and West then should no stars continually appeare to them dwelling in the hollow but that certaine stars should arise vp and set in the West and other certain stars néere to both the Poles should alwaies be hid To conclude if the whole earth were framed with an equal playnesse throughout then should the stars appeare at one moment to all countries and setting againe should hide the like out of sight and by that meanes shoulde the dayes begin and end alike and no differences shoulde bée obserued To all such arguments seing experience onely doth repugne or contrary them It is therefore manifest that the earth from the West towarde the East riseth vp into an equall swelling If the earth also were plaine from the East vnto the West then shoulde the starres arise so soone to them in the West as to those of the East which is a manifest error Also if the earth wéere playne from the North vnto the South and like from the South vnto the North then the starres which were to some of a continuall appearance should alwaies séene the fame and like which way or into what quarter soeuer a man goeth which also is vntrue But the cause which maketh the earth séene plaine is through the ouer great quantity which causeth it so to appeare to euery mans sight But that the earth is round according to latitude the diuers eleuations of the Pole and stars eyther alwaies in sight or continually hidden doth euidently declare For from the Equatour in going forth easilie towardes the North and that the Pole Articke be higher raysed and the stars néere to the Pole raysed vp then are the Stares right against like depressed and as they were out of sight and so much the more as they go further from the Equatoure nor the Northerly stars neuer set but continually drawne about in sight with heauen But the contrarie happeneth by going from the saide Cyrcle or Equatoure vnto the contrary part So that there is no greater cause of this diuersitie than the swelling of the earth which if the same shoulde bee plaine the starres opposite or right against according to latitude about the Poles shoulde offer and appeare togither to all countries which the swelling of the earth hindreth to be séene An instrument by which the round nesse of the Earth according to latitude may be proued and all those may easily be shewed which are taught of the dayes Artificiall That the Water hath a like swelling and runneth round THis by two reasons is prooued the first is most certaine by a mark or marks standing on the sea banke like as a tower stéeple or such like erected of purpose so that a shippe sayling into the déepe and carried so far off that no more of the sides or bottom can be descerned sauing the top of the mast which only appeareth to the sight Or thus that a marke stoode on the sea banke and a ship passing forth of the hauen sayling so far into the sea that the eie of the beholder being néere the foote of the mast cannot decerne the marke the ship in the meane time staying or standing still so that his eie being in the top of the mast shall perfectly sée that marke but the others eie being néere the foote of the mast shoulde rather better sée the marke than he which is in the top of the mast as may more euidently appeare by lynes drawne from either place vnto the mark so that the manifest cause of this appeareth to bee none other then the swelling of the water But here are all other impediments excluded that may otherwise hinder as mists foggs and such like vapours ascending Also a like reason of the impediments of this aboue written is for that the water ariseth into a swelling which hindreth the sight of the bottom or sides of the ship that being in a high place doeth not hinder the sight of the same as the top of the mast which either excéedeth or is equall with the swelling of the water For men sayling on the mayne sea sée nothing round about but the Sky and the Sea but comming nearer the banks do by litle and litle descry and sée either high hilles or cliffes as if they were rising forth of the water Also to those that dwell on a high ground the sun first ariseth and last setteth And to this agréeth that out of the higher places both more and further may bée séene into the sea then in vallies or lower places By all these therefore it is euident that the vpper face of the water swelleth as by the example following more plainly shall appeare but an other example of the same shall
bée here rehearsed by a similitude of one part as the whole The similitude of which matter conceiue by this example that experience dayly teacheth vs of the drops of water which although they bée small yet powred on drie wollen cloth run into a round or bunching forme which without doubt shoulde not be caused if the part folowed not the nature of the whole of his kind Now the example aboue promised doeth here appeare in which by the letter A. is the shippe ment to come vnto the marke C. In which being in the poynte A. that is in the bothom of the shippe cannot sée the marke standing in C. through the swelling of the water But he which is in the top of the mast as in the poynt B. without all impediment may sée the sayde marke That the selfe same or like to it may be on land as from the point D. none excepte hée bée foolish or starcke mad will affirme the like By the second it is manifest that the water by nature is caried and runneth downewarde and stideth or falleth from higher vnto lower places so long vntill it hath filled and bee euen with the earth through the staying of high heapes of earth hilles or such like mighty and high banks inclosing it about that it run no further nor make no hollownes in the middle of the earth as a Center of the earth Which therfore gathereth betwéene the empty places so long vntill it hath filled and be euen with the earth and that the whole togither through the hollownesse thus made equall doeth fashion and kéepe a round forme So that the earth with the sea and waters running about it do make one round body and fill all the whole vpper face the earth also gaping and open somewhere receiueth water into those hollow places but a parte of the earth appearing somewhere aboue it staying and incloâ—â—ng it about with strong inclosures and banks wrought by diuine myracle that the bare places of the earth might be a commodious dwelling and féeding for all beastes and other liuing creatures And y â— this is true shall bée prooued by other two reasons The first by sundry perygrinations in which many and most large parts of the earth are found toward all the quarters of the worlde which euidently witnesseth that the earth is not as Plinie and others writeth which imagined that the earth is compassed about with water and appearing so out of the water like an Aple or Ball swimming aboue the water whose one halfe sheweth out of the water and the other halfe hid in the water Which reason Ptholomie doeth not allowe but simply affirmeth that the earth with the sea and waters make one round body by filling of the empty places and both to haue one vpper face Also Vitruuius in his ninth booke writeth that the earth is placed in the middle of the world and is naturally ioyned together with the sea in the place of the Center But what the forme of the earth is aboue the waters is yet not throughly knowne by reason of the sea which runneth betwéene it in diuers partes and breaketh it into sundry parts like to gobbets or péeces Ptholomie affirmeth the earth to bée knowne vnto the longitude of the halfe Cyrcle that is 190. degrees without any running betwéene of the sea in that space for that the earth is wholy ioyning together But into latitude he affirmeth the space to be much lesser as 79. degrées and of this opinion is both Strabo and Aristotle By the second it appeareth that the water with the earth doeth equally make one hollow vpper face and the same to be perfect round but whether is bigger is greatly to be doubted although the learned Nouius and sundry other late writers doe affirme the face of the earth to bee bigger then the water By the third which is the Ecclipses In that of necesity the earth must haue such a forme with the waters running in it as the shadowe of the earth frameth and counterfeiteth in the Moones Ecclipses in that the shadowe sheweth and expresseth the forme of the bodie shadowed But the shadow of the earth to be included round aboute with a round vpper face the wise both sée know Therefore the whole Globe compounded of the earth and waters is comprehended with a round vpper face For it is manifest that the moone before and after the full is séene horned and the part shadowed of the whole cyrcle is easily to be descerned from that bright circumference So that the moone entring into shadow or going out of the same is likewise in the same maner horned and the part darkned is alwaies descerned from the cleare circumference of the whole Cyrcle imbossed Therefore of necessity must the beginning of the shadow which seperateth the parte lighted from the shadowed not bée fully straite nor vnequal nor vallied or winding but round and for that cause appeareth the vpper face of the shadowe not to bée plaine but round By these is also manifest as by the first that there is no difference betwéene the Centre of the earth and Centre of the water but that the one is the Centre of both the Elements ioyning togither into one round body and tending vnto the one and the same Centre of the earth For the earth séeing it is the heauier is opened and receiueth the waters falling into those places By the second it is euidente that the place of the water which ought to run ouer and couer the whole earth is otherwise chaunged and appoynted by the Diuine will for the benefit of all liuing creatures By the thirde appeareth that the opinion of certaine Peripateticans is false which affirmeth the water to bee ten times greater then the earth and that to one parte of the earth is ten portions of the water increased But seauen times greater then the earth it cannot be vnlesse the earth rounde about were wasted and impayred by the Centre of the grauity as it were setling and resting vpon should yéelde and giue place to the waters as the heauier Seeing the Spheres are togither in a triple reason of their measures then if the earth were an eight part to seuen parts of the water the diameter of it could not be the greater as from the Centre of the waters vnto the circumference of them that is by double so much vnto the diameter of the water as by this figure here vnder drawn appeareth where this letter A. is the Center both of the earth and water B. the Centre both of the magnitude and earth G. A. D. the diametre of the waters A. B. D. the diameter of the earth If the waters are seuen times bigger then the earth the diameter of them must néedes bée double so much vnto the diameter of the earth as héere from G. D. vnto A. D. By which example thus drawne the whole earth receiueth the Center of the waight gyuing place to the waters and all couered with waters to which generall
vnderstood of yoong students and practisioners in this maner First the side A. B. containeth thrée spaces which multiplied doe bring forthê° The line B. C. comprehendeth 4. distances which multiplied doe produce or bring for 16. which two squares conioyned doe make 25 the square which procéedeth of the 5. multiplied which the line A. C. containeth doe they equate Euen so in the instruction of finding the distances of places according to the third rule the difference of the longitudes is represented by the line B. C. but the difference of the latitudes by the line A. B. Therefore as by the quantities knowne of the lines A. B. and B C. is the quantitie of the line A C. attained Also by the differences of the longitudes and the latitudes of places knowne and those afore taught being multiplied and increased the distance of them is easily knowne which by the line A C. is represented And in the Triangle and quadrate is the side but in the number named the roote These hitherto for the knowledge of finding the distances of places shall suffice The definition appellations diuision and offices or vtilities of the Horizont THe Horizont called the ender and Cyrcle of the halfe Sphere is the edge betwéene the light part that standeth for the same wee sée and the darke halfe that wee cannot sée of the skie The Horizont as Proclus writeth is a greater cyrcle immoueable or fixed not one and the same euery where but to each place proper from the verticiall point and round about equally distant and deuiding the whole sphere of the world into two equall halfe spheres of which the one halfe appeareth in sight to vs and the other halfe hid vnder the earth The description of the Horizont doth Macrobius teach where he writeth that the Horizont is after two condicions the one extendeth on euery side vnto the firmament and serueth peculiarly as it were for the deuision of heauen in deuiding iustly the skie into two halues of which the one appeareth in sight to vs aboue the proper Horizont and the other hid vnder that Horizont from vs. Which Horizont hath his name of the skie and of the same called the celestiall Horizont whose diameter after Macrobius is as large as the diameter of the eight sphere which as he affirmeth is the furthest and highest parte of the skie that men can readily sée and discerne with the eie But the earthly Horizont in that the same serueth for the sightes onely of the earth and water and not stretching vnto the firmament nor that his halfe diameter as Macrobius writeth doeth excéede 180. furlongs which containeth 22. miles and ½ So that the whole diameter after his account is but 45. miles in length Which if any man stand vpon an euen or plaine ground orels on the sea may see round about him 22. miles a halfe euery waies Which rounde compasse of the whole Horizont after Macrobius doth containe 141. miles and 3 7. parts A comparison that as the meridian is an immoueable cyrcle euen so is the Horizone for if the same were moueable it woulde not crosse the meridian at right angles and vnto these should be imagined that if it were moueable in each day the same would mooue with the meridian cyrcle The appellations aud diuers names of the Horizont 1 THis circle is called the Horizon as it were the cyrcle deuiding the halfe spheres or of the greek worde Orizomai which in English signifieth to define determine and set out in that the same defineth the parte of the worlde séene Or of Oros or Orion that is the bound or ender 2 It is named also the gyrdle or the cyrcle of rising 3 Macrobius calleth the Horizone that bounde of heauen that is séene aboue the earth lib. 1. cap. 15. In that it is the end or bound seperating the neather halfe Sphere from the vpper And of him also called the edge of the halfe sphere And Alfragnus called it the cyrcle of the halfe sphere 4 The Horizone also is so defined of his office in that his office is to deuide that part of the worlde in sight from that hidde vnder the earth Whereof it is not vnworthily called the ender séeing it permitteth nor suffereth any to sée but the halfe sphere at one time and therefore is called of some the cyrcle of the half sphere as afore taught This cyrcle is alwaies vnderstood to be described by the verticiall point in that as the verticall point is changed euen so likewise is the Horizone The Horizone is deuided after twoe sortes first into a right and thwart secondly into a sensible and rationall Horizone The Horizone of the right sphere is called right or right cornered aboue which neither of the Poles of the worlde is eleuated which they haue whose Zenith is vnder the Equinoctial or dwell vnder the Equinoctiall Their Horizone is the cyrcle drawne by the Poles of the worlde which deuideth aswell the meridian as the Equatoure at right angle through which rightnesse it obtaineth that name that it is called the right Horizone The sensible Horizone is a space of the earth defined by a compasse rounde about which the sight of the eie attayneth and comprehendeth in a plaine and euen field Or thus the sensible Horizone is that which the eie â—â—â—fectly séeth and describeth according to the â—ounde of â—ight and called of some the artificiall Horizon and that fo the sâ—â—â— cause that which is contained by sight is by a certaine similitude agreeing with the artificiall day And as the artificiall day is so named for that artificers doe especially worke in it euen so the like is the horizone named artificiall in that towers foretresses and castles in time past were built like the horizone The diameter of this horizone after Macrobius which nearer agréeth to a truth then either Proclus or Albertus as afore was taught is of 36. furlongs to which almost foure Germaine miles answere and 22. English miles and so far on a plain and euen ground not hindred by hils or thicke mists may a man fully sée And in the same space the imbossed rounds of the earth being without hils is increased and groweth to 250. féele or 125. cubits so that this horizone is not sodainly changed nor in a short space Therefore of necessity must ensue that those which are distaunt by a lesser space then 360. furlongs to sée alwaies some part of the earth common to both But those which are distant by many spaces doe comprehend diuers compasses by sight of the eie and diuers horizones The rationall horizone is that which afore was described that the same is a greater cyrcle lying by the edge of the earth and reaching round about vnto the skie and deuiding the celestiall Orbs into two equall halfe Spheres as the one halfe in sight and the other hid to vs. Although the plain vpper face of the horizone passeth not by the center of the earth yet by the edge of the same through
of the world which is contayned within the hollowe vpper face of the Moones Orbe and Sphere in which are all corruptible bodies and thinges harmed by diuerse alterations except the minde of man the causes of which are the contrary actions of the first qualities Also the foure Elements are simple bodies which into parts of diuers forms cannot be deuided yet through the mutuall commixion of these are diuerse kinds of bodies caused Therefore whatsoeuer bodies are in the Elementary region bee either simple myxt or compound bodies In that the mixt bodies are all those which may be deuided into parts of diuerse kinds To these of the foure Elements the next ioyning within the hollow vpper face of the Moones Orbe is the most thinne Ayre being the lightest of the Elements kindled through the dayly moouing about of the celestiall circles which for this congruency with the fire named the elemental fire that is dayly drawn about by the Orbs compassing it which may appeare by the Comettes and other fiery kindes ingendred in the same Element of a hot and dry vapoure that are likewise caried about The next within that doth the ayre runne being a heauier Element then the fire yet lighter then the water which also is drawne about by a like motion as may appeare by the clouds and other like impressions ingendred in the same but to the nether region of the same consist the laterall motions as wée dayly sée by the blowing of the windes Farther Vitellio in his tenth booke and 60. chapter affirmeth that the cloudes are distant from the vpperface of the earth 25000. paces or 13. Germayne myles But acording to same writers they are vnequally distant from the earth as somewhiles further off and somewhiles néerer to the earth For when the cloudes are furthest distant from the earth they are but 772000. paces and being nearest the earth are 288000. paces distant To conclude this Elemente compasseth and encloseth both the earth and water by his largenesse The nexte Element to the Ayre which mooueth is the water for the same is mooued by a motion of flowing and ebbing which it maketh after the motion of the moone in that it floweth sixe houres and ebbeth so many vntill the moone by the motion of the first moouer hath passed about all the quarters of heauen Also the water hath a motion and that downward into the earth so that these two ioynt ly annexed make as it were one body Yet the earth béeing the heauiest Elemente hath a motion attributed as it were simply downwarde vnto the middle notwithstanding agréed of all men that the same is immouable and the Centre of the world These foure that is the fire ayre water and earth are named to be the foure Elements and both the simple and Original matters of which all mixt bodies are compounded and made The proofe that there is onely fowre Elements is this that to each Element the two first qualities agrée and the Combynations the like of the foure qualities as of heate and dryeth which consist in the fire of moysture and heat which rest in the ayre of coldnesse and moysture which be in the water of drynesse coldnesse which is found in the earth By these it is euident that there are but foure Elements of which heate excéedeth in the fire moysture in the ayre coldnesse in the water and drynesse in the earth To conclude it appeareth that heat with colde and moysture with dryeth cannot aptly be ioyned What the Starres are and that as to the motion of their Orbes they are carried about THe Ethereall region contayneth the Starres which are the thicker parts of their Orbs perfit rounde cleare most pure and simple and frée of any mixture except the Moor which is darker then the others yea variable and shadowed And these fastened to their Orbes by which in certayne continuall and appoynted times and orders are drawne about and performe their returnes in the determinate spaces of times and those continually agréeing in themselues that they may so ingender the differences and orders of times and in the inferiour nature prepare and cause the first quallities and other effects The Sunne the fountaine of light doth not onely giue light and make shine cleare the inferiour bodies but the superiour also by the brightnesse and light of his beames But the Stars seeing with a borrowed light they shine which is far weaker then the sunnes therefore with that strange light which they take properly of the sun doe they shine although vnlike to the sun For into all the starres which by nature are rounde about thynne and penetrable is the sunnes light equally shed and pearceth and so filleth all that they are subiect to no times of encreasing and decreasing of light But the Moone séeing it is an vnperfit body and that it hath the partes some where thynne somewhere thicker and better compact therfore doth it not equally nor round about receiue the sunnes light So that the thynner parts take more of the sunnes light and of the same doe clearer shine But the lesser shadowed parts which also are seene appeare darker as the spots in the moone do shew That the bodies of the starres are round doe the round formes in the Eclipses of the sun and moone shew yea in what parts of the world those Eclipses happen doe the bodies also of the starres at that time appeare perfit round Although the bodies of the starres be knowne by sundry reasons to be round as a bowl yet by their great distance from the earth appeare to vs as playne or flat Nor the Starres are not moued by their owne proper motions but by the Accydentary as vnto the motion of the Orbs to which they hang as partes vnto the motion of the whole For to euery round body doe two proper motions onely belong as a moning to and fro and turning about Therefore the Starres séeing they be round are by some proper and principall motion caried round But the fixed Stars are not so moued rounde in that they turned about doe not altar the same face or body which they once turned and shewed to vs but that the same shoulde of necessity happen like being turned round in one place about their Exe-trée with the others in the same motion béeing in the parts far distant and the others then set and hidde vnder the earth Nor are they turned hither and thither in that they neuer change the standing and place which they haue in their Orbe which to those caried hither and thither woulde happen Therefore not by a proper and chiefe motion are they caried about but by an accidentary drawing about of their Orbes which what the same is shall after appeare That Heauen is drawne round THe Ethereal region do the Philosophers also name quinta essentia or as it were a fifte body constituted aboue the foure Elementes being incorruptible deuine consisting of the noblest and purest part of the ayre Which also is placed aboue
a litle of Mercurie The Rauen after Ptholomie hath seauen stars being of the third fourth and fift bignesse which in Ptholomies time were all in Virgo in our time are in Libra hauing the quality of Saturne and Mars The cellestiall figure named the Aulter doeth Aratus place in heauen vnder that beast called the Woolfe neare to the South and standing vnder the taile of Scorpius To this figure doth Ptholomie assigne seauen stars that in his time were in Scorpio of the fourth and fift magnitude but in our time are in Sagitarius and haue the quality of Venus and a litle of Mercurie The image named the Centaur is thus described of Aratus that the parts of this image likned to the man do ly within the signe Scorpius but the hinder halfe likened to the Horse lyeth or standeth vnder the Klees And is likened to one hauing his right hande continually open towarde the round aulter And as one offering sacrifice on the aulter which sacrifice the monster holding in his right hande to offer on the aulter they call a wilde beast In that monster or Centaur named of Hyginus Chiron doth Ptholomie number 37. starres of the first second third fourth and fift magnitude which in his time were all in Libra but in our time in Libra and Scorpio The starres standing fashioned in the forme of a man haue the quality of Venus and Mars and those which represent the forme of a horse are of the nature of Iupiter and Venus The image named the celestiall Wolfe doeth the Centaur séeme to hold yet it is a seuerall constellation from the other To which Ptholomie doth assigne 19. stars being of the thirde fourth and fift magnitude that in his time were in Libra and Scorpio and in our time are all in Scorpio The celestial figure named the Riuer streached from Orion doe some name Eridanus which otherwise Padus some Gyon or Nylus and some Oceanus To this Riuer Eridanus that commeth from the left foote of Orion doeth Ptholomie giue 34. starres of the first thirde fourth and fifte bignesse that in his time were in Aries and Taurus and in our time in Aries Taurus and Gemini The last star of the 34. in the rowe of the first magnitude hath the quality of Iupiter and all the others are of the nature of Saturne The long Ship named Argo not the whole forme of it is described or seene among the stars in that it is deuided from the fore part vnto the mast that may signifie to men litle to dispayre although the Shippe happen to breake Aratus writeth that the fore halfe of Argo is turned about right with the taile of the great Dogge But in a contrary order mooued in that the fore halfe is séene and the other halfe hid much like a ship rising with the swelling of the Sea whose fore halfe is séene and the other halfe hid through that hinder parte darkned or hidde and without stars To the ship Argo doth Ptholomie ascribe 45. stars of the 1. 2. 3. 4. and 5. magnituds The greater of these in order 44. of the first bignesse is that star named of the Arabians Rubail of the Latines Canopus which standeth at the end of the Rother stéerer of the shippe that in Ptholomies time was in the 17. degrée and 10. minutes of Gemini hauing the Southerly latitude 75. degrées and the declination Southerly 51. degrées and 41. minutes And in our time is almost in the 7. degrée of Cancer hauing his latitude Southerly 75. degrees and declination of 51. degrées and 34. minutes All the other stars are of the quality of Saturne and Iupiter and were by Ptholomies time vnto our time in Gemini Cancer Leo and Virgo The celestiall Hare placed vnder the féete of Orion is as hee were running before the houndes of Orion being fained to be a hunter To this celestiall figure doth Ptholomie assigne 12. stars of the thirde fourth and fift magnitude that in his time were in Taurus and Gemini and in our time are all in Gemini and haue the quality of Saturne and Mercurie The image named Ingula and also Orion lieth thwart vnder to the section of Taurus and hath starres standing and shining before the féete of Tautus named Orion of the worde Vrina that is of the floude of waters For in the winter time when this image or constellation ariseth he troubleth both the Sea and Land with showers of raine and tempests The Romanes also name him Ingula for that he appeareth armed as girded with a sword whose shape is terrible and most cleare to be séen in the shining of the stars For if it shineth bright and cleare then doth it portend fayre weather to follow if it appeare dimme then doth it threaten a tempest to ensue The head of this signe is drawn by thrée stars of which the two cleare stars are called the shoulders betwéene which stars the necke is imagined to be ane thereof named Ingular Plinie doth often make mention of Orion as of his rising and setting whole and in some places of part as his gyrdle or sword Also he doth number Orion among the fearefull stars causing tempests To this Orion doth Ptholomie assigne 31. stars which whiles hee liued were all in Taurus and Gemini of the 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. and 6. magnitude and one cloudy The second star is of the first bignesse and the thirde is of the sedond bignesse in the order of the stars of Orion which are in the shoulders and haue the quality of Mars and Mercurie The constellation named the Zone or gyrdle of Orion hath thrée stars shining very bright of the second greatnesse in the order of the stars of Orion beeing the 26. 27. and 28. That figure named his sworde hath 6. stars of the third and fourth bignesse decked in the order 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. and 34. The figure named the Clubbe that Orion bare in his right hand when he fought with the dreadfull Bull that possesseth foure stars of the fifte and sixt bignesse In the order 9. 10. 11. and 12. of these the 9. and 10. are in the right hand Further the other stars either of the first or second bignesse as the 26 27. and 28. bee of the nature of Iupiter and Saturne But the other stars which are in the 3. 4. 5. and 6. and the cloudy star do imitate the quality of Saturne the 35. which is on his left foote is of the Arabians named Rigel of the first bignesse and referred to the nature of Iupiter but the others vnto the quality of Iupiter and Saturne The auncient astronomers placed two Dogges in heauen as they were following the Hare running of which the one they named Procion and the other the Dag The image named Proceon in English the fore-Dogge hath no other name with the Romanes thē the Caniculer that is the lesser Dog And of Tully in fragmentis Arati hée is named the fore-Dog But the other doeth Aratus place vnder the hinder féete
and Orchades that be into the North and East which is distant from the furthest bound of Scotland but thrée dayes sayling if prosperous windes bée their helpe At this day men haue found beyond Thylen but somwhat into the East and most large bounds stretched and found beyond the articke or Northerly cyrcle these are whole without breaking of any sea betwéene and containe Suetia Norway Iseland Grunland and Lapeland The kingdome of Suetia appeareth most large and containeth sundry nations and people among which they are of most account the East and West Gutland people inhabiting neare to Norway And vnder the King of Suetia are the Lapeland people as the Finelapons and Dikilapons where are a wild and fierce people dwelling almost vnder the pole articke especially the Lapeland people to whome the sun neuer setteth in the summer for 40. dayes space Aboue these inhabit a people of a cubite long or high hauing small and crooked bodies named of some Pigmalions that liue vnder a very darke and bitter cold ayre or sky And aboue Scania néere to the West boundes of Suetia doeth Norway stretch into the North whose vttermost limit extendeth vnto the 71. degrée almost of the Northerly latitude Aboue this is the country named Iseland by reason of the frozen waters and sea where throughout the yeare it so bitterly fréezeth that through the ycie seas there thicke frozen it permitteth no ships to come vnto thē except in the thrée hottest months of the yeare It aboundeth with brimstone and burneth in many places through the sulphure brimstone veines Plinie writeth that the Occean sea in North is very large which in these our dayes is well knowne This also was learned of certaine skillfull sailers which inhabited and very much had traualed this coast that they knew not the limits or bounds of this sea toward the North but supposed that this sea did compasse the whole earth By this sea dwell many and mighty people as the Danes the Swedens Norwaies Gotelandes Finelands Russians and Pruchenians and vnder the pole artick the Laplands The reason why in these places such force of moysture aboundeth is for that a dayly and continuall cold of these places gathereth and thickneth the ayre and by a continual working resolueth into water For when the ayre is not throughly purged by the suns beames then the weaknes of them and far distance of the sun from these places must of necessity bee continually thicke and darke which afterwardes yéeldeth and giueth plentifull floodes by deawes and raines Albert mag in his booke de natura loci and 8. chapter assigneth a witty and laudable reason why the Northerly be inhabitable The cause he setteth downe in that sundry skillfull Mariners affirme that haue many times sailed into the Northerly partes of the Ocean sea that in those places is a continuall darknesse which when men sawe they returned for feare supposing nay rather doubting that none coulde saile any further in that quarter of the worlde through the darknesse and thicke mist which hindreth the direction of their iourney So that the nature of those places cannot bee sufficiently knowne to vs séeing no man as the learned report hath attempted thither through extremitie of colde their bearing sway And for that excéeding cold is a mortifying quality therefore a man may coniecture that few liuing creatures and beasts can there liue c. Yet the part of the Northerly Occean vnto the Easterly side is sufficiently knowne to many trauailers Although the vttermost boundes of the earth are not wholy knowne yet the nearest aprroaching to them shall here bee applied as the longitude of the earth distaunt betwéene Peru the Realme of America and Cathaya to expresse 315. degrées or if any minde to accompt the longitude from the fortunate Iles they may by a whole cyrcle containe them euen as the whole Orbe about in a maner doth partly giue place to the water and are partly dwellings for men beasts and other liuing creatures although some places of the earth bee more inhabited then others But as touching the latitude if towarde the North in the country of Lapous the south toward the vtmost coast of America shal end seing y ◠vtmost distance of the earth hath very litle béene noted of this shall small errour be caused If two places offered or giuen be placed vnder the Equatour of which the space is sought then the arke of the difference of latitude is the same with the arke of the distance neither doth the verticiall cyrcle differ from the Equatour For the equatour of either place doeth containe the verticiall points as may appeare in this tryangle noted with A. B. C. Of which if 15. germain miles be wrought into parts of the difference of longitude and any scruples after remaine deuide those by 4. For by so many minutes of a degrée doth a Germain mile answere that the distance shall make As Ptholomie writeth of the places vnder the Equatour The high lande or mountaine of the Satyres in the country of Syna whose longitude is of 175 degrées and no minutes nor hath any latitude Myrica an Ile of Ethiope vnder Aegipt whose longitude is of 85. degrées the angle of the difference of longitude betwéene the meridians of these places is straight or right and containeth a whole quarter or 60. degrées The like are these places standing vnder the equatour Colipolis a citty of India beyond the riuer Ganges which hath the longitude 194. degrées and 20. minutes Essina the greate Mart-towne of Aethiope vnder Aegipt whose longitude is of 70. degrées and 3. minutes The angle of the differēce of longitude which the meridians of these compasse is blunte and containeth 94. degrées and 17. minutes Againe the same or the like meridians containe and make a sharpe angle of 43 degrées as of the citty Nubarta of Taprobane which at this day is Sumatra and Colipolis of Inde beyond or aboue Ganges for it is distant from the west 122. degrées and 20. minutes and this containeth 164. degrées and 20. minutes If two places be giuen the one standing vnder the Equatour and the other distant toward any other quarter from it The first that the angle of the difference of longitude is straight to these here placed In that if two places giuen the one shall be vnder the equatoure but the other distant from the same toward some quarter thē must the angle of the difference of longitude bee considered If the same shal be right then shal the distance of either place be the quadrant of the greatest cyrcle As in this tryangle A. B. C. where the letter A. representeth the Pole of the equatour and the places giuen that the one be standing in the point B. vnder the equatour and the arke A. B. be the quadrant and that the other consisteth in the letter C. the angle then of the difference of longitude being C. A. B. is right By Regio a montano de trangulis appeareth
experience gainsayth and denieth muchlesse therefore can it be greater ten times By which is to be concluded that the water is but litle in quantity in respect of the earth although it may séeme very bigge being vp to the edges of the vpper face of the earth And if the waters had béene more bigger then the earth they had drowned or couered the whole earth euen of late yeares That the earth employeth the middle place of the Worlde and is the Center of the whole A Ristarchus Samius which was 261 yeares before the byrth of Christ tooke the earth from the middle of the world and placed it in a peculiar Orbe included within Marses and Venus Sphere and to bee drawne aboute by peculiar motions about the Sunne which hée fayned to stande in the myddle of the worlde as vnmoueable after the manner of the fixed stars The like argument doth that learned Copernicus apply vnto his demonstrations But ouerpassing such reasons least by the newnesse of the arguments they may offend or trouble young students in the Art wee therefore by true knowledge of the wise doe attribute the middle seate of the world to the earth and appoynte it the Center of the whole by which the risings settinges of the stars the Equinoctials the times of the increasing and decreasing of the dayes the shadowes and Ecclipses are declared The earth round about is equally distant from heauen therefore according to the definition of the Center the earth is the Center of the world That the stars haue alwaies one bignes in what place soeuer any shall beholde them therefore are they in an equall distance from the earth The roundnesse of the earthly globe hath a proportion vnto the roundnesse of heauen that is the certaine and proportionall parts in the earthly Globe doe answere to certaine proportionall partes of heauen therefore is the earth the Center of the world In that siftéene Germaine miles on earth doe answere to a degrée of the Meridian and that in euery houre doe fiftéene degrées arise of the Equinoctiall which coulde not be if the earth were not in the middle of the world For the vnequall Arks should otherwise appeare in the equal times and the equall partes of the Meridian shoulde the vnequall spaces on earth answere which experience dayly witnesseth vnto the contrary And hereof it ensueth that the earth stands in the middle of the world In euery Artificiall day doe sixe signes appeare and sixe like set vnder the earth therefore is the earth in the middle of the worlde and is also as a pricke to which the halfe doth regularly moue dayly The like is in the opposition of the Sunne and Moone when either light is in the Horizont which could not be if the earth should approch or come néerer vnto one part then vnto the other If it were néerer to eyther of the Poles then could not the vniuersall Equinoctials bee for that the one Arke alwaies either in the day and night time should be greater then the other The Eccclipses also coulde not bée in the changes and full moones For that there shoulde then bée vneuen spaces from the South vnto the North and from the East vnto the West If the earth were not as the Center of the worlde then of necessity shoulde these ensue that the earth shoulde approch either néerer to the East or West or South part and when any of the starres aswell the fixed as Planets shall come vnto that part they shall appeare nearer to vs then being in any other part of heauen and by that aboue saide they shall also appeare greater which is altogether vntrue and we also sée the contrary in that as aboue writen they alwaies appeare of one greatnesse eyther being in the East or in the West Also one halfe of heauen is alwaies aboue the earth and the other halfe vnder the earth and this is not onely found and knowne in one quarter of the earth but the like in euery place as the Equinoctials do witnes then which there can be no more euident tryal A third reason may bée alleadged if any imagined the earth vpon the Center to be parted into two equal halfes and that the eie is placed in the Center then shall the eie sée no more then the halfe of heauen By which appeareth that the swelling of the earth from the Center vnto his compasse about in making a comparison vnto heauen is as in a maner nothing And it is knowne to the learned in Astronomie that any of the fixed starres is by many times greater then the earth which if any behold them they appeare as poynts in heauen Now how much lesser would the earth appear if a man should behold it from his place Here learne by this demonstration following that the earth standing without the Center in the poynt B. being to the Meridiane as is the poynte A. nearer and when a star shall come vnto that poynte then shall it bée nearer to the earth and in the opposite poynt as is I. shall bee from the same much further than in any other place and shall euen there lesser appeare which by experience is quite contrary Further graunt that C. D. be the thwart Horrizont yet the contrary for the second reason E. B. K. being the Equatour which from the said Horrizont is deuided into two vnequall parts and by this consequent also must the Zodiacke bee deuided into two vnequall partes from the said Horrizont for that those two Cyrcles as hereafter shall bee taught doe crosse one another into equall parts Therefore when the sun by his proper motion carried from the East into the West shall come vnto the crossings of the Equatour and Zodiacke and that the greater part of these Cyrcles shall be vnder the earth it cannot be that the Equinoctium or a like day and night can bee through out the earth no not vnder the right Sphere much lesse can it be vnder the thwart Sphere IF this be vnpossible it shall be also as vnpossible that sixe signes may alwaies bee aboue the earth and the other sixe vnder the earth but rather that more of the signes shall be vnder the earth and more of them aboue euen as the earth is imagined to be deuided from the Horrizont aforesaid into two equall parts like as when it shall bée in the Center of the whole and that from each Center of the greater Cyrcles the earth is deuided into two partes As all these to any beholding the materiall Sphere are forthwith knowne at the first sight so by a third reason is to bee noted that when any imagineth by the lyne E. F. that the earth in the poynt G. standing as in the Center of the whole is deuided by the middle as well beeing in G. as H. for the excéeding distance from the Cyrcumference is vnpossible to sée alwaies the halfe heauen If the Earth be not in the middle of the Worlde then of necessitie shall it possesse some of these
through the difficultie of measuring And this whole compasse is not onely ment of the earth but of the earth and water ioyntly togither both which are saide to make one Sphere Also Eratostenes gathereth the compasse of all the earthly Orbe by the proportion of the perticular or the degree of the celestiall Cyrcle vnto the like space on earth For he affirmeth that to one degrée of the celestiall Equatour answere 700. furlongs or 15. Germayne myles but Ptolomie attributeth to a degrée 500. furlongs Which is thus to be vnderstoode that a Cyrcle be imagined on earth directly vnder the Equinoctiall or Merydian lyne deuiding the earth into twoe halfes and that this Cyrcle be likewise deuided into 360. parts or degrées as the celestiall Cyrcles are And ech of these parts doth like vnto the celestial parts containe 700. furlonges or 15. Germaine myles This nowe being tryed and found what the whole Summe eyther of the furlongs or myles of the whole cyrcumference of the earth which contayneth 360. parts or degrées you shall easily finde and knowe the same by this maner Multiply the whole compasse of the earth that is the 368. degrées by the 700. furlongs or fiftéene Germayne myles and the whole compasse shal either appeare to be 252000. furlongs or 5400. Germayne myles This whole compasse of the earth deuide by 22. and the number comming thereof shall bee the 22. part of the compasse of it that is 11454 12 22. furlongs or 254 â—0 22. Germayne myles And abate this 22. part from the whole Summe of the circumference and the number in furlongs shall remaine and be 240545 10 22. and in GErmayne miles 5154 1â— 22. And if any of these sums be deuided a part by 3. it shal be found in furlongs to be 80181. a halfe and a third part or 3 2. 10 66. And in Germaine myles 1718 4 22. that is the dyameter of the earth aswell in the furlonges as Germayne miles And Archimedes by sundry labours and witty inuentions and by Geometrical practise hath found that the like proportion is of the Circumference of the whole Cyrcle vn to the diameter of the same as is 22. vnto 7. that is the diameter thrice with a seauenth part and a halfe But whensoeuer any man will by the cyrcumference of the Cyrcle gather and finde his diameter worke the numbers thus as this example teacheth First set down 22. at the left hand toward the right hand 7. and the cyrcumference betwéen those two numbers 22. 5400. 7. After multiply the first by the second that is 7. by 5400. the number increased which is 47800. deuide by the thirde that is 22. and you shall finde in the quotient 1718 4 22. Germayne myles Or thus in furlongs the number being set downe alike 22. 252000. 7. then multiplie the first by the second as 7. by 25200. and the increase shall be 1764000. after the increased number deuide by the third as by 22. and the diameter shall be 80181 18 22. If any couet to finde the vpper face of the earth by the dyameter and cyrcumference known worke one into the other and you shal haue that you séeke But if you desire to knowe the thicknesse of the earth then ioyne the superficiall solydenes of the Sphere vnto the sixt part of the diameter and you shall obtaine your desire THE SECOND PART OF THE SPHERICALL Elements of the Celestiall Circles with the vses of the same Circles What is the Summe of this Second Part. WHereas in the first part were only teh rudiments of the Sphere handeled and taught which are also written and contained in diuers Phyâ—â—â—e bookes as of the World and the many parts thereof that is of the Ethereall and Elementarie Region And also of the parts motion and formeâ— of â—he Etheriall Region as Heauen and the forâ—â—â—e 〈◊〉 and quantitie of the Earth Here in this second parte shall fully bee â—etâ—â—â— thâ— and largely handled the manifold vses of the Cyrcle of which the materiall Sphere is framed and made Further this second part is deuided into thrée partes the first teacheth the deuision of the Cyrcles in that the auncient Astronomers for a playner instruction deuided heauen into sundry Cyrcles and of these some in greater and other some in lesser Cyrcles In the second part are the definitions descriptions and vtilities of all the Cyrcles taught In the third and last part are the places of the Zones learnedly described and the vtilities of them So that this second part doeth especially intreate of the Cyrcles séeing the principall poynte of the Sphere is of the celestiall appearances which by reason of the celestiall Cyrcles or of the first moouer are caused as may appeare of the ascentions and descentions of the signes by which the whole knowledge aswell of the naturall as artificiall day is learned Wherefore in that this instruction of the ascentions of the signes consisteth in the Cyrcles which the auncient Astronomers imagined to bée in the first mouer therefore is this second part of the celestiall Cyrcles aptely placed and necessarily before taught That the Sphere of the worlde is either right or thwart THe roundnesse of the earth as is afore taught both altereth the standing of the Poles and the whole Sphere of the worlde in diuers partes of the earth For to them which dwell vnder the Equatour either Pole falleth to the playnesse of the HorizoÌ„t But to others dwelling without the Equatoure the one Pole is raysed and the other depressed hid through which diuersitie of the standinges of them are these differences caused that the risings and settings of the signes are altered the spaces betwéene the dayes and nights varied whose causes ought diligently to be sought Therefore is the right Sphere distinguished from the thwart Sphere of the worlde In this maner as here you may be holde by these figures following That is called the right Sphere in which either Pole resteth and standeth on the plaine of the Horizont and the Equatoure which there doeth exactly possesse the middle place betwéene the Poles and doeth with the Horrizont make a right sphericall angle of which it is so named a right Sphere For they haue such a standing vpon the Sphere of the worlde as that neyther of the Poles is eleuated aboue the Horizont to them which dwell vnder the Equatoure The thwart declined or bending Sphere is that in which either of the Poles of the world eleuated is séene aboue the Horizont and the other iust somuch set and hidde beneath the Horizont and also that the Equatoure frameth and maketh with the Horizont thwart and vnequall angles And that is called a blunte angle which séeth the Pole eleuated and that a sharpe angle declining vnto the contrary They which dwell on this side and beyonde the Equatoure haue such a Sphere But the same forme and condicion of the thwart Sphere is not euery where nor the positure of it the same reason but that the thwartnesse of the Sphere
hand with the Signes decently placed the Arks or roots of the declinations follow those numbers which rootes are no other then the arkes of the circle of the Latitude that is the circle passing by the Poles of the Ecliptike included betweene the Ecliptike and Equatour The generall Table of the Declinations ♈ ♎ Arkes ♉ â™ Arkes ♊ â™ Arkes G â—r mÌ„ â—r mÌ„ â—r mÌ„ G 0 0 0 12 16 20 38 30 1 0 26 12 37 20 40 29 2 0 12 12 37 21 0 28 3 1 18 12 58 21 11 27 4 1 44 12 58 21 21 26 5 2 10 13 19 21 31 25 6 2 36 13 40 21 40 24 7 3 2 14 0 21 49 23 8 3 28 14 20 21 58 22 9 3 53 14 40 22 6 21 10 4 19 14 50 22 14 20 11 4 45 15 18 22 21 19 12 5 10 15 37 22 28 18 13 5 25 15 55 22 35 17 14 6 0 16 â— 22 41 16 15 6 25 17 31 22 47 15 16 6 50 17 48 23 52 14 17 7 15 17 5 23 57 13 18 7 39 17 22 23 2 12 19 8 3 18 â—8 23 7 11 20 8 27 18 54 23 11 10 21 8 â—â— 18 0 23 15 9 22 9 15 18 25 23 18 8 23 9 39 19 40 23 21 7 24 10 2 10 55 23 23 6 25 10 25 19 9 23 25 5 26 10 48 19 23 23 27 4 27 11 10 20 36 23 28 3 28 11 32 20 49 23 29 2 29 11 54 20 36 23 30 1 30 12 16 20 30 23 30 0 Ecli◠♠♓ ♌ â™’ ♋ ♉ Ecliâ— THe meridianes with the Horizont in any right or thwart in the other foure greater cyrcles doe distinguish all heauen into twelue spaces which they call the houses of heauen Of these foure which occupy the angles of heauen are called the quarters the foure nexte to these are named the succedents the last included by the succedentes and angles are named the declining houses and the cadent from the angles The meridian also hath a most great vse in Cosmographie for by it the describers of the world measure the longitudes and latitudes of places and cities which beeing knowne the distance of cities may easily be found That you may vnderstand what the longitude and latitude of a place is it behoueth you to know the distinctioÌ„ of the earth after the Geographers which is on this wise The Geographers doe assigne or imagine two points on the earth right vnder the poles of the world after that they deuise a cyrcle equally distant on either side froÌ„ these these two points right vnder the equinoctiall which deuideth the whole Globe of the earth and water into twoe equall halfes This cyrcle thus described on earth they distribute into 360. parts or degrées in procéeding from the West into the East by each degrées of this cyrcle and by the points right vnder the poles they imagine and draw 180. cyrcles which for that they are vnder the celestiall meridians they also call meridians and those they deuide into thrée hundred thréescore parts or degrées by which parts they imagine and draw the Parallell or equidistant cyrcles to the equinoctiall procéeding from the equinoctiall on either side towardes the pointes in the poles lying vnder these Parallels although they bee not of the same bignesse or largenesse for how much nearer the poles they are so much the narrower and strayter they run togither Contrariwise how farre of they bee from the Poles and nearer to the Equinoctiall so much the wider and larger they runne yet doe they deuide as the Equinoctiall or any other greate cyrcle into thrée hundreth and thrée score partes or degrées Howe this deuision of the earth beeing learned and vnderstoode a man may the more easily conceiue what the longitude and latitude of places is The longitude of a place as I haue afore written is the arke of the equinoctiall cyrcle or Parallell passing by the Zenith of the place which is sought after included betweene the two meridians as betwéene the first meridian which by the Zenith of the Iles of Canarie and further off is imagined to bee drawne and the Meridian of the place offered that is the longitude of any place is the distance thereof from that westerly point from which the beginning of loÌ„gitudes is accounted toward the East They began to account the longitude from the west through the proper motions of the Planets which are caried vnto the contrary quarter from the West or rather for the Moone at whose Ecclipses it is well knowne that it more auaileth then the true finding out the longitudes of places or as some rather thinke likelier that the places which ende and stand furthest Westward inhabited haue bene sures and perfecter found For through the nearenesse and opportunity of the iourneyes which they in auncient time were mooued to fâ—auaâ—le and saile â—â—â—â— as the twoe Iles named Gades which lie by the furthest parts of Spaine beyond Granade and since through the passage by West Occean men of later yeares haue sailed about the furthest partes without stop or impediment But vnto the Eastward they were stopped of their course by a great distance through the difficulty and perill of the iourney And since beyond the halfe circle almost thréescore degrées men haue sailed to Scythia besides Imaus which nowe is named the great Tartaria that reacheth bordering to the vpper India where the most large kingdome of Cathagia vnder the parallell of Thracia flourisheth where Bebeid Cham was gouernour And that is the part of Tartaria which beginneth from the riuer Tanais so that the largenesse of Schithia Asiatica from the West to the East doeth almost take vp 84. whole degrées America in the sea Atlanticus is of such greatnesse that the same is supposed to be a fourth part of the world inhabited the middle or halfe of it hath the longitude of 330. degrées and the latitude of tenne degrées Southward The sea Altanticus hath many large Ilands in it among which the most notable are Spagnolla Cuba Parias otherwise Chersouesus by the straight that reacheth vpward into the north The middle of the same hath the longitude of 285. degrées the latitude Northerly 44. degrées For from 11. vnto 50. almost it reacheih vnto America streacheth far into the South beyond the tropick of Capricorne although his bounde or furthest part Southerly bee not yet founde or knowne To the auncient it was no further knowne Southward then 17. degrées beyond the Equinoctiall and the furthest knowne to them Northwarde excéeded not thrée score and thrée degrées which as Ptholomie witnesseth was vnto the Iland Thylen So that the whole latitude found by them appeareth to be 80. degrées both of the one and the other side of the equinoctial and on earth the same containeth 40. thousand furlongs to which 50. hundred paces answere but Germaine miles two hundreth thousand agrée Also the Iland Thilen or Thulen standeth beyond Scotland and the Iles Hebrides
where the places bound of colde and moysture be white of body hauing long heare on the head tall and comely of stature and personage cold of qualitie yet in maners or condicions wilde and cruell through the force of the cold in those places and agréeing with these is the greatnes of the winter and the greatnesse of fierce and cruel beasts and other liuing things there bréeding with a furious people inhabiting called generally the Scythians Last those dwelling vnder the temperate zones be a gentler and ciuiler people beeing some tawnie especially toward the South and others toward the North reasonable white of skin and bodie being meane of stature and temperate in nature and quality and of the same like in condicions and behauiuor c. And thus much for the second part of this Treatise FINIS The Table of all the speciall and seuerall points handled in this Booke OF the Rudiments of the Sphere of Heauen of the Stars of the Orbs of the Stars and of the Earth Folio 1 What a Sphere is 2 What the world is and into how many parts the same is deuided with the motion of the celestiall Orbs. 8 What the Stars are and that as to the motion of their Orbes they are caried about 11 That Heauen is drawne round 13 That there are but eight celestiall Orbs that may be seen 14 A generall figure declaring the number disposition and order of the Celestiall Spheres aboute the Globe of the earth 16 That there are two first motions of the celestiall Orbs. 17 That there are two kindes of Starres the fixed and the Planets 19 Of the celestiall images and of their diuers names being in number 48. 21 The 12. signes of the Zodiacke 22 Of the Southerly 23 Of the Planets 25 That Heauen hath a rounde fourme and is carried circularly 29 That the water and earth are round bodies and by a mutuall embracing doe make one body and one hollowe vpper face 31 An Instrument by which the roundnesse of the earth according to latitude may bee prooued and all those may easily bee shewed which are taught of the dayes Artificiall 33 That the water hath a like swelling and runneth round 36 That the earth emploieth the middle place of the world and is the Center of the whole 42 If the earth be not in the middle of the world then of necessity it must possesse some of the standings described in the figure there demonstrated 46 That the earth abideth fixed and vnmoueable in the middle of the world 49 The phisicke reasons 50 That the earth compared vnto heauen is as a point 52 To finde the compasse of the earth and by it the Dyameter 55 The second Part. What the summe of the second part is 59 That the Sphere of the world is either right or thwart 90 That the Circles of the Sphere be some greater some lesse with the number of the Circles 92 The description names and vtilities of the Equinoctiall 62 That this worthy Circle hath diuers names 71 What are the offices of the Equinoctiall 73 What are the Northerly images in respect of the Equinoctiall 78 The description names and offices of the Zodiacke and Ecclipticke line or way of the Sun 98 What are the names of this Circle 100 What is the cause of the thwartnesse of the Zodiacke 109 Of the Ecclipticke line or way of the Sun 113 What the latitude of a Planet is after two destinctions 115 What is the longitude of a Star where he beginneth 116 What are the vses and vtilities of the Zodiacke and Ecclipticke 124 The description names and offices of the Colures 125 What the offices and vtilities of the Colures are 133 The description names and offices of the meridian Circles and Horizon 135 What are the offices and vtilities of the meridian 144 A Table of the Suns declarations c. 155 The common way of measuring of places with their spaces by the rules of longitude and latitude 167 What is to bee done if places differ in the longitudes 169 Other briefe examples 171 The finding of the distances of places or Citties in a more easier manner 173 The first rule 174 An Example 175 Another Ibid Another Ibid Another 179 Another Ibid Another Ibid Another 177 The second Rule Ibid Another excellent Table c. 178 An example of the vse of this Table 179 The second Rule 180 An Example Ibid Another 183 Another Ibid Another 184 Another Ibid An easier working Ibid An Example 185 Another Ibid Another 186 If of two places c. Ibid. A third rule 190 An example of the third rule Ibid. Another 193 Another 124 Another 196 An easier working and lesse curious 197 An Example 198 Another Ibid Another 199 Another Ibid A demonstration of the third rule 200 The declaration of the first rule 201 The declaration of the second rule Ibid. The declaration of the third rule 202 The definition appellations diuision and offices or vtilities of the Horizon 204 The appellations and diuers names of the Horizon 205 The offices or vtilities of the Horizon 215 Of the verticall Circles 217 The Circles of the Altitude 219 The houre Circles 221 The Circles deuiding the twelue houses of heauen 226 The Circle of position 230 The definitions names and vtilities of the foure lesser Circles 231 Which Circles are called the Tropicks 235 Why they are called Tropicks Ibid. The offices or vtilities of the foure lesser Circles 245 The descriptions names qualities c. 247 What the longitude latitude of the celestial zones are 261 What is the longitude and latitude of the earthly Zones 263 Where the beginning and end of euery Zone according to latitude and which places are in which Zones 264 How the Zones and Clymates doe differ 267 What are the qualities of the Zones Ibid What be the vtilities of the Zones 268 FINIS
greate and long space if by such a swiftnesse the earth should be turned about the Exe-trée of the world Or if by the motion of the earth the ayre and all things hanging in the ayre should be drawne with a like swiftnesse then should they appeare to stay or not to be moued at all And further if a stone or any waighty thing cast vpward shuld not light againe downe right on the same place as may be séene in a shippe at sayling So that to all these doeth euident experience deny that by no motion the earth is any thing moued dut continually stayeth and abideth By the fourth it is manifest that in the motion and turning about of the Cyrcle the Center abideth vnmoueable which is the earth placed in the myddle of the world and is as the Center of the worlde Therefore is the Earth knowne to be vnmoueable That the Earth compared vnto Heauen is as a poynt ALthough to the vnskillfull in this Arte the magnitude and largenes of the earth séemeth to be of an excéeding greatnesse that no bond or ende can be decerned with the eie nor any hauing trauailed into farre countries could hytherto finde any bounds of the same yet the greatnesse of the earth compared vnto the mighty largenesse of heauen is accompted but a pricke as the Geomitricall rules declare The earth also is a very small thing in respect of heauen yea so litle in comparison as a pepper corne or seede of Colliander vnto a Cyrcle of a thowsande paces compasse For if the earth compared to the firmament were of any sensible greatnesse a man shoulde not sée the halfe of heauen nor the halfe Cyrcle of the Equinoctiall or Zodiacke And howe much greater the earth shoulde be by so much the lesser should a man sée the halfe of heauen But the contrary is knowne in that on any plaine of the earth or vpper face of the sea a man alwaies séeth the halfe Sphere of heauen the other halfe in the meane time remayning hid and of this the halfe dyameter of the earth is so small vnto the distance of the firmament that it may take away nothing in a maner of the halfe Sphere extant to the eye Besides these if the earth should be imagined to be placed in any of the Orbes of heauen it woulde appeare but small in respect of them for being imagined in the Moones Orb the earth should appeare thrice as great as the moon is decerned from thence and somewhat bigger And from the suns Orbe the earth should be decerned twice so large as Venus doth here appeare to vs. And if in Marses Sphere you would say that the earth is equall to a small star But from the firmament Saturns Sphere or Iupiters if a man could decerne it the earth shoulde appeare so small that a man would be abashed at the sight of it And here an ignorant man might greatly wonder that so small a body yea rather a pricke as it is accounted of the learned should containe in it so many Realmes Prouinces Citties Towns Flouds Mountaines Woods Ualleyes Seas Riuers Lakes and many other greate matters ouer long to be written That the earth also is as a Pricke is declared by sundry reasons following By the first that round about the earth the magnituds and distances of the stars in their times are decerned and séene euery where equall and alike By the second that the Gnomons or dyall shadowes and the Centers of the Sphericall borderes or Cyrcles placed in any part of the earth do somuch auaile and kéep the considerations and guydings about of shadowes so regularly and agréeing to the rule and matter as if those in very déede shoulde bee placed in the myddle poynte of the earth By the third that the Horizont doeth euery where deuide the whole heauen into two equall halues For that in euery moment doe sixe signes of the Zodiacke appeare aboue the Horizont and in the night time being a fayre sky are they to bée séene with the eye and so many at that in stant hid within the Horizont so that by a cōtinuall drawing about of heauen doe sixe signes appeare and as many right against those sixe set vnder the earth If the magnitude of the earth shoulde bée of any light portion vnto heauen then so much of the Center the vpper face drawne aboute shoulde parte or deuide heauen into equall halfe Spheres The other Spheres reatching from any part of the vpper face shoulde deuide the same into vnequall portions Neither halfe the Zodiacke should alwaies appeare but a portion much lesser than halfe the Zodiack should be séen aboue the earth so that the greater parte of the earth through the folydnesse excluded and hidden should not after be séene By the fourth the Equinoctiall shadowes both of the rising and setting of the sun doe make a right line euen as if they should be streached out and lie on the plaine caried by the Center of the earth So that all these should not be caused if the magnitude of the earth in respect of heauen should be of a sensible or of any portion to it To conclude Ptholomie vseth alwaies the body of the earth for the Center of the worlde not deuiding the vpper face from that which is not in sight of the earth Certaine affirme that one degrée of the greatest Cyrcle in heauen contayneth 57051. common Germaine miles Of which one degrée of any earthly Cyrcle in the vpper face of the earth doeth amount to 15. Germayne myles And that one minute of the celestiall degrée expresseth 9509. Germayne miles which if this bée true and certainly knowne then is it not vainely thought and gessed that the earth is as a Pricke in respect of heauen To finde the compasse of the Earth and by it the Dyameter THe whole compasse of the earth according to Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius and Eratostenes doth contayne 5400. Germaine myles and the dyameter of the same doth contayne 1718 4 22. Germayne miles But the authority of Eratostenes after the minde of Plinie is more to bee regarded then the other thrée Philosophers which prooueth by demonstration and reasons that the compasse of the whole earth is 252000. furlongs Yet Hipparchus finding faulte at Eratostenes doeth affirme the compasse of the earth to be of 277000. furlongs And a furlong is here after the agréement of the Geometricians of a hundreth twenty and fiue paces And this sentence is not here mente that there is any ambiguity or vncertainty in this reason but that the one affirmed lesser and the other more furlongs For after Eratostenes doe 700. furlongs answere to one degrée but after Hipparchus 774. furlongs answere to a degrée So that there is no other diuersity in the matter but onely the number Ptholomie that was after Eratostenes attributed seuen hundred fifty furlongs of the earthly merydiane to one degrée of the celestial meridiane So that by all these appeareth that the magnitude of the earth is as yet vnfounde out