ryght lyne from one poynt to another so that this be a lyne of 47. Degreés and as muâ—◠〈◊〉 at â—â—e other end of the sayde Equinoctiall Upon euery one of these right lines you shall make a haâ—â—e â—ircle and â—euide â—uâ—ry of them into syxe equall partes whiche may aunsweâ—re to sixâ— signes and euery signe into threâ— partes which may 〈◊〉 to the tenthes or tenth partâ—â—f dâ—gâ—â—és and if the 〈◊〉 be great you shall deuide euâ—ry signe into fiâ—â— or 〈◊〉 parâ—es so that you may make it perfect and precise This 〈◊〉 from the points or prickes of the one halfe circle to the pointes of the other draw certaine lynes whiche shal be equidiâ—â—nâ— to the Equinoctiall In the endes of these lynes betweéâ—e the lesse circle and the edge of the rundell drawe also certayne lynes whiche may reache vnto the beginninges and endes of the signes and in the â—oppe of the endes or ouer the endes of these lynes make an Arke so farre distaunt from the lesse circle as is the thicknesse of the edge of a peéce of foure ryals of plate And in the space that is left graduate the signes from tenne to tenne or as the diuision shal be The space that remayneth from thence to the edge of the rundel you shal deuide by the halfe and in it shal be made twelue spaces where you shall set the signes with their names or caractes orderly so that Aries be next vnto the Equinoctiall then Taurus towarde the part of the Index then Gemini and turning towarde the Equinoctiall Cancer Leo Uirgo Likewise on the other parte of the Equinoctiall Libra Scorpio Sagittarius And turnyng to the Equinoctiall Capricornus Aquarius Pisces And thus hauing signed the Zodiacke you shall also signe or marke the houres in manner as followeth Deuide the lesse circle of this rundel into foure equal parts so that euery quarter may haue sixe partes Reduce this diuision to the Diameter putting the ruler vpon the poynts equally distant from the Horizon And where it toucheth the Equinoctial make pricks or poynts so that the Equinoctial remayne deuided into twelue partes Then vpon one of the Tropykes giue a circle which may haue the same Tropike for his Diameter Deuide this circle into 24. equall partsâ— reduce these diuisions to the Tropike as is done in the Equinoctial from one Tropike to another then the Equinoctial and the Tropikes being thus deuided with this pricks or poynts you shall passe with a payre of compasses by euery poynt equally ordered from the Horizon to the one and the other part and these shal be called houres wryting in the ends of them theyr numbers beginning the one part in one and ending it in twelue On the other part begin the one in thopposite part and end in twelue This done these rundels shal be brought to their perfection Moreouer you shal make a triangle with a right angle hauing two equal sides that may make the right angle Euery of these sides must be as long as is the Semidiameter of the greatest rundel also vpon and about the ryght angle you shall make a litle circle whiche shall haue the same angle for his center on the one side of this tryangle set two raysed plates as in the Astrolabie on the contrary side of these raysed plates must be a hole so farre distant from the ceâ—ter or angle as is the Semidiameter of the circle of the lesse rundel In this hole you must put a threéd hanging thereat a little wayght or plommet only sufficient to hold the threéd straight so that it cause nothing of the rundels to turne or the instrument to decline Furthermore in a circle as bigge as the lesse of the lesse rundel you shal deuide into 32. parts the eyght wyndes and halfe wyndes and quarters of winds And being thus redused to their Diameters as is done in the Equinoctial you shal translate them in the sides of the triangle in the which by the center of his little circle and by the center of the rundels all the three peéces must be made fast with an axes or a nayle so that they may be turned about close and very iuste Then put a ring in the handle of the instrument wherby it may hang as in the Astrolabie and so shall the Instrument be â—ynished and brought to perfection This is the trace or draught of the Instrument To knowe at what hourâ— the Sunne ryseth and falleth by the Instrument folowyng you shall put the Pole of the lesse rundel which is the index to the left hand in the greatest rundell in so many degrees aboue the Horizon in how many degrees the Pole is raysed in that lande or place Then put the tryangle which is the Horizon in his place that is to say yf the Sunne shal be in the North signes put it to the left hand and if it shal be in the South signes to the ryght hand and then the triangle shal cut the paralel where the Sunne goeth in .10 or .20 or .30 degreés or proportionally where it is and there shall you see in the sydes of the Zodiacke the houres when the Sunne ryseth and falleth And lykewyse at what wind the Sunne ryseéth and falleth to vs you shall seé in the wynds of the tryangle To know by the eleuation of the Sunne the houre that is put the Pole or Index so farre distant from the Zenith or handle of the Instrument as it is in that place or paralel aboue the Horizon then turne the triangle towarde the Sunne vntill the beames thereof enter in at the raysed plates and then the threéd with the plomet shall cut the paralell of the Sunne by the houre that shal be and consequently the triangle shal be distant from the Zenith the degreés that the Sunne shall be raysed that houre about the Horizon This is the Demonstration FINIS ¶ Heere beginneth the Table of this Booke The contentes of the Chapters of the first part THe generall distinction of Creatures Folio iiii The definition of the World Fol. v. The definition of the Sphere Fol. eodem The diuision of the World Fol. eodem The number order and propertie of the Elementes and Heauens Fol. vi The immutabilitie or immobilitie of the Earth Fol. viii The roundnes of the Earth and Water Fol. viii The motion of the Heauens and Elements Fol. x. The diuision of the Sphere into formall partes Fol. eod The Equinoctiall circle Fol. xii The Zodiacke Fol. eodem The circle called Coluri Fol. xiii The Meridian circle Fol. xiiii The Horizontall circle Fol. eod The foure lesse circles Fol. xv The fiue Zones Fol. xvi The Longitude and Laâ—itude And of the proportion which the lesse circles haue to the great circle Fol. xviii The circuite or compasse of the earth and water according to the opinions of the auncient later auctours Fol. xix The vii Climates Fol. eod Certayne principles of this science Fol. xxi The Contentes
sense as Beastes other vnderstanding as Man who in holy Scripture is called all Creatures according to the sayiâ—g of Christ to his Disciples where he sayth Goe and preache the Gospell to all Creatures And therefore not without good cause was Man called of the Greeke Philosophers Microcosmos that is the lesse World In the which we contemplate things of no lesse admiration then in the great World The similitude betweene them both is that euen as the great world and the whole Globe or Sphere thereof is mooued by the voluntarie motion of an intellectiue substaunce or an Angell euen so is this For as Aristotle wryteth What so euer is mooued is mooued by vertue of an other As Man is mooued by the internall or inward fourme that is within him that is to say by the intellectiue soule that is proper vnto him In lyke maner in the great worlde are found dyuers mooueable thyngs All which are reduced to one immoueable moouer So in man are found many thyngs mooued by diuers motions which are all referred to his intellectiue soule The great worlde conteyneth the creatures within it selfe and consequently is all really as hauing nothing without it Euen so man by knowledge is all and knoweth all things and nothing naturally is â—id from him or vnknowen to him Agayne in this lesse humane world are two motions Intellectiue and Sensuâ—â—◠〈…〉 the great world hath two locall motâ—ons the one wherewith the fyrst mooueable is mooued and draweth with it all the other Spheres from the East to the West and is called Rationall moouing The second is the moouing of the other Spheres from the Weast into the East and is called Irrationall moouing But now leauing to speake of the lesse world we will proceede to speake further of the great ¶ The seconde Chapter of the definition of the worlde THE world as sayth Isodorus is Heauen and Earth and the other woorks of God that are conteyned therein It is compounded of things visible and yet vnsearchable Moses and Saint Iohn the Euangelist witnesse that it was made by God The Philosophers called it Mâ—ndus a mouendo because it is in continuall moouing and neuer in rest The Greekes called it Cosmos which signifieth Fayre or Beautifull and so named it because of the marueilous ornament thereof and diuersitie of Elements with the resplendence or shining of the Sunne Moone and Starres And doubtlesse nothing may be seene with the corporall eyes of man more beautâ—full then it is In so much that the diuine Philosopher Plato affyrmed that eyes were geuen to men to beholde the beautie thereof and to take pleasure in the contemplation of the heauenly bodyes and roundnesse of the world which also for the roundnesse thereof is called Spheriâ—all because that Sphera in the Greeke tongue signifieth a round body The thyrd Chapter of the definition of the Sphere THeodosius sayth that the Sphere is a whole and corporall figure vnder one superficial in the middest whereof is a poynt or pricke from the which all right lines drawne directly to the circumference are equall This poyut or pricke is called the center of the Sphere according to Euclide it is the passage of the circumference of hâ—lfe a circle which is turned round about his Diameter that is fixed vntill it returne to his owne proper place againe as where it was at the fyrst By the center of the Sphere passeth a right lyne and thextremities or endes thereof touch in the circumference And this lyne imagined is called the Axis or Exeltree of the Sphere and the endes thereof are called the Pales Uppon this Axis is the Sphere of the world mooued The fourth Chapter of the diuision of the world IT is to be presupposed that there is â— difference betweene Element and Elementate and the fyfte being calâ—ed Quinta Essentia The Quint essence or fyfte substance is a body of it selfe differing from all Elements and things Elemental aswell in matter as in fourme and no lesse in nature and vertue and hauing in it selfe no contrarietie is certaynly without corruption And hereof comâ—eth it that the Philosophers called the heauens and heauenly bodyes the fyfth substaunce or fyfth essence by reason of the incoâ—ruptibilitie thereof Element is that whereof any thing is coâ—â—ounded It is the fyrst of compositions and of it selfâ— is not compounded Wâ—ereby it foloweth that neyther the earth the ayre the water nor the fyre that are neare vnto vs or about â—s are pure and simple Elements For these Elements do sometimes mingle themselues one with another and especially where they are neare togeather and touche one another Of these elements euery part is named by the name of the whole As euery part of fyre is called fyre and euery part of earth is called earth and so of the other They are called simple bodyes in respecte of other compound and mixt bodyes They are diuisible into partes of diuers fourmes and of the commixtion of them are made and engendred diuers things of sundry kyndes These foure that is to meane Earth Ayre Water and Fyre although they are named simple but in respecte as aforesayde yet are they the Elements that is to say beginnings and principles of all other compoundes and mixtes A pure Element can not be seene forasmuch as that that is pure lacketh colour and that that hath no colour is not visible The Elements as sayth Isodorus were diuided by the hand of God The imperiall Heauen was replenished with Angelles the ayre with byrdes the sea with fyshes and the land with men and other beastes Elementate is euery body compounded of the foure Elements Not that they are Elements formally but vertually in myxt bodies This knowen we wyll shewe how the world is diuided into two regions Celestiall and Elementall The region Elementall which is continually subiect to alterations is diuided into foure Elements which are Earth Water Ayre and Fyre These Elâ—ments the Greekes call Yctogia for the communion and concord that they haue beâ—weene themselues The heauenly or etheriall region called Quinta Essentia compasseth and conteineth the Elementall worlde within it The fyfth Chapter of the number order and propertie of the Elements and Heauens THE Earth after the Philosopher is a pricke or poynt in the middest called the center to the which they assigne the lowest place Next vnto the earth and about it the Water occupyeth the second place and the Ayre the thyrd The Fyre is higher then any of the other elements And it is to vnderstand that the water hath two superficials One which is called concaue or halowâ— the other conuex or embowing You may compare the inward part of the concaue to a dyshe or a bolle whose outward part is called conuex As touching the concaue the water compasseth about the earth leauing discouered that part that serueth for the
23 55 14 38 47 17 53 36 7 68 22 29 83 7 19 9 59 16 24 54 49 39 46 38 54 35 16 69 21 30 84 6 16 10 59 5 25 54 23 40 45 58 55 34 25 70 20 31 85 5 14 11 58 54 26 53 56 41 45 17 56 33 33 71 1â— 32 86 4 11 12 58 41 27 53 28 42 44 35 57 32 41 72 18 32 87 3 8 13 58 28 28 52 59 43 43 53 58 31 48 73 17 33 88 2 5 14 58 13 29 52 29 44 43 10 59 30 54 74 16 32 89 1 3 15 57 57 30 51 58 45 42 26 60 30 0 75 15 32 90 0 0 The xviii Chapter of the circuite or compasse of the Earth and Water according to the opinion of the auncient and latter aucthours IT may heere appeare to be necessarie for our purpose to declare what space of the superficie of the earth or water the auncient wryters diâ— suppose to aunsweare to one degree of a greater circle in the heauen for in diuers countries they vsed to count by diuers sorts of measures as the Latines counted by miles the Greeks by furlongs the Spanyards Frenchmen by leagues the Egyptians by signes or marks and the Persians by saguas But they all agree that foure graynes of Barly make a finger breadth four fingers a hand breadth four hands a â—oote fiue foote a Geometricall pase for two simple pases make fiue feete Also 125. Geometricall pases make a furlong eyght furlongs one myle whiche is a thousand pases and three myles one lâ—ague In Germanie they make leagues of more feete and in some places more then in other In Fraunce they count thyrâ—ie leagues to one degree The Spanyards count sixteene leagues and two terces and seuenteene and a halfe for a degree of the great ciâ—cle this difference that one league is bigger then another may come heereof that one Barly corne is bigger then another But to our purpose let vs geue to euery league three thousand pases and to euery pase fyue foote and so shall euery league haue xv thousand foote In the Cardes of the sea that haue their degrees of xvi leagues and two terces we say that of these the roundenesse of the land and the water conteyneth sixe thousande leagues And in the Cardes that haue seuenteene leagues and a halfe for a degree of these we say that it conteyneth sixe thousand and three hundred leagues And who so desyreth to knowe howe muche is the Diameter of the earth and water may knowe it by multiplying the circumference by seuen so that diuiding the summe that riseth thereof by twentie and two the part that ryseth of that calculation shall be the Diameter and the halfe thereofâ— shall be the semidiameter The xix Chapter of the seueâ— Climates THE auncient aucthours did also diuide that part of the superficie of the earth on the North side of the Equinoctiall which they supposed to be most habitable into seuen Climates wherein they did fynde to be dyuers conditions and customes of men and diuersities of beastes and of other naturall thynges the whiche thyngs they perceyued to haue a diuersâ—tie in the countreys as where the day of the one did encrease or differ aboue the day of the other by halfe an houre so that the space of the superficiall of the earth betweene two paralelle lynes wherein the longest day doth increase or differ by halfe an houre is called a Climate The place where they suppose the fyrst climate to begin is distant in Latitude from the Equinoctial by 12. degrees and 45. minutes where the longest day is 12. houres and 45. minutes the place where the last climate doth finishe is in the Latitude of 50. degrees and 30. minutes where the longest day is 16. houres and 15. minutes so that the increase of the longest day in the ende of the seuenth climate dooeth exceede it in the beginning of the fyrst climate by three houres and an halfe and the whole compasse of the earth with all the seuen climates dooeth conteyne in breadth 37. degrees and 45. minutes but their length is supposed to extend to 180. degrees of longitude In that maner a climate the neare it is vnto the Equinoctial the more it conteyneth of the superficiall of the earth because the paralelle circles the nearer they be vnto the Equinoctial the greater is the compasse of the earth which they make in length and the lesser the compasse is the nearer they be vnto the poles as dooth appeare euidently by the Meridians where they doo all concurre and meete in the poles â—heir distaunces waxeth continually lesser and lesser the nearer they be vnto the sayd poles so that the nearer the climate is vnto the pole the lesser it conteyneth of myles in the length In lyke maner shall you vnderstand that greater is the breadth of the first clime then of the second and the second then the third and lykewyse of the other For in how much the more the Equinoctial you come neare to the pole so much the more is the Sphere oblique or crooked and consequently the day encreaseth more by reason whereof in lesse space is found the increaseth of halfe an houre in which the climate maketh difference and doth varye Whiche thyng shall be more manifest to hym that beholdeth the Latitude of them all as may appeare by the Table heere folowyng In whiche you may see the houres whiche the greatest daye conteyneth of euery climate in his beginning middest and ende with also the eleuation of the Pole or distaâ—nce from the Equinoctial and also the degrees of Latitude which euery Climate conteyneth The longest day   The eleuation of the Pole  Differences of the latitude Climates Beginning Midst End beginning Midst End     Ho. M Ho. M Ho. M G M G M G M G M 1 12 45 13 0 13 15 12 45 16 40 20 30 7 45 2 13 15 13 30 13 45 20 30 24 15 27 30 7 0 3 13 45 14 0 14 15 27 30 30 45 33 40 6 10 4 14 15 14 30 14 45 33 40 36 24 39 0 5 20 5 14 45 15 0 15 15 39 0 41 20 43 30 4 30 6 15 15 15 30 15 45 43 30 45 24 47 15 3 45 7 15 45 16 0 16 15 47 15 48 40 50 30 3 15 The fyrst Climate is called Dia Meroes Meroe is a Citie of Aphrike vnder the burnt Zone on this side the Equinoctiall 16. degrees The second is called Dia Siena Siena is a Citie in the conâ—ines of Ethiope where there is a well that sheweth the Sommer solstitiall because that place is vnder the circle of the Tropike of Cancer and the Sunne seemeth to stand directly ouer that place at mydday of the solsticiall whereby the well is then very cleere and hath in it no shadowe at all as the Poet
of the second part THe course of the Sunne in the Zodiacke Fol. xxii The true place of the Sunne in the Zodiacke Fol. xxiii The declination of the Sunne Fol. xxv The entraunce of the Sunne in the xii signes and of the Equinoctials and Solstitials which deuide the foure times of the yeere Fol. xxvii Of the Moone and her motions and properties Fol. xxix The coniunctions and oppositions of the Sunne and the Moone Fol. xxx The declaration and vse of an instrument by the which is found the place and declination of the Sunne with the dayes and place of the Moone Fol. xxxi The Eclipses of the Moone and the Sunne Fol. xxxiii Of tyme and the definition thereof Fol. xxxv Of the yeere and the diuers beginnings and reckonings or computations had thereof in olde tyme. Fol. xxxvi Of the moneth and of his differences Fol. xxxvii Of the weeke Fol. xxxix Of the day and night Fol. eod Of houres Fol. xl The making vse of an vniuersall Dyal for the day Fol. xli Of certain perticuler Dials Mural Horizontal Fol. xliii The composition and vse of an instrument for the houres of the night Fol. xlv The time of the tides or rising falling of the sea Fol. xlviii Of certayne signes which prognosticate tempests or fayre weather Fol. l. Of the bright shining exhalations that appere in teÌ„pests which the Mariners call Santelmo or Corpus sancti Fol. li. The Contentes of the third part THe number order and names of the windes Fol. liiii The composition of Cardes for the Sea Fol. lvi The vertue and propertie of the Lodestone called in Latin Magnes and in Spanish Piedrayman Fol. lxii The making of the Mariners coÌ„passe for Nauiga Fol. lxiii The effect and propertie that the compasse hath to Northeasting or Northwesting whereby is knowen the variation of the compasse Fol. lxiiii The introductioÌ„ principles of the art of Nauiga Fol. lxvii The making and vse of the Astrolabie with the which the Maâ—iners take the altitudes of the Sunne Fol. lxviii The definition of the altitudes anâ— how the altitudes of the Pole may well be knowen by the Meridian altitude and deâ—lination of the Sunne Fol. lxxi The making of the crosse staffe wherwith the Mariners take the altitude of the North starre Fol. lxxii How the altitude of the Pole is knowen by the altitude of the North starre Fol. lxxiii The composition vse of an InstrumeÌ„t by the which without obseruing the South Sunne or midday is knowen the altitude of the Pole and the houre that is Fol. lxxv Of the leagues that are run for a degree according vnto diuers courses Fol. lxxviii Howe to set or make a pricke in the carde of Nauigation Fol. lxxx Of the making and vse of an Instrument generall to knowe the houres and quantities of the day and what wind the Sunne ryseth and falleth Fol. eod FINIS Imprinted at London by Abell Ieffes for Richard VVatkins and are to be sould at his shop Cum Priuilegio The fyrst inuentours of Artes. Isis. Ceres The Cicilians Saturne gaue Lawes to the Latines Tillage of the ground The gâ—lden worlâ—e and â—aigne of Saâ—urnâ— The woortâ—y factes of Charles the fyâ—th Sicilia Spaynâ— reformed The triumphs and victoâ—ies of Charles the fyâ—th Mules horses and horsemen Bellerophoâ— Wearing of weapons and armour Frauncis the French king taken prisoner The Christian faith â—nlarged The sumptuous buyldings and riches of Spayne The Indies nauies of gold and syluer New landes and Ilandes discouered Peâ—u The straights of Magaâ—â—anes Rio de la Plata The fortunate Ilande or Canaries Religion in the Indies The Spaniardes haue euer trauailed into fâ—r countries The antiquiâ—iâ— of Nauigation Argonanti Colchos The Arte of Nauigation Things parteyning to nauigation The lodâ—stone falsly called in English Adamant is in Latine called Magnes Charles the 5. greater then the hâ—roes of olde â—yme Vniuersall bâ—nefites Comparison with the antiques Plinie Nauigationâ— of oldâ— timâ— The perfections of artes at this day The rudenessâ— of the antiquieâ— Augâ—rium The North Starre The voyage of Solomon to Tharsis and Ophir The first inuentours of â—â—â—igation Commodities difficulties of nauigaâ—iâ—â— The ignoâ—â—nce of Pilotâ— The goueâ—â—â—â—â— Three differences of creatures Corporall â—â—â—â—tures Man is called all creaturesâ— and the lesse world Man compared to the woâ—ld All that mooâ—eth is mooued by an otâ—er immoâ—eable The intellectâ—â—e soule Man knoweth part of all things Two motions in man Primum mobile Rationall motion Irrationall motion What is the world Or Mundus a Munditiâ— That is clearnâ—sse or fairâ—â—nesse Eyes were geuen to men to behold the faâ—renesse and beautie of thâ— world The roundnâ—â— of the world Definition of the Sphere The center of â—â—e Sphere The axis and Poles of the world Quinta Essentia Aristotle calâ—eth it the fift â—lement The fift essence is incorruptible What is element The inferiour â—lements are not pure nor â—â—mple The elemenâ—â— are diuisible into partes The commiâ—â—tion of elemenâ—s Pure simplâ— elements caâ— not be seene The diuisioâ— of elements VVhat is â—lâ—â—mentate Diuision of the world into Celestiall and elemeâ—tall Quintae Essentia Thâ— orders of Elemeâ—ts Earth VVaâ—â—â— Ayre Fyre The fourâ—â— of the watâ—r Thâ— Ocean Sâ—â— Psal. 107. Iob. 38. The will of God is the cause of 〈◊〉 Nature abhorreth empâ—â—â—â—s The earth is not pâ—â—fecâ—ly rounde Diuision of the ayrâ— intâ— threâ— Regionâ— The hyghest ayre is incombusâ—iblâ— The order of the heaueâ—â— The Firmament The Plaâ—ets The Chriâ—â—aline heauen The heaueâ— of water Psal. 148. Daniel 3. The moouing of the first mooueable Thâ— coldâ—esse of the Christalinâ—â—â—aâ—â—n The heauâ—n of the fyrst moueable The heaâ—eâ— called Emperiuâ— is not mooued is the habitatioâ— of Angelles The â—â—â—aniâ—ie of Christ in â—he Emperiall heauen Three orders of angelles The â—â—periall â—eauen prâ—seruâ—th â—ll the 〈◊〉 heâ—ueâ—â— Opinion that the earth mooueth Molus in loco The â—arth is immoouâ—able All heauie things enclinâ— to the center of the earth The earth is founded vppon his owne center Psal. 130. The roundnes of the earth The rysing of the Sunne The Eclipse of â—he Moone how the earth is round The ayre is actiuâ— and passiue and not perfectly round The fyrâ— is â—ound how the fyrâ— is mooued how the ayre is mooued The Moone Venus Mercuri The Sunne Mars The Starrie heauen oâ— fyrmament The Christaline heauen First moueable how the fiâ—st moueablâ— draweth the other heaâ—â—â—s The right and crooked or obliquâ— Spherâ— The x. circles of the Sphâ—re The Equinoctiall The equalitie of the day and nyght The fyrst moueâ—ble The Pole Aâ—tyke The horâ—e North Starre Pole Antarâ—ike The crossâ—â—eerâ— vnto the Pole Antartike Zodiack Thâ— twelue signes of thâ— zodiacke how the Sun is cause of generation and corruption Deuision of the twelue Signes Deuision of the signes into degrees Deuision of the zodiacke by latitude The Eclipâ—ike lyne The moouing of the Sunne and the other Planets in the zodiacke The figures oâ— beasts and other things imagined in heauen besides
I saye that I am the fyrste that haue brought the Arte of Nauigation into a briefe compendiousnesse geuing infayleable principles and euident demonstrations describing the practise and speculation of the same geuing also true rules to Mariners and shewyng wayes to Pilottes by teachyng them the making and vse of Instrumentes to knowe and take the altitude of the Sunne to knowe the Tydes or ebbyng and flowing of the Sea how to order theyr Cardes and Compasses for Nauigations geuing them instructions of the course of the Sunne and motions of the Moone teachyng them furthermore the making of Dyalles both for the day and for the nyght so certayne that in all places they shall shewe the true houres without default and haue likewise declared the secret propertie of the Lode stone with the maner and cause of the Northeasting and Northwesting commonly called the variation of the compasse with also instruments thereunto belonging And that that which I shall say or doo be not accompted to be presumpteously done or spoken I acknowledge that whatsoeuer I haue well done or written it is from aboue by the helpe of the diuine grace and by the fauour and prosperous fortune of your Maiestie And thus shall they that now liue and likewise they that shall succeede vs see and perceiue how much more the world oweth and is behoulding to your Maiestie then were the auncient Egyptians to their Isis. She gaue them letters to reade but your Maiestie hath geuen rules and orders to sayle on the Seas The profite of Isis was onely for one Prouince But the commoditie that ensueth of your doings is vniuersall for all Prouinces and Nations and for all Seas aswell to go to places discouered as also to discouer Lands and Regions yet vnknowen If they of auncient time had reached that we haue obteyned the Indies had not now been to discouer neyther should it be esteemed a miracle vnto vs as at the tyme when Carthage florished that one Agnus went foorth from the Baye of Cadiz and sayled to the end of Arabie Neyther would Cornelius Nepos haue written it for so famous a thing that a certayne man flying from King Latinus came from the gulfe of Arabie Whereby it is manifest that aswell Nauigation as other Artes doth from day to day increase and by litle and litle is come to perfection For in those daies they had neyther compasse nor carde of sayling whereby to gouerne them selues They lacked the consideration of the Starres vntil the Phenitians found the knowledge thereof and were the fyrst thaâ— vnderstoode that to such as should trauayle by sea iâ— should be necessarie to lift vp their eyes to heauen and consider the motions thereof They that sayled to the Iland of Tabrobana whih in old time was called Antitono caryed for their voyages lyuing byrds And when they thought good let certayne of them flee â—nd by the flyght of their wingsâ— directed the hâ—lme and sayles of their Ships They sayled onely three monethes in the yeerâ— To them therefore it was necessarie to obserue 〈…〉 the tyme vntill they found it to sâ—rue with a forâ— wynde They kâ—ewâ—â—oâ— how 〈◊〉 hâ—lpâ— themselues with the bowe lyâ—e or syde winde neyther sawe they the North Starre or sought it or had aâ—y knowledge thereof Aâ—d I beleeue veryly that this was the cause of so long a voyage which the Shyppes of Solomon made saylyng to Tharsis aâ—d Ophir wherein they spent three yeâ—res although in deede that was no short voyage which they madâ—â— compassyng about â—â—dâ—a and maâ—y other Prouinces And whereas before I sayd that Nauigatâ—on by litle and litle came to perfection I fynd by auncient hystories that Tipho fyrst found the Gouernale or Rudder Dedalus the Maste and Shrowdes and Icarus the Sayles the Thirreni found the vse of the Aâ—ker of one graspe or stooke and Palaminus brought it to perfection adding the other And thus may it manifestly appeare that in these prosperous and fortunate dayes of your Maiestie it hath pleased God to bring the knowledge of Nauigation to perfection with this my breefe discourse as touching the same aswell profitable and necessarie for them that trauayle by land as by Sea What can be a better or more charitable deede then to bring them into the way that wander What can be more difficult then to guide a shyp engoulfed where only water and heauen maybe seene One of the foure most difficult things whereof Solomon maketh mention in his Prouerbes is the voyage of a Shyp by the Sea The which Galfrede expounding sayth that in humane things none is more fearefull or more daungerous then to aduenture life in a thinne and weake peece of wood or for a man to commâ—t himselfe to the rage of furious windes among the tempestes of the Sea and there to hazard that be loueth so well O how much more should the same seeme difficult to Solomon if at these dayes he should see that fewe or none of the Pilottes can scarsely reade and are scarsely of capacitie to learne And whereas in the fyrst Chapter of this Booke I haue made mention that the gouernall or sterage ought to be comâ—itted to expert men and of good vnderstanding he should see that now adayes the ignoraâ—â—t presume to gouerne other which were neuer able to rule or gouerne themselues I most humbly desire your Maiestie to receiue in good part this my poore seruice which although it be litle yet being dedâ—cate vnto thâ— greatnesse of your regall person it shall be much more theâ— great The profite aâ—d commoditie thereof 〈◊〉 notorious and the bâ—nefite that thereby may be receyued is vniuersall If therefore when your Maiestie shall finde your selfe released from greater affaires it may please you to feede your eyes with these my trauailes you shall fynde therein many new delectable and witty things with also many profitable and certayne rules both to reade and vnderstand To conclude I eftsoones make humble petitions to your Emperiall Maiestie not so much to consider what I wryte as to respect the intent of my wrytyng and not the gift but the affection and good will that remayneth in mee to serue your Maiestie The firste parte of this woorke which entreateth of the composition of the world and of the vniuersall principles for the Arte of Nauigation ¶ The fyrst Chapter of the generall distinction of Creatures THE infinite GOD the beginning and cause of the whole vniuersall world created three orders of creatures differing in kinde that is to say Corporall as the Elements Spirituall as Angelles and compounded of these two as Man The corporall nature is diuided into bright and shining bodyes as the Starres or into darke and thicke bodyes as Earth and Meâ—â—alles either into Dâ—aphane or transparent bodyes as Ayre and Water Of these creatures as sayth Saint Gregorie some haue 〈◊〉 beeing as Sâ—ones some lyue as Trees and other haue
respiration and life of men and other beastes As concerning which samâ— thinke that the Ocean Sea is higher then the earth and aske the question why the Sâ—a couereth not the whole earth and why the earth is not sunke in the water To this it may be a sufficient aunsweare that it hath so pleased the wyll of Gâ—d according to the saying of the prophet Dâ—uid Terminum posuisti quem non transgredietur neque conuertetâ—r operirâ— terram That is Thou hast appoynted limits which it shall not passe neyther shall it returne to couer the earth Besyde the wyll of God which is the cheefe and sufficient cause thereof we say that nature fayleth not in her necessaries For she sometime admitteth a litle inconuenience to auoyde a greater euill as when heauie things which natuâ—ally should descend doo not only not descende but rise vp And aâ— also soâ—â—time it chaunceth that fyre descendeth and wâ—ter aryseth to fyll the voyd or emptie places least any where should be fouâ—d voyd or emptie which nature so greatly abhoâ—reth Tâ— this puâ—pose nature foreseeing the kindes of many things that could not elsewhere liue then on the earth neither bee conserued wâ—thin the water as men and other earthly beasts determâ—â—ed before to mâ—ke the earth not perfectly round contrary to the nature thereof whereof it foloweth that it is not altogeather couered of the water And as sayth Origen the earth remayneth discouered of water that it might bring foorth fruites trees and plantes As touching the conuex aforesayde the water and earth discouered are conteyned vnder the concauitie of the ayre which is diuided into three Regions as the lowest hyghest and middlemost The lowest is hote by reason of the reflection or rebounding of the beames of the Sunne stryken backe by the earth The highest also is hote by participation of the fyre and nearenesse thereunto The myddle region is colde as is manifest by the snowe and hayle engendred in the same The ayre neare vnto the region of the fyre which is pure heate doth neither burne nor lighten because it hath no combustible matter and so hath it power and not acte It is neare vnto and reacheth the circle of the Moone which compasseth it about The heauen or circle of the Moone is next vnto the heauen of Mercuri and Mercuri vnto Venus Venus vnto the Sunne the Sunne to Mars Mars to Iupiter Iupiter to Saturne which is next and reacheth vnto the heauen of the Starres called the Firmament because that in it are all the Starres except the Planets firme and fyxt as a knot in a table The knowledge of the Planets was had by seuen sundry motions they haue among themselues and by their course not vnifourme to that of the Starres of the eyght heauen because that sometimes the Planets appeare vnto vs ioyned togeather and sometimes diuided The Christaline heauen compasseth about or conteyneth within it the heauen of Starres This Christaline heauen is transparent and pâ—rspicuous as cleare water or glasse that may be seene through by reason of the cleerenesse and pure substaunce thereof It is by an other name called the heauen of water whereof holy Scripture speaketh saying Aquae quae supra caelos sunt laudent nomen Domini That is to say Let the waters that are aboue the heauens prayse the name of the Lord. It was created for the conseruation of corporall things and to temper the heate engendred of the moouing of the fyrst moueable which being so great of body that it not onely compasseth all the Elements but also all the inferior heauens is mooued so swiftly that it dayly perfectly mooueth all the aforesaid Spheres And least by reason of the great heate thereof caused by his swyft motion it should consume inferior things God ordeyned this Christaline heauen that the coldnesse thereof might temper the extreame heaâ—e of the other This Christaline heauen reacheth vnto the fiâ—st moueable heauen called Primum mobile Aâ—d this reacheth to the Emperiall heauen which is the twelfth called Emperium by reason of his cleerenesse and respleâ—â—â—â—â—â— Tâ—â—â— is 〈…〉 aâ—â— is moâ—t pâ—â—fect The Philosophers had no knoâ—ledge heereof Bâ—â— we beleeue by holy Scripture that such a heauâ—n there is and the same to be the habitation of Aâ—gelles and Spirituall creatures It is also called Coelum Coelorum that is The heauen of heauens because it conteyneth and includeth within it all the other heauens It is of greater cleerenesse then all the other heauens and was created immediatly with the Angelles In this also remayneth the humanitie of Iesus Christ our GOD and in dignitie aboue it It conteyneth three holy orders or principalities called Hierarchias Wâ—ereof the fyrst is called Supercelestâ—all and hath in it alâ—o three orders Seraphims Câ—eruâ—ims anâ— Thrones The second is called Celestiall and conteyneth Dâ—minations Principates and Potestates The third called Subcelestiall conteineth Uirtutes Archangells and Angelles And to coâ—clude it hath aboundance of all goodnesse and perfect felicitie with priuation or want of all euill The heauen also geueth influence of constancie stedfastnesse and durabilitie to things agaâ—nst the fluxabilitie and inconstancie of the other heauens the order whereof doth appeare in the demonstration followyng The vi Chapter of the immutabilitie or immobilitie of the Earth THE Pythagorians and other auncient naturall Philosophers as sayth Aristotle were of opinion that the earth did mooue yet not by a ryght foorth motion but circulerly about the middest of one place The which errour both Aristotle himselfe and the Astronomers doâ— confute and reprooue by euident causes and manifest demonstrations For circuler motion is proper to the heauens And as the earth differeth from them in nature so likewise in moouing And although it be so that the earth may naturally mooue by certayne of his partes yet to mooue in the whole and without the circuite of his Sphere it is impossible being founded and established vppon his owne center the which of it selfe is naturally immooueable for as much as in it the reason of all heauynes consisteth Whereas otherwise euery part that is mooued should ascend contrary to the nature of all heauie things Bâ—t there is found nothing heauie that doth not naturally enclyne directly to the center of the earth and would actually descend thyther if it had no impediment of some other thing to resist it and when it toucheth there or is come thyther would still rest and remayne there And heereby it foloweth that the earth being founded vppon his owne center is not mooued The wâ—ich thing the Prophet Dauid also affyrmeth saying Fundasti terram super stabilitatem suam that is Thou foundedst the earth vppon his stabilitie The vij Chapter of the roundnesse of the Earth and Water THAT the Earth is rounde it appeareth by manifest euidence For if it were playne or flatte the dawning of
the day or day spryng should equally and at one time appeare to them in the West as to them in the East But we see the contrarie that it appeareth fyrst to them that dwell in the East and afterward to them in the West This is prooued by the Eclipse of the Moone which beginning at one instant they of Hierusalem see it begin at foure a clocke of the night and we of Andalusie in Spayne at one a clocke of the night It foloweth hereby that to them it nighteneth three houres sooner then vnto vs in Spayne and this is caused by the roundnesse of the earth But heere some may mooue a doubte saying that on the earth we may see many Mountaynes and consequently many great Uallyes and Pâ—aynes with many diuersities of sundrye other deepe and vnequall places by reason whereof the earth can not truely be called rounde To this I say that in two manners the earth is called and vnderstoode to be rounde As after one manner speakyng precisely it is called rounde as a Ciâ—cle or a Sphere which we call rounde because that all ryght lines drawen from the center thereof to the circumference are equall The other roundnesse is consydered without this precisenesse and is suche as not by all his partes is equally distant from his myddest or center but hath some partes hygher and some lower yet not in such quantitie as may destroy the roundnesse of the whole As yf in a Bowle there weâ—e certayne clyftes or holes it should not thereby leaue to be round although not perfectly or precisely rounde And for this cause sayth Auerrois that although both the heauenly bodyes and the Elements are of round fourme yet differ they in this that the heauenly Spheres haue perfect roundnesse and the Elemeâ—ts not As the earth by reason of his Mountaynes and Uales the Sea by his encreasing and decreasing the Ayre also for his nearenesse to the fyre and by his contrarietie doth sometime doo and soâ—etime suffer that is to say is sometime actiue and sometyme passiue So that folowing the one it fleeth the other by reason whereof it also lacketh perfect roundnesse But the fyre for as muche as it is neare to the concaue of the circle of the Moone which is Sphericall may therefore be called Sphericall or rounde The viij Chapter of the motion of the Heauens and Elementes IT is not to be forgotten that all the Elementes are wholy mooueable by locall motion except the earth The water is mooued by the motion of the Moone or tossed by the Wyndes The fyre as sayth Aristotle is mooued circulerly by the motion of the day and is drawen of the circlesâ— that embrace it or compasse it about as is manyfest by the Cometes or blazing Starres and other fyerie exhalations conteyned and engendred in it Which beeyng caryed with thys motion conclude that the fyre mooueth in lyke maner And with thys motion is the superiour parte of the ayre violently caryed about as the other impressions therein doo shewe The inferiour part is mooued by dyuers motions that is to meane laterally as by experience we see when the wyndes blowe The Moone with her Heauen or Sphere by her proper motion geueth her turne from the West to the East in xxvii dayes and vii houres with xv minutes Venus Mercuri and the Sunne in a yeere which is the space of three hundred threescore and fyue dayes with fyue houres and fourtie and niene minutes Mars in two yeeres Iupiter in twelue yeeres Saturne in xxx yeeres The eyght heauen which is the Fyrmament or Starrie Heauen by his owne proper motion is mooued by the nienth Heauen vpon the beginning of Aries and Libra and vpon these two poyntes accomplysheth hys Reuolution in seuen thousand yeeres This motion is called Motus trepidationis that is to say the tremblyng motion or motion of accesse and recesse The nienth heauen endeth his motion from the West to the East in fourtie and niene thousand yéeres And by this motion moueth the eight heauen Tâ—e tenth heauen called Primum mobile is mooued from the East to the West and in twentie and foure houres whiche is a naturall day perfourmeth one reuolution and with the myghtye force and swyftnesse of his motioâ— caryeth wyth hym all the other inferior heauens and maketh them to geue the same turne in twentie and foure houres where as neuerthelesse they ceasse not in the meane tyme to keépe the course of theyr owne proper motion As for example yf an Ant or Pismiâ—e shoâ—ld goe about the wheéle of a Myll contrary to the moouing of the whéele before the Ant in goyng styll forward should come agayne to the poynt from whenee she fyrst departed which is once about or one turne the wheéle should in that space make many turnes The ix Chapter of the diuision of the Sphere into formall partes THE Sphere of the worlde is diuided in two manners that is to say by substaunce and by accident By substaunce into tenne Spheres as we haue sayde By accident into a right Sphere and oblique or crooked Sphere They haue the ryght Sphere that dwell vnder the Equinoctiall lyne and is called ryght because to them the Pâ—les are equally in the Hâ—rizon as appeareth by thys Figure folowing The Sphere is compounded of tenne circles imagined And as sayth Iohn de sacro bosco in his booke of the Sphere syxe of them are greater and foure lesse The greater Circle is that which deuideth the Sphere into two equall partes and hath his center with the center of it These are the Equinoctiall the Zodiacke the two Coluri the Horizon and the Meridian The lesse Circle is that that deuideth the Sphere into two vnequall partes These are the two Tropykes and two Poler Circles The x. Chapter of the Equinoctiall Circle THE Equinoctiall is a Circle that deuideth the Sphere into two equall partes and is by euery parte equally distaunt from both the Poles It is one of the greateâ— Circles in the Sphere and is the greatest Circle of those which are described in the Sphere by the motion of Primum mobile or fyrst moueable This Circle for his equalitie and regularitie is more noble then the Zodiacke which we haue described in the eightâ— sphere and also then any of the other It is imagâ—ned to gyrd the world round about by East and West It is called Equinoctiall because this word Equinoctium signifyeth equalitie of nyghtes and dayes whereof the cause is that the Sunne comming to this Circle the Arke of the day is equall with the Arke of the night and then is the Equinoctiall It is also called the Zone or gyrdle of the fyrst mooueable For euen as a gyrdle doth gyrde a man by the myddest so doth this Circle gyrd in the middest betweene both the Poles vppon the whiche the fyrst moouâ—able is mooued One of these imagined on our paâ—te
toward the height of heauen at the 19. of Aprill And seéyng in heauen by the hole in the myddest the starre of the North holdyng the instrument in suche compasse of the face that by the circumference of the greater rundell may be seéne the guarde starre in heauen you shall turne the horne rounde about vntyll in fall vppon the Guardes so that by the two holes of the mouth of the horne the two Guard starres may be seéne and by the hole in the myddest the North starre and all threé with one eye then the right lyâ—e that goeth from the North to the fyrst Guarde shall shewe in the lesse rundell the houre that shal be The xviii Chapter of the tyme of Tydes or rysyng and fallyng of the Sea GReat accompt ought Pilottes and Mariâ—â—rs to haue of the Tydes to take Port enter vppon Barres passe by Flattes and finally for al maner of Nauigations For beyng ignoraunt heéreof great hurt and inconuenience myght chaunce vnto them as did of late to the valiant Captayne Don Iohn Gusman the Earle of Niebla in the yeére of 1436. who was drowned before the Citie of Gibraltar for that the Mariners kept noâ—e accompt neyther had consyderation of the Tydes By reason whereof not onely he was drowned but also with hym dyed many woorthâ—e Gentlemen and valiaunt Captaynes of Spayne The Mariners hold for a certaine rule that the Moone being in the Northeast or in the Southwest is ful Sea and being in the Southwest or Northwest to be lowe Water They affirme also that at the fyrst day of the newe Moone the Sunne beyng at Northeast and a quarter to the East that is Northeast and by East the Moone shall be Northeast and then shall be full Sea and thrée houres and threé quarters And at the seconde daye of the Moone when the Sunne shal be at East Northeast the Moone shal be at Northeast and then shall be full sea and foure houres and two quarters c. Theyr accompt is that the Sunne beéyng in the North is mydnyght and béeyng in the Northeast they accompte thrée and in the East syxe So that they accompte threé houres from wynde to wynde by the eyght pryncipall wyndes or lynes whyche the Spanyardes call Rumbos These wyndes must beé imagined vppon the North placed in the Angle vnder or beneath the Earth and the Sunne and the Moone at the moouing of the fyrst mooueable and they ought not to be imagined in the Horizon as the compasse sheweth For speaking by the tearmes of Astronomie you must vnderstande that the Moone touchyng in the circle of houres at the number of threé is euer full Sea and touchyng in the same circle at the number of niene is euer lowe water No lesse ought they to obserue iuste accompt of the houres by quarters of houres For to geue 30. dayes to the Moone it shal be necessarie to accompt by the fyftes of houres as shal be sayd heéreafter Heére is to be noted that the Spanyardes thynke be lyke that a Northeast and Southwest Moone maketh a full Sea in all other places as it dooth in Spayne But in that they be greatly deceyued and therefore the rule that they haue set foorth for the Tydes serueth onely for suche places where it floweth Northeast and Southwest Moone a full Sea And the better to vnderstand the increasyng and decreasyng of the Ocean Sea it shall be conuenient to knowe the cause thereof wherâ—vnto we say that the Moone is the cause of ebbyng and flowyng or rysing and falling increase or decrease of the Sea not onely by her lyght but also by her secrete or hyd propertie The Moone compasseth about the earth from the East into the West vntyll she returne to the place or poynt from whence she departed and in this course wasteth or spendeth so muche more then one naturall day in howe muche her proper moouing is more then the Sunne against the fyrst mooueable so that she maketh her turne or course about the four quarters of heauen in xxiiii houres and foure fyfthes of one houre whiche are the twelue degreés that she goeth more then the Sunne And in this tyme the Ocean increaseth and decreaseth twyse so that this increasing and decreasing answereth directly to the course of the Moone whereby it foloweth that the sea increaseth syxe houres and one fyfth part and decreaseth other syxe houres and one fyfth And yf this day at the twelfth houre was full sea the lowe water shal be at the syxth houre and one fyfth part and at the twelfth houre and two fyfth partes it shall returne to be full sea and at the syxth houre and thrée fyfthes shal be lowe water agayne and at the twelfth and foure fyfthes of the other day shal be ful sea So that from one day to another the tide doth shorten foure fyfthes of an houre which is the time that the Moone slacketh or carieth more then one natural day to returne to the poynt from whence she departed by the twelue degreés whereof we haue spoken Whereby it manifestly appeareth how they beguyle them selues that say that the sea increaseth syxe houres and decreaseth other syxe For yf it were so the tydes should euer be at one selfe same tyme and houre But for as muche as there is more then xxiiii houres by the saide foure fyfth partes thereby is caused the variation of the tydes so that if this day the tyde be at one of the clocke to morow it shal be at one and foure fyfth partes and the day folowing at two of the clocke and thrée fyftes c. For this accompt I wyl describe a Table in circular figure although not precise for the causes which we haue touched before in the fyfth Chapter speaking of the Moone who sometymes in her mouing is swyft and sometyme sâ—acketh as much because the coniunction is not euer in one selfe same poynt of the Zodiacke as y e Mariners presuppose for their rule This figure shall haue two circles in the lesse whiche shal be the fyrst and next vnto the center shal be the dayes of the Moone from one to thirtie which we count the coniunction And in the seconde and greatest circle shal be founde the houres of the tydes So that who so desyreth to knowe when the tyde shal be where it floweth Southwest and Northeast let hym at that houre take héede to the dayes of the Moone how many they are as if â—heé beé in the coniunction or if it beé the fyrst or seconde of the Moone c. And the day beyng knowen then in the second circle which answeareth directly to the day shall heé fynde when shal be hygh water or full sea and consequently the ebbe or low water which shal be syxe houres and one fyfth after the full sea and so lykewyse may he iudge when shal be the halfe tyde anâ— this aswell at the time when it encreaseth which shal be threé houres and halfe a
fyfth part of an houre before the full sea as also when it decreaseth which shal be the halfe ebbe threé houres and halfe the fyfth of one houre after the full sea ¶ The Table foloweth This increasing and decreasing of the Tydes is not euer in equall quantitie In the coniunctions and oppositions they increase and decrease much which the Mariners cal hygh spring tydes and the greatest increase of al they cal the hygh springes In the quarters of the Moone which are at the 7. and 22. of the Moone or neére there about they increase and decrease but litle which the Mariners cal nepe tydes low water dead waters or lowe flooddes The xix Chapter of certayne signes which prognosticate tempestes or fayre weather A Good Pilot or Mariner ought not to be ignorant of certayne signes or tokens which the naturall Philosophers describe of tempests For as they signifie vnto him so shall he leaue his porte or enter into it which yf he can not then ought he with patience and hope to tary the tyme that God hath appoynted for hym who mooueth and troubleth the Seas when it pleaseth hym and appeaseth them agayne at his pleasure Lesse hurteth and damageth the stroke whiche we seé comming or foreseé then that which hath stricked vs and taken vs carelesse When the Sunne ryseth fayre and cleare it signifyeth a fayre day but yf it shewe yealowe or deadly tempest is lyke to folowe Agayne yf at the rysing of the Sunne his beames shewe them selues contract or geathered togeather and short you shal haue rayne if the mistes or cloudes make a circle about the Sunne or Moone how much the greater that circle shal be so much greater shal be the tempest to come and yf â—here shal be two circles the tempest shall increase the more And yf it chaunce that at the rysyng of the Sunne the cloudes be turned â—edde it is a signe of no small tempest When the Sunne or the Moone shall haue a circle looke towarde the part where it breaketh and from thence shall wynde come yf it depart or dispearse equally fayre weather shall follow When the Moone ryseth bryght and by the whyche they passe We seé that in some oâ—e region it rayneth with one wynde and the selfe same wynde in other places disperseth the cloudes The Nâ—rthwest wynde is drye in Spayne yet in Lybia it is very moyst and rayny The South wynde in Europe causeth rayne in most places and therefore the Poets named it the wynde of waters and this wind in Palestina or Iurie is drie The cause of this diuersitie is that when the wynde bloweth in Palestina it passeth by hot and drye regions as by the desarts of Affrike and passeth not by any sea at al. But when it bloweth in these partes of Europe it must of necessâ—tie passe by and ouer the waters of the sea Mediterraneum or the Leuant sea where it gathereth moysture and causeth rayne The Leuant or East wynde in Malaga and Gibralter is moyste and in Sheres De la Frontera is hot as Hell The xx Chapter of the bright and shynyng exhalations that appeare in the tempestes which the Mariners call Santelmo or Corpus sancti IGnorance is the mother of errours and therefore will I not omitte to shewe the naturall cause héereof although among certayne simple and ignoraunt people it is accounted for a myracle that in certayne tempestes on the Sea the Maryners seé certayne shynyng and bright fyres which with great superstition they kneéle downe vnto and pray vnto affyrming that it is Santelmo that appeareth vnto them and not contented héerewith some sweare that they haue seénâ— drops of gréene wâ—xe fall downe Other affyrme that this waxe is of such heate that if it fall from the top of the Ship it doth melt the rosen and pitch of the hatches of the Ship with such other foolish imaginations and therefore it shall be good briefly to speake héereof to stop the mouthes of such fond and ignorant persons The exhalations or vapoures of the grosse â—umes or smokes that ryse from the eaâ—th are constrayned or geathered togeather by the coldnesse of the nyght and the ayre and are thickned in the fyrst region of the ayre next vnto the earth This may and is wont to be inflamed or kindled and yf it finde a body whereunto it may cleaue it abydeth in that vntyll it be consumed This fyre is cleare and shyneth and yet burneth not The Greékes call it Polyduces and the Latines call it Castor and Pollux It is accustomed to appeare vpon the shrowdes and oftentymes is séene vpon the pykes of souldyers in the armies of men of warre as Plinie wryteth and this aswell by reason of continuall smoke as also by the heate of muche people Certayne it is that smoke is none other thyng then fyre dispearsed as flame is an exhalation or euaporation that ryseth in maner of smoke from a grosse or fat body and at the tyme that it ryseth being geathered togeather is constrayned into flame inuestured with fyre This resplendence or shyâ—yng is also often tymes seéne not onely in iourneying by lande but also in sayling by ryuers and when it appeareth on the lande it ryseth of the smoke that is geathered togeather with the colde ayre of the nyght and on the bankes of ryuers this smoke is geathered of the exhalations of the water and consequently beyng kyndeled appeareth bryght and shynyng But nowe let vs come to the Shyps that sayle by the Sea and to the Mariners â—hat are accustomed to tempestes To them thereâ—ore I saye that that lyght or suche other lyghtes as they seé is engendred of the fumes and smokes of theyr Shyp with the heate of men couched close and neare togeather in a narrowe place and when a tempest ryseth the sayde smoke is thickned prest togeather and beaten downe by the wyndes in suche sorte that beyng tossed from one syde to another it is set on fyre by moouing and taketh holde sometyme on the shroudes and sometymes on the toppe and sometyme also in the poupe or in the foreshyppe So that to seé this lyght or the same to appeare is a naturall thyng and not supernaturall When Captayne Bâ—zerra was at Corron in the Emperours Nauie with his company of Souldyers he chaunced to be in a tempest and sawe the sayde fyre of Santelmo which shortly after descended so lowe that the Captayne might easily come to it and taking it in his cloke he found it to be a litle drop of water Some haue thought it to be a certayne shyning Flie called Taros whiche the sea men some time see in a calme in the Sommer season and thus Santelmo appeared no more The Captayne remayned astonished at the mockerie and the other perceyued it to be no miracle The opinion of the Maryners that affirmed it to be Santelmo may ryse of Sainct Erasmo Byshop of Naples who as they say not only in his life tyme
but also after his death was a patrone and helper of Mariners that called vpon him in tempests This name of Erasmo they of Naples call Ereemo and processe of time taking away one e. by the figure of Sincope remayned the name of Santermo And the Spaniardes who neuer can long keépe any strange vocable call it Santelmo turning r. into l. Yet of this Santelmo whereof the Maryners speake there is neither scripture that maketh mention nor auctoritie that confirmeth it I heare say that the Frier preachers hadde a religious man of commendable life and good conuersation named Frier Pero Gonzales borne in Galizia and that in his lyfe time our Lorde did certayne miracles by him and that this is he that shyneth and geueth lyght in tempests No doubte but GOD worketh myracles in his Saintes and by his Saintes as sayth Dauid But yf this seruant of GOD was Pero Gonzales how then shall he be Santelmo Another difficultie there is as touching this lyght for there are wrytyngs of more antiquitie then the lawe of grace and comming of Christ in fleshe whiche geue testimonie heéreof For the Poet Uirgyll in the second of hys Aeneidos wryteth that this fire appeared vpon the head of Iulius Ascanius And Titus Liuius in his first booke affirmeth that it appeared vpon the head of Seruius Tullius the sixth King of the Romanes Pomponius Articus sayth that Rome began to be buylded in the thyrd yéere of the thyrde Olimpiades that is in the tenth yeére of Ionathan kyng of the Iewes and from the creation of the worlde 3201. yeéres and 729. yeéres before Christ our Sauiour was borne The Kyngs of Rome were seuen and raigned 244. yeéres Eusebius saith they raigned 246. Seruius Tullius raigned 44. yeéres Tarquinus Superbus 25. yeéres after him So that discountyng these yeéres it shall appeare clearely as I say Although the yeéres were not discounted let them reade Diadorus Siculus an auncient wryter let them reade Plutarchus Aristotle and other olde Auctours that haue wrytten héereof and they shall fynde that yf tempestes be neare vnto the Sea these fyres and lightes appeare in them and appeared not onely to the Gentiles but at this day also appeare to the Turkes and Moores in tempestes When onely one lyght appeareth it is taken for an euyll signe And héereof sayde Propertius thus Candida foelici soluite vela toro And why it is an euyll signe this is the cause that if the tempest that ryseth be great it choketh the exhalation although yet by the part least troubled it appeareth When there are two lyghtes it signifyeth that it is sufficient to consume the matter of the tempest or that the tempest beginneth to ceasse and the grosse humour hath the maisterie But sometyme it chaunceth that two lyghtes appearing there may be a tempest and one appearyng shall not be so great and often tymes there is a tempest without any lyght at all seéne The blynde Gentilitie called these Castor and Pollux and placed them in heauen in the signe of Gemini Nowe remayneth to aunsweare to one obiection of the Marrines who saye that neuer man that hath séene these Fyres hath peryshed To this I say that many may seé and haue seéne these lyghtes of whome some haue beén in peryll and some drowned Notwithstandyng no man can affirme that yf the drowned myght speake they woulde say that they haue seéne them Therefore the wyse Christian Maryner ought to haue a cleare conscience and to call for the helpe of almightie God lyfting vp his eyes and handes vnto heauen and say wyth the Prophet Saluum me fac Deus quoniam intrauerunt aquae vsque ad animam meam Saue me oh my God for waters haue entred euen vnto my soule Heere endeth the second part The thirde part entreateth of the composition and vse of Instruments and Rules for the Arte of Nauigation ¶ The fyrst Chapter of the number order and names of the wyndes SO greatly esteémed was Eolus Kyng of the Eolas Ilandes or Ilandes of Vulcane for hauyng reason and knowledge of the wyndes that they of auncient tyme called hym the god and lord of them With no lesse consyderation the prudent Maryner ought not to beé ignorant of them for as much as the vniuersall benefite and commoditie of Nauigation consisteth therein And to haue the better knowledge thereof you shall vnderstand that wynde is fruite of the ayre and vapour of the earth the which by reason of his subtiltie pearceth the ayre striketh it and enforceth it Other say that wind is ayre moued or tossed by the vehement influence of vapours of contrary qualitie It is in Latin called Ventus because it is vehement and vâ—olent whose force is so great that it ouerthroweth not onely heapes of stones or rockes and casteth downe treés but also disturbeth the ayre and the earth and moueth the seas There are foure principal wyndes which come from the foure cardinall or principall poyntes of the Horizon We haue sayd that the Meridian circle cutteth the Horizon in two poynts that is in the North aâ—d in the South and the Equinoctial cutteth iâ— in other two that is in the East and West and from these foure poynts come these foure windes whereof all the whâ—le Scripture maketh menâ—ion These foure wyndes they in auncient tyme named in this manner That that commeth from the Eastâ— they called Subâ—olanus which we call the Leuant or East wynde That commeth from the South they named Auster whiche we call the Meridian or South wynde That commeth from the West they call Faucinus whiche we call the Ponent or West That from the North they named Septentrio or Aquile or Boreas which we call North. To euery of these foure wyndes they adioyned two collaterall wyndes in maner as followeth That that is from the East towarde the parte of the North where the Tropike of Cancer aryseth or coÌ„meth forth they called Vulturnus and that that is from thence toward the part of y e South where ryseth the Tropike of Capricorne they called Eurus also that is from the West toward the part of the South where the Tropike of Capricorne goeth downe they cal Aphricus that that declineth to the North where the Tropike of Cancer goeth downe they cal Caurus The Collaterals of the North and he South answeareth to the circumferences of the Polar circles that that is from the North towarde the Leuant or East they call Aquilo and that declineth towarde the West part they cal Circius that is from the South toward the East Euro Auster and towarde the West Euro Aphricus thus many hath Aristotle in his Metheora With these xii windes they sayled in old time made their compasse by them The Hydrographers of late dayes such as are trauayled exercised in saylyng agreé with the auâ—cients in the foure principal wyndes although they haue chaungâ—d the names callyng the
South of the compasse And the compasse being in the Meridian of y e point attractiue that passeth by the pole shall shew the pole And without that shal go northeasting or northwesting so varying departing froÌ„ the true Meridian that commeth forth of the pole of the world It is the opinion of some Mariners that the Meridian where the compasse sheweth directly the pole passeth by the Iland of Sancta Maria other say by the Iland of Cueruo in the Asores Demonstration of Northeasting And where as the inconuenience is manifest and notorious the same must be remedied with prudence and tyme and not to be negligent in the viage but euer to vse obserue experience more profitable then the subtyle and curious questions of the secrete searchers of naturall things without experience wherof reason taketh his principall grounde And therefore the wyse Pilot ought to knowe by experience as many of them doo not how much a good compasse doth vary Northeasting or Northwesting from one Port to another So that to know how much the compasse doth vary Northeasting or Northwesting from one place to another as to say halfe a quarter or more or lesse in quantitie as they are distant from the said Meridian where the compasses shew the Pole shall in the Nauigation take heéde and well consider in any such vâ—age Northeasting or Northwesting in the poynts of the compasse And this shal be to sayle truely by the poyntâ—s or lynes that the Carde dooth certaynely shewe As for example In sayling from any Ilande that is in the sayd Meridian or from any other part in seekyng of any port that is to them true Northeast yf by this way the compasse should Nâ—rtheast halfe a quarter then saylyng by the poynâ—es or lynes of the compasse Northeast half a quarter to the North their Nauigation shal be exceptiâ—g other impediments to the Northeast which the Carde sheweth And by this point or lyne must be made the accompt of such a vyage And so by the points of the Carde they shâ—ll directly fynd the Port that they sought And by this order shall they goâ—â—rne themselues in all Nâ—uigations For the which it is conuenient that wyse and expert Pilots should make notes of obseruations of Norâ—heasting and Northwesting that is from Port to Port and to make compilations and geatherings of suche notes to cary with them in their Shyppes for regimâ—â—â—s and not to be busie or câ—rious to amende their compassâ—s or with the stone to rubbe the Irons or Sâ—eéles neither on the one syde or the other from whence the Floure deluce doth shewe For this shoulde cause many inconueniences Neither ought they to admit in their Cardes two graduations especially for that to knowe how much in euery place the compasse doth goe asyde or vary from the true Meridian may easely be made an instrument to shew the same by the Suâ—ne in the day and by the Starres in the nyght The vi Chapter of the introduction and principlâ—s of the Arte of Nauigation FOr as much as now we haue the guyde whiche is the compasse it is conuenient to enter into the way which is Nauigation The which as we haue sayde is to goe or passe by water from one place to another And this presupposed I say that he that desireth to attempt Nauigations must knowe two things which the Carde shall shewe him The one is by what poynt or lyne he ought to sayle and this shall the lynes of the saylyng Carde shew him The other is â—he leagues of the distaunce and this shall the scale or trunke of the leagues shewe taking with a compasse the distaunce of two places and applying it to the sâ—alâ— The knowledge of these two things ought the Pilot to beare in memory and to put them in effect ought to direct his foreship to the selfesame wynde which the compasse doth shewe For the distaunce he ought to knowe how muche the Ship goeth dayly wel considering and obseruing the windes tydes currents and all suche thynges as may be with hym or against him And according heéreunto he shall knowe howe muche he hath gone and what remayneth for hym to goe and whether he be farre off or néere vnto the place whither he inâ—endeth to sayle the which in Nauigation is the ende desired And because this estimation or computation can not be iust exact especially in a long vyage or in long tyme it shal be conuenient that we rectifie or amend it knowing the place where the Ship is on the superficiall part of the water by the place that answereth to it in heauen This place of heauen is knowen by the altitude of the pole and by the altitude of the pole is knowen the altitude of the Equinoctial by the altitude of the Equinoctiall and declination of the Sunne is knowen y â— Meridian altitude and contrarywyse knowing the Meridian altitude and declination of the Sunne is knowen the altitude of the Equinoctiall and by the Equinoctial the pole and by the altitude of the pole is knowen the latitude and this is the place that is desyred to be knowen But for as muche as the heauen is moueable from the East to the West this place is not knowen as a certayne point but is knowen as a lyne or paralel at a certayne distaunce from the Equinoctiall and it is knowen in what poynt of this paralel the Ship is by the altitudes that are taken from heauen but it is knowen by the lyne that the Ship hath gone as we wil further declare in y e xiii Chapter of making a poynt or pricke in the Carde And in this maner you shall haue rectified the way that the Ship hath gone and consequently the way that it hath yet to goe And forasmuch as these altitudes are so profitable and necessarie it shal be néedfull to geue rules how we may vse them to our most commoditie And for this is presupposed to know that all places situate on the superficiall part of the earth and water eyther they are vnder one Mâ—ridian so that they haue or where they haue one selfe same longitude and differ in latitude or are in one parallel where they haue one selfe same latitude and differ in longitude or are in diuers Meridians and paraleles where they differ in longitude and latitude And I say that if they haue one selfe same longitude they saile froÌ„ the one to the other by the lyne of North and South and how many degrées doth vary the altitude of the pole and of the Equinoctial in heauen so many degrées haue they gone by sea or by land If two places haue one selfe same latitude they passe from the one to the other by the lyne of East and West And in such maner of viage the altitudes do not profit vs because there is no variation If they differ or vary in longitude and latitude they sayle from the one to the other
the xii â—ignes The Eâ—uinoctial Colure The Solstitiaâ—â— Colurâ— Thâ— greatesâ— declination of thâ— Zodiacke Definition of the Meridian Circlâ— The mydday or noone Diuers Meridians Definition of the horizon hemisphere or horizon Diuers horizonâ— The ryght and oblique horizon Distance of the zenith from the Equinoctiall how the horizon is deuided by thâ— Meridian The true and vntrue East and VVâ—st The lesse Circles Tropykes Paralelles The Polar Circles The Poles of the zodiacke and Poles of the world The greatâ—â—â— declination of the Sunne The Artykâ— and Antartike The Sphere diuided into fiue zones Zones habitablâ— and vnhabitable The diuision of the earth according to the fiue zones of heauen An errour of Ptolomie and the Astronomâ—â— The land of Brasile The straights of Magalianes The West Indies People of long life vnder the zone Cold Regions habitable Island Gothlandâ— Norway Russia The diuisioâ— of the Sphere by longitude and latitude The degreâ—â— of the Equinoctial circlâ— Myleâ— Furlongs Leagues Grayne Fynger Foote Pase The degreâ—â— of the sea Cardes The diameter of the earth and water Diuision of the earth and water by Climates Diuersities of thyngs in diuers Climates What is â— climate Differencâ— of dayes The space of sâ—â—â—n climates The quantitiâ—â—f the lâ—ssâ— circlâ—â— The Latitude of Climates Dia Mâ—râ—â— Dia Sienâ— Dia Alexandros Dia Rhodos knightes of the Rhodes The Rhodâ—â— taken by thâ— Turke Dia Romes Dia Boristhenes Dia Rifeos The riuer Tanais Stoflerine The Meridian or South Climate A right line An angle 〈◊〉 A circlâ— The circumference of a circle The center of a circle Diâ—meter Seâ—icircle Zenith Eccâ—ntricke Epicicle Auge Opposâ—â—â— of Auge The Sunâ—e is the guyde in Nauigation The moouing of the Sunnâ— vnder the zodiackâ— The Sommer Tropicke Declination of the Sunne The Winter Tropike The cause of increasing and decreasing of the day and nyghtes The moouing of the Sunne in the center of his Sphere To fynde the true place of the 〈◊〉 The equâ—â—ion of the yeâ—re VVhat is the declination of the Suâ—â—e The entrance of the Sunne into the fouâ—â— principall signes The Latinâ— yeere The Eâ—uinoctialles in the yâ—ere of Christâ—s byrth The Solstiâ—â—â—ls â—our notable thyngs To knowe more precisely the entraunce of the Sunne into the foure principall â—ignâ—â— To knowe when the Sunne entreth into euery of the xii Signâ—â— Leape yeâ—râ— Variation of houres by the rapte mouing of the Sunne from the East to the VVest The entrance of the Sunne into the iiii principall signes causeth the chaunge of tyme. The Sunne and Moone are the principal luminaries The Eclipse of the Moone The coniunction of the Moone with the Sunne The Moone receyueth her lyght of the Sunne The aspect of the Moone to thâ— Sunne The increasing and opposition of thâ— Moone The bignes of the Moone The Moone is â—earest vnto the eâ—â—th The motion of the moonâ— The coniunction Thâ— oppositâ— To know thâ— times of oppositions and coniunctioâ—s To know the golden number The rootes of the golden number The concurrent The Solar and Lunar yeeres To fynde the number of the concurrent Epact To know thâ— dayes oâ— agâ— of the Moonâ— To know tâ—â— day of the coniunction To know the place of the Moone in the Zodiacke and what aspectes she hath with the Sunne The description of the Instrument The vse of the Instrument to fynd the truâ— place of thâ— Sunne To fynde the place of the Moone Fiue aspecteâ— of the Planets Coniunction Opposition Trinall quadrine Sextiâ—e To know thâ— place of the Sunne by thâ— rule of memorie To knowe in what degree the Sunne is The Eclipse of â—hâ— Sunne The Eclipse of the Sunne is not vniuersall â—ow â—hâ— Sunne is eclipsed in the whole or iâ— parâ— why the Moone seemeth somtime bigger and sometime lesse then the Sunne The Sunne is Eclipsed in coniunction the Moone in opposition The reuoâ—ution on oâ— the â—ight Sphere The Solâ—r yeere how the Egyptians painted the yeere The quantitie of the yeere The yeere of the hebrues The Greekes Iulius Caesar. Lâ—â—pe yeere Dayes of the yeâ—râ— Beginning of the yeere Ouid. bruma is the stay of the sunne in winter the winter solstitiall and shortest day of the yeere The Creation of the world Exod. xii VVhere the Christians begin the yeere Diuersitie in the number of the yeeres or the date Machomet The date of the Christians The Lunar yeere or moâ—eth Reuolution of the moone The deuisioâ— of the yeerâ— into twelue monethes The Lunaâ— moneth The moneâ—â— of peragratioâ— The moneth of consecutioâ— The mouing of the Suâ—ne and moone in coniunction To know the tydes by the aspectes of the Moone The illumination or change of the Moone Interlunium is the space of tyme in the which neither the olde Moone doth appeare nor the newe Moone is seene The weeke of the Iewâ—s The Romanâ—â— The Christians Ferine signifieth vacant daies or somâ—time holy or fâ—stiuall 〈◊〉 The naâ—â—â—all day The beginning of the naturall day The ende of the naâ—uâ—all day The artificiall day The nyghâ— houres natural and artificiall The hour natural or equal The houre artificial or temperal The day and nyght diuided into foure partes Interpretation of certayne places of the Gospell The night diuided into iiâ—â— quarters Four watches of the nyght how Mariners ought to watch To know the houres of the day by the Sunne The placing of the instrument The fynding of the Meridian lyne The eleuation of the Pole Dyals horizontall and verticall East â—est The Triangle The making of the Dyall houres of the horizontall Dyall Placing of tâ—â— Dyall The Meridian line of thâ— Dyall The making of the vertical Dyall The Guardâ— starres what is mydnyght Noone or mydday An errour The making of the â—nstrument The horne of the seuen starres whiche make the lesse beare To fynde the hour with the instrument The Mariners opinion of â—bbyng and flowing of the sea or tydâ—s Obseruation of the Moonâ— to know the tydes Eyght principall wyndes The Moone causeth the ebbing and flowing of the Ocean Sea The moouing of the Moone The shortning of the tydes An errour The variation of the tydes A Table to knowe thâ— variation of the tydes Signes of faâ—â—â— and sowle weather Some cal these the fiers of S. Elin and S. Nicolas wandring fyers engendred of exhalations and vapours Castor and Pollux what is smoke and flame Exhalations of the land and water Exhalations and vapours engendred in Shyps A shining flye A superstitious opinion of the Mariners A lye of the fryer preachers Psalm 67. Testimonie of auncient aucthours The buildyng of Rome The Romanâ— kyngs One lyght or fyre is an euill signe Two lyghtes Castor and Pollux an errour of the Mariners Psalm 68. why Eolus was fayned god of winds what is winde The foure principall or Cardinall wyndâ—s Luke xvii East Souâ—h west North. Collaâ—erall wyndes Twelue wyâ—des Eyght whole wyndes Diuision of the horizon by the foure principall wyndes Eyght halfe wyndes quarter windes The deuisioâ— of the windâ— xxxii windeâ— in alâ—â— The names of