out of things generated in the body according to nature but retained in the body beyond the limits of nature p 343 Of taking away the corrupt parts of the body p 344 Of freeing and taking away things generated in the body contrary tâ— nature p 345 Of restitution of parts that are lost or of the Chyrurgery of imperfect parts p 346 Book 5. Part 2. Sect. 1. OF the method of healing and of Indications in general p 348 Of Indicants p 350 Of the concord and discord of Indicants p 353 Of Indicants p 354 What mâ—râ—istâ—ue causes indicate and peculiarly of purging a juice in the body which causes ill digestion p 360 Of the time fit for the purging of a disease p 363 Of the preparation and concoction of humours p 365 Of the quaâ—tity of purgation p 371 Of the plâ—â—e by wâ—â—ch purgation ought to be made p 372 Of the â—â—ue administration of purges p 374 Whether it be lawful to sleep having taken a purge Ibid Whether it is beâ—â— after purging to use cleansing and abstergent meâ—â—oines p 375 Of evacuation by â—rine Ibid Of evacuation by sweat p 376 Of particular evacuations p 378 Of the abating abundance a blood with Leaches Cuppinglasses Scarrifications c. p 379 Of opening a Vein p 382 Of revulsion p â—85 Of derivation p 3â—8 Of repulsion ibid Of interceptings p 389 Of discussing p 390 Of softning and ripning of matter p 391 Book 5. Part. 2. Of shewing how to Cure OF diseases of Intemperature p 392 Of curing diseases of the whole substance p 394 The cure â—f diseases of confirmation p 395 Of the cure of diseases of number p 397 Of curiâ—g of diseases of magnitude p 398 Of curing diseases in sâ—ituation and connexion p 3â—9 Of the cure of solution of continuity p 400 Of the cure of oppressing and urging Symptomes p 402 Book 5 Part. 2 Sect. 3. Of the Vital Indication WHat doth indicate Dyet in those that are sick p 404 What things belong to Dyet p 4â—5 How many sorts there are of Dyet and which agrees to which â—â—seases p 406 Of the right administration of a dict of sick persons p 407 Book 5 Part. 3 Sect. 1. OF preparing and compounding of Drugs in general of necessity and profit of preparing and compounding of simple Medicines p 409 What things are necessary for the Artificial preparatîon and composition of Medicines p 411 Of the weights of Medicines p 412 Of Physical measures p 414 Of Dozes of Medicines p 416 Of the Dozes of Purges p 417 Book 5. Part. 3. Sect. 2. OF operations necessary for the preparation and composition of Medicines Of the parts of Pharmacopaea p 419 Of the kinds of heat p 420 Of the first rank or form of operations of breaking sleeking or making plain shaving and filing p 421 Of the second rank and form of operations p 424 Of the third manner of operations p 428 Sect. 3. OF the forms of Medicines p 429 Of the division of medicines ibid Of Decoctions p 433 Purging decoctions p 436 Of infusions and other purging potions p 437 Of medicinal wines drinks of Honey and water sodden together of wines mingled with honey of Oxymel of medicinal vinegar decoction or barley-water also of clarified juices p 439 Of distilled water and spirits p 443 Of oyles p 444 Of Syrrops and Julops p 445 Of Emulsions and Ahes mixtures bringing or causing milk and of strengthning things p 448 Of tinctures and extracts and liquid dissolutions p 450 Of conserves preserves and medicinal jûices p 451 Of Electuaries p 453 Of Eclegmays and Lohochs p 455 Of Boles p 457 Of Powders and Trags or Comfits p 458 Of Salts p 459 Of Crosses p ibid Of flowers and sublimates p 460 Of precipitates ibid Of Glasses Regons of certain chymical powders p 461 Of Comfits little round cakes and morcels and such like ibid Of Troches p 464 Of Pills p 465 Of Suppositors p 468 Of Clystors p 470 Of Injections into the womb and of Pessaries p 472 Of those things which are injected into the Yard and Bladder p 473 Of the washing of the mouth and Gargarismes ibid Of medicines that draw away flegm p 474 Of medicines that rub and cleanse the teeth p 475 Of medicines put into the nose and to provke sneezing p 477 Of sweet smells perfumes and odcrifierous Balsomes p 478 Of those things which are put into the ears p 479 Of liquid medicines for the eyes ibid Of oyles and balsomes p 480 Of linements and oyntments p 481 Of Cerots and Emplaisters p 482 Of Cataplasmes p 485 Of medicines to take away hair Salves made of Mustard and medicines causing wheales or pustles in the body Vesitatories or medicines that cause blisters p 486 Of Epithems which are something moister then Plaisters Medicines made of Vinegar and Roses and of medicines applied to the Temples to stop fluxes of Rheume from falling to the eyes p 427 Of medicines applied plaister-ways to mitigae paine and of little bags p 489 Of Embrocations Lotions and Baths p 490 Of Sopes p 491 Of Cauteries p 492 THE FIRST GROUND OR FUNDAMENTALS Of the whole Art of PHYSICK AND CHIRURGERY BOOK I. CHAP. I. Of the Nature of Physick THE word Medicina The name of Physick sithence it is derived 〈◊〉 Medendo that is helping such as are sick doth properly belong indeed to the Therapeutical part only which part being the most necessary was first invented and garnished and in this sense the word was formerly taken The Definition of Physick Yet afterwards when that part was added which shewed the preservation of present health the same ancient Appellation was still retained and is now attributed to the whole Art Physick is an Art as far as it is possible of preserving mans present health and restoring it when it is lost Physick is most properly set down amongst the Arts The Genus of Physick because it propounds to it self not knowledge onely but effecting somewhat namely gaining of health For the distinction betwixt Disciplines are taken from their next end neither doth Physick observe the other principles that are requisite in a Science The Subject of Physick is mans Body The Subject of Physick as it is indued with health and obnoxious to diseases And this Subject hath one excellency peculiar to it self beyond the Subjects of all other Arts in that they do nothing onely they perform obedience and undergo the operation of the Artificer but this hath a certain in-bred power striving for health of its own accord The End of Physick is Health The End of Physick and that is the true and last aim of it the first mover and that for which it is but the scope or means and that to which it aims is to heal as J. C. Scaliger in his first Book of Plants teacheth for although the Physitian do not alwaies obtain his chief end since it is impossible to cure all that are sick yet the â—hysitian hath performed his
nourishment and full of excrements and affords matter fit for the generation of feavers Fishes are colder and moister food Fish then the flesh of terrestiall Animalls and scarce afford so good juice as Corne and fruits and other vegetables they easily putrify also and if they are corrupted they acquire a quality most averse to our natures But there is a great variety of fishes Salmon a Salmon in the first place hath tender flesh gratefull to the palate t is easily concocted affords good juice and is the best amongst fishes when they are pickled with salt and hardned with smoake they are much worse Troutes amongst fishes which are bred in fresh waters are the best and are next in goodnesse to a Salmon Trout easy of concoction full of much good and thin juice but the greater of them have flesh not a little excrementitious fat and full of viscidity those are commended before others which have red flesh and many red spots and that have hard flesh and participate not of viscidity and fat those are easier concocted descend sooner Soles and have lesse excrementitious juice Amongst Sea fishes the sole is highly commended which hath delicate flesh and is easy of concoction Gudgeons Gudgeons properly so called are the best of taste amongst the fishes and very wholesome aliment easie to be concocted and such as remaine not long in the stomach and are profitable both for pleasure and health and may safely be given to those that are sick to which other little fish are alike as dace and minners and such like A pick A Pike especially of the smaller growth hath hard flesh it is concocted easily and easily distributed and hath not many excrements and may also be given to those that are sick A Perch also hath tender flesh A Perch and such as will easily part asunder and no fat and glutinosity t is easy to be digested the juice is not evill yet it affords weaker aliment and such as is easily discussed A Breame hath soft and moist flesh A Breame and yeelds a juice very excrementicious and is to be eaten as for the most part all other fish are not t is not to be mixed with divers kinds of meates A Barbell A Barbell whose egs perchance gave an occasion to some to suppose that he hears very bad it causeth not onely paines of the belly but also vomiting and disturbes the paunch and stirs up choler from the use whereof we ought to abstaine but the flesh thereof is very white easy of concoction and distribution and affords aliment of good juice The flesh of Eeles is sweete but glutinous with fat and abounding with much moisture Ecles it generates ill juice and the use thereof is not safely granted to those that are sick nor to those that are well especially if they be taken plentifully A Lampry is meate of a gratefull and delicate taste A Lampry if it be rightly prepared and sauced yet it puts not away quite its slimynesse and glutinosity by this meanes and for that reason they are not numbred by Physitians amongst fishes of the best sort A Tench is neither of a pleaseing taste A Tench nor easy to be concocted nor good aliment but yeelds a filthy slimy juice and such as is easily corrupted neither is it easily distributed and it brings forth obstructions A Herring hath white flesh A Herring apt to cleave into small peices and hath a good taste not hard of concoction it affords good juice not thick and glutinous t is pickled with salt and hardned with the smoake but then t is harder of digestion and yeelds not so good juice Amia a fish which hath no English name but is like a Thunny Amia hath soft flesh yeelds good juice but not much aliment A Sturgeon hath hard fat and glutinous flesh A Sturgon which yeelds thick juice yet not hurtfull and t is not easily concocted yet the younger are more plesant to the taste and easier concocted and yeeld much nourishment A Sole Plaice and Turbet are white fish A Sole Plaice Turbet yeeld good juice and plentifull nourishment and such as is not easily corrupted but being dryed they become harder and are harder of concoction Cod-fish Stock-fish or rather stock fish although whilst it is fresh t is said to have friable flesh and tender of good juice and easy of concoction yet being dryed it becomes so hard that it is to be knocked with Hammers and Clubs and to be pulled into peeces in water before it be boyled whence it affords thick nourishment and hard of concoction and is to be eaten without dammage only by those who have very healthy stomachs and are given to dayly labour Oysters have a soft juice Oysters and therefore irritare the belly to dejection and stimulate Venus they nourish lesse and are hard of concoction and easily generate obstructions Terrestiall Cockels or Snailes Snailes are accounted for dainties by many yet the flesh of them is hard of concoction and requires a healthy stomach and the addition of many sawces yet they remaine hard and generate thick and black blood but that part which is said to be given in broath for Hecticks is only in the hinder part of the snaile which Aristotle in the fourth of the History of Animals Cap. the fourth calls Micona that is poppey as he pleased to call it which hath in it a certaine glutinous and caseous substance easily dissolved yeelding to the teeth tender the which is not hard of concoction and nourisheth much Crab fish which have no tailes and Lobsters Lobsters and crawfish which have tailes and are frequent in our Countries seeme to have no great difference in their nature all of them are hard of concoction and are not well concocted unlesse by a strong stomach yet if they are well concocted they nourish much and beget good juice CHAP. IV. Of drinke DRinke whereby the moist substance is restored which is dayly consumed and the naturall thirst allayed The benefi of drink the fat and thick moisture carried through the narrow passages and the meat in the stomach is mingled concocted and powred forth and an inflamation of that fat which is destinated by nature to nourish our bodies is prohibited there are divers kinds The kinds Water Wine strong Beere and water mingled with Hony and certaine liquors made with Apples Peares and such like There is great variety of Waters Waters all which are cold and moist but the best is that which is found to be pure and fincere by the sight taste and smell and offers the savour of nothing to the taste Differences of Waters neither odour to the smell which soone growes hot and suddenly grows cold which is light and wherein flesh and fruit are soon boyled some is Fountaine water other is River some is Raine water other lake or Pond water some Marish other Snow
simple purging medicines are mingled in purging decoctions the manner of preparing is the same for purging medicines convenient for the evacuation of the humours are taken and that for one and more doses yet because in seething their strength will decay or waste they ought to be taken in a greater dose then in the substance the strongest for the most part double but of the milder purgers four-fold Of which before in the doses of medicines Other things are added to these which may either resist and correct the malignant and noxious qualities of the purge or may prevent the mischeives which may befall nature by theuse of strong purgers or which may increase and stir up the dull faculty of a medicine or extimulate them to worke more speedily or may bridle them if they worke too strong and quick or such as have regard to some private part and may leade and direct the purging medicine thither Aromatick powders or species are added to the decoction strained for to please the palate halse an ounce or an ounce of Syrup is appointed and prepared 2. Oftentimes something that purges is added to the decoction as Syrup and Honey of Roses and Violets solutive also Cassia Manna which are dissolved in the decoction which is againe strained 3. Sometimes purging electuaries are mixt and dissolved in the concoction in such quantity that they make one dose when they are mingled with many things that are boyled together 4. But because decoction by the mixture of electuaries become thicker t is not inconvenient if they are strained againe and also clarifyed but then the Electuaries may be used in a larger quantity 5. Sometimes some of the purging powders are added to the Liquor or decoction 6. Or some quantity of a purging extract is dissolved in it 7. Lastly decoctions are oftentimes made of purging and altering medicines together Hereunto belongs decoctions to cause vomits Vomiting things c. sweates Urine examples whereof are extant every where CHAP III. Of Infusions and other purging Potions INfusions are next unto decoctions Infusions and differ only from decoctions simply so called in that they are wont to be prepared only by boyling without macerating them before hand but these are when the medicines are broken or beaten before and put into a convenient Liquor for some certain time that they may leave their vertue in it The mâ—nner of preparing They are prepared of medicines of all sorts but most commonly of Purgers which should be given in somewhat a greater weight then in the substance namely halfe so much in the substance and double in the Infusion with their correcters and directers being cast in also in a due quantity sometimes in a nodule or little bagg of fine linnen shut in a Liquor convenient for the purpose of the Physitian the Chymists at this day that the extract may be made the easier put to the menstruum or prepared matter some drops or spirit of Salt of Vitrioll or Oyle of Vitrioll is added which is made by draining which they call per deliquium The quantity of the Liquor ought to be such as may cover those things that are macerated and may be something higer then they being infused in this manner fix twelve or twenty foure hours in a warme vessell stopt or shut they being beaten or cut in peices should so long lye in it untill the Liquor hath extracted all their strength which may be known by the taste and smell But if which often happens there be urgent occasion the medicines cannot be macerated for want of time that defect may be supplyed by gentle boyling of them afterwards that which is strained with or without squeazing is appointed for use and indeed without squeazing or pressing that which is strained is more cleansing and pleasing to the taste but weaker but with expression t is more troubled and thicker but more efficacious You may add to the infusion things that sweeten it or other purging things as t is said before of decoctions Sometimes Decoctions and Infusions are given together namely a Decoction is prepared in the same manner as is said before In a sufficient quantity of that decection are infused purgers with their correcters and the rest of the things are afterwards mixt as in other infusions Another way also a Potion is made of insusion and decoction mixt or an infusion with a decoction namely the decoction is prepared by its selfe and the insusion by it selfe both of them according to the method formerly described and these two Liquors are afterward mingled together To these purging decoctions A purging Potion The menner and infusions by reason of their fimilitude we add a purging Potion peculiarly so called by some which is prepared in this manner first a sufficient quantity is taken of any sort of Liquor decoction distilled water Whey water and Honey mixt Broath Wine Juleps of Violets sufficient for a draught namely two 3. or 4. ounces in the Liquor a sufficient quantity of Cassia Manna or a sufficient quantity of any one purging electuary or more is to be dissolved for one dose sometimes of some Syrup half an ounce or 6. drachms or some of the Aromatick powders are added and these potions are taken as the rest which we have spoken of heretofore hot in the morning fasting 2. Secondly as t is spoken of puâ—ging things so here also straining and Clarifying may be appointed but then the electuaries are to be taken in a greater quantity then if they are given without straining 3. Thirdly purging Potions may be prepared of purging extracts but seeing that extracts are wont to be given in a smaller dose they require lesse quantity of Liquor and thâ—rfore are more gratefull to the affected sometimes two or three ounces of other Liquors are taken instead of Muskadine and the extract is dissolved in them and if there be danger of being too hot some Sorrell or Lemons or some other convenient things may be added 4. Lastly purging Potions are prepared of powders as well simples as of compound purging medicines as also with purging Roles but the dose of such powders ought not to be much more then a drachm otherwise the Potion will be too thick and ungratefull and sometimes some powder is mingled with dissolved electuaries In the same manner also Potions and infusions for vomits Infusions and Potions for vomits sweates and medicines provoking of Urine may be prepared CHAP. IV. Of Medicinal Wines drinks of honey and Water sodden together of Wine mingled with Honey of Oxymel of Medicinal Vinegar Decoction or Barley-water also of Clarified Juices OUT of those things which have bin hitherto spoken of Infusions and Decoctions Medicinall wines it will easily appear how medicinal wines are prepared and they are either altering â—r purging and altering together They are prepared either of Must or of Wine that is reâ—ined those that are prepared of Must have a more pleaâ—ant taste and they are thus done The dry
onely that these purge melancholy Indian Mirobolanes Polipodie evacuates adust choler as also Phlegme t is profitable in diseases of the splcene and Hypocondries Polipodie the Dose is from a Drachme to three Drachmes in infusion to an Ounce and above Epithymum purges a dust choller Epithymum and Melancholy without trouble and is profitable in Diseases proceeding from hence yet because t is hot and dry in the third degree t is safer to be used in Winter then in Summer t is given in the substance from two Drachmes to three Drachmes in infusion from halfe an ounce to an ounce Sena is as it were the middle betwixt the stronger and weaker hot in the second dry in the first Sena t is a very usefull medicine which not onely evacuates adust humours but also choler and Phlegme cleanseth all the bowels and is convenient for all ages when t is more dry t is not inconveniently corrected with the flowers of Violets and Burrage Ginger or Cinamon or the fourth part of Galingale is added to it the powder is given from a Drachme to two Drachmes in infusion from halfe an ounce to an ounce The stronger purgers of Melancholy and adust humors LApis Armenius purges dull thick melancholy humours Lapis Armenius yet more gently then Hellebore it is corrected by washing in Cordiall waters t is given from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme or sometimes to a Drachme and halfe Lapis Lazuli hath the same vertue but is something weaker t is corrected with Cordialls the Dose is the same Lapis Lasuli Black Hellebore is not usually to be given to children Black Hellebore women that are great nor to weake bodies and indeed it is more safely given in decoction then in the substance t is corrected with Cordialls and stomaticks t is given in the substance from a scruple to two nay to a Drachme in infusion or decoction from a Drachme to halfe an ounce Hydragogues and such as evacuate aqueous humours THe juice of the root of Flowerdeluce is hot and dry in the third Root of Orice opens drawes out thin Choller and water but for women with Child t is not so safe because it provokes the months t is corrected with a little Wine and Cinamon and Manna or honey of Roses is added or decoction of reysins of the Sun t is given from halfe an Ounce to an Ounce and halfe or two Ounces Gratiola or hedge Hyssop purges by stoole and vomit Hedge Hysop but troubles not a little the body t is corrected with Cinamon Anniseed Liquorish t is given in the substance to a Drachme in decoction from halfe an Ounce to an Ounce Elaterium or the juice of wild Cucumbers drawes water and choller out of the Bowels Elaterium and happily drawes forth the water of hydropick persons but it provokes vomit also gripes the bowels opens the mouthes of the Veines and unlesse it be cautiously exhibited doth mischiefe t is corrected with Tragacanth Fleawort Bdellium and Cinamon in the Dose you must not easily exceed six Graines The rine and juice of the root spurge Spurge purgeth and gnaweth powerfully and therefore is corrected with Bdellium Tragacanth Mucilage of Fleawort Cinamon Spike the Dose of the Barke of the Root is from six graines to fifteene graines but of the milke or juice from three graines to eight graines Mezereon whose force is fiery Mezereum exceeding sharpe exulcerating biting kindling Feavers dissolving the strength of the heart and noble parts and purging choller violently and Bilous serosities t is corrected with Sorrel with the juice of Pomegranates or of Quinces of Purslan Mucelage of the seed of Fleabane the Dose in the substance is from six grains to ten graines in the decoction from halfe a Drachme to a Drachme Dwarfe elder Elder Dwarfe or Dane wort and elder the seed and middle barke and juice of the root and leaves draw out water they are corrected with Cinamon the Dose of the berries is given to a Drachme of the barks to two drachms of the juice from halfe an ounce to six drachmes Soldanella or sea Colewort are the best remedy to draw out water but t is an enemy to the stomack Soldanella t is corrected with Cinamon and Ginger the Dose is from a drachme to 2. drachmes of the juice to halfe an ounce Gummigote purgeth choller and water Gummigote and oftentimes causeth vomit which is prohibited by the addition of the spirit of salt or Mace the Dose is from five graines to eight graines The root of Ialap powerfully and with violence purgeth serous and black humors t is given from a scruple to 2. scruples Ialap Although each of these do purge single humors yet some of them do purge other humors also secondarily Rhubarbe Aloes Cassia Agarick Scammony evacuate choller with Phleagme Myrobolanes Chebulae Lapis Armenius Lapis Lazuli Phlegme and black choller Sena Epithymum Polipodie black Hellebore purge choler Phleame and Melancholy the latter Physitians have drawne other medicines into use unknown to the Ancients prepared of Venus Mercury and Mars CHAP. XII Of Medicines that cause vomits SEcondly amongst evacuating medicines are such as cause vomitings Things causing vomits which indeed evacuate the stomack immediatly yet if they are too strong they draw the neighbouring Bowels and the greater veines they performe that for the most part by a peculiar propriety by reason of which they have an inclination upwards yet some of them for a manifest cause namely because they swim in the stomack and oppresse it and loosen the Orifice of the superior ventricle such are all fat and oily substances But some are gentle others indifferent strong others very strong The gentle are simple water or Barley water luke warme The most gentle especially with a little honey and salt dranke by little and little at one draught common oyle luke warme foure ounces or six ounces Hydromell largely taken Hydreles to ten ounces Figgs newly eaten and cold water dranked after The middle sort are the Flowers of Dill The middle sort as also the Seed of Orach and of Raddish they are given from two drachmes to halfe an ounce the root of Asarabecca and Orach are given in the substance to foure scruples Bittony the middle barke of a Walnut to a drachme in infusion to halfe an ounce the greene pill that cover the walnut shell dryed in an Oven from halfe a a drachm to a drachm the juice of Raddish to two ounces the tops of green Elder or the berries The strongest are the Rootes The strongest of Spurge of Sow-bread to a drachm in infusion from a drachm to two drachms the Rootes of white Hellebore in infusion from halfe a drachm to a drachm adding cardiacks Flowers of Danewort Barkes or Roote Flowers of broome seed of broome from two drachms to halfe an ounce the seed of spurge the husks being taken of ten in number
was distilled is powred off and again and again is drawn and distilled in the same Vessel where the matter was left Sublimation Sublimation which is performed sometimes by fire that is open sometimes by some intervening body as Sand Ashes c. T is the nearest to distillation by ascent and differs from it only in this that as in distillation vapours which are exalted come together into a liquour so in sublimation exhalations ascend dry and being carried up on high stick to the sides of the Alembick like attomes Praecipitation seems to be contrary to this Praecipitation which is done when bodies dissolved by waters and corroding liquours are again separated from the liquour that the form of chaulk or dust may remain which commeth to passe when any thing is cast or powred into the solution by whose force the dissolving liquour or that which was the cause of solution in the liquor is seperated from the dissolved body Drying By Exsiccation the superfluous moisture is taken away whether in the shade or in the Sun or whether it be done in an Oven or in a Frying-pan over Coales both for that the Medicines may the better be preserved and may not contract thirst by their superfluous humidity and putrifie and be corrupted and also that they may the easier be contained and made into powder By Evaporation the aqueous humidity expires Evaporation Exhalation as by exhalation dry exhalations are elevated by heat as that which is superfluous in the thing being dissolved into vapours and exhalations may go out and the more useful part only may be left To these operations is added Coagulation Coagulation which is nothing else but a reduction of a liquid thing to a sollid substance by the privation of moisture CHAP. V. Of the third manner of Operations THe third forme comprehends those operations which are appointed them The third forme of operations for alteration immutation and perfection of a thing and aime at this that a thing may be reduced to a better state and more noble degree But although some do reckon more such operations and perhaps there are more yet in this place all of them are properly called by the name of Digestion Digestion and as it is distinguished from the two higher kinds of digestion whereby a new quality of a thing newly elaborated is introduced so that if the thing containes any thing that is hurtfull it puts away that or if any thing is wanting to it it begets that and if there are any others to be here repeated they ought to be accounted for certaine wayes of Digestion Institution Chap. 15. and 16. Circnlation For all of them for the most part in the same manner by a gentle externall heat exciting the internall force of a thing are performed which here is the primary agent But amongst the manners or kinds of digestion the cheife is Circulation t is called by some Pelicanation from the vessell wherein it is performed where by a gentle externall heat being exhibited the matter which is circulated is exalted continually in the forme of vapours and is againe condensed and so by that continuall concoction and this circular motion of refolution and condensation it attaines to the highest degree of perfection in its kind Hitherto belongs conditing Conditing preserving and confecting fruits flowers roots are condited or pickled with Honey Sugar Vinegar Salt not onely that they may be preserved the longer but that they may be the more pleasant to the taste In confecting Confecting fruits roots seeds sweet smelling spices are preserved and candied with Sugar more for the taste sake then preservation or augmentation of the strength Nutrition of medicines is a certaine humectation but such whereby the thing is presently wet Nutrition or moystned and immediately dryed againe by the Sun or fire and is to be wet and moistened againe which labour is to be repeated thrice sour times or so often until the medicine hath sufficiently imbibed that humour which we desire THE FIFTH BOOK PART III. SECT III. Of the Formes of Medicines CHAP. I. The Division of Medicines AFter we have finished the operations necessary for an Apothecary The Division of Medicines It remaynes that we now come to the preperations themselves of Medicines which are perfected by those operations The differences of Medicines are taken either from the substance or from the parts to which they are applyed Medicines being considered the former of these wayes are some full of Vapours others Corpulent Corpulent are either fluid or having a consistance Fluid are various as distilled waters Spirits Liquid tinctures Vineger Medicinal wine Hydromel or Hony and Water clarifies Juyces Oyles Emulsions Decoctions Infusions Julebs Syrrups Baths Clystets c. Again those that have a consistance some of them are actually moyst others dry Of the former sort are Conserves Electuaries Eclegmas Juices Extracts Boles Muscillages Fat Lineaments Balsomes Unguents Cataplasmes Those that are actually dry are either continuous and the parts cohaere together or else they are discontinued Of the former kind are Pills Troches Rotuleâ— Morsels Plaisters Cerates Suppositers Glasses Regulus and certain things sublimed Of the latter sort are several Species and Powders Meal or brann Flowers things praecipitated But in respect of the parts to which they are applyed some are called internal Internal others external The internal are those which are taken into the body that common and usual way as we take in meat and drink all the rest whether they are applyed to the body or spread over the body or any other way applyed to the bodieâ— or if they are cast into the body any other way External as at the fundament ears nostrils wombe we call them externals The formes of Internal Medicines are various The difference of internal Medicines for some are fluid others not fluid and these are either soft and liquid or altogether dry The fluid are Decoctions Infusions Medicinal VVines Honey and VVater mixt and boiled together wine mingled with honey vineger and honey and barley-water Juices distilled waters Spirits tinctures and Liquid extracts Oils Sirups Julips Emulsions Soft and not fluid are Extracts Conserves Preserves Medicinal Juices thickned Electuaries Eclegmaes or Medicines to be licked or supt Boles Not fluid and plainly dry are powders Sweet meats Salts Saffron-flowers Precipitates Comfits little round Cakes Morsels or little snips march-paines And those which belong to these as Troches and Pills But externals are either sent into certain parts of the bodie Of Exterternal or they are only applyed or exhibited to the superficies of the bodie or they are only hung about as Ammulets and Periapticke medicines or medicines to hang about ones bodie Suppositers and Clysters are injected and cast into the body Clysters and pessaries are also injected into the womb also certain Liquours are injected into the yard and bladder into the mouth are put gargarismes to wash the mouth
Medicines are â—ut into little woodden Caskes when the Must is someâ—hat abated and the Wine cleansed and made clear it should â—â—e drawn out into another Vessel and kept for your use In the same manner Physical drink may be prepared Phâ—sicaâ—l â—â—â—nkes of Wormwood Harts tongue Bittony Sage Rosemary and other herbs and also of purging things but for the most part the herbs are first bruised in the drink after t is brewed being as yet warm and afterwards in due season things to make it work being put in they are suffered to cool Of Wines so cleansed Medicinal Wines are prepared Dry medicines are cleansed cut and broken and are put into a glasse or earthen Vessel sometimes into a Nodule or little Bagge of fine linnen or thin linnen sewed up a sufficient quantity of good white Wine is powred in so they stand in infusion in a Vessel that is shut afterwards strained unlesse they are inclosed in a little Bagge But this proportion for the most part is observed that to a pound of medicines there is taken of Must or Wine eight Pints twelve nay to twenty five nay thirty or thirty six so that an ounce may answer to the proportion of two or three Pints Medicinall Wines also that alter are prepared if distilled Oyles are added to them being first mixt with Sugar or Spirits or tinctures spirit of Wine drawne out of simple medicines or moist extracts Sometimes medicinall Wines are sweetned with Sugar or Honey Claretum and are called Clareâ—s and Hippocratick Wine they are profitable in cold durable diseases they aâ—e made in this manner Aromatick things or roots also and seeds gratefull to the smell and taste principally are grosely beaten or cut and such as have great efficacy are infused in sweet Wine so they are to stand sometime in the Infusion in a warme place for some hours or let them simper in Balmum Mariae for halfe an houre especially if you may accelerate the worke or to prepare Wine mingled with Honey afterwards there is added a sufficient quantity of Sugar to make it pleasant to the taste so that to two three or soure parts of Wine one part of Sugar may be taken and oftentimes Wine is drained through Hippocrates sleeve that it may become cleare some of the distilled waters that are convenient may be mixt with the Wine Some infuse the Aromaticks in spirit of wine about eight or ten parts whereof is used to one part of the Aromaticks and when the spirit of wine hath drawne out the tincture they seperate it by declination and straining or filtring and keepe it for their use but when t is convenient to make Hippocraticall wine they power some drachms and withalâ— an ounce or two ounces to one measure of Wine a sufficient quantity of Sugar to sweeten it But such Wines and Clarets may be prepared not only to alter but also to purge with the same dose for the more choice sort of persons namely with purgers principally the Leaves of Sena Mecoacam Agrick Turbith with their 〈◊〉 recters are put into a sufficient quantity of Rhenish Wine and being heated in water luke-warme in a glasse afterwards must stand in a warme place six hours in Infusion afterwards add of Julep of Violets or Roses halse an ounce or let them be sweetned with halfe an ounce of white Sugar and be strained and filtred through a browne paper let three ounces of that which is strained be perfumed with two drops of Oyle of Cinamon Manna also may be taken instead of Sugar If the Wine be sweerned with Honey instead of Sugar Wine mingled with Honey t is called Oinomell Mulsum or wine mingled with Honey is prepared of one part of Honey and two or three parts of Wine mixt and boyled together and Aromaticks of every sort may be added and it may be prepared at the time of gathering of Grapes namely if one part of Honey be taken and two of Must of water if it be convenient three parts or five parts in quantity and let them heate together Hydromell and Mulsum and Melicratum Hydromell Mulsum Melieratum are names of medicinall Potions of the same nature namely made of water and Honey and sometimes of other things boyled therewith or if there be any difference amongst those 't is only in comelinesse for Melicratum is made suddenly for present use of a mixture of Honey and water but Hydromell is prepared to keep longer and is neater made of Mulsum some is more cleanseing others purer so that there is a severall proportion of Honey to the water according to the various scope of the Physitian and temperature of him that takes it To prepare it eight ten or twelve times the quantity of Fountaine water is to be taken but this is made of one part of Honey and five or six of water boyled till the fourth or fifth part be consumed Amongst the kindes of Mulsum which can keepe Meade the most noted at this day is that drinke which is called Meade and the best indeed is prepared in Liâ—uania But Hydromell is prepared not only of water and Honey but also of severall Aromaticks Herbs and Rootes as Clary Hysop Bettony and others both kindes are made that which is for present use and that which is more durable and will keepe longer it is prepared for present use if in a pint of the water of Plates a drachm or at most two drachms are boyled the 10th or 12th part of the best â—â—ney be added to every pint of the decoction Hydromell is made after the usuall manner But sometimes Hydromell is compounded when the simple Hydromell is sented with these only although no other thing be boyled in it Besides the compound Hydromell which doth alter a purging Hydromell is also prepared which is nothing else but a purging decoction made with simple Hydromell The next to Mulsum Oxymell is Oxymell which differs from it only by the mixture of Vinegar a drinke very usuall amongst the Ancients but the old Physitians did not make Oxymell alike but severally and added Vinegar according to the nature of a disease and of the diseased and other circumstances and they gave it not only mingled with other medicines but alone to quench thirst and other purposes to drinke but that which is most cleansing and may also be used in feavers was made of twelve parts of water two of Honey and one of Vinegar they were gently boyled and scummed and the fire not being fierce and by the addition of the white of an egg were clarified and afterwards strained through a woollen cloath till it become cleare and pure There are prepared by the Physitians other kindes of Oxymells compounded of more medicines such is the Oxymell Helleborated of Gesner or rather of Iulian. To this head we referr the water Barly water or decoction of Barly which is made of whole Barley boyled in the water till it comes to a Ptisan and some
are medicines which are put into the nostrills which is done for severall ends either for calling out Excrements from the braine and to provoke sneezing those that performe which in particular are called Ptarmica Ptarmica or such as cause sneezing or to open the obstructions of the passages or to heale an Ulcer or stench blood whence the matter of Errhines is not allwayes the same but various according to the various intentions which is shewne before in the faculties of medicines They are prepared also in severall formes Way to make them for some are moist and Liquid others hard and dry againe the Liquid are twofold either they are powred into the nostrills or the nostrills are anointed with them only expressed juices are powred into the nostrills and are drawne in by and clarified them 2. Or distilled waters are added to the clarified juices Wine Oyle Honey somewhat lesse then double or somewhat lesse then foure times the weight according as thicker or more fluid Errhines are required or convenient powders may be added about a drachm in weight 3. Or decoctions are prepared which are mixt with somewhat lesse then double or somewhat lesse then foure times so much Honey and are put into the nostrills But those things wherewith the nostrills are anointed are most conveniently made of Oyles and Powders to which belongs Balsoms which the Nostrills are anointed with Besides these to the moist there seemes to belong those things which are put into the Nostrills in the forme of a tent But dry Errhines are made first of convenient Rootes Dry Errhiaes or Staulkes as of Beetes Flowre-deluce Sow-bread which are fashioned in the forme of a Pyramid and afterwards macerated in the water of sweet Marjerom or some other a fit water or Oyle a thred being first tyed about them they â—re put in 2. Moreover dry Errhines are made when simple medicines are reduced into a thin powder and a graine or two or two of them is blowne into the Nostrils and so they use to call Errhines in particular Ptarmaca or Sternutatories 3. Thirdly Errhines and Sneezings may be made of the same powders if with a linnen or woollen cloath or a Linnen bagg that is round they are wrapt up in it and either with juice or convenient distilled waters for example of Marjerom the Sternutatorie powder be dipt in it or sprinkled with it and put into the Nostrills 4. Fourthly medicines for the nose being reduced into a powder are taken in a Muscellage or Gumm or Turpentine or Oyle and wax and diligently mixt are made up into Pessaries in the forme of a Pyramid as it were in that bignesse that they may be put into the Nose to the end whereof a thred is tyed that it may be drawne out at pleasure CHAP. XXXI Of sweet Smells Perfumes and Odoriferous Balsomes SWeet Smells also are taken in at the Nostrills Things causing sweete Odours Simples Odoriserous but principally they are exhibited for altering of the braine and recreation of the Spirits and are exhibited for the resisting of filthy and Pestilentiall smells The materialls of these things are all such as breath a sweete Odour out of themselves as Muske Amber Civit Benzoin liquid Storax and Ladanum wood of Aloes Rose-mary Lavender Marjerom Spike wild Basill Stechados of Arabia Mace Cloves Cinamon Frankinsense Myrrb graines of Juniper Gallia Moschata Camphir and those things which are given cold as Roses Violets Flowers Kindes of Odor ferous things of Nimphea santalls But they are exhibited severall wayes and severall kinde of sweet smells are made of those simples for first they use to be reduced into powders and are kept either in a Box or woodden vessell and as often as necessary are put to the Nostrills or else are included in a little bagg or nodule of silke 2. Secondly the same reduced into powder are taken with Ladanum Wax Liquid Storax to which some Turpentine may be added also and made into one masse in a hot Morter by powring in of Rose-watar of which little balls are made commonly called Pomander 3. Thirdly Unguents and Linements use to be made of sweete things Balsomes which they call Balsomes at this day they are prepared of distilled Oyles to which is added Amber Muske Civit Indian Balsom whereof the whole force of them depends which are mixed with a certaine body which affords a convenient consistence instead whereof although some take other things yet extract of Plantine is conveniently taken or Oyle drawne out of Nutmegs by which all the smell for the most part colour and taste is extracted by the Spirit of Wine or which is most convenient an extract and Oyle of Nutmegs together to this mixture a colour agreeable to the Balsom shall be made of a juice or tincture of the medicines 4. Fourthly perfumed waters use to be prepared wherewith the Garments use to be sprinkled or the nose hands and other perts of the body use to be wet the same waters being put in a convenient vessell upon the coales are dissolved into an Odoriferous Vapour 5. Fifthly wash-balls are also prepared or sweet balls to wash the hands and feete of which hereafter Chap. 42. 6. Fumes Moreover sweet Vapours or fumes belong to Odoriferous smells the Greeks Thymiamata which although they are taken for the sweetnesse and pleasantnesse of smell or for strengthning the braine yet they may be appointed for other ends also namely to stop distillations for drying ulcers of the lungs when they are stuffed with thick matter peculiar suffumigations also are prepared for the wombe and to provoke and stop courses the falling down and suffocation of the mother the coming out of the Fundament 1. How prepared But suffumigations are prepared first of sweet medicines that are cut or powred being throwne upon live coales or hot ashes 2. Moreover the same powders are made into Cakes or Trochees with a convenient Liquor and with a Gumme or Rosin 3 Thirdly the coales of Lime or Teile-tree or of Willow being mixt Pyramids and Candles as it were are made of the same matter which is kindled when there is use for them CHAP. XXXII Of those things which are put into the Eares THose things which are put into the Eares to asswage their pains for inflammations Ulcers Singings Things to be injected into the Eares Hummings and other infirmities are exhibited either in a Liquid forme and first dropt into the Eares 1. Secondly a hot Vapour of Decoctions or convenient Liquors are injected into the Eares which they commonly call Embotum or simples that are convenient are included in a bagg and boyled and put into the Eares 3. Thirdly they are exhibited in the forme of a Linement 4. Fourthly simple medicines may be reduced into powder and blowne into the Eares or sent in in the manner of a fume or Vapour CHAP. XXXIII Of Liquid medicines for the eyes COllytion and Collurion as much as to say Collurion Collyrium that is
Colobon ten Ouran or Colobee Oara it is so called because it is like mutisarae caudae in which forme although various medicines appointed for various uses were heretofore prepared yet at this day by the name Collyries are understood only externall medicines proper for the Eyes But medicines which are exhibited to the Eyes and in generall have borrowed their name from those dry ones Way of preparing are named Collyries and are commonly divided into dry and moist dry ones are made when medicines pounded very small are made fine in a Morter and with a sufficient quantity of Whites of Eggs or of some Muscellage are made into the forme of a Pyramid or Trochees and are dryed in the shade when there is need of them they are beaten againe in a marble or Stone Morter some convenient Liquor being powred in and the Liquor afterwards which is then prepared is dropt into the eyes 2. Moist Collyries are twofold for either they are dropt into the Eyes in the forme of a Liquor which is made of juices distilled waters Decoctions or many of these mixt powders being added and espcially of those medicines which will dissolve in a moist body 3. Or they are made in the forme of an unguent 4. Lastly convenient medicines also are boyled in water and the warme Vapour exhaling out of the pot which is covered with a linnen cloath is received into the eyes CHAP. XXXIV Of Oyles and Balsomes BUt as for what belongs to Medicines which are exhibited to the superficies of the body Oyles the first amongst them are Oyles whereof some are naturall as Petroleum and common Oyle which is made of ripe Olives and Omphacine which is drawne of unripe Olives others are artificiall which are made three manner of wayes 1. How to prepare them For first Unctuous juice is expressed after which manner Oyle of sweet Almonds Pistack-nuts Nuts seed of Flax Gourds Cucumbers Henbane Hempe and Oyle of Poppy is prepared by expression also Oyle of Yolkes of Eggs is made 2. Secondly Oyles are prepared by Infusion many wayes for sometimes simple medicines are boyled with Fountaine or distilled water and Wine or other convenient Liquor in common Oyle to the consumption of the moisture or juice sometimes the same simples by a gentle heate are macerated in the Sun yet it seemes more convenient if dryed Plants are steeped in Oyle in Balneo Mariae twenty foure hours afterwards the Oyle is expressed and clarified by residence Thirdly Oyles are prepared by distillation also as is said before amongst which some at this day are called Balsomes examples whereof are to be had in the Institutions CHAP. XXXV Of Linements and Oyntments A Linement or Litus with the Greeks Crisma A Linement and Syncrysma and that which takes away wearisomnesse is called Acopon that is freed from labour t is a liquid Medecine externally applied thicker in consistence then oyle but more liquid then an unguent or of a middle consistence betwixt an oyle and an unguent It consists of oyles butter wax fat tallow marrow gums juices muscellages for the most part they have no wax or if any be used they take onely a drachm of wax to an ounce of oyle to these sometimes flowers powders and rosins are mixt They are prepared in this manner The oyles fats How prepared or other things here named are taken to these powders are added Juices and such like of that proportion for the most part that to an ounce of oyl three drachms of fat or two drachms and one drachm of powders is taken or that proportion is observed as may make the consistence onely a little thicker then oyle and all are mingled either without fire and boiling or are dissolved at the fire as Gums and Fat 's or also by some ebullition namely to the consumption of the Juices or Vinegar if any such thing be mingled with it Unguents which the Greeks call Myra and Alleimata Vnguents from whence Miropolae and Alyptae were the names that the Ancients first called them by which for pleasantnesse were made of odoriferous things and were distinguished from oyles not in thicknesse but in pleasantnesse of smell But those things which are at this day called Unguents are Emmota so called by the Greeks and are made of the same things whereof Linements are But are somewhat thicker then Linements and those things which thicken are taken in a greater quntity in an Unguent then in a Linement but as for the liquid and oyly things a lesse quantity is observed in compounding them this is the proportion for the most part that to an ounce of oyles a drachm of powder two drachms of wax may be taken or a sufficient quantity namely in those things where Unguents are made of oyles powders or mettals or plants and wax But they are prepared either with fire How prepard or without fire without fire they are prepared in this manner 1. The powders being beaten and sifted are taken which are sprinkled in the oyle and a sufficient quantity of wax being added are reduced into the forme of an Unguent 2. Or usual Unguents are taken and for the most part foure fold or eight fold the quantity of powders and species are mixt with some convenient oyle 3. Or fat or marrow are taken alone or with oyle in equall weight double or halfe so much again a few powders being added with a sufficient quantity of wax an Unguent is made 4. With fire also they are made many waies for either the grease oyles or gumms are melted that the powders may the easier be mingled 5. Or herbes roots seeds are macerated sometime in water wine juices oyle afterwards they are boiled almost to the consumption of the liquor to the decoction when t is strained the other things are added and with some grease and a sufficient quantity of wax or a gumm an Unguent is made 6. Or they are prepared without oyle with grease namely herbes flowers or fresh roots are bruised with grease and wrought in a Morter untill the herbes have imbibed the grease and then they are melted by the fire and pressed out CHAP. XXXVI Of Cerots and Emplaisters THe name of a Cerat or Cerot the Ancients used for a soft medicine namely for that which consisting of oyle and wax is anointed But at this day t is taken for a medicine like unto a plaister yet is not so hard as a plaister in consistence and t is so called from Cera that is wax because the greater part of it is wax And t is compounded at this day of powders oyles Gums Pitch Turpentine and Wax and sometimes Lard Marrow and Muscellages are added But the proportion of the things that are mixt is various neither can it easily be defined and comprehended by Rules and the quantity of Wax to be mixed is left for the most part to the discretion of the Apothecary who ascends by degrees according to progress from a lesser quantity to a greater yet
differences which consists of Pitch and Oyle melted together the other compound which besides Pitch and Oyle hath in it Pepper Castor Pellitory Bittony Galbanum Brimstone Nitre or the ashes of Vine-twiggs and other things which are needfull out of all which a Plaister is made with Oyle and Pitch which is put in a peice of Leather or linnen cloath and applied to the member being hot the haire shaved before hand and the part well rubbed and before t is quite cold is twitched off againe and put to the fire againe and applied to the part againe and that is so often repeated untill the part growes red and is somewhat swelled Synapismes are Cataplasmes A Synapisme or Plaisters principally consisting of Mustard-seed from whence they have their names or other things are compounded which are of the same nature with mustard-seed and they are two-fold the one more mild and gentle which the Greeks call Phoinigmon because it makes the skin look red and is to draw out the matter which lies so deep hid in the body to its superficies A Vesicatory The other is stronger which also raiseth blisters in the part to which it is applied which they properly call Vesi catories The Ancients made Synapismes of Mustard seed How to prepare Synapismes or sheere-grasse dry Figgs were macerated in warme water the next day after Mustard-seed pounded was mixt with that pulpe and if a stronger Synapisme were required they would mingle two parts of Mustard with one of Figgs but if weaker one part of Mustard-seed and two parts of Figgs If indifferent equall parts being mixed they were applied to the part affected and left there so long till the skin run down with moisture and looked red Other Medicines also both making red How to make Vesicatories and causing Blisters are mentioned before part the first Sect. the first Cap. 10. and are mingled with honey Oxymell with Squills Vinegar with Squills Melle Anarcardino Spirit of Wine Turpentine Soap the crum of bread and Gâ—mme with sharp things and Plaisters and Cataplasmes are made of them whether to cause the part to look red and burn onely or to raise blisters The principall thing to raise blisters is a medicine compounded of Cantharides and Leaven When a blister is raised by a medicine and is broken t is not forthwith to be dried but to be permitted to run that the humour which we desire to evacuate revell or derive may flow out and therefore some fat unguent or a Figg or the leaves of Coleworts are to â—e put to it CHAP XXXIX Of Epithems which are somewhat moister then Plaisters Medicines made of Vinegar and Roses and of Medicines applied to the Temples to stop fluxes of Rehume from falling to the eyes ALlthough all medicines which are externally adplied to the body may be called Epithems Epithems yet by custome those onely are called so at this day which consist of distilled waters decoctions or juices mingled with species and powders and are externally applied principally to the region of the Liver Spleen Heart Stomach fore-head and joynts As for the matter whereof they are made t is various according to their severall intentions of distilled waters Juices Decoctions Oyles either alone or mixt Epithemes are applyed for the mittigation of heate resisting of humours that flow strengthning the parts and Liquors or Powders that are appropriated to any part whatsoever are to be applyed Epithemes are prepared two wayes How prepared first of liquid things only distilled waters or juices are taken convenient for the disease and proper for the part to which sometimes some Vinegar or Wine for penetration sake is added afterwards Species or Powders beaten very fine a drachm and a halfe or two drachms to a Pint and sometimes more Powder is taken the matter of the Epitheme is prescribed according to the magnitude of the part from three Ounces to a pint the mixture in the first place hath a linnen or wollen cloath Cotten or Spunge dipt in it and stird about when t is to be used least the Powder should settle in the bottome and for the most part t is applyed warme and as often as t is taken off t is dipt into it againe and applyed Sometimes certaine Powders are put in but they are first macerated in fountaine water To Epithemes belong Oxyrhodes Epithemes for the fore-head as they are called which are Epithemes peculiar to the fore-head prepared of Oyle of Roses and Vinegar to coole and repell The Ancients tooke of Oyle of Roses three parts and of Vinegar one part and stird them well together wherein they dipt a peice of leather or skin and applyed it to the forehead At this day also other Oyles as of Violets Myrtles Nimphaea or water Lillies and sometimes distilled waters and Powders are added Santalls and other things To these are referred anacollemata Anacollemata which are wont to be applyed for diseases of the Eyes and Hemorhodes of the nose principally to the fore-head so called for this reason whether they consist of medicines that fill up glutinate and have an astringent quality because they stop the violence of humours that flow into them or because by their clamminesse they adhere and as it were stick like glue to the part to which they are applyed And they are prepared of Volatile or fine Flowre How prepared Bolearmoniack Dragons-blood Acacia mastick Manna Frankincense and such like mixt with the white of an Egg. 2. Yet they are often prepared without the white of an Egge to mittigate the paine of the head or cause sleepe which are applyed either with a Leather or a skin dipt therein or inclosed in a little bagg and they are more properly called Epithemes or Frontells CHAP. XL. Of Medicines applyed Plaister-wayes to mittigate paine and of little Bags LIke unto Epithemes are Fomentaes so called Fomentations because they doe by their heate as it were cherish the parts of the body to which they are applyed and they are exhibited either to heate the parts or to cleanse and discusse or to mittigate paine or soften that which is hard Differences of Fomentations Moist 1. And they are two-sold moist and dry the moist are made either of hot water Oyle Milke or wine or decoctions of Plants made with warer wine Vinegar Milke whither a spunge or linnen cloath answerable to the magnitude of the part affected is dipt whilst it is hot and applyed to the part and when they begin to be luke-warme or to coole they are changed for hot or the same are heat againe in the Liquor 2. Sometimes simples included in Linnen baggs are boyled in water wine or Milke and are applyed hot to the part affected for which purpose t is convenient to prepare two Baggs that when the one is cooled the other may be applyed 3. Sometimes a Hoggs Bladder or an Oxe his Bladder is halfe filled with the Liquor of the decoction and applyed hot to the
is a hot distemper of the whole depending on the heat of the Spirits inflamed Indicationâ— And seeing the heat of the Spirits and the distemper thence introduced indicate cooling yet if the cause exciting the same be still present that also ought to be taken away These Fevers are cured by good dyet The Cure so that there is seldome any need of strong medicines the food therefore ought to be cooling and moistning the meat of good juyce and easie of concoction principally cream of Baâ—ey the rest may be mixed with lettice sorrel juice of Citron or Lemmon Vinegar The drink should be barley-water small beer or small white-wine Yet if pain in the head be present or that the Fever be occasioned by anger or from a bubo then wine is to be refrained The Ancients most frequently used Baths of warm water but at present neither the same industry is used in preparation of them neither are men in our age so accustomed and disposed to bathe In the first place diligent care is to be had of that Fever Ephemeral which ariset hfrom the clovure of the skin Cure of an Ephemer a from closure of the skin or it's thickness or crudity of the stomack since they easily turn into putred Fevers And an Ephemera which is caused by stoppage of the pores of the skin since it comes to pass rather from plenty of blood then ill habit of body in that a vein is forthwith to be opened that the blood may be diminished and cooled but the thickness of the skin if occasioned by cold or astringent things is cured by those things that rarifie and open the same by a bath of fair water luke-warm soft rubbings temperate and luke-warm oils wherewith the body should be annointed But if the thickness of the skin be occasioned by drying things use moistening dyet and the body should be annointed with temperate and moistening oils Lastly if the Ephemera proceed from crudity From crudity of the stomack since that is twofold the one called Acid which proceeds from diminution of heat the other Nitrous which is caused by preter-natural heat If from Acid crudity which seldom happens the Ephemera proceed and that crudity be less so that meat may be reduced into a better state rest and sleep are to be occasioned and before sleep meat of easie concoction in a small quantity is to be taken and the stomack to be comforted with hot oyls But if the crudity be great then the meat is to be ejected by vomit or if the sick be not apt to vomit with a lenitive he should provoke a stool before it be distributed into the veins he must then abstain from meat and the stomack both with internal and external medicines is to be comforted But if the crudity be unsavoury or nitrous 't is to be conected with cold things wherewith if the concoction be not helped the corrupt meat is either to be emitted by vomit or to be purged by gentle medicines opening the first passages only such as are good against cholar and as corroborate the stomack CHAP. VII Of an Ephemera of more dayes and of a Synocha without putrefaction THere remains another kind of Fever An Ephemera of many days called Ephemera to which that appellation doth not belong because it is extended more dayes Yet it can be referr'd to no other sort of Fever then this more conveniently therefore although Ephemera should signifie the essence of the Fever Ephemera is so called though with the addition of more dayes Such Fevers are those which no wayes differ from Ephemeral Fevers newly described unless in durability the cause of which is obstruction of cutanious vessels which when they do continue stopped Synocha without putrefaction an inflamation of the Spirits so long endureth until that cause cease Moreover to these belong a Synocha without putrefaction commonly called a Fever inflative which is generated from the fervency of Spirits and thinner blood without putrefaction The cause of this Fever is the prohibition of the hot Effluvium Cause arising from obstructions or striction of the pores of the skin in a plethorick body This continues several dayes namely to the third or fourth day neither can the plenty of vapours kindled and exhaleing which proceed from the blood be discussed in one day nor can the obstruction or astriction of the pores of the skin be opened in one day The Signs of a Synocha without putrefaction are the same with those of other Ephemeraes Diagnostick signs only more evident For the heat is somewhat greater then in the others the skin is not dry but moist as it were the Urine somewhat thicker and redder the Pulse vehement swift frequent full great and equal the face and whole body red and fresh and as it were blown up the veins swell and strut with blood the head is heavy and respiration more difficult This Fever as the other Ephemerals is void of danger Prognosticks and is dissolved by sweat or Hemeroids of the nose within the fourth day or if it be protracted longer within the seventh day so it be rightly handled For unless it be rightly order'd 't will degenerate into a Synocha with putrefaction or into a Phrensie Squincy Plurisie or some other perillous inflamation But when this Fever ariseth by the inflaming of the thinner blood and Spirits in a plethorick body occasioned by the prohibition of transpiration Cure the blood offending in quantity is to be abated the heat to be cooled and the closed pores to be opened Therefore presently a Clyster being first given or a lenitive medicine a vein is to be opened that the blood may be abated fanned and cooled and better governed by nature And in that more plentifully then in any other Fever you may bleed yet so as that the strength may bear it As for things altering Galen to cool the blood drinks cold water and commands the sick to drink as much of it as they please which may be permitted in those which are accustomed to small drinks and in whom no danger is to be feared by drinking the same whether by reason of thick juices which the drinking of cold water may hinder the dividing of or by reason of some weakenness in the bowels by which they may be offended at the drinking of water which unless seeing in our bodies we seldom need we may rather use other coolers such as are Oxymel with water water of Chicory Endive decoct of barley juice of Lemmon or Citron Oxysauharum Spirit of Vitriol and Salt and the like cooling and opening things And that the appertion may the more happily be performed you must abstain from syrrups and conserves with much sugar in them unless they are much watered If obstruction of the pores of the skin be present 't is to be opened as I said before Their diet ought to be thin and little Dyet such as hath force to cool and moisten principally
sometimes peccant matter in the first passages collected in the first concoction which useth to go to some of the humours which at certain Periods are moved and hath not as yet received its limits for motion it useth then to corrupt the humours and communicate putrefaction to the vena cava which Fevers for the most part are malignant A putred Synocha hath its original for the most part from transpiration hindred and want of ventilation of the blood The cause and hot fuliginous retentions by reason of obstruction of veins as well in the skin as also in the internal parts And the blood appointed to nourish the body putrifies in these Synochaes and putrefying continually sends hot vapours to the heart For when preter-natural heat is so kindled in the veins that nature can no longer rule it it becomes putred and is corrupted Nor is there any need that the putred blood should be turned into another humour presently For blood of its own nature is apt to putrefaction and in inflamations we see it changed to quitture not into choller though nothing hinder it in the veins but that it might And especially the Ichor or thin waterish part of the blood is apt to turn to putrefaction and by reason of the Ichor the blood in the first place is corrupted which happens when the vapours which ought to transpire are retained in the veins Yet the whole blood doth not putrifie but some parts thereof which so long as they are not seperated from the good blood crudity is said to be present which afterwards by concoction are seperated from the good blood which being done Nature appoints evacuation by which the blood returns to its former purity again A Synocha is three-fold Acmastick i. e. when it remains alwayes in the same state namely Differences when so much of the humour daily putrifies as is discussed this is called also Homotonos Epacmastick or Anabaticos is when the heat continually increaseth and more of the matter is kindled then can be discussed Paraemastick is when there is more discussed then corrupted and thence the heat alwayes decresseth Furthermore it blood which putrifies be temperate absolute 't is called a sanguinious Synoch a in particular But if it be hotter which useth to be called cholerick the disease is then called Synocha bilosa The Fever is known first by this Diagnostick signs that it continues from the beginning to the end without any exasperation and mutation Moreover because the Pulse is great vehement swift frequent unequal and inordinate And in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood the signs of Plethory are present The blood to him that toucheth seems much and full of vapours and is not so troublesome and sharp as in other Fevers and other signes are present which are observed in a Synocha that is not putred A putred Synocha is distinguished from a non-putred by certain signs The heat in a putred is sharper then in a non-putred In a putred the urine is red thick and troubled without any sediment and crude or a little concocted in the beginning the Pulse affords signes of putrefaction and all the Symptomes are greater then in a Fever that is not putred A Synochabilosa happens to those that are troubled with cholerick blood and the heat is sharper then in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood thirst is more troublesome the urine thinner and sharper and other signes which are usual in cholerick Fevers are discerned This Fever is the most simple amongst the putred Prognosticks and easiest to be cured And being pure seldom passeth seven dayes but the spurious is extended to the fourteenth day and is terminated sooner or later as the signes of concoction appear sooner or later A white urine in a Synocha is evil The least dangerous of all is that which is called Synochos Paracmasticos next to that Acmasticos But that is most dangerous which continually increaseth and is called Epacmasticos which easily degenerates into a disease called Causus And by how much the fewer the evil Symptomes are by so much the better hopes the more they are the more danger is shewn The whole cure consists in taking away the cause Indicatious and altering the fevourish heat Blood therefore as abounding in plenty is to be lessened the pores of the skin to be opened the causes of obstructions being taken away The fevourish heat is to be tempered and allayed if there be strength as for the most part there is thin diet is to be used Therefore a vein is forthwith to be opened in the right arm a Clyster or lenitive medicine being given first if occasion require and to take away as much blood as the strength will permit Breathing of a vein and you may more boldly take away blood in this then in any other sort of Fever Blood being evacuated Medicines that the concoction may be made more facile we are to use those things which allay the heat free from obstructions and resist putrefaction namely the juice of Sorrel Lemmons Citrons and Syrrups and Conserves prepared of them Syrrup of Sorrel simple Oxymel simple Oxysauharum simple Spirit of Vitriol and the four cold seeds with cooling waters are to be administred Principally we ought to endeavour that the pores of the skin may be freed from obstruction which for the most part is the cause of this disease which thing Oxymel and wine mingled with honey and the honey dissolved will conveniently perform since they are easily carried to the outmost parts of the body and attenuate dull thick humours and simple Oxymel resists putrefaction Concoction being perfected the Ancients used to drink cold water and gave so much of it to drink as might not only extinguish the fevourish hear but that the matter concocted might be evacuated by stool vomit or sweats But in our countries sick people are not so accustomed to drink cold water and many inconveniences are to be feared by the use thereof So likewise swimming in cold water which was usual with the Ancients doth not agree with our bodies The concoction being perfected nature useth for the most part critically to evacuate the corrupted matter which if it be not done it ought to be performed by the Physician with purging medicines Dyet in this Fever ought to be thin Diet. because both that blood aboundeth and the disease is short It should be cooling and moistening and also to have power of attenuating thick humours and deterging viscid ones CHAP. XII Of a Causus or Burning Fever WHereas amongst continued Fevers there is often mention made of a Causus we are also here to say something of it But a Causus is not any difference of a Fever but rather a measure expressing the quality of fevourish heat The word Causus is sometimes taken generally and not so properly sometimes specialiter and more properly Generally for any sort of Fever whose heat is vehement in particular for a Fever which hath two Pathognomonicks great heat
hurt by breathing in of cold air Of cold the respiration in those who have cold Lungs is little hot that is less cold and is a friend to breathing also in cold Lungs many excrements are gathered together which are sometimes cast out by coughing sometimes by spitting only Dry Lungs-collect not many excrements Dry. and therefore hath no need to cast up any by cough or spittle Moist Lungs on the contrary gather many excrements and therefore between whiles in speaking Moist 't is necessary to spit often The woice also is shewen by the constitution of the Lungs and Wind-pipe Signs by the voice a great voice and vehemency of efflation shews a wide Wind-pipe and heat of the Lungs a small voice shews the contrary the Wind-pipe rightly constituted causeth a smooth even voice a sharp voice but joined with clearnesse signifies driness of the Wind-pipe a sharp voice with hoarsness and obscurity proceeds from a plentiful humor moistning the Arteries and rather belongs to a preter-natural constitution then a natural a sharp voice shewes narrowness of the throat and consequently coldness of the Wind pipe on the contrary a great voice shewes wideness of the top of the Wind-pipe and therefore signifies heat strong from their infancy Book III. PART I. SECT I. OF URINES CHAP. I. Of the abuse of inspection of Vrines AFter we have spoken of those things which are to be known about the constitution of a sound body The vulgar opinion of Inspection of Urine now we are to speak of the knowledge of things contrary to nature but because amongst signes Urine and Pulse do arise from the fountain we will speak of them in the first place and first for what belongs to Urine although a false opinion is deeply seated in the minds of many that by the inspection of Urine alone and wholly the state and condition of the sick and what ill he suffers either within or without from what cause soever may be known and whether the sick be a man or woman whether a woman be great with child or not yet such like are beyond the power of the Art of Physick by the Urine to divine In the mean time the Inspection of Urine is profitable but as Hypocrates also 1. Aphor. 12. teacheth that Urine may teach many things of the condition of a disease but that there may be a right judgment of Urine the differences and causes of the differences are to be known CHAP. II. Of the differences of Urine and first of the substance of Urine FIrst in Urine too things are to be considered The substance af Vrine in regard of the substance thereof the liquor and that which is contained in the liquor In the liquor again two things the Consistence and the Choller First for the Consistence some are thick Consistence of Vrine Thin Vrine some are thin others indifferent That Urine is thin which for the most part consists of watry and potulent matter but of serous and salt matter that which is separated in the Veins and Liver or of another humor which hath little or no mixture with it On the contrary Thick a thick Urine is that which contains much mixture of serous and salt humidity or also of other humors Indifferent The middle is that which hath so much of that serous excrement and aqueous humidity mixt with it as for the most part is wont to be in a natural constitution of the body Moreover some Urines are clear others troubled Troubled and thick Vrine no the same Troubled or foul those are troubled through which the sight cannot passe but 't is not the same thing for Urine to be thick and troubled when as other liquors so Urines also are accounted thick which neverthelesle are cleare and perspicuous but a clear Urine is either made clear and so remains or else 't is made clear and afterwards is troubled which is properly called troubled Urine but troubled Urine properly so called is that which is made so and either remains such which Urine commonly is called subjugal which is like the contents of the Urine or is made foul or troubled and afterwards become cleare and becomes so afterwards as is spoken Moreover in respect of the colour there are accounted several differences but the principal colours according to which the Urines differ are six First white secondly pale thirdly flame colour fourthly yellow fifthly red sixthly black First to the white Urines belong the aqueous White Urine which bare the colour of pure water then those which represent thin wine or fair water into which is cast a little Oker or Choller as also snowy Urine which represents the whiteness of snow as also milkey and light gray or such as represents the colour of clear horn The second is pale like the colour of Oker Pale or subpallid which is seen in water tinckted with Oker but some call these Urines spicious or the colour of ears of corn Straw colour Flame colour and subspicious and compare this colour to the colour which is seen in chaff that is old or in straw The third colour is flame colour such as is that of a Citron and in fire burning clear which if it be more remiss 't is called subfulgent Actuarius calls these golden Urines and subaureous because they are like gold Fourthly Yellow the next and neerest to this fulgent is yellow yet so differing from it that this inclines more to white Brighter yellow that is more shining and splendid or neer to the colour and splendor of the Stars that which is not so deep but clearer then yellow is called subflavous Actuarius calls these colours croceous or saffron colours or subcroceous such as are in waters wherein saffron or whilde saffron flowers are mixed The fifth colour or red whereof Galen makes three sorts Red. and places red in the middle extream red the highest and reddish the lowest and those he places in Bole-Almonack and Vermilion and red in Cherries and Apples others make four differences and first they place the colour that is a mixt red such as is the hair of those who are said to be red hair'd which again is distinguished into red and reddish the second is Rosie the third purpurious the forth sanguineous To these Actuarius joines a vine coloured Urine Vine colour which represents the colour of a red Urine inclinable to black to this be addes the colour of dry grapes like new Wine out of doubt of red Wine boiled to the third part Blakish or which is prest out of dried Grapes or of Cherries inclining to a black colour Moreover there is a black Urine Black Urine under which some-Physitians comprehend more colours green yellow black and such like although there be innumerable differences of green plants yet two here are the chiefe Leek-colour which is seen in the blades of Leeks Eruginous and Eruginous which is like Verdy-grease and yellow which
exhilerate the minde and are very beneficiall to those which are troubled with Melancholy Quinces are cold and dry Quinees and have an astringent faculty they are harder of concoction afford little nourishment and that thick they strengthen the stomach and stop vomiting and if they are taken after meate they hinder Vapours so that they cannot easily ascend to the head and they loosen the belly but being taken before meales they stop a loosenesse being taken raw they hurt the nerves and often cause fits of the cholick Peaches are cold and moist and are easily corrupted Peaches and afford little nourishment and therefore are to be eaten sparingly and warily and indeed before meales not after other meates neither is water nor any cold drink to be drunke after them but wine being dryed they are lesse hurtfull and especially being boyled in Wine their pravity if they had any it is taken away Apricoks which are well known to the Persians Apricocks in goodness are beyond Peaches and more pleasing to the stomach and are not so easily corrupted Medlers are cold and dry Medlers and are not eaten till they are rotten they afford little nourishment and are slowly concocted they stop the belly and all fluxes they stay vomitting and agrece well with a cholerick stomach Sowre Sherryes have a chooling faculty Cherryes are easily concocted and descend through the belly they coole the stomack and liver they quench thirst and raise an appetite and are not so easily corrupted nor are they of so hurtfull a juice but the sweet ones are far inferior to the sharpe ones in goodnesse by reason of the moisture abounding and are easly corrupted and generated urred humours and Wormes in putred feavers There are divers kinds of Plumbs all of them cold Plumbs and moist the sweet ones are not so cold by nature yet they mitigate the acrimony of choler and therefore agree most with colerick persons they are easily concocted and passe through the belly those that are fresh alter most powerfully they mollify the paunch being taken before meate but with their moisture they scatter abroad many excrements and that crude neither do they generate so good juice yet some are softerthen others those which abound most with a crude and moist iuce they are the worst the white and waxen colour or yellow are the worst and afford ill juice but the best are Damask Prunes and those which are neerest to these are green but the dry are more fit for nourishment and afford better aliment for those which are weaker in stomach Plumbs are not convenient for they loosen itstone Mulburies moisten coole quench thirst Mulburies mitigare the heate of choler they nourish little they easily passe through the belly but if they are retained they easily are corrupted and become putred and acquire an ill nature wherefore they are to be eaten when the stomach is empty only and not overspred with peccant humours that they may on a sudden descend and passe through the paunch Figs are hot and moist Figs. by nature they nourish more then other fruits they easily descend and go through the belly they have a penetrating and abstergent faculty yet too much use of them begets wind dry Figs are hotter and dryer yet acquire a power of cleanseing opening and attenuating yet they also loosen the belly drive humours to the externall parts being often taken and plentifully they cause sweates and generate blood not very good but such as is apt to putrify Sweete grapes are hotter Grapes and for that reason cause thirst sharpe and austere are colder those that are fit to make Wine are betwixt these extreames those that are fresh gathered afford little nourishment and are flatulent and if they are detained long in the stomach they are corrupted and dilate the belly and stir up cholick fits they cause the spleen to swell and fill the stomach and liver with crude humours and allwayes the fresh gathered serve rather for pleasure then for health the austere and sower Grapes are colder and strengthen and bind the belly the sweete ones are hotter and afford more nourishment those which have a mixed taste obtaine mixt faculties but the sweet which participate something of sharpnesse are commended before the rest they are pleasing to the stomach gratefull to the liver as also they are said by a certain propriety to be advantagious to the whole substance they are helpfull to the brests and strengthen all the naturall members those which are without stones are called Corinthian they loosen the belly more but those which have seed strengthen the stomach Amongst Nuts Almonds the best are sweet Almonds they are temperately hot and moist and yeelds store of nourishment and of good juice and moderate they attenuate and cleanse for which reason they are the best food for immaciated bodies and they replenish the intrails and the whole body with convenient nourishment and such as is not apt to corruption they purge the brest open the passages of urin and cause sleep but they are not so convenient for a cholerick stomach nor to be given in cholerick Feavers Walnuts are hot and dry especially dryed Walnuts for your green ones are moister and are not so hot and therefore are eaten safer but the dry generate choler and offend the Orifice of the stomach and hurt the Gullet and Wind-pipe and cause a cough and generate pain in the head commonly the use of them is commended after Fish because with their heat and drinesse they prevent the corruption of Fish Hasle-nuts afford more nourishment then Walnuts Haslenuts but they are colder yet they are hot and dry they are hardly digested and afford a thick juice more earthly then Walnuts Chestnuts are hot and dry Chestnuts and Galen conceives they have no ill juice as all the rest of the fruits of Trees if they are well concocted in the stomach yet they are harder of digestion and are distributed more slowly yet they afford more durable nourishment they bind the belly and if they are eaten in too great plenty they cause wind Toadstools and Muskeroms for the most part are cold Musheroms they yeild a watry and thick nourishment Toadstools are preferred before Musheroms yet all of these are not to be taken without danger because they do not only generate ill juice but oftentimes there is poyson in them Lastly Oyle Oyle drawn out of ripe Olives affords nourishment temperate and for the most part agreeable to our nature and can correct the pravity of other aliments and amend the crudity of Herbes it also mollifies and loosens the belly is takes away all sharpnesse it helps Ruptures and such as are bursten and mitigates pain Meates from living Creatures IN the second place many living Creatures supplies us with convenient nourishment agreeable to our nature Aliments of living Creatures as being neerer and more familiar to our nature and lesse exceed in the
water The Fountaine is the best which hath these notes of good water Fountain that which spreds towards the East and runs towards the rising of the Sun and thrickles through sand and gravell that carries no mud with it that is hotter in Winter and colder in Summer River water for the most part is Fountaine water River and ariseth from many Fountains flowing together and therefore is of a mixt nature and receives also a mixt nature from the earth through which it flowes and somtimes also they are mingled with Snow melted in the Mountaines and great Showres of water collected together yet its crudity is corrected by the beames of the Sun whilst it runs through many parts of the Earth before the use of it it should stand and setle in water-tubs that whatsoever it carries with it that is impure may settle in the bottome Rain water which falls in the Summer time with thunder is the thinnest Raine and lightest but since many Vapours are lift up by the heate and mingled with the Showres these waters are not very pure whence they are obnoxious to putrifaction Well waters Well waters since they are not raised above the Earth and are lifted up on high only by the benefit of Art they are thick and heavy whence they continue long in the bowels and offend them Lakes and marish waters are the worst Lake waters they easily become purred they are thick and crude and often times malignant and Pestilent from whence the stomack is offended by them the bowels obstructed and humours corrupted and often times putred and malignant feavers and Pestilentiall do thence arise Waters of Snow and Ice are condemned Of Snow and Ice for they are thick and hurt the stomach and stirr up greivous diseases of the joynts nerves and bowels But the malignancy of waters are corrected by boyling Boyling of waters whereby not only the crudity and frigidity is amended but also the terrene and vitious parts are separated which afterwards when the heate vanisheth settles in the bottome Wine hath a heating Wine and drying power which even the Spirit which is drawn out of it teacheth yet because it easily nourisheth and increaseth moisture and blood fit to nourish the body t is said to be moist namely Wine is a medicinall aliment hot and dry some in the first some in the second and some in the third degree for this reason the use of it is forbidden boyes and by reason of this drying faculty many use to mixe water therewith yet there is not a little difference in heating and drying not only according to age but also according to the nature of the Wine it selfe for some is very little suffering because in mixture it will indure but little water but other Wine is called winy Wine because it may indure more water to be mixt with it But Wines differ according to taste smell colour Differences of Wines Savour and manner of subsistance as for what belongs to the taste sweet Wines properly so called nourish best and are not only most gratefull to the palate but to the bowells but because they are thicker they easily produce obstructions in the Liver and Spleen inflame the Hipocondries and are easily turned into choler they are profitable for the Lungs Chops and Throate nor do they so hurt the head nor offend the nerves Austere or harsh wines have the weaker heat tarry longer in the belly nor doe they easily passe through the veines and penetrate through the passages of the urine whence they are good for a loosenesse of the belly but hurtfull in diseases of the brest and Lungs for they detaine spittle the best wines are the middle sort which are neither very sweet nor sowre A fragrant smell is a token of the best Wine Smell because it can increase Spirits restore decayed strength and recreate and suddenly refresh those that are languishing even by its smell and can exhilerate the mind and strengthen the whole body and all its faculties and principally t is good for old men only that it fills the head and hurts the nerves but Wines that have no smell are base and neither received so greedily by the stomach nor are they so easily concocted nor do they afford matter nor so fit aliment to engender Spirits nor do they add so much strength to the heart nor do they so much refresh the body but those which have a strange smell whencesoever contracted are all nought White or pale Wines heate lesse Colour then full and yellow Wines and are weaker especially if besides their whitenesse they are of a thin substance all black wines are of thicker substance and for the most part sweete and nourish very much yet they beget thick blood and not so laudable they cause obstructions and continue long in the bowels and fill the head with many Vapours between the white and red there are middle colours yellow reddish yellow a pale red and perfect red a pale red are necrest to the white and if the substance be thin are the best such as are Rhenish Wines the most apt to strengthen the heart and to renew strength Greek Wines also strengthen the heart and are beneficiall to to those that are troubled with cholick paines and with the flatus of the stomach red Wines for the most part have not so great a force of heating they generate good blood and do not load the head but if they are of a thicker substance they are not so good for the Liver and Spleen by reason of the obstructions which they occasion between the white and red is a Wine of a mixt colour which also doth not heat so much nor offend the head As for the manner of subsistence The manner of subsistance tenuity is in the first place in that which is watry hence that which is of a pale red and yellow crassitude is in that which is black red sweet and sowre and thin wines easily penetrate and soon refresh the strength they open passages move sweates and urine yet they nourish more sparingly but the thick nourish more and are longer detained in the parts and heat and dry them more and often times bring forth obstructions Wines also differ according to age Differences of Wines according to age new Wine is thick and flatuous begets the cholick impeads excretion of urine yet it loosens the belly and unlesse it doth so t is the more hurtfull new Wine and that which it as sweet as Wine new prest is not easily distributed into the body but old Wine does work too much upon the nerves and offend the head That which is middle aged is more commodious for all uses in which thing neverthelesse there is a great difference according to the nature of the Wine for some will indure age others sooner loose their strength and consume away and loose all their Spirits In places towards the Septrentrionall Strong drinke wherein there is
not so great store of Wine strong Beere or Ale is the familiar drinke and indeed profitable enough as experience shewes But the strong drinke is prepared some of Wheate Its differences some of Barly others of them both in Polonia it is made of Oates and preserved with Hops the manner of preparing is very different every where the waters also differ wherewith they are boyled they are kept also in some places in pitched Vessels in others not pitched Strong drinke made of Wheate nourisheth more then that of Barley and also heats and moistens more Drinkes made with Wheate especially seeing the strong drink made of Wheate hath lesse Hops then that which is made of Barly but it generates more viscous juice it causeth obstructions it provokes urine With Barly but it loosens the belly Barly Beere because of the Barly heateth lesse but because more Hops for the most part are put into it acquires no small force of heating it nourisheth lesse Mixt. and yeelds a thinner juice but is more diuretick that which is mixt of Wheate and Barly is of a middle nature That drink which is made of Corne no way dried but by the heate of the Sun hath more excrementicious humours and often times brings forth obstructions All new drink is more unwholesome especially if it be troubled for it obstructs the passages and breeds the stone but that which is more cleansed is wholesomer but principally strong drinkes have their faculties from various waters of severall natures Hony and water mingled Hydromell for the most part heate and dry more then Wine especially if Aromatick things are added but it easily turnes into choler by reason of the Hony and therefore is not so good a drink for cholerick persons CHAP. V. Of the passions of the mind and of the exercise and rest of the body THE perturbations of the mind Tranquility of mind have great power in the preservation of health for an Euthumie or well setled mind and such as is at quiet doth much conduce to the preservation of health Joy Next to that moderate joy is fitrest to preserve the health of body and a naturall constitution because it recreates the heart spirits and the whole body but if it be overmuch it dissipates Exercise of body and diffuseth the Spirits Motion of the body and exercise first brings a certain solidity and hardnesse to the parts then it increaseth health thirdly it moves and agitates the spirits from whence the heart is made strong and can easily resist externall injuries and is fit to undergoe all actions happy nourishment is made and the excrementicious Vapours are discussed on the contrary those bodies which live idly are soft and tender Kinds of motion and unfit to performe labours under the name of motion are comprehended labours of every kind dancing running playing at ball gesture carrying ryding swimming walking a stirrer up of the people rubbing and such like but divers exercises have different force and some exercise some parts more then others in running and walking the legs are most exercised in handling of weapons and laying them down the armes in singing speaking with a loud voice and cleare reading the face and brest the whole body in playing with a little ball which exercise therefore is most convenient whereof a peculiar book of Galen is extant there is also a certain diversity according to violence and magnitude in motion swift attenuates and thickens slow rarifies and increaseth flesh vehement extenuates the body and makes it leane yet together hard flourishing and firme too much motion exhausteth and dissipates the substance of the spirits and solid parts and cooles the whole body it dissolves the strength of the nerves and ligaments it sometimes looseneth and distendeth the membrances and breaks the lesser veines CHAP. VI. Of Sleeping and waking MOderate watchings stirs up the Spirits and senses Watchings and render them more flowrishing distribute the Spirits and heate into all the parts of the body they helpe distribution of aliment and promote the protrusion of excrements yet if watchings are immoderate first they consume and dissipate the Animall Spirits and dry the whole body especially the braine they increase choler they whet and inflame and lastly the heate being dissipated they stir up cold diseases The strength being decayed is againe kindled a fresh with moderate sleep the spirits Sleep that are dissipated with diurnall labours are restored the heate is called back into the inner parts from whence a concoction of Aliments and crude humours is happily performed in the whole body the whole body and especially the bowells are sweetly moistned the heate increased and the whole body becomes stronger cares are taken away anger is allayed and the mind enjoyes more tranquility immoderate evacuations besides sweate are hindred and sleep is especially beneficiall to old men on the contrary immoderate sleep obscures the spirits and renders them dull and causeth an amazednesse in the understanding and memory it sends out the heate being hindred with crude and superfluous humours accumulated sleep also which seizeth on our bodyes after what manner soever when they are empty drys and extenuates the body CHAP VII Of Bathes EVery Bath of fresh water moistneth A Temperate Bath but in heating and cooling there is not the same faculty every where a temperate Bath of sweet water opens the pores of the skin and softens and rarifies the part and discusseth the excrements into the extreame parts and corrects the drynesse of parts and so takes away lassitude but if it should continue long 't would discusse that which is dissolved and weaken the strength Luke-warme Bathes Luke Warme if they incline to cold something refrigerate the body nor have they power of rarifying the parts and discussing excrements Cold water of it selfe cooles Cold. yet by accident the pores being shut and the heate penned in heateth whence if through dissipation the native heat should be in danger cold rhings being timely applyed have power to recollect and preserve it Bathes oftentimes do hurt and especially to those that are not accustomed to them and to Plethorick persons and such as are filled with crude humours as also to those which are obnoxious to Catarrhes and inflamations or an Erysipelas The Romans often frequented Bathes and they often bathed twice a day the preparation whereof you may see Galen 10. of the method of healing Chap. the tenth they used unctions also before and after bathing whereof Galen the second of simple faculties of healing Chap. the twenty fourth and the seventh CHAP. VIII Of Excretions and Retentions and of Venery THe body may be easily kept in its naturall State Excrements of the paunch if those things which are profitable for its nourishment be retained and those things which are unprofitable and ought to be cast out are omitted but if those things which ought to be retained in the body are cast out and those things which
which guides the neutrality of those that are falling away The Analyptick is that which brings neuters to be healthy And first a method of preserving of the health of such as are very well is to be explained wherein notwithstanding some things may be delivered which may be accommodated to the other degrees of health But in the first place it is to be noted that the foundation of our future health fully depends on the conception and seed of our parents Seed the cause of future health and therefore as Fernelius in his first Book of Pathology Chap. 1. writeth If Husbandmen being to sow Corne choose the small and young seed having found by experience that ill fruite comes from that which is rotten how much more diligently ought we to observe the seed in the procreation of our Children Moreover when the Mother hath conceived a Child in the wombe Dyeâ— of such as are great she ought to beware of all things which might bring any detriment to the young or rather she ought to be carefull that she may strengthen and preserve it safe namely that she avoid foggy Aire that she beware of the smell of candles newly put out of brimstone castor and such like and of the smell of herbs that are too fragrant she should shun meates of ill juice and sharpe and such as cause urine or cause loathing or provoake sneezing she should not use many Aromatick things if those that are great desire any ill meates they are not altogether to be denyed them but if the food which the woman desires cannot be obtained by her least any inconveniencies should happen to the young they use to give her some hony with nutmeg or water distilled from the tender leaves of a Vine in the month of May or of the barks of Citron or the pills of Oranges or of the Roote of Piony being bruised and prepared in Spanish Wine or Malmesy For the strengthening are exhibited the precious Stones Strengthning the young called Pearles Coralls the shavings of Ivory the barkes of Citron Cinamon Saffron the wood of Aloes Cloves Quinces Sugar of Roses sweete Almonds corrected with high Country Wine Water called the Balsome of Children the confection of Gems Diamargariti calidi Malmsy Wine applyed with Bread to the belly The same things may hinder an abortion which is night at hand and moreover Vnguentum Comitissae externally applyed Hindring abortion also those that are great should principally avoid hard labours and passions of the mind yet to be altogether idle is not so convenient The opening of a vein eafter the fifth month for the most part is prohibited Whether a veine be to be opened of the woman with-child but before the fifth moneth you may open a veine in Plethorick bodies nay some unlesse they are let blood before the fifth month miscarry of purgation Hippocrates writeth in the fifth Apho. 39. thou shalt purge those that are with child any time within foure months and sometimes untill the seventh month but sparingly and you are to use only lenitive medicines CHAP III. Of the Diet of Infants and thence forward untill 21. yeares of Age. WHen a Child is brought forth into the World before the teats are given him we ought to give him some pure honey or Corall with Sugar or the Sugar of pennidice with Oile of sweet Almonds whereby the Dregs may be drawne through the Paunch and an Epilepsie be prevented Afterwards let the Infant be nourished with Milke The Infant is nourished with the mothers Milk and that from his Mothers Breast as having most agreement with the Infant and it is generated of the same blood by which before the little one was formed and nourished in the Wombe unlesse perhaps the Mother be sick or ill disposed the Infant is to bee nourished with Milke untill it be two years old or certainly till the eighteenth Month t is to be accustomed in the meane time to other meats by little little yet such as may be easily concocted commonly their is prepared for them Papp made of Bread and water or Milke yet by reason of its clamminesse it seemes not to so good to many and therefore more wholesome may bee made with crums of Bread or certainly with bread first dried in an Oven Afterwards the Infant by degrees is to be accustomed to more solid meats Diet the first three yeares but the first three years his food is to bee moister and the Infant is to be nourished with good meats and should use Bathes often but not presently after eating and drinking neare the end of seven years Age the use of Bathes ought to be more seldome Infants and Boyes should not drink Wine By how much the more a boy growes in yeares by so much the more both the mind and body are to be imployed yet the exercises ought not to bee immoderate least that any member should be turned awry or least the body should bee dryed too soone with two much motion and the growth of the body should be hindred of sleep by how much the more Age increaseth so by little and little we ought to abate it In the second and third Septinaries more solid meats are to be afforded Dietin 7. and 3. Sâ—ptinary yet not over much drying Exercise also ought to be somewhat lesse then the strength might tolerate and in the third Septinary order of Diet convenient for every course of life is to be begun for those which are given to a laborious kind of life ought to seed more plentifully in the third Septinary and with those meates which being taken in no great quantity nourish much and strengthen them for greater labours But those wich apply their mindes to learning at this age ought to be carefull of the animall spirits Diet of Schollers and diligently to endeavour that they may be plentifully generated being pure and cleare which may be if they live in a subtile Aire pure thin by dyet and meats that are not thick but which may afford matter for pure and lauadble blood and endeavour to evacuate all excrements in due time not to accumulate crudities nor weaken their bodies with untimely studies nor is the use of Venery to be granted till the end of this Age. CHAP. IV. Of the Diet of middle Age That Age which followes the third feaventh Yeare or from the twenty first to the fiftieth Diet for middle age is accounted the middle Age and for the most part there is the same reason of Diet unlesse that the former halfe part or the fourth septinary and the latter halfe or the seaventh doth more agree with the diet of the Age which he hath attained then of that Age which is truly the middle The rule of diet variety First for what belongs to meate in meate is to be observed quality quantity time of taking manner and such like circumstances as to the quality of meats those are to be chosen which are most
the whole substance as beneath Cap. 17. shall be shewne Occult are of three kindes for either they evacuate a certaine humour by a peculiar faculty or they have a sympathie with a cortaine part whence they are called cephalicks or cardiacks or they resist poyson But the faculties of all Medicines according to the changes which they make in our bodies The kinds of faculties in Medicines may be referred to four ranks or formes first some belong to an inducing of a new quality such as are those which are said to have the efficacies of the primary qualities to wit heating drying cooling and moistning but because every thing that alters cannot be safely applyed to every part appropriated Medicines are conveniently joyned to every member which do alter Moreover hitherto is to be referred those which are accounted amongst the number of secondary qualities such as soften and harden loosening rarify and condense stiptick and obstructing astringent and opening attenuating and incrassating filling and deterging or cleansing lastly hereunto belongs Anodunes Stupefactives and Hypnoticks or such as cause rest In the second forme are those which prevaile in causing motion attracting and repelling to the third forme those things are referred which consist in the generation of any thing ripening generating quitture breeding flesh Glutinating cicatrizing and procuring milke and sperme To the fourth forme are referred those things which corrupt corrode putrify such as cause dry crust burning and such as doe corrupt seed and milke The fift forme comprehends those things which belong to the taking away of any thing such things as make lesse such as purge such as cause Vomiting Urine or sweats or provoke courses expel the secondine or send forth a dead child such things as break and expell the Stone Errhines Sternutatories and Apophlegmatismes such things as purge the breasts and such as kill and expell Wormes They may be placed in the last forme which resist poyson and are the drugs against poyson CHAP. III. Of the first faculties of Medicines AS for what belongs to the first forme Altering temperate and first for altering Medicines some of them being compared with mans body are called temperate which cause or bring forth no mutation in man either in coldnesie drynesse heat or moisture and these are either such simply and in all the quallities or els in two of them only Intemperate but the intemperate are such as have power to change the heate or moysture of our bodies Moreover these qualities are divided by Physitians into certaine degrees Degrees of qualities which are left to bee esteemed by their effects the first degree is when a Medicine alters our bodies obscurely and scarce senfibly the second is when it manifestly changeth our bodies yet without hurting inconveniency or trouble the third degree is when it doth not onely manifestly alter the body but vehemently and not without trouble and paine yet without corruption the fourth degree is that which altereth the body not without paine and that most grieviously To either of these degrees there are appointed certaine Latitudes which are commonly called mansions Mansions of degrees as they alter more intensely or remisly or betwixt both which they call in the beginning middle and end The temperate are Venus haire Sparagus Temperate Medicines Licorish Sweet Oyle Pine-nuts Jujubes Figgs Sebestens Raysins Dates Gum Elemie and Tragacanth Calves and Goates Suet and Hoggs Grease The hot in the first degree are Marsh-mallowes Burrage Hot in the first Buglosse Beets Cabbage Camommil Bindweed Agrimony and Fumitory Flex Melilot A lease that swims in Ditches without any Root Spikenard Wall-wort and Coltsfoot the flowers of Borrage Buglosse Bettony Oxe-eie or Wild Camomil Melilot Camomil black Poplar Arabian Staechodos an herbe with grey downe like an old mans haire called Senecio in Latin Fruits sweet Almonds Chestnuts Jujubes Ciprus-nuts green Walnuts Grapes ripe Mulberies sweet Apples Fragrant Seeds Coriander Fenegreeke Flax Grumwell Lupines Sesanix rice Rootes Marsh-mallowes Bares Breech Beets Buglosse Licorish Satirion Barkes Guaicum Tamarisk Liquors Juices and Gummes Sugar Bdellium Ladanum Al. 2. i. e. Others in the second degree Gumme of ivy the tallow of Goates Does Harts fresh Butter Hot in the second degree Hot in the second Worme-wood Pimpernell greene Dill Angelica Parsly Mugwort Bettony Calamus Aromaticus ground Pine Faenugreek St. Johns-woort Ivy Hopps Bawme Horehound Motherwort Sweete-ferne Bafill common-Burnet Maiden-weed Poley Rosemary Summer or Winter Savory Sage Scabious Scordium Staechados Feaverfew Flowers of Night-shade Saffron Gilliflowers or Carnations Schaenanth Lavender Lupines Bawme Ros-mary Fruits as Capers Nutmeggs Pistack-nutts dried Figs dryed Nuts Seeds as Dill Parsley Bittervetch Water Rocket Pulse or Vetches Nettle seed Roots as Parsley Caper-roots Mayden-weed common Burnet Turneps Zedoarie Rosewort Barkes as the Barkes or Wood of Cassia Cynamon others in the third degree Frankinsence Roots of Capers Liquors Gums and Rosins Wine that is new Ladanum Aloes and Galbanum Myrrh Mastick Frankinsence dryed pitch Rosin storax Fat 's as Lions fat Libards Beares Foxes Hot in the third degree are Mettalls Hot in the third Flos aeris which is that which comes from the Brasse in melting burnt Brasse Squama aeris or the Scaling of Brasse Verdegrease Dreggs of Brasse Allum Salt Nitre Brimstone Red-vitriall Herbes or leaves as Sowthernewood Asarabecca or the chast Plant Wake Robin the Herbe called Hierusalem or Ladies Rose the herbe Ammios dried Dill Bayes Dittany Carnations Germander blew flower Bastard Saffron Century the greater and lesse Celandine or Pile-wort Calamint Fleabane Horsemints Fennel Epithymum so called because it growes upon Time Juniper Elecampane Hyssop Laurell Marjerom Marum an herbe cald Marjerom Mints Fennel flower flowers of the wild Vine wild Marjerom wild Woodbine Parsley Sneeze-wort Penny-royall Oxe-stay Rue Savine Wild Time wild Mints Al. 2. Time trifoile Vervaine Nettles Fl owers of Agnus-castus Epithymum Violets of the wild Vine of the wild Woodbine Fruits Iuniper-berries Cloves the fruit of Balsimum Anacardium that is a fruit of an Indian Tree like a Birds heart and the juice like blood Pepper Al. 4. Seeds of Ammi and Anniseed of Hierusalem or Ladies Rose Carawayes of Garden Cresses bastard Saffron according to Galen Fern. 2. of Fennell Cummen Carrots Fennell Flower Turneps Parfly Hartwort Stavesager of a Vine Roots of sweet Garden Flag others in the second degree Asarabecca wakerobbin Sea Onion or Squills Dittany Leopards bane Fennell English Galingale both kinds of Hellebore Elecampane Orrice Parsly Raddish Barkes bf Mace Liquors Teares and Gums old Wine and sweet Asa stinking Asa Ammoniack Cedar Pitch Opoponax Muske Hot in the fourth degree Hot in the fourth are such as belong to mettalls as vitriol Arsenick Sandaraca which is a Gemme Chrysocolla is a kind of a minerall found like fand in veines of Braffe Silver or Gold which Goldsmiths use to solder Gold and Silver with Mysysory is that which the Apothecaries call vitriol Melantheria Inke wherewith Chyrurgions consume
a water to provoke vomit made of green Walnuts and Raddish Rootes Ana parts 2. of Vinegar part 3 d being distilled is given to two ounces or three ounces white vitriol Salt of vitriol glasse of Mars and Flowers crocus Metallorum and from thence a water to cause vomiting prepared by Rulandus Mercurius vitae c. are in use with the chymists CHAP XIII Of Medicines causing Vrine OF Diuretick medicines or such as cause Urine some are properly so called Diureticks namely such as easily penetrate into the veines and poure humors into them they cut and seperate the thick from the thin that they may so doe t is necessary that they be hot in the third degree and of a most thin substance of this kind are the Rootes of smallage Fennell Parsly Butchers-broome Sparagus Valerian Burnet Spikenard Asarabecca Wormewood Agrimony Nettles Ground-pine Cheruil Rue Scordium Anniseed Fennell-seed Hart-wort cheruil Gromwell Saxifrage Juniper-berries sweet Almonds Peach-stones and water distilled out of them with Malmesey Wine Cubebs Garden-cresses the wood cassia Medicines of spirit of Salt and of Tartar others lesse properly so called whereof some are hot but doe not attaine to the third degree as Turpentine Parsnips Dill Venus haire fresh gathered Rootes of Smallage others are moist also which supple or loosen the passages of Urine as Licorish march Mallowes the seed of Mallowes others are cold which have an abstersive faculty moderate attenuating and refrigerating force such are Pippens Gourds Cucumbers the substance and seed therof Barley Strawberries whey juice of citrons and Lymons others besides that they are of thin parts they afford much aqueous humidity as thin white Wine the seed of Melons Gourds cucumbers waters of baths CHAP XIV Of Medicines provoking sweats I Droticks Provoking sweat or Sudoriphicks are endued with a greater tenuity of parts then Diureticks they are hot also and besides they penetrate into the farthest parts of the body and cut humours they attenuate rarify and turne into exhalation and what ever is in their way they carry with them and drive into the extremities of the body or if some amongst them are cold or astringent also by a hidden quality whereby they resist poyson they drive malignant humours to the superficies of the body Such are Carduus Benedictus Venus haire Rootes of Fennell Smallage Parsley Burdocke Burnet Angelica Tormentill Worm-seed China Flowers of chamomill the wood guaicum Sassafras Irish slat Harts-horne juice of Elder Bezoarticum Minerald without and with Gold fixed steele or Diaphoretick and copper and steele fixed Diaphoretick Mercury precipitate also to provoke sweates Laconick bathes of sweet water are profitable also fomentations as warme Bottles and hot Tiles Frications Vnctions and such like CHAP. XV. Of Diaphoreticks and Medicines discussing wind DIaphoreticks with the Greekes are the same Dissolving with discutient and dissolving medicines with the Latines and they drive out through the insensible passages and secret pores all such things are hot and dry and have power of converting humours into Vapours and of opening and dilating the pores of the skin such are camomill Melilot Dill Fenugreek Rue seed of Flax Lupines Galbanum dryed Pitch Storax Brimstone Sagapenum and such like which are lately named Next to these are they which are called Discussing of wind discussers of wind which as well can discusse and consume wind within the body as when it is moving to the extremities such are besides those already named century the lesse which wonderfully conduceth to the discussion of wind upon the Hypocondries Anniseed Bay-leaves Pennyroyall Fennel-seed caraway-seed cummin Ammi carrot seed Parsley Agnus Castus Dill Juniper-berries Bay-berries Galingale cloves Mace the Pills of Oranges the genitalls of a Beaver CHAP. XVI Of provoking courses expelling the secundine and a dead child SUch as bring downe menstrous Eringing downe courses are either improperly so called to wit such as corroborate the expulsive faculty or further the generation of blood or else attenuate its thicknesse and viscidity or properly so called which open obstructions of the wombe and draw down blood to the wombe which opening and cleanseing things most powerfully performe and such as are not of a very thin substance least through their tenuity of substance they should presently be scattered and therefore there is most conveniently provided for this purpose things which have some bitternesse mixt with Acrimony such like are Sage Penny-royall Dittany or Garden-ginger Marjerom Rue Calamint Wild-Marjerom Bittony Spike Asarabecca Mugwort Germander Worme-wood Ground-pine Rootes of red Madder Birth-wort Fennell Parsley Flowerdeluce Eringo Lovage Burnet Saffron Flowers of white Violets Parsnips Juniper-berries of Bays Flowers of Camomill Cinamon Mirrh native Borax The stronger of these drive out the secundine Expelling Secondines and a dead child and expell a dead child which therefore are called casters out and drivers out or Ejaculators because they drive out the young such like are Asa faetida castor Myrrh and those things which are variously applyed externally as Opopanax Galbanum Amoniacum Sulphure the smell of the burnt hoofes of an Ass Coloquintida Rue wild Cucumbers the gall of a Cow or Calfe CHAP. XVII Of Medicines that breake the stone SInce the common Doctrine of the generation of stones is suspected as is said before in the second Booke page 2. Breaking the stone C. 9. also the common opinion which strives to support it concerning the power of dissolving stones is suspected and therefore here we deservedly fly to the propriety of the whole substance which nevertheless is not inconveniently drawne from a Saline or salt force the medicines breaking the stone are Ground Ivy Bitony Pelitory the Rootes of Rest-harrow the five Diureticks the Rootes of Raddish Saxafrage Burs bitter Almonds cherry-stones the stones of Apricocks the Kernells of Medlars Grumwell Parsnips cinamon Gourds crabs stones Goates blood Lapis Judaicus the Rootes of Sparrage Snales Lignum Nephriticum CHAP. XVIII Of Errhines Sternutatories and Apophlegmatismes ERrhines draw out phlegme into the Nostrills Errhines not from the ventricles of the braine but such as is about the membranes covering the braine they performe that by their heate and vitrosity wherewith they are endued by their extergent and sharpe faculty such are made of Marjerom Rue Pimpernell cabbage Beetes Rootes of Flowerdeluce Fennell flowre Penneroyall Wild Marjerom Hore-hound Sow-bread Wild Cucumbers celendine Fell-wort the juice of double or single Pasque flowre Ptarnicks or Sternutatories or such as cause sneezing Sternutarories are those which by their Acrimony irritate the expulsive faculty of the braine which being wearied desiring to expel the medicine sends out together with it the excrements which remaine about its membranes and in it selfe such like are certaine Errhines most curiously powdered and likewise white Pepper Ginger white Hellebore bastard Pellitory Caster Cloves sneezing-wort Euphorbium Lastly Apophlegmatismes Masticatories Apophlegmatismes or Gargarismes are those which being put into the mouth and touching the Palate draw excrements
out of the body by cupping glasses but a cupping glass is a vessell with a belly which is fastned to the body to draw all whose strength of acting comes by reason of vacuity but what the differences of them are the manner of applying of them and their use shall be shewn in the Institutions and thus much of the third Chyrurgicall operation CHAP. X. Of drawing of things out of the body which were sent into the body from without THe fourth Chyrurgicall operation is How many wayes things may be drawn out of the body Drawing out of things thrust into the body A Dart how many wayes it may be drawne out Exairesis or extraction of hurtfull and unprofitable things out of the body but things which are to be taken away are either sent from without into the body or begotten in the body First for what belongs to the extraction of things sent from without into the body they are twofold first all those things which are sent to wound the body as darts of all sorts and Bullets shot out of Guns Moreover certaine externall things which come into the Chops and Throate Eares Nostrills and Eyes and stick in them But Darts are taken out two wayes either by extraction or impulsion that is either that way which they came in or that way which it aimed to goe out at t is drawne out by the part which it came in at either without any launcing or with launcing for if the dart pierced not deep if it hath not passed through great vessells or nervous parts and and meetes with a bone veines arteries or nerves out of the region whither it tended and if there be no feare of any great tearing it may be drawn back that way which it entered into the body and that without cutting but if there be danger and that it be to be feared least that the body should be lacerated if the dart should be drawn out the same way that it went in at the wound is to be dilated either by cutting or without launcing namely with that Instrument which Ceâ—sus in his 7. Booke and 15. Chap. calls Hypsiloeides or Swans or â—torkes beake or other dilating Instruments whereby the Dart may the casier be drawn back T is drawn out by the hand if it may be when it is apparent and is fastned only in flesh or with a Volcella when it sticks so deep that it cannot be taken hold of by the hands or other Instruments which the Greekes Boloulca that is certaine Instruments to pull out Darts of which kind are long Tongs Tongs with teeth straight a little bent inward but the outmost part broad and round to which the latter Chyrurgeons have given severall names from their figure and call them Crowes Storkes Ducks Geese bill the figures whereof are extant in Amb. Parey in the 10 th Booke 18 th Chap. but if the point of the Dart hath pierced into the member more then halfe through and the place by which the dart is to be drawn through be more then it hath hitherto passed and neither bone Nerve Veines nor Arteries hinder it t is more convenient to drive the Dart thither whither it tended dissection being made in that part and to draw it out by making of a new wound but yet if the Dart be too broad t is not expedient to draw it out through another part least that we add to that great wound another greate one The reason of drawing out Musket bullets in many things is agreeable to the extraction of Darts The way of taking out of Musket bullets for three things are required to extraction the first that the way may be dilated with an Instrument secondly that the bullet be taken hold of the Instrument takes the bullet either as a paire of Tongs or the point of the Instrument enters into the bullet incompasseth it with its cavity or it takes hold with the end that is toothed like a faw thirdly a bullet being taken hold of with an Instrument is drawne out by the hand of a Chyrurgeon with the Instrument of which more in the Institutions Moreover sometimes thing shappen externally to the Chops Things that stick in the Chops Throate Eares and happen into the Nostrills and Eyes and use to stick in them each of which require severall wayes of drawing forth if a little fish bone or the back bone of a fish stick in the Throate and that it be in sight when the mouth is opened t is to be taken out with a Volcella and that either straight or a little bowed towards the end and convenient to take out the bones from the Threate but if it should descend deeper into the Throate or having used a Speculum of the mouth to open it wide if it doth not appeare a vomit is to be stirred up with oyle of sweet Almonds or of Olives or with a quill or putting downe ones finger A Worme sticking in the Eares A worme in the eares how to be taken out first of all it is to be drawn out a live and that it may be the better performed and the worme may the easier be taken it is to be enticed outward by injecting sweete things into the Eares and applying of them outwardly but if it cannot be enticed or drawn out alive it is to be killed with those things that are bitter and by a peculiar propriety and force are destructive to wormes but being killed t is drawn out by powring in water or wine and Oyle luke warme and putting in of tents made of Cotton wet with Hony Turpentine or some glutinous gum wherewith twisting it up and down in the Eare the worme is drawn forth the sick leaning on that side the Eare is affected Other things which may be put or slid into the eare are either hard or liquid if the things are hard warme Oyle is to be powred in that they may be dissolved if it be possible or certainly the passages of the Eare may become slippery but if the thing which falls in be of that nature that it will swell with moistning as Pease Beanes c. all moist things are to be avoided afterwards sneezing is to be provoaked the Nostrills and the mouth being shut that the spirits may be forced to goe out through the Eares and so that together to be thrust out which was slid into the Eares but if the thing cannot be extruded in this manner t is to be drawn out with a convenient Instrument yet very warily least either that which is to be taken forth should be thrust deeper or the membrane called the drumme of the Eare should be broken If that which is to be taken out be liquid the affected should hop upon his foote on the contrary side bending his head downeward on the afflicted side that the moisture may come forth which if it doth not come to passe sneezing is to be occasioned or a little dry sponge is to be put into the Eare so that the
used every where containes onely sixty graines Drachimi and Darchimie or Darchimet with the Arabians the word being corrupted is called Drachmes in English a Drachm By Serapio and the same Arabicks it is also called Aureus and by the same these names Drachme and Aurei are often confounded But at other times Nummus Aureus or Denarius containes foure scruples namely a whole Drachm and the third part of a Drachm eight Drachms make an ounce and it is thus marked â„¥ i. Twelve ounces make a pound lb. Deunx makes eleven ounces â„¥ XI Dextans hath ten ounces â„¥ X Dodrans hath nine ounces â„¥ IX Bes hath eight ounces â„¥ VIII Septunx hath seven ounces â„¥ VII Semios or Selibra hath six ounces â„¥ VI. Quincunx hath five ounces â„¥ V. Quadrans hath foure ounces â„¥ IV. Triens hath three ounces â„¥ III. Hereunto belongs the Table * CHAP. IV. Of Physicall measures AS dry things for the most part are weighed A Description of measures so liquid things are measured although the manner of measures be appointed by Physitians according to the manner of weights But measures may be explained two wayes either greater by lesse or on the contrary lesse by greater or by weights For if it be asked what a Pint or a Pound is t is answered to be the halfe of a Sextarie or to containe fix Cyathos or Cupps or it s answered it contains nine ounces of Oyle For the former way of describing measures is certaine and stable but the latter way of explaining them is not alwayes the same for although the capacity of measures be not changed yet the weight of the things that are measured by the same measure are not the same whence Physitians at this day since in liquid things they rather regard the weight then measure and they use measures onely for to save the labour of weighing Three kinds of measures of liquid things are used namely some for measuring of Wine and distilled Waters others are appointed for Honey others for measuring of Oile all which measures although they are distinguished by the names of Ounces yet the weight of liquid things varie in the distinction of ounces for since Oile is light more of it goes to an ounce Wine since t is heavier then Oile lesse of it goes to an ounce Honey since it is heavier then both a small quantitie in comparison of the other makes an ounce The first and least of measures which are tryed not by weight but onely by quantitie is a spoonfull and the division of measures doth not go beneath it But a Cochlear or a spoonfull is four-fold The least that a little bigger a great the greatest the least containes halfe a drachm in weight of a thing that is of a middle weight that a little bigger a whole drachm a great a drachm and halfe or two drachms the greatest containes halfe an ounce in weight A common little Spoon is halfe a cup Mustrum and containes in weight of Oile six drachms of Wine or Water twentie scruples of Honey nine drachms A Cyathus or a Cup is the sixth part of a pint Cyathus by common observation it holds in weight of Oile twelve drachms of Wine or Water thirteen drachms and a scruple of Honey eighteen drachms Acetabulum which by the Greeks is called Oxybaphum Acetabulum is a Cup and halfe the common observation it holds in weight is eighteen drachms of Oile twentie drachms of Wine and Water twentie seven drachms of Honey Quartarius or the fourth part of a Sextarie Qâ—a tarius containes three cups Hemina or Cotyla is the twelfth part of a Congie Hemina or Cotyla halfe a Sextarie it contains six cups but in weight nine ounces of Oile ten ounces of wine and water thirteen ounces and half of Honey this measure contains three quarters of a pint The Italian Sextarie is the sixth part of a Congie A Sextary it containes two Heminaes or a pint and halfe twelve cups but in weight it contains eighteen ounces of Oile twenty ounces of wine and water 27 ouncse of Honey A congie is the eight part of Amphore A Congie which is a Tankerd or Rundlet containing eight gallons it contains six Sextaries twelve Heminaes but in weight nine pound of Oyle ten pound of Wine and Water thirteen pound and halfe of Honey Urna Urna Amphora is half the Italian Amphora but the third part of the Attick for a Greek Amphora which is called Cadus and Merreta is greater then an Italian it containes 48. Sextaries but in weight it holdes seventy two pound of Oyle ninty pound of Wine and Water one hundred and eight pound of Honey this Urne of our measure contains foure gallons and halfe Culeus is a measure containing twenty Italian Amphoraes Culeus t is the greatest of measures but of these things t is spoken more at large by others CHAP. V. Of Doses of Medicines ALthough in this darknesse of mans understanding t is not so easy to define by what Rule and proportion Elements agree in mixture yet by the most the opinion of Alchindus is retained and a Geometricall proportion is appointed in degrees not an Arithmeticall and that for this reason because betwixt the neerest degrees there is a far greater difference and inequality then there is between two numbers immediatly following one another Hence from two scruples to two ounces is accounted a temperate dose the dose of a medicine in the first degree from a scruple to an ounce in the second from halfe a scruple to halfe an ounce in the third from five graines to two drachms in the fourth from two graines and a halfe to a drachm yet it is here to be observed that in every degree as appeares by the dose there is a certain latitude in the highest degrees you may not allwayes ascend to the highest dose nor may all those things which are in the fourth degree be given to a drachm but according as some are in the beginning others in the middle and others in the end of the fourth so the dose is to be moderated Moreover 't is here to be noted that regard ought to be had of occult qualities also and therefore experience is especially to be consulted with The Doses of Purgers AS for the doses of purging Medicines The Dose of purgeâ—s they may be limited according to degrees but since that in every degree there are three mansions t is not lawfull to give what medicine you please of what degree soever from the lowest to the highest dose of that mansion But every mansion hath its highest and lowest dose The dose in the first mansion of the first degree is from two ounces or three to six or seven ounces such like are Syrup of Roses selutive and Honey of Violets solutive Those which are in the third mansion of the second degree are given from â„¥ 2. to â„¥ 3. or â„¥ 4. to these belong juice of Roses and Violets
commonly when the vessell is open and the fire also but t is more convenient least the strength of the medicines should vanish in boyling to make a decoction in a Biploma as they call it or a double vessell the vessell being shut or if a decoction be made the fire being open t is convenient to set on it a close Alembick or if it hath a beake oâ— snout to fit it with a receiver to take the liquor and to mixe it with the strained decoction The Liquor in which the things are boyled ought to be such as may performe the intentions of the Physitiâ—â— Liquor for the De coction as water of the Fountaine distilled water Barly-water Chaly-beate Water Whey water mixt with Honey called Hydromell sometimes Wine is taken seldome strong Beere is used sometimes some Vineger is put in that the viscid and tough humours may more powerfully be cut thereby and the medicine may penetrate the more sometimes Roots alone before the decoction is made are brayed in Vineger Distilled waters also are often used for decoctions with no great profit but with great charge unlesse the decoction be made in a close vessell since so long boyling takes away all their strength The quantity of the Liquor ought to be such as may satisfie for the decoction The quantity of Liquor and ought to cover the medicines three or foure fingers breadth which for the most part is left to the discretion of the Apothecarie But if the proportion be appointed by the Physitian the Liquor is for the most part foure-fold six-fold eight-fold in proportion to the medicines according as the Herbs are dry or full of juice thick or thin and may imbibe more or lesse of the Liquor and they ought to seeth a little or long Sometimes before boyling the medicines are somewhat cut or bruised and sometimes they stand a while after decoction before they are strained But they are boyled to the consumption of halfe or of a third part or of a fourth part only of Liquor or till but a third part remaines according as the medicines and the scope of the Physitian requires for those whose vertue easily vanish and are in a thin and seperable substance are to be boyled the lesse time but those whose substances are thicker the strength cannot be drawn forth without longer boyling the decoction is strained with or without squeazing according as there is need of the thinner parts only or thicker and such as lye deeper A decoction is prepared either for one dose or more for one three four or five ounces may suffice if for more the decoction should be made that the remainder may be a Pint or a Pint and an half and afterwards of things making it pleasant for one Dose an Ounce or an Ounce and an half may be added yet more than a Pint or a Pint and an half of a decoction at one time is seldom made except the decoction of Guiacum and such like since that if more should be prepared it would easily be spoiled before it would be taken by the sick Unto three four or five ounces of the decoction strained are added of Sugar which often is â—used or Honey six drachms or an ounce or of some convenient Syrup in every dose an ounce or an ounce and halfe Sometimes the juices that are most convenient of Herbs or Fruits and often other Liquors as Aqua vitae Spirit of Vitrioyle Copper Salt-peter some drops thereof are added and indeed only one of these is added sometimes to an Apozeme but of lenitives more as more Syrups or juices Syrups or of juice and Sugar when juices are adminiistred for the most part Sugar or Syrup is mixed with them and sometimes pleasant things that they may be the better mingled a gentle ebullition is appointed at a weak fire if it be convenient the white of an egg may be added that the Sugar and Honey and decoction also may be clarifyed or if that clarification doth not suffice the decoction is to be put into the Balneum Mariae till the thick dregs settle in the bottome and they by setling in the bottome and powring off of the cleare Liquor are seperated and that is to be repeated sometimes if it be needfull sometimes the decoction is to be made pleasant either for the acquiring of a good taste or smell or some other vertue namely the Aromaticks a little before the end of boyling being reduced into into powder or Aromatick species fitted for the disease halfe a drachm or a drachm thereof in each pint is to be hung in a thin skin or bladder in the decoction and are often pressed out or else a little after the decoction is removed from the fire the decoction being as yet hot they may be cut or bruised more grossely and so injected and after they have stood together some time in a vessell well covered it is strained againe Muske also and Amber-greaze if it be convenient may be also given to the dose of a graine of each or a drachm or two of Cinamon water may be added If Wine or Vinegar be necessary t is more convenient to add them after the boyling or a little before they have done boyling They are given for the most part in the Morning The time of giving or Evening or two or three hours before dinner or supper the stomach being empty and the decoction being first warmed three foure or five ounces thereof is given at a time and that is often performed two three foute or five dayes following and either once only or twice a day if the decoction are prepared for many doses they are to be kept in cold places under ground for they will scarce continue above a weeke although it be in the Winter but in the Spring and Summer for the most part they are renewed every way Hereunto belong restorative Broathes as they call them Restorative broaths which are made of Hens or Capons to which Veale or Goates flesh may be added and there are of three sorts the first they call a compleat Jus Consum matum or a perfect broâ—th because 't is most absolute and fittest to nourish it is prepared as ordinary broathes are only that they boyle longer and indeed so long untill the sixth eighth or sometimes the tenth part only remaines Gelatina the second is called Gelatina which is made if these meates are boyled in a double vessell without powring off the water and the juice is pressed out from thence from which after it is cooled the fat swimming on the top is to be scummed off Contusum the third is called Contusum which is prepared when the meates first sodden or rosted afterwards are beaten in a morter so long untill they may melt when broath is put to them and afterwards are strained Purging Decoctions PUrging decoctions differ not from other decoctions The manner of prepuring purging of decoctions unlesse in respect of materialls namely that
may seeth to the consistence of a Syrup If Honey be added it ought to bee boyled lesse because being cooled it easily becomes thick Syrups also like an concoctions may be made with Aromaticks or Aromaticke Powders 2. Seconldy they are prepared of clarifyed Juices to which is added half the quantity of Sugar and boiled to the consistence of a Syrup 3. These Syrups are better if fresh flowers are infused 24. hours in the expressed juice in Bal. Mariae and are again expressed and that repeated as often as it is fit Then the juice is to be clarified by digestion and half the quantity of Sugar to be mixt with it 4. Others boil the juice till half be consumed then they strain it and suffer the decoction to stand and settle that the juice may be the purer the which when Sugar is added they settle to the consistence of the Syrup 5. Sometimes the juice pressed out is poured into hot clarifyed Sugar and exposed to the heat of the Sun to consume its aqueous humidity But if the heat of the Sun be not sufficient it may be performed by gentle boiling 6. Syrups are also made of Infusions Sugar being added in the same manner as of Decoctions 7. And sometimes other things are infused in juices and afterwards when 't is strained Sugar is put to it and the Syrup is made according to art 8. Syrups may be made of extracts also if a little Sugar be added to the extract being thickned by abstraction of the Menstruum 9. Syrups may also be made of soft Electuaries if the Electuary be dissolved in six times or eight times the quantiny of warm liquour and strained and half so much Sugar added thereto by a gentle heat without boiling the liquour should evaporate to the consumption of the third part 10. Also Syrup is prepared of Sugar and Vineger onely namely four pound of Sugar and two of Vineger and according to some five Pints of water and 't is called Syrup of Vineger simple 11. Moreover Syrrups are made much more artificially especially of hot and dry Plants if onely so much water is poured off as that so much of the liquour may be left after straining without concoction as otherwise useth to be left after concoction is made and the matter infused on this manner in a Glass or other convenient vessel such as Fire-vessels or earthen vessels whose orifices may be fitted with a cover made for it that is round and channelled which should be put into the Balneum three or four days to digest and afterwards should be strained and that which is strained should again be put alone in Balneo or because of straightness of time it should be clarifyed with the white of an Egg what ever is feculent in it Afterwards Sugar should be taken and clarifyed and boiled to such a consistence as is observed in the Confection of Penides and it should be mingled with the clarifyed infusion The nearest to this is Oxymel Oxymel which is to be had in the Shops which is prepared of one part of Water one of Vineger and two parts of Honey whereof divers compositions may be made also Syrups are seldom given alone in Diseases of the Breast and Stomack The manner of administration but oftentimes are mixt with double the quantity of distilled waters or decoctions and an Ounce or an Ounce and an half of Syrups may be drank with two or three Ounces of Water or Decoction at one time To Syrups and Juleps belong Rosated water A Potion of Roses and water which is a Potion compounded of Roses and Water and Honey or Sugar Oribacius put into sixty Pints of warm water ten pound of Rose-leafs he shut the Vessel till they were perfectly boiled afterwards the Roses being taken out he infused of boiled and clarifyed Honey thirty pound and put it into a Cellar Actuarius took ten Pints of water and five pound of Sugar and boiled them together to a convenient thickness afterwards he infused a pound of the juice of Roses The likest to Syrups are Juleps and Zulaps Juleps as they are called from the Arabick word Sialaba which is to heal or make sound without doubt it is derived from thence so that indeed Physicians often times take them for the same Medicine and Potions that are mixt of Water and Syrups called Juleps but the name of Juleb is often extended farther now than with the Arabians who invented this Medicine to be made for the name of Juleb was absolutely given by them when Sugar onely is dissolved in Rose-water and boiled as Julep of Roses is otherwise called Alexander's Julep But a Julep if there be any difference betwixt it and a Syrup is a Medicine clearer than a Syrup and therefore more delicate and gratefull and it is made of distilled waters clarified Juices and Sugar They are made with The manner of preparing of Juleps and without boiling without boiling on this manner Common or distilled water is taken or a decoction of Barley to the which some Juice also of Citrons Limmons Pomegranates Quinces or Vineger may be added and white and clarified Sugar is poured in or instead thereof common Juleps of Roses and Violets which being boiled to the cosistence of a Syrup are kept for use and are diligently mixt together and if there be need are drained through Hippocrates's sleeve But the proportion of Sugar or usual Juleps which is observed to the waters and juices is various as the present occasion requires it For the most part the Palate of the sick is their guide and sometimes the proportion of water and Juices to Syrups and Sugar is threefold sometimes fourfold sixfold eightfold or twelvefold Sometimes Juleps are made with Aromatick Powders or convenient little Tabulets are dissolved in them 'T is most convenient also in some Diseases to add Spirit of Vitriol 2. Moreover Juleps are prepared of Conserves and medicinal Juices if distilled waters that are proper or a Decoction of Barley be poured into them in a sufficient quantity and are stirred with a Pestle in a Morter or are mingled together over a gentle fire and strained 3. But those Juleps which are said to be prepared with decoction are nothing else but the pure and finer decoctions of Syrups and the same manner of preparing of them which is of decoctions and Syrups onely that they are removed from the fire before they receive a thicker consistence CHAP. VIII Of Emulsions and other Mixtures bringing or causing milk and of strengthning things AN Emulsion is so called Emulsion because it is like Milk and is prepared as it were by milking for 't is a potulent Medicine prepared of the pith and strength of seeds and certain fruits especially of sweet Almonds Which Emulsion in particular by some is called Amgydalatum by the affusion of convenient waters or of some other liquour and by pounding and pressing of them to which the Pulpe of a Capon or Pullet may also be added
are so called from their similitude to little Balls by the Latins and from the solid form Pills the Greeks call them Cataposia from Catapineine that is Drinking or swallowing down Pills are Medicines made into the form of a Globe or Ball principally for this end that they may be swallowed whole and the unsavoriness of the Medicine may the less be perceived by the taste They are made of Pouders the matter whereof they are made are Electuaries Trochees Flours Salts and whatsoever things are dry do afford but Pills since they ought to have great efficacy in a small quantity the Medicines out of which they are compounded ought to be powerfull and therefore those things which have but small strength in a great mass are not to be put into them such as are Flours for the most part They are reduced into a mass with Syrups thickned Juices Extracts and such like Liquours But although all Pills for the most part do purge and by Pills a Purging Medicine is understood yet other Medicines may be reduced into this form Pills are prepared in this manner The manner of preparing them convenient Medicines are to be taken and reduced into a Pouder and mixt in a Morter with some Liquour somewhat viscid as with a convenient Syrup or Juleb seldome with Honey alone by the benefit whereof both the mass may stick together and if they are to be kept long they may be preserved so that the faculty of Medicines cannot easily expire and vanish but the Aloes which commonly is given in Pills serves to incoporate 1. If they are prepared for many Doses and daily use the mass is to be kept in the form of a Pyramid which they commonly call Magdalias and Magdaleons and in the begining they should be softer that they may ferment and the virtue of the Medicines may be the more exactly mingled then after two or three days t is wiped over with Oyl of sweet Almonds and covered with a Bladder or a Skin and kept in a Box. 2. Of the usual Pills and those which are kept in a readiness for daily use the manner of the Preparation is thus Take of the mass of usual Pills more or less as much as is need to which instead of a Goad are added some Diagrydium or Trochees of Alhandale or else some other Purgers that all together may make one Dose and let them be mingled with some distilled Water or with white Wine or some other convenient Liquour and brought into one mass and let it be reduced into 10 15 20 25 30. Pills more or less 3. Pills when they are made sometimes use to be covered with Gold or Pouder of Cynamon Nutmeg Fennel Licoris as is convenient 4. You may mingle Extracts with the other usual Pills or Pouders 5. Nay Pills may be made of Extracts alone if they are a little thickned or which is more convenient if some of the Purging Pouders be added 6. You may also prepare Extracts out of the masse particulars of usual Pills and make Pills of them 7. There may be added also for to correct a drop or two of distilled Oyls as also of Spirit of Copper Common Salt Vitriol 8. There is another manner also of making Pills The Simples whether Altering or Purging are macerated for two days in Wine or some other Liquour or else they are boiled in it or a certain juice is taken out of convenient things and one of these things are taken or two or more of these Liquours severally prepared are intermingled or being new-done they are poured again into some of these or they are boiled and afterwards strained to the Wine or Liquour strained or expressed purging or altering Species and Pouders or Compositions of the Shops which may be poudred as Trochees and Tabulets somewhat less than the eighth part in quantity to the Liquour or there abouts or cathartick or not cathartick Extracts to which distilled Oyls also some drops or half a scruple according as the bigness of the mass for Pills is more or less may be powred Afterwards all of them by often stirring may be dried over warm Embers or in a Stove till they â—re brought into a mass if it be convenient the mass being dried it may again be imbibed and wrought in the same Expression or Liquour and dried and you may repeat that the third time but that they may continue the longer some Aloes is to be added to them But lest that Pills should cause loathing in swallowing Manner of using Pills the whole Dose ought not to exceed a Drachme or four Scruples and that the same loathing may be prevented in taking them we have said they are to be rolled in Aromatick Pouders or Licoris Pouder there are some who can easily swallow them alone but others to take away the taste and avoid the unpleasantness and facilitate the swallowing use divers means Wines Syrups Pulp of rosted Apples and other things please others they are conveniently taken in a little Pulp of Bread in Beer After the altering Pills and those whose force can penetrate from the Stomack to the remote parts are taken some liquid thing ought to be taken after them to carry them to the Veins There is another kinde of Pills which are called Hypoglottides Hypoglottides because they are retained under the Tongue till they melt by degrees principally for the Cough and Diseases of the Breast simple Medicines are taken to an Ounce and half more or less and are beaten and with a convenient Liquour as with a Muscellage of Tragacanth Quince-seed Fleawort Wine boiled to the third part with Honey or any pectoral Syrup they are taken and made into Pills sometimes they are prepared of a Decoction namely to that which is strained somewhat less than the eighth part of Tragacanth is added the weight of Sugar and Penides equal to that of the Decoction Sometimes these Hypoglottides are prepared for preservation from pestilent air and to corroborate the Brain and cherish the animal spirits as also for delight and pleasantness of smell to correct the stink of the external air or of the mouth within the filth offending the nostrils let them be made of sweet-sented things with Muscellage of Tragacanth CHAP. XXIII Of Suppositers EXternal Medicines are twofold External Medicines some are injected and put into certain parts others are applied onely to the Superficies of the body of the former kinde are Suppositers and Clysters both those which are injected into the Paunch as those which are injected into the Womb and Pessaries Injections which are made into the Yard and Bladder Gargarisms which are in Mouth and Chops Aphophlegmatisms Dentifrices Errhines Sternutatories Odoraments and Fumes Injections into the Ears Collyries which we shall speak of in the first place In the strst place Glandes or Suppositers Glandes with the Greeks Ballanoi commonly Suppositers are solid Medicines which are put into the Fundament in figure somewhat long and round like to an
part affected 4. Fomentations are made also of living Creatures dissected and as yet warme especially Pidgeons as also of the parts of living Creatures newly slaine whilst they are hot as the Lungs Paunch o◠Oyles made of the same 5. Sometimes the steam onely of Waters of Wine or Vineger boiled is stirred up by the fire onely or by casting in of stones or Irons burning into the Liquour or some of the Liquour poured on them is applied to the part the vapour is taken by a Pipe or Tunnel with a wide orifice or it is put about the part with some covering whereby the steam being detained and included it may act the stronger on the part affected But dry Fomentations are made with Bags Dry. the Bags are compounded of Herbs Flowers Barks Roots Seeds Aromaticks Gums which are agreeable to the present intention being cut and pounded proportionable to the figure and magnitude of the part affected are put into a Bag and applied to the part for a cordial Bag an Ounce or an Ounce and half may suffice for the stomack a greater quantity is required The Bag is prepared either of Linnen or Silk and being pricked through with a Needle is applied dry to the part and sometimes it is wet in Wine or Vineger and put on a hot stone or brick heated by the fire it is applied to the part affected and makes it warm CHAP. XLI Of Embrocations Lotions and Bathes THe likest to Fomentations are Embrocations or Waterings Lotions and Bathes all which signifie rather a certain manner of using than any Composition and Forme of Medicine and they contain for the most part the same matter with moist Fomentations Embrochee Embrocations is a certain distillation or dropping down of a moist humour from above like Rain the dropping which is made on any part is performed either by pouring water out of a vessel with a long snout or by dropping out of a Laver. T is applied principally to three parts First upon the Coronall Suture in distempers of the braine and the moisture runs no further then the Sagittall suture Secondly from the beginning of the spinall marrow in diseases of the Nerves and the moisture is terminated at the end of the spine Thirdly to heat or dry the stomach and the matter is suffered to run over all the belly if the guts also are weak a Cerat with Santals is to be applied to the liver if there be feare of inflaming it the matter to be so distilled is common water water of Bathes decoctions milk oyle according as the part affected requires it Some Lotions are exhibited to certain parts which are called particular Lotions Lotions others to the inferiour parts of the body onely which are commonly calted Incessus and Semicuoium i. e. a Vessell that you may sit upright in others are fit for the whole body which are called Bathes Peculiar Lotions principally use to be administred to the head hands and feet and are prepared as Fomentations of hearbs or faire water or boiled in a lee Wine or Oyle Incessus which the Greeks call Encathisma Incessus is a bath for the belly and inferiour parts wherein the diseased must sit up to the Navell and such bathing Vessels serve for severall uses sometimes to mittigate paine sometimes to soften and discusse wind sometimes they are used to provoke courses A Bath is a washing of the whole body A Bath and is administred either for cleansing and taking away the faults of the skin or to relax the parts or for some distemper of the whole Some bathes are naturall others are made by Art The Differences Amongst the naturall bathes the plainest is that of Fountaine-water which hath a power of heating and moistning and therefore is convenient for such as are Hectick Nature also affords bathes for the imitation of bathes artificiall and of naturall Bathes the Physitian may prepare many things to supply the want of them CHAP. XLII Of Soapes SOap also Sapones or Wash-balls are used to certaine parts of the body which are prepared in this manner There is taken of Venice Soap made smooth How mad◠or of some other good and white Soap as much as is sufficient to which is added six or eight times so much Powder and all of them are mingled in a sufficient quantity of a water that is proper and reduced into one masse from whence round Balls ar e made in the forme of an Apple They are exhibited principally to cleanse the body or some parts thereof and to give a pleasant sent to it CHAP. XLIII Of Cauteries LAstly Cauteries That we may speak something also of Potentiall Cauteries their preparation is manifold and there is no man but here will somewhat boast But the most profitable which will make an Escarre soonest without paine and other Symptomes is that which is thus prepared Take the Lee whereof black Soap is made and put it into a Frying-pan till it become almost as hard as a stone and when it growes cold cut it into the forme of great Dice and let it be kept in a glasse close shut least it should melt and it is commonly called the Corrasive stone the use whereof is very frequent at this day to quicken Ulcers by the which humours may be diverted from the more noble parts to the ignoble and therefore they are called Issues or Fontanells HONOVR GLORY and THANKSGIVING be to GOD alone FINIS Bookes Printed for LODO LLOYD and sold at his Shop next the Castle-Tavern in CORNHILL BVrtons Anatomy of Melancholy Folio A Historical description of the Fast-Indies by Ferdinand Mendez Pinto Folio Mr. John Goodwins Redemption redeemed Fol. Divine authority of the Scriptures 4o. Antapoligies in answer to Edwards 4o. Theomatica or the danger of fighting against God 4o. Anticavilearisme 4o. Hagiomastix or a Scourge for the Saints 4o. Vindication of the Sentence past upon the late King 4o. Reply to A.S. in vindication of the Congregationall way 4o. Answers 4o. Fresh discovery of a high Presbyterian spirit 4o. Quaeries concerning the Government 4o. Vindication of the change of Government intituled Peace protected 4o. Apologist condemned 4o. Three several Disputations concerning the extent and death of Christ with Mr. Powell and Mr. Simpson 4o. Exposition of the ninth to the Romans 4o. Catabaptisme in vindication of Infants Baptisme proving not onely its lawfulnesse but divine Institution 4o. Pagans Debt and Dowry 4º Agreement and distance of Brethren being a brief survey of the Judgment of Mr. J.G. on Justification 4o. Defence of the true meaning of Rom. 4.3.5.9 in answer to Mr. Walker 4o. Water-dipping no firm footing for Church-communion 4o. Return of mercies 12o. Saints interest 12o. Behm's Mysterium magnum or an Exposition of Genesis fol. The principles of the Divine Essence 4o. Three-fold life 4o. Foure questions of the Souls originall and nature 4o. On the two Testaments Baptisme and the Supper 4o. Mercurius Teutonicus 4o. Way to Christ discovered
of strength do require you may give more drink but sithence drink is to be considered not as drink only but as medicinal hence it comes to pass that at certain times certain drinks are to be chosen Drink considered as drink ought to be given according to the rules for meat But as it is considered as altering by how much the dry heat is more intense by so much the more hotter drinks are to be avoided and the colder to be chosen Yet regard is to be taken of the cause and oftentimes there will be need of attenuating and absterging drinks and not of cooling only and the matter being deeper fastened in the part admits not cooling drink The drinking of cold water is only useful in acute Fevers 't is never proper in intermittent Fair water is often altered with barley which is called a decoction and barley-water Instead of drink Juleps are also exhibited water mixed with Honey Oxymel Emulsions Whey strong beer wine But seeing certain drinks for certain Fevers are most convenient we may more properly handle them severally amongst the different kinds of Fevers of which sorts are peculiar for such a particular Fever then in general to treat thereof The air in all Fevers ought to be pure cold rather then hot yet so temper'd Air. that the drawing in thereof may rather allay the fevourish heat then meeting with a naked body cause it to shut its own pores which hinders the discussion of vapours and sweats and therefore the sick is to be covered with outward garments but such as are light that so the heat may be drawn to the outmost parts of the body Sleep ought to be moderate Rest in putred Fevers is most advantagious Sleep rest Excrements passions of the mind Excrements ought not to be retained beyond measure but to be ejected in due time The passions of the mind ought to be at peace and sadness and anger are to be avoided CHAP. X. Of the differences of putred Fevers HItherto we have spoken of putred Fevers in general The differences of putred Fevers it remains that now we speak of them particularly First their differences are a little more cleerly to be explained And they are taken chiefly from the matter putrifying and the place of putrefaction As for the matter Feversarise either from choller or phlegm From the matter blood or melancholly To which not without reason is added a serous humour especially that Ichor which is very evil easily obnoxious to putrefaction A serous humour and causeth the blood and other humours to putrefie more easily Whence some are of opinion that Ephemeral Fevers which commonly are said to arise from Spirits kindled do all proceed from the ebullition of the serous part of the venous or arterious blood And much more a Synocha without putrefaction although the vital Spirits being heat may first allure the heat to the serous humour The same shew that all Synochaes or Fevers containing as they are called which have no periods as well putred as not putred do arise from the same aqueous and serous humour whether putrefying or not putrefying whereof the Tract of Fevers may be seen Those Fevers which proceed from blood do all keep a certain continuity and equality and are neither exasperated daily From blood Phlegm Choller nor each other day nor the fourth day but those which do arise from Phlegmatick chollerick or melancholy humours all have their periods whether they are continued or intermittent Besides these there are other Fevers Melancholy which although they are exasperated yet have no certain periods such are those which arise from inflammation putrefaction worms corrupted milk From other causes as in Infants blood out of the Vessels chyle and blood imperfect putrefying in the Mesaraicks The matter whereof putred vapours are bred in Fevers From the place is either contained within the vessels or without The vessels which carry the perfect blood as the vena cava and the arteries or the more imperfect as the Meseraick veins within the vessels Whilest blood putrifies in the vena cava there arise continued Fevers whereof some are called Synochaes or containing Fevers others continued instead of a genus and periodick continued If excrementitious humours putrefie in the Mesaraicks intermittent Fevers are stirred up but if imperfect blood putrifie in the Mesaraick veins continued Fevers are raised but calm ones Putrifying matter without the veslels Without the vessels sending putred vapours to the veins and arteries kindles continued Fevers Such are first Symptomatical which proceed from inflammations of certain parts Moreover calmer Fevers which proceed from the stubborness of the guts and their obstructions Thirdly those that are caused by an Ulcer Fistula and all putrefaction Fourthly from corrupt milk as in Infants from blood putrefying without the vessels also the matter of Catarrhs whence they are called Catarrhal Fevers Lastly there are Fevers called Comitatae or Companions which are occasioned from matter putrefying in the veins Fevers accompanied part whereof when nature either expells out of the body which happens in a Diarrhaea Dysentery and a Catarrh or protrudeth into some part which happens in the Meazles Small Pox Stragling pains Quinsey Peripneumonie Phrensie Erisipelas oftentimes Another disease then accompanies the Fever CHAP. XI Of a continued putred primary Fever and first of a Synocha in particular NOw concerning putred Fevers in particular A primary continued Fever and first we will handle a primary continued Fever A primary continued Fever is that which comes not to apurexie before it be plainly taken away and hath its rise from putred humours contained in the greater branches of the vena cava and arterie For since that thence putred vapours are continually sent to the heart a continued heat is also caused thence until it fully be cured there is no absence of fire neither doth it return by intervalls with tremblings and shaking fits Primary continued Fevers are two-fold Some without any remission or exacerbation of the heat continue from the beginning to the end But there are others wherein the heat before the Fever be throughly cured doth never totally depart yet at certain periods is increased The former are called fiery Synochaes and Fevers containing the other are called Synoches or continued instead of a genus The Fever Synocha putred A Puered Synocha is a Fever which without any slacking or increasing afflicteth from the beginning to the end arising from putrefaction of the blood in the greater branches of the vena cava Although continued Fevers may arise out of vessels of determinate parts yet such are Symptomatical And if they are true Synochaes which have their original from the default of any part as from the womb offending Yet that part only affords an occasion the polluted putredity being communicated that the blood in the greater vessels might corrupt But there are Fevers risen from determinate parts for the most part continued Periodicks So
depends on phlegm that is to be heat attenuated cut and afterwards being concocted and prepared evacuated and regard is to be had of the strength principally of the stomack and Liver Therefore in the beginning the stomack and first ways are to be opened and evacuated by Clisters and lenitive medicines Lenitives or else the matter inherent in the stomack is to be ejected by vomit Opening a vein But although the cause of this Fever be cold yet because it is mixed with blood and putrifieth some blood may be taken away by opening of a vein in case that the urine be thick and red and that the strength will bear it and the age that nature may be eased of some part of her burthen Afterwards preparation concoction of the matter is to be endeavored with attenuating things which do not heat much Preparing and altering therefore in the beginning use Syrrup of Sorrel simple with honey of roses Oxymel simple Syrrup of Hysop Bittony with the water or decoction of Maiden-hair Sparagus Grass Fennel Hysop and medicines prepared of those plants also Spirit of Vitriol and Salt When any signs of concoction have appeared you may exhibite some gentle Purger of phlegm Purging of Agarick the leaves of Senna and such like Hence you must come to stronger preparing and purging things and so the matter which cannot be evacuated at once is to be prepared concocted and evacuated at several times And because a pure continued Quotidian seldom happens but that either choller or melancholy is intermixed we are to look to these humours also and to adde Cichory Burrage Provoke urine and Sweat Fumitory Rubarb and the leaves of Senna After the greatest part of the matter is evacuated the remainder is to be emitted by urine and sweat using such medicines as occasion the same But since that by reason of the duration of the disease the stomack and liver are especially offended Strengthening Medicines things that corroborate these parts are to be administred troches of Woâ—mwood of Rubarb of Roses with the powders of aromatici rosati and diaxyaloes The Diet ought to be attenuating Dyet cutting and clensing the meats therefore ought to be of good juice easie of concoction and affording little excrement Fish are not proper in this Fever the flesh should be seasoned with Parsley Fennel Time Hysop Savory Rosemary Cinamon In the beginning nourish somewhat more plentifully that the sick may endure to the height of the disease but when 't is neer the state abate aliment by degrees Yet if crudities be in the stomack and first passages by sparing dyet the three first days they may be abated and consumed afterwards such a dyet as we have mentioned may be observed In the beginning the sick should abstain from wine and in its stead use water and honey yet if by custom it be required give it small and mixed with water Small beer is also convenient when concoction appears wine is more safely administred whereby the concoction is assisted the stomack strengthened and the humours driven out by urine Of the Fever Epiala THe Fever called the Epiala is referred to continued putred Fevers The Fever Epiala which it self is indeed continued and quotidian yet differs from the other Quotidians in this that the sick at the same time endure heat and cold and the heat and cold together are dispersed through the smallest particles of the whole body as Galen teacheth de inaeq intemperie cap. 8. and 2. de diff Febr. c. 6. Galen in the place newly quoted draws this Fever from acid and vitrious phlegm puttrefying Cause yet in his book of an unequal distemper cap. 8. he addeth bitter choller whence he infers that since heat and cold are perceived together in one place it argues mixture of phlegm and choller in another place he determines it to arise from vitreous phlegm part whereof putrifying exciteth heat the other not putrifying causeth trembling and cold Yet Platerus refers them to intermitting Fevers and says that Epialaes are generated when intermitting Fevers happen together in one and the same day and the cold of the one beginneth before the heat of the other be ended or moreover when intermitting Fevers concur with continued and the heat of the continued always remains but the intermittent Fever coming a trembling and cold fit is occasioned The cure of this Fever differs not much from the cure of other Fevers arising from phlegm The Cure only that it requires stronger attenuating and cutting medicines because there is greater frigidity and crudity in this then in the rest also though the humour it self seem to require stronger Purgers yet the weak cannot bear them and therefore evacuation by degrees is to be appointed Of the Syncopal Fever MOreover to these Fevers belongs a Syncopal Fever commonly called a humorous Fever Syncopal Fever in which there is more of pituitous and crude humours then in other Fevers that are phlegmatick and moreover a debility of the orifice of the stomack is adjoyned whence the sick easily fall into a Syncope especially when the Fever begins This Fever is hard to be cured since the sick by reason of their extreme weakness and danger of continual soundings cannot endure necessary evacuations The Prognostick and especially if the pulse be weak small and unequal the Fever is exceeding dangerous But evacuations are most properly occasioned by frictions as Galen teacheth in his twelfth of the method of curing cap. 3. Cure Clysters and Lenitives also with medicines opening the first passages only and causing no commotion of the other humours The first passages being opened and cleansed we come to preparing and evacuating humours as in other Fevers petuitous and medicines to prevent the sounding fits are also to be administred The meats should be not much thin as to substance easie of concoction Diet. and generating as little phlegm as may be and they are to be taken often The drink should be wine which hath power to nourish heat and attenuate and doth not increase phlegm Hydromel is also good wherein Hysop hath been boiled CHAP. XV. Of a continued Quartane LAstly a continued Quartane is a Fever A continued quartan whose heat is indeed continued yet the fourth day 't is exasperated it proceeds from melancholy mixed with blood putrifying in the vena cava The cause is a melancholy humour putrefying in the vena cava The cause hence all things that can generate melancholy and crowd it into the vena cava and putresie are the causes of this Fever It is known by its continued heat the Diagnosticks raging the fourth day without trembling fear or shaking fits going before or sweats following afterwards the pulse in the beginning is small and slow afterwards great full and swifter then in an intermitting Fever wherein 't is most intended in the height This is the rarest of all Fevers â—â—ognosticks but dangerous and far more desperate then
't is called a Hectick with wasting or marasmodes A Hectick also is somtimes simple and alone somtimes 't is joyned with putrifaction CHAP. II. Of the signs of a Hectick Fever A Hectick Fever is known by its continual heat causing no pain Diagnostick signs as being equal and Hectick which indeed at the first touch is weak afterwards it appears sharper It is perceived more in the Arteries then the other parts And moreover the heat after taking food within an hour or two is increased and the Pulse either is changed as to greatness or swiftness yet so that its ascending appears strong and free and none of those things precede which forego the fits of putred Fevers most commonly and this mutation of pulse and heat endures until the aliment be distributed The pulse also in this Fever is little Signs of differences frequent and moderately swift and by how much the more the strength receiveth this Fever by so much the more the body is consumed and the strength debilitated so that the sick can scarce lift up the eye-lids and together with it in the second place fatness in Urine swims like cobwebs Lastly The same things which appear in an hippocratical face as 't is described by Hippocrates are also discerned in a marasmodes or Hectick with wasting A Hectick with a Putred Signs of a Hectick with a Putred and an Intermittent conjunct is known from hence That the fit declining the heat nevertheless although remiss some is left thereof and there is great languishing of the strength and all the other parts are more temperate only the parts where the arteries are become hotter and the pulse loseth not its swiftness and frequency and the sick takes food but is not strengthned thereby A Hectick joyned with a continued putrid Fever is difficult to be known yet it may be known from hence namely because the dry calidity remains after the end of the declination or of the whole Fever or its periods and the body is more extenuated then otherwise it useth to be the Urine also becomes oylie as may appear It is hard to know a Hectick in the beginning of it Prognosticks 't is not so difficult to cure at the first but that which is neerer to wasting or a consumption is easily known but hardly cured and at the last it becomes plainly incurable CHAP. III. Of the Cure of a Hectick Fever LAstly concerning the cure Indications and Cure The hot and dry distemper indicates cooling and moistning the strength requires preservation and whatsoever of the humid and solid parts is consumed and dried is to be restored with moistning things and indeed moistning things are more safe but in giving cooling things we must be cautious lest that the native heat already being weak should by that means be extinguished But if a Hectick Fever have a Putred one joyned therewith the Hectick cannot be cured unless the other Fever be first taken away Medicines cooling and moistning are Violets Burrage Medicines Bugloss Waterlillies Roses Endive Succory Mallows the four greater cold seeds Poppy Out of which several medicines for present use may be prepared Externally A Bath of fair water may be used most profitably External things of which Galen 10. Meth. Medend cap. 10. Which that it may moisten the more Mallows Violets Bearsbreech may be added 't is convenient also to use a Bath of warm milk After the Bath let the body be anointed but principally the spine of the back with oyl of Violets sweet Almonds Water lillies Roses Cooling and moistning medicines may be also applyed both to the Breast and Liver as also to the Reins But the greatest hope of cure consisteth in Diet Diet. The Ayr should be temperate or moderately cold Meats should be cooling and moistning easie of concoction and of good juice having in them few excrements and such as is not presently dispersed In the first place Milk is profitable which as Galen 4. de Simp. Medic. Facult cap. 17. teacheth 't is cold and moist easie of concoction of the best nourishment and hath great power of moistning and refreshing the substance of our bodies Which lest it should be coagulated in the stomack some Sugar or Salt should be mixed therewith and it should only be taken in such a quantity as may well be concocted by the stomack Strengthning and Restorative Broths are also profitable of which 't is spoken else-where as also food of Almonds Pine and Pistack nuts the four greater cold seeds and of white Poppy But meats in such as are sick in Hecticks should be given in small quantity but often by reason of the imbecility of their strength Their drink in our Countries should be Ale or Beer or Water and Wine white and sweet Their sleep should be somwhat longer If a Putred be joyned with a Hectick we must endeavour that the Putred Fever may be first taken away yet the Hectick not to be neglected lest that whilst we use remedies only for the Putred Fever the Hectick may be encreased if we use means only to cure the Hectick the Putred may be increased The Fourth Book Of the Plague and of Pestilential and Malignant Fevers CHAP. I. Of the Nature of the Pestilence HItherto we have finished the essential differences of Fevers it remains that we now should speak of the accidental Amongst which the principal and most necessary to be known are those that enfold the Pestilence pestilential Fevers and malignant And indeed concerning the Plague with which What the Plague is although not alwaies yet most commonly a Fever is joyned That name is most noted to be attributed to the most pernitious and destructive of all others But what the nature of that disease is amongst Authors is much controverted For first of all sithence various and several kinds of diseases and symptomes may appear in the Plague Yet because they are also often perceived without the plague the nature of the plague is not to be placed in so many diseases and symptomes differing in specie but in some peculiar sort Nor doth the being epidemical or contagious constitute the nature of the pestilence since other diseases also may be universal and contagious But since that this is granted by all The plague a disease of the heart that the Plague spreads most when many are infected together with the same disease and they die and others are infected Hence it may easily appear that the plague is primarily a disease of that part on the which life depends chiefly and the which being hurt a man is in very great danger of his life namely the heart the fountain of life and store-house of vital heat For although the humour wherein the venome inhereth may subsist in divers parts whence the same diseases and symptomes in every pestilence are not the same to appearance yet in what place soever it subsisteth it hath a peculiar antipathy with the heart and thereby destroyeth a man so suddenly
Pox and the strength or the sick shew the event For if the Fever and all the other symptomes after the coming out of them do abate if large hemorrhodes of the nose have preceded if the pustules are great white and red soft eminent not alike come forth quickly and are soon ripened a good event is to be hoped for On the contrary the Fever if it be great and be not mitigated after the coming out of the Pox and the tubercles are violet colour green livid haad contiguous come forth and ripen slowly and the symptomes which use to be in malignant Fevers be more grievous the strength weaker they portend danger and either bring death or some great evils in the eyes nose chops gullet lungs guts liver reins and leave filthy pits and scars in the skin There is in a manner the same reason of the Measles which the more milde the Fever and symptomes are the less danger but by how much the greater the more danger is adjoyned with them they are sooner discerned neither are they so lothsom to the sight red ones likewise and those that soon appeare are more mild but those that are green violet colour black and come forth slowly are worst But the worst is when the Pox or Measles come not throughly out or do vanish again for then by the matter left within or returning in a greater Fever is kindled symptomes become greater and the sick for the most part perish The chief scope of the cure must be Indications and Cure that since Nature strives to expel the matter to the remote parts of the body to assist it the second is That the pravity of the matter may be corrected The third That the strength may be fortified And lastly To take care that no part of the body receive any detriment The endeavours of Nature are furthered if the humours are driven out to the circumference of the body and the impediments that may disturb the matter in its coming forth whether it be store of matter or pravity of it or obstruction of the bowels must be taken away But because this evil principally invades Infants Bleeding breathing of a vein is not necessary since their age will not tolerate it but if it happen in an age that will bear it and the abundance of blood require evacuation presently at the beginning before the becoming out of them a vein is to be opened that nature being eased of part of its burthen may the easier expel the remainder Strong Purges are not to be used lest nature should be hindred in its endeavour or a dangerous looseness should be occasioned yet if the body be bound it may be relaxed by a lenitive Medicine or Clister which together allays the heat of the humours and strengthens the internal parts Moreover we must observe whether Nature do its office in expelling Expelling thing for then there is no need to help it with many medicines especially heating ones But if the Pox come out slowly Nature should be helped with expelling Medicines yet such things should be mixed therewith as may strengthen the internal parts mitigate the heat of the humours and resist malignity The expelling Medicines are Roots and Seeds of Fennel Turnip Carduus benedictus Columbine Limmon the Roots of white Dittany Burnet Maidenhair Marigold flowers decoction of red Parsnips Scordium Scabions Myrrhe Figs Lentiles and other things that resist malignity These things cool and resist malignity Sorrel Cooling things young Sorrel Lettice Waterlillies Purcelane Barley Tormentil Endive Cichory Juice of Limmons Oxysaucharum Rob of Currans In giving of which regard must be had to the malignity and Fever together and according as need shall require the medicines must be chosen or mixed Medicines of Figs Lentiles Lacca and Tragacanthwere in use amongst the Arabians which were likewise used by latter Physitians yet if the malignity be great you may sly to more exquisite resisters of poyson But principally we must endeavour to beware that the sick take not the fresh ayr but be rather placed in a hot place that the pores of the skin may be kept open and that nothing may hinder Nature in expelling And we must be careful also that the eyes nostrils How the parts are to be defended and internal parts may not be hurt and therefore the Lungs are to be fortified and strengthned with medicines of Poppy Lentiles Violets Tragacanth Roses the guts with strengthners and moderate binders the eyes and nose with such like as their infirmities do shew they have need of The mouth and chops should be washed with decoction of Plantane red Roses flowers of Pomgranates Prunellas Syrup of Pomgranates and such like Whilst the wheals are ripening there will be much itching but beware of scratching lest you thereby cause scars in the skin if the quitture be white and the pustules not too great 't is best to commit the whole business to nature but if they are great or many of them joyned together when by their whiteness softness and freeness from pain they shall appear to be ripe enough they may be opened with a silver or golden needle best Concerning Diet Diet. the sick by all means must be kept from the cold ayr neither must he be kept too hot lest it make him faint The manner of Diet as in other acute Fevers is to be appointed namely thin yet to Infants if their stomacks will bear it some meat may be given because their bodies are not diaphoretick and by reason of their store of innate heat cannot so well endure fasting from meats that are salt acrid flat which may increase an ebullition of humours we must refrain and those that moderately cool and bind and allay the heat of the blood must be administred Wine at the first is not convenient but rather small Beer or Barley water but in the progress of the disease when the symptomes slacken to those that are accustomed to it a little of the smallest wine may be granted There ought to be temperate moderation of the other non-naturals likewise watchings and sleep the sick should sleep moderately In the beginning of the Pox or Measles there should be gentle frictions of the legs and arms used whereby the humours might be called out to the circumference of the body 'T is in use to put a red cloth to the bed in the sight of the sick to cause motion of humours to the exteriour parts The Belly should be kept open with a gentle Clyster if need require Lastly all vehement perturbations of the mind must be avoided especially anger and fear CHAP. XIII Of the Spotted Fever MOreover another sort of malignant Fever is Patechiae when certain spots like the biting of gnats appear in the skin There are of divers colours but principally red called by Authors Puncticulae Peticulae and Patechiae whence the Fevers are also called Peticulares Patechiales Lenticulares These spots are without all itching extuberancies and ulceration