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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A67083	Systema agriculturæ, the mystery of husbandry discovered treating of the several new and most advantagious ways of tilling, planting, sowing, manuring, ordering, improving of all sorts of gardens, orchards, meadows, pastures, corn-lands, woods & coppices, as also of fruits, corn, grain, pulse, new-hays, cattle, fowl, beasts, bees, silk-worms, &c. : with an account of the several instruments and engines used in this profession : to which is added Kalendarium rusticum, or, The husbandmans monthly directions, also the prognosticks of dearth, scarcity, plenty, sickness, heat, cold, frost, snow, winds, rain, hail, thunder, &c. and Dictionarium rusticum, or, The interpretation of rustick terms, the whole work being of great use and advantage to all that delight in that most noble practice.	Worlidge, John, fl. 1660-1698.	1675 (1675)	Wing W3599; ESTC R225414	330,040	361

the Hive that was first filled away for your use and have also described unto us the particular ways of ordering these new-invented Hives and how every particular thing is to be done as though the Authors thereof had had long experience in it which hath incouraged many to the prosecution of the designe Which I finde to deceive us in several particulars for the Bees build Combs only at the former part of the Summer and after they have prepared sufficient Receptacles wherein to dispose their Honey and answerable to their number their matter also being much wasted which they gather abroad for the making of their Combs they then fall to work for the storing of their Cells with food for the approaching Winter so that whatever room you give them more seems superfluous and rather proves a burthen than an advantage unto them The next year also it 's in vain to give them more room unless it be to a Young Stock that could not or had not time enough to build sufficient the precedent Year or to an Old Stock that was streightned in room before as usually our Swarming Stocks are Also when you expect to take the top or fullest Combs you will finde the Bees most there for they will not as some fondly imagine desert the more remote and lie in the nearer Combs but on the contrary as I have often found But that which seems to me the most probable way for I have not yet fully experienced it is to make your Hives very small either the one over the other or the one behinde the other and if you finde they have a sufficient stock of Honey to preserve them in the remainder you may take the most remote Box or Hive and place it the nethermost and so drive the Bees into the other but this also must be submitted to farther Tryals To conclude from what we have before treated I judge it the most prudential way to have in your Apiary a sufficient stock of Bees kept for breeding and swarming and another stock kept in large Glass-hives whereof we have before discoursed for the raising of great quantities of Honey which they will much better do in those Hives and I see no reason why we should judge it a greater piece of cruelty or inhumanity to take away the lives of these Creatures who have so short and insensible a life and die so easily for their Honey than to take away the lives of any other Animals to feed on their Carkasses which is daily done and that with very high degrees of torture Neither can it be any loss to the Bee-master who may have an Annual supply by his swarming-stocks kept for that purpose as the great Flocks of Weathers are yearly supplied from the Flocks of Ewes and the large and vast fatning Ponds of Carps from the lesser breeding Ponds Sed si jam proles subito defecerit omnis Virgil. Nec genus unde novae stirpis revocetur habebit Which rarely happens to a careful Bee-master but if it should Tempus Arcadii memoranda inventa Magistri Idem Pandere then may you experiment the Invention of the Athenian Bee-Master Generation of Bees in Virgil wherewith in effect agrees the Experiment of our Modern and great Husbandman old Mr. Carew of Cornwal which is thus Take a Calf or Steer of a year old about the latter end of April bury it eight or ten days till it begin to putrifie and corrupt then take it forth of the Earth and opening it lay it under some hedge or wall where it may be most subject to the Sun by the heat whereof it will a great part of it turn into Maggots which without any other care will live upon the remainder of the corruption After a while when they begin to have wings the whole putrified Carkass would be carried to a place prepared where the Hives stand ready to which being perfumed with Honey and sweet Herbs the Maggots after they have received their wings will resort Quis Deus hanc Musae quis nobis excudit Artem Virgil. Vnde nova ingressus hominum experientia caepit Or if you are unwilling either to credit or make tryal of this Experiment you may purchase a new stock of your Neighbours if not with Money which is connted unfortunate yet with the exchange of other Commodities But what need we make provision against so improbable and unlikely accidents For the trying of Honey and Wax we will leave to the Experienced There are several ways of making curious Drinks or Liquors Making of Metheglin out of Honey some make it white and clear not only by the pureness and fineness and whiteness of the Honey but also by some particular Process or Art they have Others make it very good yet partly by reason of the nature and colour of the Honey and partly for want of judgment it carries with it a more gross and red tincture but if the Honey be good the tincture cannot be much injurious to the Drink Concerning the making whereof we have met with some few Directions which we shall here insert A Receipt to make a pure Mead that shall taste like Wine Take one part of Clarified Honey and eight parts of pure Water and boil them well together in a Copper Vessel till half the Liquor is boiled away but while it boils you must take off the Scum very clean and when it hath done boiling and begins to cool Tun it up and it will work of it self As soon as it hath done working you must stop the Vessel very close and bury it under ground for three Moneths which will make it loose both the smell and taste of the Honey and Wax and will make it taste very like Wine Another Proportion Take of Honey Clarified twenty pound and of clear Water thirty two Gallons mingle them well together and boil that Liquor half away and take off the Scum very clean c. and if you will have it of an Aromatick taste you may add this proportion of Ingredients Viz. Flowers of Elder Rosemary and Marjerom of each an handful of Cinamon two ounces of Cloves six ounces of Ginger Pepper and Cardamom each two scruples These will give it a pleasant taste Another Proportion thus To a dozen Gallons of the scummed Must take Ginger one ounce Cinamon half an ounce Cloves and Pepper of each alike two drams all gross beaten the one half of each being sowed in a bag the other loose and so let it boil a quarter of an hour more Some mix their Honey and Water till it will bear an Egg by which Rule you may make it stronger or smaller at pleasure Another Proportion of Ingredients To sixteen Gallons of Must take Thime one ounce Eglantine Marjerom Rosemary of each half an ounce Ginger two ounces Cinamon one ounce Cloves and Pepper of each half an ounce all gross beaten the one half boiled in a bag the other loose c. Note That all

Artificially made up with Straw in form of a Cheese as the experienced Country-man may direct you or in a Hair-bag the more ordinary way for small quantities and so committed to the Press of which there are several sorts but the Screw-press is to be preferred After it 's prest strain it and put it into the Vessel and place it wherein it may stand to ferment allowing but a small Vent-hole lest the spirits waste Fill not the Vessel quite till it hath done working then fill the Vessel of the same kept for that purpose and stop it well only with caution at the first lest it break the Vessel The best Vessels for the Tunning up of Cider and to preserve it are those whereof the Barrel-boards are streight the Vessel broader at the one end than the other and standing on the lesser end the Bung-hole on the top the conveniency is that in the drawing the Cider though but slowly the Skin or Cream contracted by its Fermentation descends and wholly covers the Liquor by the tapering of the Vessel and thereby preserves the Spirits of the Cider to the last which otherwise would waste and expend themselves If you intend a mixture of water with your Cider let it be done in the grinding and it will better incorporate with the Cider in the grinding and pressing than afterwards Some Cider will bear a mixture with water without injury to its preservation others will not therefore be not over-hasty with too much at once till you understand the nature of your Fruit. Some advise that before it be prest the Liquor and Must should for four and twenty hours ferment together in a Vat for that purpose close covered which is said to enrich the Liquor The other sorts of Fruits for the making of Cider are the Pippin Other Cider-Fruits Pearmain Gilliflower c. by many preferred with whom we may rank all sorts of Summer-Apples as the Kentish Codling Marigolds all other sorts of Pippins and Pearmains c. Which after they are through ripe and laid on heaps to sweat as before is directed and grownd or beaten and prest as the other then is not this Cider or Must to be tunned up immediately but suffered to stand in the Vat four and twenty hours or more according as the Apples were more or less pulpy and close covered with Hair-cloaths or Sacks that too much of the Spirits may not exaporate nor be kept so closely in as to cause Fermentation in which time the more gross part of the Feces will precipitate or fall to the bottom which otherwise would have prejudiced the Cider by an over-fermentation and have made it flat and sowre Then at a Tap three or four inches from the bottom of the Vat draw forth the Cider and Tun it up wherein is yet a sufficient quantity of that gross Lee or Feces to cause Fermentation the want of the right understanding whereof is one of the main causes of so much bad Cider throughout England 2. Of the making of Perry Non omnis fert omnia tell us In some places Pears will thrive Sorts of Pears where Apples will not the Trees are larger and bear greater quantities than Apple-trees In Worcestershire they have great plenty of Pears for Perry and also in the adjacent Countries The best for Perry are such that are not fit to be eaten so harsh that Swine will not eat nay hardly smell to them the fitter to be planted in Hedg-rows c. The Bosbury-Pear the Horse-Pear the Bareland-Pear and the Choak-Pear are such that bear the name of the best Pears for Perry the redder they are the more to be preferred Pears are to be fully mature e're they be grownd and let lye Making of Perry on heaps as the Apples Crabs and Pears grownd together make an excellent Liquor the Crabs helping to preserve the Perry The method of making Perry differeth not from that of Cider 3. Some Observations concerning Cider Thick Cider may by a second Fermentation be made good and clear but Acid Cider is rarely recovered Wheat unground about a Gallon to a Hogshead or Leven or Mustard ground with Cider or much better with Sack a pint to a Hogshead is used either to preserve or recover Cider that 's in danger of spoiling Ginger accelerateth the Maturation of the Cider giveth it a more brisky Spirit helpeth Fermentation and promoteth its duration New Vessels affect the Cider with an ill savour and deep colour therefore if you cannot obtain Wine-Cask which are the best nor yet can season your own with Beer or other Drinks then scald it with water wherein a good quantity of Apple-Pounce hath been boiled If the Vessel be tainted then boil an ounce of Pepper in water enough to fill the Vessel and let it stand therein two or three days Or take some quick Lime and put in the Vessel which slacken with water close stop it and tumble it up and down till the Commotion cease Two or three Eggs put into a Hogshead of Cider that is sharp sometimes lenifies it Two or three rotten Apples will clarifie thick Cider The mildness and temperature of the weather is of much concernment in the Fermentation of Cider Boil Cider immediately after the Press before Fermentation Wheaten-Bran cast in after Fermentation thickens the Coat or Cream and much conduceth to its preservation The Cider that runs from the ground or beaten Apples before they are in the Press is much to be preferred Let the Vessel not be quite full that there may be room for the Cider to gather a head or Cream Pearmains make but small Cider of themselves Botling is the only way to preserve Cider long It may be Botling of Cider botled two or three days after it is well setled and before it hath throughly fermented or you may bottle it in March following which is the best time Bottles may be kept all the Summer in cold Fountains or in Cellars in Sand If they are well Corked and bound they may be kept many years in cold places the longer the better if the Cider be good After Cider hath been botled a week if New Cider else at the time of botling you may put into each bottle a piece of white Sugar as big as a Nutmeg this will make it brisk If your bottles be in danger of the Frost cover them with straw about April set them in Sand or in a Fountain It is not the best way to grinde or beat Apples in Stone-troughs because it bruises the kernels and tails of the Fruit too much which gives an ill savour to the Cider but beaten or ground in wooden-troughs frees it from that quality After your Apples are beaten or ground it 's the best way to let them stand a day or two before you press them for the Cider doth a little ferment and maturate in the Pulp and obtains a better colour than if immediately pressed After they are pressed it 's good to let the

which means they are not at all disturbed nor a Bee injured nor the Hive nor Combs crushed by the squeezing of the Cloth nor yet a Cloth used about them This of all other things belonging to an Apiary is of least Of the feeding of Bees use First because Bees that have not a probable stock of Honey to serve them over the Winter are not fit to be kept And then because they that are Bee-Masters and have not care enough of them to keep them from spending that Stock they have in the Winter-time must not expect to reap any considerable advantage by this profitable Creature nor I presume will ever take so much pains and care as is required in feeding them Yet are there some Stocks of Bees in the Spring-time that may seem worthy our care to preserve them viz. such that having but a thin stock of Honey and a good quantity of Bees by means of a cold dry and unseasonable Spring cannot make such timely provision as in other years they might have done yet in all probability may prove an excellent stock It would prove a piece of gross neglect of our own advantage and a piece of cruelty to these distressed Animals if we should not lend our assistance Which may be several ways applied but best by small Canes Manner of feeding or Troughs conveyed into their Hives into which you may put your Food you give them which must be daily continued till the Spring-season affords them easie and sufficient provision abroad Because at that time their Combs are full of young Bees Of all Food Honey is the best and most natural which will Food for Bees go the farther if it be mixed well with a moderate proportion of good sweet Wort. Some prescribe Toasts of bread sopped in strong Ale and put into the Bee-hive whereof they will not leave one Crum remaining Some also advise to put into the Hive dry Meal or Flour of Beans others Bay-salt roasted Apples c. which are all very good Take a handful of Baum one dram of Camphire half a dram An experiment for improving of Bees of Musk dissolved in rose-Rose-water as much yellow Bees-wax as is sufficient Oyl of Roses as much stamp the Baum and Camphire very well and put them into the Wax melted with the Oyl of Roses and so make it up into a Mass let it cool before you put in the Musk for otherwise the heat will fume away most of the scent of it Take of this Mass as much as an Hazel-nut and leave it within the Bee-hive it will much encrease the number of your Bees You shall also finde both in Honey and Wax three times more profit than otherwise you should have had Commonwealth of Bees In Kempen-land in Germany saith mine Author I have seen A singular observation concerning the food of Bees about forty great Bee-hives which contain when they are full about seventy pound weight in Honey placed near a great Field sown with Buck-wheat And it was related to me of a truth by the Inhabitants that the Bees did suck such plenty of honey out of it that in a fortnights time the said Hives were all filled therewith Also Anniseed sown near the Apiary is esteemed an extraordinary delightsome food for Bees The principal aim of most Bee-masters is advantage and it Of the fruit and profit of Bees hath been the general designe of Experimenters to discover which way this most industrious and profitable Creature may be multiplied and maintained with the least expence care and trouble and also to the greatest advantage for they require no more than a house of Straw unless you can afford them a better their food they seek where it will never advantage you nor any else if they have it not Your circumspection and care only is required to order and preserve them which also is but little if you understand their natures and temper and will seem much less if you make it one of your Exercises of delight and pleasure Yet do they return you an extraordinary recompence and reward for whatever you bestow on them as before we have observed But that which hath been principally designed is to finde out some ways or means how or after what manner the fruit and profit of Bees may be taken without the loss of their Hives it being a seeming act of cruelty to destroy the lives of these most industrious Creatures to rob them of their goods The one way that hath been used to this purpose is the driving Driving of Bees of Bees after this manner In September or any time after they have done breeding else will the honey be corrupted by the Skaddons in the Combs place the Hive you intend to take with the bottom upwards between three or four stakes and set the Hive you intend to drive the Bees into over the same as before we directed in the uniting of Swarms then often clap the under-hive between your hands in the Evening and so let them stand till the Morning and then clap it again and set the full Hive on the Stool a little bolstered up that the Bees may have free Egress and Ingress then clap the empty Hive again and get as many Bees out as you can which will repair to the other Hive This way is something troublesome to the unexperienced yet beneficial in such cases where you have a great stock of Honey and few Bees in one Hive and a small stock of Honey in another by which means you save the lives of most of your Bees which will gladly exchange their hungry habitation for a more plentiful This is a way hath been practised by the Ancients and hath Exsection or gelding of Combs been much endeavoured after to be revived again though not with any good success for if you take away any part of their Combs in the Spring they are then full of Skaddons which spoil the Honey and also destroy the breed of your Bees If you take away the Combs in the Autumn then will they want them in the Spring following to lay their Young in which they usually do before any new matter is to be found to build withal So that the new Inventions of making Bee-hives to open with doors to take out Combs at pleasure are fruitless and ridiculous Toys published by such that know not the nature of Bees nor their work who fix their Combs on every side that you cannot easily open your door and if you could the Bees would prove too busie for you to meddle with their Combs whom if you should overcome yet the former inconveniencies would follow Others have advised to make Bee-hives to place the one over the other and some to be placed the one at the end of the other successively that when the Bees have filled the one another being added they would fall to work and fill the next and leave the former and so fill several one after another and that you may take