from their chiefe Citie Samaria but I understand that table of Nations which Salmanasser brought in to possesse the Israelites lands These with so many of the ancient Samaritans or Israelites as remained in the land retained the ancient Hebrew characters in which the Law was given by Moses and these letters for distinctions sake were named Samaritan and those of Esdras called Hebrew and square from their form Some ancient coins as Sicles have been found with Samaritan characters on them which shew this difference The form of these letters may be seen in the Samaritan Alphabets As these Samaritan retained the ancient characters so they did the ancient Pentateuch of Moses and no more Now that Hebers posterity retained their language without mixture after the Flood is proved by Austin and Ierome out of the Hebrew Names given to the creatures before the Flood It stood also with reason that Hebers family should not be partakers of the worlds punishment in this confusion of tongues seeing they were not guilty of their sins CHAP. XIII 1. There is not heat in the body of the Sun 2. Islands before the Flood proved 3. The seven Ostiaries of Nilus and its greatness The greatness of old Rome divers ways proved Nilus over-flowing how proper to it the Crocodiles of Nilus its inundation regular THe Doctor in his subsequent discourses 6 Book c. 1 2 3 4 5 6 hath many learned Cosmographicall passages collected dextrously out of many approved Authours against which I have nothing to say onely he must give me leave to dissentfrom him in his opinion concerning the Suns heat when he sayes that if the Sunne had been placed in the lowest spheare where the Moon is by this vicinity to the earth its heat had been intollerable What will he say then to that world lately discovered in the Moon by glasses as fallacious as the opinion is erroneous Surely these people must live uncomfortably where the heat is so intollerable or else they must have the bodies of Salamanders or else of those Pyrusâ—ae in the Furnaces of Sicily but indeed though the Sunne work by the Moon upon sublunary bodies yet the Moon is not hot nor capable of it no more then the line is capable of that stupidity which from the Torpedo is conveyed by the line to the Fishers hands No celestiall body is capable of heat because not passive except we will deny that quintessence and put no difference between Celestial and Elementary bodies The Sun then is not the subject but the efficient cause of heat the prime subject of heat is the element of fire the prime efficient cause is the Sun which can produce heat though he be not hot himself And this is no more strange then for him to produce life sense vegetation colours odors and other qualities in sublunary bodies which notwithstanding are not in him though from him Again if the Sun be the subject of heat because he is the original and effector of it then Saturn is the subject of cold the Moon of moisture and Mars of drinesse and so we shall place action and passion and all elementary qualities in the heavens making a Chaos and confusion of celestial and sublunary bodies Moreover if the Suns vicinity causeth the greatest heat why are the tops of the highest mountains perpetually cold and snowy Why doe there blow such cold windes under the Line as Acosta sheweth We conclude then that the Sun is the cause of heat though he be not hot as he is the cause of generation and corruption though he be neither generable nor corruptible Ovid then played the Poet not the Philosopher when he causeth the Suns vicinity to melt Icarus his waxen wings II. He sayes That Islands before the Flood are with probability denied by very learned authors Answ. He doth not alledge any one probable reason out of these Authors in maintenance of this opinion I can give more then probable reasons that there were Islands before the Flood First the whole earth it selfe was made an Island therefore the Sea is rightly called Amphitrite from encompassing the earth For this cause David saith That God hath founded the Earth upon the Waters And though Earth and Sea make but one Globe yet the Earth onely is the Center of the world as Clavius demonstrates 2. The world was in its perfect beauty before the Flood but Islands in the Sea tend no lesse to the beauty and perfection of the world then Lakes upon the Land 3. All the causes of Islands were as well before the Flood as since for there were great Rivers running into the Sea carrying with them mud gravell and weeds which in time become Islands There were also Earthquakes by which divers Islands have been made the vapour or spirit under the bottome of the Sea thrusting up the ground above the superficies of the water and who will say that in the space of 16. hundred years before the Flood there should be no Earth-quakes Again in that time the Sea had the same power over the neighbouring lands which it hath since the Flood But we find that Islands were made by the Sea washing away the soft and lower ground in peninsules at this day there doubtless the Sea wanted not the same force and quality before the Flood for there were as forcible winds and as impetuous waves Lastly Islands are made when the Sea forsakes some Land which it useth to over-flow and this property also we cannot deny to have been in the Sea before the Flood for there were windes to beat off the Sea to drive together heaps of sand into some altitude whereby the water is forced to forsake the land whence hath proceeded divers Isles III. He saith Book 6. c. 4. there were more then seven Ostiaries of Nilus Answ. There were but seven of note the other four were of no account but passed by as inconsiderable Hence they were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 therfore the stream of all waters run upon seven so Virgil septem discurrit in ora And AEn 6. septem gemini turbant trepida ostia Nili Ovid calls the Riâ—er Septemfluus by others it is named Septemplex by Valerius septem amnes Claudius gives it septem cornu Manilius septem fauces Ovid septem portus Statius septem hiemes Dionysius Afer 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 These seven mouthes have their particular names given them by Mela and other Geographers and so the Scripture gives it seven streams Isaiah 11.15 at this day there are but foure left two of which are of little use therefore the Doctor needed not to have troubled himselfe so much as he doth because so frequenely this is called the seven-mouthed river for it is usuall to give denominations not from the exact number but from the most eminent and major part of the number He may as wel except against Moses who indivers places reckons but seventy souls which went down into AEgypt and yet Saint Steven in the Acts mentions 75 souls Again he
for him to affirm that which he could never prove For neither doth he shew what these fishes be nor what are these instruments nor though there were such can he prove that they breath by them And though some creatures have an humor in stead of blood yet that humor hath not the properties qualities nor office of the blood Object 7. Fishes gape therefore they breath Answ. Here is no sequell for Oysters gape which breath not and many creatures breath which gape not Again if with their gaping there were any breathing we should see saith Aristotle the breathing parts move but there is no motion at all and it is impossible there should be attraction and emission of the air without motion Besides if Fishes breathed we should see some bubbles on the water when their breath went out as in breathing animals when they die in the water It is true that lunged fishes such as Dolphins Whales Seals and Frogges make bubbles because they breath which will not prove that all fishes do so And yet there be other causes of bubbling besides expiration for rains tempests vapours or any agitation of the water will cause bubbling Object 8. The Moon gives increment to shell-fishes therefore their spirits also do increase Answ. It 's true if they speak of the animall and vitall spirits but what is this to breathing the subject whereof is the air and not those innate spirits and if increment of substance doth suppose respiration then trees must breath as they grow in bignesse And although the Moon causeth humid bodies to swell yet she doth not make the air by which we breath being a part of the Universe Object 9. Fishes doe smell and hear therefore they breath because air is the matter of all three Answ. Air indeed may be called the matter of breathing but not of hearing and smelling it is not the air we smell or hear but we smell the odors and hear the sounds in the air which is therefore properly called by Philosophers the Medium not the matâ—er of hearing and smelling And as the air is to us so the water is to fishes the medium of hearing and smelling And if it be the matter of breathing to fishes then it is not air but water which they breath whereas indeed water cannot be the subject or matter of breathing nor can they breath at all which want the organs of breath Object 10. No animall can live without respiration therefore fishes breath Answ. The antecedent is denied for many animals live without respiration onely by transpiration such are insects so doth the child in the matrix so do women in their histericall passions these breath not yet they live Object 11. Pliny tells us that fishes do sleep therefore they breath Answ. Breathing hath no relation to sleep it is neither the effect nor cause nor quality nor part nor property nor consequent of sleep for some animals sleep which breath not all that time as Dormice in Winter the child in the mothers womb breathes not as having in the matrix or membran within which he lieth no air at all but a watrish humor which if he should suck in by the lungs he would be presently suffocated yet at that time the chid sleepeth There is no community at all in the subject or organ of sleep and respiration nor in their natures the one being a rest or cessation the other a motion the one consisting in the senses within the head the other in the lungs breast and Diaphragma Again respiration consists rather in the actions of life and sense which accompany waking then in sleep which resembles death Respiration is for refrigeration of the heart which is more heated by the motions of the body whilst we are awake then by rest when we are asleep therefore men that walk labour run struggle or whose heart is heated by anger or Feavers breath much faster then in sleep as standing more in need of air for refrigeration So children because of their heat breath faster then old men Therefore we concludeâ—with Aristotle that fishes which want lungs throats have gills breath not for what needed lungs to draw in air seeing Nature hath given them gills to let in water for cooling the fishes hear which is but weak because they have little blood II. That some small fishes have been found on hills farre from the Sea is verified by divers as also that sometimes fishes are digged out of the earth which we may call Fossil to distinguish them from aquatile is recorded by grave and ancient Writers But I believe that these are not true fishes but rather terrestriall creatures resembling fishes in their outward shape for as many fishes resemble terrestriall animals which are not therefore properly terrestriall so many terrestriall creatures may resemble fishes which properly are not such or else where these Fossil fishes are found there are subterraneall waters not farre off by which they are conveyed thither Hence sometimes fishes have been found in deep wells and I have read of some fishes found in springs of sulphury and allum water for otherwise fishes can no more live in the earth then earthy creatures in the water seeing nothing can live out of its own element where it hath its originall food and conservation Or lastly these land fishes have been such as have fallen out of the clouds For I have read in good Authors of divers showers or rains of fishes and of Frogs and Mice and such like animals out of the clouds III. That Fishes in Moon-shine nights chiefly when she is in the full delight to play upon the superficies of the water is plain by fishermen who take greatest quantities of them then The cause of this may be the delight that fishes take in the light or else they finde some moderate heat in the superficies of the water when the Moon is full but I rather think it is the pleasure they take in the Moon light which gives a silver brightnesse to the water and Natâ—re hath given them a quick sight and eminent eyes whereas the senses of smelling and hearing are in them yet the organs are so obscure they cannot be found and albeit they have all the senses yet they are dumb for they make no sound at all because they breath not nor have they the organs of sounding such as the throat windpipe and lungs IV. That some fishes resemble men in their faces hands and other parts is no fable for such are not only recorded by the ancients but also have been seen by late Navigators Lerius saw none of them yet relates that an American fisherman cut off the hand from one of those fishes which did offer to get into his boat the hand had five distinct fingers like ours and in his face he resembled a man Scaliger writes that one of those sea-men or men-fishes was seen by Hierom Lord of Noâ—icum which laid hold on the cable of his ship this story he related as a truth
the Loadstone then to move downwards the end and efficient cause being the same in both motions to wit the enjoyment of their proper place or matrix 2. Whereas the ancients held that garlick hindred the attaction of the Loadstone he contradicts this by experience but I cannot think the ancient Sages would write so confidently of that which they had no experience of being a thing so obvious and easie to try therefore I suppose they had a stronger kind of garlick then is with us which made Horace write so invectively against it calling it poison and worse then hemlock 3. He denies the vertue of the Adamant in hindring the Loadstones attraction which the Ancients affirm It seems our diamonds have not this vertue but this is no sufficient reason to deny the vertue of the Adamant for though our diamond be a kind of Adamant yet it is not that kind which the Ancients speak of for Pliny reckoneth six kinds of Adamants 4. He takes Versoria in Plautus with Turnebus for the rope that turns about the ship but if versoria there signifies a rope it must be false Latine for funis must be understood therefore Plautus would rather have said versorius but I rather take it with Ioseph Scaliger upon Manilius and with Pineda for a turning back and taking the contrary way so that it is an adjective and via is to be understood the same phrase Plautus useth in Trinummi when Stasimus bids Charmides return to his master cape versoriam recipe te ad herum or else versoria is taken for the helm by which the ship is turned about 5. He will not have amber a vegitable but a mineral concretion as is delivered by Boetius Answ. Boetius delivers that there are three sorts of Amber to wit minerals animals and vegitables the first is begot of a bituminous exhalation or oil the second of the fat of animals the third of the gum of trees he tels us also that because oftentimes in Amber are found spiders flies and other insects with pieces of sticks and straws which the gum falling from the trees might lick up or involve That all Amber is vegitable and the juice of trees even that which is gathered in the sea because saith he much land hath been drowned by the sea and gained from the sea again as he shews of the Netherlands Cardan denies not but all Amber is the juice of trees yet made bituminous by the heat of the sea and Salmuth upon Pancerol tels us that the Ancients called that only Amber which distilled from the trees whence Saint Ambrose cals it the tears of the shrub therefore though it be thâ—ckned by heat or cold or the sea-sea-water it is not therefore to be called a Minerall but a Vegitable as having its originall and essence from Vegitables Scaliger writes That there is a kind of black Amber gathered in those Seas where there is greatest store of Whales and therefore Amber is called Whale by the inhabitants of Morocco and Fez as believing that it is a substance proceeding from the Whale But whether it be true Amber may be doubted and I do not find that among the Ancients Succinum signified any thing else but the Gum of Trees concrete into a solid substance and of this mind is Petrus Bellonius in his Observations CHAP. XIX 1. The Navigation of the Ancients by the stars they knew not the compass 2. Goats bloud softneth the Adamant Gold loseth its vertue and gravity with its substance Iron may grow hot with motion Coral is soft under water and hardned by the air Viscum or Missletoe how it grows The shade of the Ash-tree pernicious to Serpents IT is not probable saith the Doctor That the long and sundry voyages of elder times were performed by the help of Starres It is so farre from being improbable that there was a necessity they should be directed by the Starres wanting the use of the Compasse therefore Palinurus in the Prince of Poets is still described observing the starres in his Navigation Sydera cuncta notat tacito labentia coelo AEneid 3. And Ocâ—losque sub astra tenebat AEneid 5. And in his Georgicks he sheweth That the Sea-men were the first that made use of the starres and gave them names Novita tum stellis numeros nomina fecit Pleiades Hiados clarumque Lycaonis Arcton So Seneca sheweth That before Navigation there was no use of Astronomy Nondum quisquam sidera norat And Flaccus tells us That Typhis directed his course altogether by the starres Pervigil Arcadeo Typhis pendebat ab astro Agniades Foelix stellis qui segnibus usus So Horaâ—e wisheth That Venus Castor and Pollux those cleare starres might direct the ship in which Virgil was Sic te diva potens Cypri c. The lesser Beare called Arctophylax by the Grecians and Cynosura or dogs tail and by some Phoenice was altogether observed by the Sidonians or Phoenicians the first and â—lliefest Navigators we read of the greater hare called Helice directed the Graecians in their Navigation The grounds and rudiments of this art was first laid by Noah afterward his posterity perfected it by industry and observation marking how â—ishes did swim and birds â—lie ruling their motion with their rails and furthering it with their wings and finns whence we have the use of Helms and Oars or sails therefore in Hebrew triim signifieth both a bird and ship and in Latin n put to avis makes navis The perfection of this art is now in this last age attained to by means of the compass unknown to the Ancients whose Navigation was along the Coast as we know by the voiages of AEnaeas and Paul who for want of the compass durst not venture into the Ocean as we do In the voiage of Ionas and others we find they used Oars most commonly by the Navigation of Paul we â—earn that sounding the coast was much used yet we read that the Ancients sailed in the Ocean but by this word we must understand the Mediteranean sea called by the Psalmist the great and wide sea and by Virgil mare magnum AEn 5. or else the skirts and brim of the Ocean for they knew no other Navigation then along the coast as we see by the voiage of Hanno from Calez to Arabia and of Eudoxus from the bay of Arabia to Calez and the Fleet of Augustus which sailed Northward for they neither durst nor could with safety venture too far into the Ocean without the compasse the want of which made Solâ—mons ships spend three years in their voiage which might have been effected in three moneths they entred also into most Creeks and Harbors by the way to finde out â—arities for Solomon This admirable sea-guide was found out by one Flavius at Melphis in the kingdome of Naples above three hundred years ago as Blondus Pancerâ—l and others affirm Pliâ—y speaketh of the Magnes or loadstone but makes no mention of this vertue to turn the iron touched therewith to
Though the stomach be delighted and satisfied with the meat it receiveth yet it is not thereby immediately and properly nourished but by the blood therefore nature hath furnished it with divers veins neither can the Chylus be fiâ— nutriment till it be turned into blood the cholerick melancholy watrish excrements be separated from it Besides how can the stomach be nourished with Chylus when the body is red only by Clysters which the liver sanguifies or how are those creatures fed with Chylus which eat not but sleep all the Winter Thâ— animal or sensitive hunger therefore of the ventricle is satisfied upon the receiving of meat but its natural hunger is not satisfied till the blood be converted into its substance CHAP. IX 1. The Livers heat inferiour to that of the Stomachs 2. Of the natural Spirits in the Liver and how it is cherished by air 3. Of the Gall and how it is nourished How the Choler is conveyed to it of its two passages and one membrane THough sanguification and the separation of the three excrementitious humours from the blood bee the work of the Liver not of the Stomach yet it will not follow that the Liver is hotter then the Stomach for this work is done not so much by heat as by the temper and constitution of the Liver although I deny not but heat hath in this its action which cannot be so great in separating the parts of the blood which is a liquid substance as that of the stomach and intestins concocting hard and solid substances into liquid and separating the earâ—â—hy excrâ—ments from the purer parts II. The Liver sends by the Veins into all parts of the body these spirits which they call natural for to send up the force of the innate spirits which are in every part of the body these natural spirits are grosser then the vital and animal therfore contained within the thin walls of the veins and they are begot of blood and thin vapours therefore are preserved and cherished by the blood and air which air cannot come to the Liver by inspiration but only by transpiration which is performed in the hollow of the Liver by arteries in the convex or gibbous part of the Liver by the continual motion of the Diaphragma III. Nature hath fastned a little vessel to the Liver for recâ—ption of the choler which because it is noxious to the Liver it is thrust out by it and because of the sympathy it hath with that little vessel it is drawn in by that by a secret instinct as Iron by the Load-stone with which notwithstanding it is not fed being a pure excrement the Lungs indeed are fed with cholerick blood the Spleâ—n with melancholick blood the Kidneys with watrish but not with pure excrementitious choler melancholy and water That Vessel then is fed by blood communicated to it by its two veins called Cisticae which were not placed there in vain And though this humour be pernicious to other parts of the body yet it doth no way hurt this little vessel which argues the great sympathy and familiarity that is between them 2. The obliquity of the passage by which the choler is carried from the Liver to the Gall is no hindrance to its motion seeing this motion follows not its Elementary form but the attractive faculty of this vessel thus the waâ—rish blood which is heavy is drawn upward by the brain 3. The Gall hath two passages one from the Liver by which it draws the choler the other from the DuodenuÌ„ by which it thrufts out the choler into the intestins when it becomes offensive either by its quantity or by its acrimony which it may contract with long stay in each of these 2 passages there is a Valvula or shutter the one is to keep the reflux of the choler from the gall to the Liver the other that it may not recoil from the intestine into the gall 4. They in whom the passage of the gall reacheth to thâ— bottom of the stomach are troubled with often vomiting of choler but they in whom this passage reacheth below the Duâ—denum are troubled with cholerick dejections 5. The Gall as also the Bladder have but one membrane whereas the stomach and inâ—estins have two because these were appointed for concoction whereas the Gall and Bladder were only made to contain for a time the choler and urine CHAP. X. 1. The use of the Gall and Spleen its obstructions its Veins and Arteries without concavity 2. Vas venosum 3. How the Spleen purgeth it self 4. The Veins and its humours 5. Why the stone causeth vomiting and numbness in the thigh 6. The bladder its attraction and expulsion AS nature hath made the Gall to receive the â—holer that the blood may not be there with infected as sometimes it is when the Gall is obstructed whence comes the yellow â—aundise so it hath ordained the Spleen to receive the grosse and melancholy blood that the purer blood may not bee infected with it as it is in the black Jaundise 2. There is no member so much subject to obstructions as the spleen which cannot proceed from its vessels for they are capacious nor yet from its substance for that is spungy therefore it must be caused by the feculency and thicknesse of blood 3. It was fitting that the Spleen should abound in arteries that the grosse blood thereof might receive the vital faculty and that it might bee the more attenuated and purged and the languishing heat ther of excited 4. It was not requisite that there should bee any sensible capacity in the Spleen as there is in the Gall and Kidneys because the melancholy humour is much lesse then the choler or watrish neither was it to be sent away in that plenty as the other are Besides in stead of cavity it abounds in Veins and Arteries II. There is a short vessell called Vas venosum reaching from the Spleen to the bottom of the Stomach and conveying some part of the melancholy blood thither for exciting the appetite and binding of the bottom of the stomach the closer for helping of concoction which it doth being of a cold sowre and stipick quality III. The Spleen oftentimes purgeth it self by the internal Hemorrhoids which arise from the Splenetical vein and somtimes by the urine not through the emulgent veins which are far distant from the Splenetical these having their originall from Vena porta the emulgent from Vena cava but through certain arteries made purposely large not so much for carrying of the spirits as of this humour which is still accompanied with much water for attenuating the thick humour therefore melancholy men are much given to spitting sweating and urine chiefly in a quartan Fever Hence melancholy is called water sometimes IV. The Kidneys were made to draw and contain for some time the serous â—r watrish excrement of the blood which by the Uriters it sends away to the bladder but the crude humours which critically are evacuated by urine are
the superfluous moisture of the body by the natural heat be exhausted and the organs made drier 3. The bodies of other creatures are not capable of mans soul because they are not of that fabrick temper and constitution 4. The faculties of the animal soul have not their originall from the gross and earthy part of the seed but from the aereal by means of its celestial heat 5 The rational soul bringing with it all its perfections the former faculties of sense and vegetation which were in the Embryo give place to it so that now it alone works by its faculties 6. The seed brings with it from the parents it s own heat by which the formative faculty worketh the heat of the matrix is not operative but conservative of the other heat 7. The seed consisting of grosser and aereal parts cannot be called uniform and if it were yet it may have divers operations and faculties ad extra so hath the Sun and other uniform bodies 8. The Embryo is not capable of three specificall forms or souls for so it should be a threefold compound specifically distinct but it is capable of divers generical forms and subordinate the superior being preparatives for reception of the inferior and ultimate specificall form which giveth name and entity as the rational soul doth to the child being perfected CHAP. XV. 1. Why about the fourth month milk is engendred and of what 2. The effects of the Diaphragma inflamed 3. Pericardium 4. The Hearts Flesh Fibres and Ventricles 5. The Heart why hot and dry 6. The vital faculty 7. The vital spirits how ingendred 8. Systole and Diastole 9. The Hearts motion 10. How câ—used AS soon as the child groweth big about the fourth month the menstruous blood flowes upward to the breasts and when the child is born it flowes from thence and being suck'd by the child the veins of the breasts do avoid vacuity draw the blood upward for generation of new milk 2. In the breasts of Virgins and of some men also there is sometimes found a whitish liquor which is not milk because it hath neither the tast nor thickness nor nutritive quality of milk 3. The breasts or paps are glandulous bodies principally ordained for generation of milk and in the second place for reception of excrementitious humors and guarding of the heart 4. The reason why about the fourth month the blood flowes upward into the breasts is that the child growing big and wanting sufficient food might struggle to get out which it would not do having sufficient nutriment 5. It is not fit that the child out of the womb should feed on blood as it did in the womb because then the mouth of the veins being opened the blood would run out and so nature be overthrown neither would God accustom man to blood left he should become cruel and bestial II. Upon the inflammation of the diaphragma follow oftentimes phrensies by reason of the society it hath by the nerves with the brain to which it sendeth fumes and hot vapors which phrensie is known from that of the brain by the shortness of the breath the chief organ of breath being ill-affected so that the breast cannot freely move it self and because the Diaphragma is united to the Pleura and Peritonaeum which containeth all the organs in the inferiour belly hence all these parts are drawn upwards by the motion of the Diaphragma III. The tunicle of the heart called Pericardium hath within it a water for refrigeration and moistning of the heart which is begot of vapours condensate by the coldness of the membrane as some think or else it sweats through the tunicles of the veins and arteries they that have hot hearts have but little of this water and it abounds most where the heart is colder but whether the defect of this water be the cause of the heat in the heart or the heat the cause of this defect it is uncertain as it is with the sea-water which is turned into vapours by the suns heat and these vapours turned into water again by the coldness of the middle Region so the heat of the heart turns this water into vapours and the membrane converts these vapours into water again and so this circulation continues till the heat of the heart be extinguished by death then is found water onely IV. The heart hath a peculiar hard flesh of its own that it might be the better able to undergo its perpetual motion to contain the spirits and life-blood and to resist external injuries 2. This flesh is not musculous because the motion of the muscles is voluntary but the hearts motion is natural 3. The heart hath both straight transverse and circular fibers for attraction and expulsion and oblique fibers also for retension but these fibers are of the same substance with the heart and not of a different as the fibers of the Muscles which are parts of the nerves and Tendons 4. The heart is fed with gross blood answerable to its own gross substance by the vein called Coronaria compassing the Basis of the heart 5. The heart hath two ventricles whereof the right is hottest extensive as Aristotle will have it for it contains the life-blood the left is hottest intensive as containing the vital spirits and so Galen saith 6. If we consider the situation of the right ventricle which is in the right side and the priviledge it hath in living longer then the left we may with Aristotle say that the right ventricle is the more noble of the two but if we consider that the left ventricle contains the vitall spirit which in dignity excels the blood which is in the right we must with Galen give the preheminence to the left and so these two may be reconciled V. The heart is a hot and drie substance that it might be the fitter both to beget and to preserve the vital spirits to attenuate the venal and to procreate the arterial blood And though the spirits be hotter extensively yet the substance of the heart is hotter intensively as burning coles are hotter then flaming straw VI. The vital faculty by which the vital spirits are ingendred for animating the body and preserving the natural heat is an effect of the soul as all faculties are and not of the heart yet here it chiefly resides because of the soul which here exerciseth her chief functions of life 2. This vital faculty differs from the animal because it is not subject to fatigation nor rests in sleep nor doth it accompany the imagination or apprehension of the object as the animal doth 3. It is different from the pulsifick faculty because this is subservient to the vital neither doth the pulsifick beget spirits or is it diffused every where as the vital is 4. The vital differs from the vegitive faculty because the vegitive is in plants and insects but not the vital as it is procreative of spirits for the dull heat of insects is not so soon spent as to need
the radical moisture and natural heat are longer preserved In the Torrid and Frigid Zones men are short lived because the natural heat of the body is drawn out by the ambient heat of the one and extinguished by the cold of the other but this is where the heat and cold are in the excesse So likewise in the same Region we finde some men longer lived then others because they abound more in radical moisture and natural heat then others besides temperance in diet exercise and passions are great helps for prolonging of life In Orkney Shâ—tland Norway and other Septentrional places men live till they be six or sevenscore years of age And Lerius in Navigat Brasil shews that in Brasil which is a hot countrey some doe attain six score years without gray hairs Pliny l. 7. c. 49. speaks of divers in Vespasians time in Italy of 120 130 140 150 years old and it stands with reason that man should not be shorter lived thâ—n other animals being of a more excellent temper then they having also dominion over them and being made for a more excellent end to wit contemplation wisdome knowledge for the finding out of Arts and Sciences Therefore God permitted the Patriarchs before the Flood to live so long as they did Now we finde that divers beasts lived beyond an hundred years AElian Pliny and others affirm that Elephants live two hundred years Deer exceed an hundred years as Pliny shews by those Staggs that were found with Brasse collars about their necks which Alexander had put on an hundred years before This story is rejected by Dr. Brown Book 3. ca. 9. upon wâ—ak grounds 1. Because Deer attain to their full growth at six years therefore their state and declination which ought to be proportionable to the growth cannot be of long continuance 2. Their immoderate salacity in the Moneth of Septâ—mber And 3. Their losse of teeth between twenty and thirty which is aâ— infalible mark of old age These are feeble reasons to deny an ancient story or matter of fact For 1. Nature doth not observe that imaginary proportion between the growth and decay of things for some tame birds which attainâ— their full growth in three or four months have lived twenty years after and men who have their full growth at 25 years have lived two or three hundred years 2. Salacity for one moneth in the year cannot argue a short life as it doth in Sparrows who are salacious every houre â—ay almost every minute For Scaliger observed a Cock-Sparrow tread the Hen ten times in a few minutes 3. Nor is the losse of teeth an argument of short life for many after this losse have lived 60 or 70 years And it is observed by Scaliger that the drinking of cold water which is an enemy to the nerves causeth the falling away of the teeth therefore I will content my self with the report of Pliny concerning the Deers age till I have better reasons then these V. It may be questioned whether old men may becom young again and I am of opinion they may not that the years past can be revoked or that which is done undone for Evanders prayer in the Poet was in vain O mihi praeteritos referat si Iupiter annos But that the decayed nature may be so renewed and repaired as an old man may perform the functions of a young man and may say with Tully Nihil habeo quod accusem senectutem meam This the Poets exprâ—sse under the fiction of â—acchus his Nurses and of old AEson made young again by Medea It stands also with reason For 1. Serpents by casting off their old skins renew their youth and vigour and Stags do the like by eating Serpents Languescunt in juventutem Tertul. de Paâ—â—â—o Why then may not man be renewed 2. Every fit of sicknesse is like old aâ—e men in a long Ague differ nothing from the most dâ—crepid and aged persons that are But being recovered they obtain a youthful vigour and agility 3. The radical moisture when it is much decayed either by famine or sicknesse may be again repaired and consequently the youthful vâ—gâ—ur of the body 4. Davâ—d saith Psalm 103.5 that his youth is renewed like the Eagles Now the Eaglâ—s as Saint Austin observes on that place when with age the upper Bill is so over-grown that they cannâ—t feed they uâ—e by â—eaâ—ing their Bill against a rock to break off the excrescence and so by feeding recover their strength and youth again 5. For this end God created the Tree of Life in Paradise that when mans radical moisture fails it might be repaired again and his youth be renewed by eating thereof 6. Divers examples we have of this renovation Del Rio de Mag. l. 2. sheweth out of Torquenda that in the yeare 1511 was an old man at Tarentum of an hundred years old who having lost his strength hairs nails and colour of his skin recovered all again and became so young and lusty that he lived fifty years after Another example he brings of a Castilian who suffered the same change and of an old Abbatesse in Valentia who being decrepid suddenly became yong her monethly courses returned her rugged skin grew smooth her gray hairs became black and new teeth in her head Massaeus in his Indian History lib. 1. speaks of a certain Indian Prince who lived 340 years in which space his youth was three times renewed Besides Cardan Langius in his Epistles Epist. med 79. speaks of a Well in an Island called Bonica the waters of which being drunk makes old men become young Ambrose Parry l. 24 17. speaks of a woman who being 80 years old lost her hair and teeth which grew again I have read of divers women whose intermitted courses have flowed when they were 70 80 90 100 years old CHAP. VI. 1. Of many new diseases and causes thereof 2. Different colours in our bodies the causes of the Ethiopian blackness 3. The true Vnicorn with his horn and vertues asserted 4. Some born blind and dumb recovered A strange Vniversal Fever A strange Fish and strength of Imagination THAT in all Ages some new diseases have invaded mens bodies may appear by these testimonies Thycides l. 2. de Bel. Pelopon speaks of a new pestilence in Athens never heard of there before Agitharchidas de mari rubro writes of the inhabitants about the red Sea in whose flesh vermin was bred like little dragons which consumed their flesh sometimes they would thrust out their heads and being touched pull â—hem back again they made great inflammations in the musculous parts This mischief was never heard of before one amongst them being troubled with a Dysury voided at last a stalk of Barly At Athens a youth with his urine voided a little beast with many feet Pliny tells us that the Mentagra or Tetter of the Chin and Face was not known in Rome till the time of Tiberius The Carbuncle came to Rome in the Censorship of L. Paulus and I.
all bodies at all times alike The means to discriminate the true Unicorns horn from the false are two to wit if it cause the liquor in which it is put to bubble and secondly if it sweat when the poison is near it as Baccius tells us IV. I have read of some who were born blind and dumb and yet have been cured Seidelus de morb incur but in these there could not be a totall privation of the organ or faculty of sight and speech for such cannot be cured by Nature nor Art And so Iohn 6. it was held impossible for one born blind to see In those then was only a privation of the act and so the eye-lids only shut up and agglutinated which by Art might be cut and opened And so the strings by which the tongue is tied are often cut I have also read in Seidelius of one who lived till he was an old man and every year from his birth till his dying day had a fever which took him still upon his birth-day This anniversary Fever held him still fourteen days and at last killed him The seeds of this Fever he got doubtlesse in his mothers womb and what impressions the seed or Embryo receiveth then can never be eradicated such is the force of the formative power upon our first materials Sâ—â—liger speaks of a certain Fish in the Island of Zeilam which if one hold fast in his hands puts him in a shaking fit of an Ague This effect I suppose proceeds from the excessive cold of the Fish which by the hand being communicated to the muscles and nerves causeth shaking and convulsion fits And no lesse strange is that which is mentioned by Libavius of one who hearing his kinsman being in a remote country was dead of the plague fell sick himself of the same disease though the place where he was then dwelling was free from any infection Libavius de veneno c. 8. Corollarii This proceeded from a deep apprehension or sudden fear a weaknesse in nature and an aptitude to fall into that disease and how powerful apprehension fear and fancies are â—pon our bodies may be seen in that story mentioned by Libavius de veneno c. 8. of one who ate a snake in stead of an Eel without any hurt till a good while after he was told it was a Snake and upon this he fell sick and pined away CHAP. VII 1. The diversities and vertues of Bezar stones 2. A woman conceived in a Bath of an Incubus 3. Strange actions performed by sleepers and the causes thereof Lots Incest in his sleep 4. Some Animals live long without food The Camelions food is only air the contrary reasons answered Air turns to water and is the pabulous supply of fire MOnardes in historia Bezoaris speaks of some who were poisoned by drinking out of a puddle where Toads Snakes and other virulent vermin had laid their spawn but were cured by taking Bezar two or three times Bauhinus c. 34.36 speaks of divers diseases cured by this stone and it is known by daily experience that it is used with good successe in pestilential Fevers as Synertus shews Syn. l. 4. de Feb. c. 8. It is also good in divers other maladies both to cure and prevent them Yet Doctor Brown thinks we are daily gulled in the Bezar whereof many are false Book 3. c. 23. I deny not but some adulterat Bezars there are yet we must not think all fals or that we are gulled because we do not see the wished effects For Synertus l. 4. de Feb. c. 8. shews that the best Bezar faileth if the just dose be not given For some out of fearfulness give but a grain or two whereas he hath given eight or ten grains with good successe Again the operation of it is hindred oftentimes by mixing it with other Simples It proves also ineffectual if any thing else be given too soon after or if the stomach be not clear when it is exhibited For as the spirit of Tartar and Vitriol by themselves will work powerfully but being mixed lose their operative qualities and taste so doth Bezar many times mixed with other things Now this stone is bred in a bag under the stomach of some beasts which in form resemble our Goats In the Eâ—st-Indies they have horns but in the West none The Oriental stones are the best a grain whereof hath been sold for four Ducats Some of them are as big as a Goose Egg they have divers forms and divers colours some yellow some green some black the best are bred in those beasts that feed on the hils and on aromatick hearbs which are not found in the valleys they grow like Onions wrapt about with many tunicles or crusts Acosta l. 4. c. 42. sheweth that in the midst of some of them are sound pins straws or sticks about which matter doth gather vvhich by degrees increaseth and hardneth till it come to a just magnitude In the midst of those stones are found sometimes odoriferous hearbs Mathiolus and Renodaeus hold those for the best stones in the midst of which are found dust or gravel The Indians use the pouder of Bezar not only against inward diseases but also with it they cure their wounds and Carbuncles or Boils Acosta l. 4. c. 42. relates the observation of the Peruans vvho say that the best stone is bred in a beast called Vieugne vvhich feeds upon a poisonable hearb by which it preserves it self from the grasse and vvaters that are poisoned by venomous beasts He that will see more of this stone lâ—t him read those above named and likewise Boutius Baccius Toll and others II. That story is strange of the Woman vvhich conceived in a Bath by attracting the mans sperm who bathed in the same place This is affirmed by Averroes Anat. l. 8. quaest 11. but denied by Laurentius del Rio and some others vvhom Doctor Brown in this followeth Hee that denyeth a matter of fact must bring good witnesses to the contrary or else shew the impossibility of the fact which they do not For we shall find this conception possible if either we consider the nature of the Matrix vvhich by a strange instinct and appetite attracteth the sperm to it for which cause Plato calls it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 even as the stomach attracteth meat and drink though in some distance from it Or if wee consider that the seminal spirits in the vvarm vvater might be a vvhile preserved from evaporating and therefore what they say of the longitude of the organ in which the seed is refrigerated is not to the purpose except they could prove it to be so in all But the contrary is found in the long organ of great breasts wherein the sperm is no vvays damaged Besides the heat of the bath might have some proportion to that of the Matrix vvhereas the organ of emission is not so hot as consisting most of nervous and spermatical parts Again vve see that the sperm of Fishes in
vvhich there are seminal spirits is not prejudiced by the vvater vvhere it is shed but the male fishes cast their seed upon the spawâ— vvhich the females leave in the vvater as Aristotle Pliny AElian Albertus and others do shew Lastly vvee must not think all the stories false vvhich are written of the Incubi vvhich vvere evil spirits conveying the masculine seed to the place of generation of vvhich there have been conceptions For to deny this saith Augustine lib. 15. de Civit. Dei cap. 23. doth argue impudence considering the many testimonies and examples of the same yet I deny not but the imagination is sometimes deluded but not still as Wierus thinks and I know also that Incubus is the same disease with Ephialtes yet it will not follow that there are no evill spirits called Incubi and Succubi For to deny such vvere to accuse the ancient Doctors of the Church and the Ecclesiastick Histories of falshood vvhich affirm that the Catecbumeni vvere much troubled vvith these Incubi This vvere also to contradict the common consent of all Nations and experience There is then a double Incubus the one natural called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vvhich is caused in sleep by a frigid grosse vapour filling the ventricles of the brain and prohibiting the animall spirits to passe through the nerves vvhereby the imagination is hurt so that they think they are oppressed vvith a great vveight This disease is much like the Epilepsia but somwhat milde The other Incubus is Diabolical III. That some men can in their sleep perform those actions which they neither could nor durst do when awaked is known by Histories and experience Marianus cap. ad audientiam witnesseth that he had a Maid vvho in her sleep could rise and make bread as if she had been awaked Francis Mendoza l. 6. de Flor. knew one vvho vvould rise in his sleep and in the night time vvalked out vvith his naked sword vvith vvhich hee struck some of the City guard but at last being vvounded vvas awaked Tirannel in Mendoza speaks of an English man in Paris vvho rose in his sleep vvent down towards the river Sene vvhere having met vvith a Boy he killed him and so returned being all this vvhile asleep to his bed Horstius de noctambulis vvrites of one vvho in his sleep usually vvould arise go up and down the stairs lock and unlock his chests He speaks of another vvho dreamed he vvas to ride a Journy riseth puts on his cloaths boots and spurs gets up into the Window vvhere he sate stradling beating the vvals vvith his spurs till hee vvas awaked And he sheweth that at Helmstad one rose in his sleep vvent down the stairs into a Court from thence toward the Kitchin neer vvhich vvas a deep Wel into this he went down holding fast to the stones by his hands and feet but when hee touched the vvater with the cold thereof he vvas awaked and finding in what danger he was gave a pitiful out-cry which awaked those in the house who having found him got him out and brought him to his bed where he lay many days speechlesse and immoveable being extreamly weakned with fear cold and crying Another story he hath no lesse strange then this of a young Gentleman vvho in his sleep arose naked carrying his shirt in his hand and by the help of a rope clambers up to a high Turret in the Castle where he then was Here he findes a nest of Mag-pies which he robs and puts the young ones in his shirt and so by the same rope comes down again and returns to his bed The next morning being awaked tells his brother how he dreamed that he had robb'd a Pies nest and withal wondring what was become of his shirt riseth and findes it at his beds feet with the young birds wrapt up in it To these examples wee may add that of Lot who in his sleep begot his two daughters with childe This Dr. Brown Book 7. c. 6 will not admit though he hath a direct Text of Scripture against him For there it is said Gen. 19. That Lot neither knew when his daughters lay down nor when they rose up Which words are expounded by Irenaeus c. 51. cont Haeres That Lot had neither pleasure nor consent nor sense nor knowledge of this act Chrysostome affirms the same expounding these words Lot saith he Hom. 44. in Genes was so intoxicated with wine that he knew not at all what he did lest he should be guilty of so great a crime acting in this neither wittingly nor willingly S. Austin is of the same minde Cont. manic l. 22. and other Expositors Now if one ask how sleeping men can do such things I answer it is partly by the strength of Imagination which is more active in sleep then when we are awake 2. All sleepers are not apt for such actions but such whose natures are melancholy or cholerick whose spirits are more fervent subtil and agile then others moving the bmuscles and by them the body though the outward senses be ound up by sleep 3. They catch not that hurt in their sleep which they would do if awaked because their senses are not avocated by other objects they have no apprehension of fear their imagination is more intent in sleep and withal their Genius or good Angel is carefull of them IV. I read of divers both beasts and men which have lived a long time without meat or drink We know that Swallows Cuckows Dormice diuers other animals sast all the Winter The like is recorded of Lizards Serpents Water-Crocodiles Bears and other ravenous beasts whose bodies by reason of their humidity and rapacity are full of crudiâ—les by which they are fed in the Winter Mendosa dâ— Flor. Philos. Probl. 24. speaks of a Hen in his time which lived eighty dayes without food and vvater Cardan de subtil l. 10. writes that the Indian bird called Manucodiata lives only in the aire upon dew as Grashoppers do Rondâ—letius l. 1. de Piscib c. 12. shews that his wife kept a fish three years in a glasse without any other food but water and yet the fish grew so big that the glasse could not at last contain it And I have kept Spiders my self in a glasse which I dismissed after they had fasted nine months The Camelion also liveth upon the air Oscitans vescitur follicans ruminat de vento cibus saith Tertullian in Pallio I have seen a Camelion which was brought hither from Africa by sea and kept in a box which all the while was never seen to feed on any thing else but air Yet D. Brown Book 3 c. 21. will not have air to be his food for these reasons 1. Because Aristotle and AElian speak nothing of this Ans. Neither do they speak any thing against it which likely they would have done if they had thought their feeding on aire had been fabulous They do not speak of what food each animal is sustained and though they doe
dislikes the Title given by Ortelius to Nilus when he calls it the greatest river of the world But Ortelius was not mistaken in calling it so for it is the greatest though not perhaps in length because it may be some are longer the which are not certainly known yet in breadth when it overflowes the whole Countrey in which respect it may be called rather a Sea then a River and so it was called by the Ancients as Pior Valerius sheweth Nile saith Basil is liker a Sea then a River and some esteem the length of it a thousand German miles or 35. degrees having Summer at the springs thereof and Winter at the other end the same time It is also the greatest in regard of use and benefit for no River doth so much enrich a Countrey as Nilus doth Egipt It is the greatest also in same for no River is so renowned in Writers By the world also is meant so much as is known to us for the Rivers of America are known rather by hearsay then otherwise The greatness of this River was of old Hieroglyphically expressed by the vast body of a Giant There is a Statue of Nilus in the Vatican the picture whereof is in Sands his Travels the greatest of Poets by way of excellency calls this the Great River In magno maerentem corpore Nilum Again the Doctor will have Rome magnified by the Latines for the greatest of the earth to be lesser then Cairo and Quinsay to exceed both But he is much mistaken for Cairo as Sands tells us who was there is not above 5. Italian miles in length with the suburbs and in bredth scarce one and a halfe whereas Rome was almost fifty miles in compasse within the walls and the circuit of the suburbs much more as Lipsius de mag Rom. l. 3. c. 2. hath collected out of divers Authors He shewes the greatnesse of it also by the number of the people therein for there were three and twenty thousand poor which was maintained upon the publick charge then if we reckon the multitude of rich men and their train which was not small for divers of the great persons maintained families of foure hundred persons if we look upon the multitude of Artificers of Souldiers of Courtiers of strangers from all parts flocking thither as to the great Metropolis and shop of the World we shall find there were no lesse then four millions or fourty hundred thousand people which is more then can be found in many large provinces Heliogabolus collected the greatness of this City by the Cobwebs found in it which being gathered together did weigh ten thousand pound Another argument of its greatness may be collected out of Eusebius his Chronicle who reckons that for many dayes together there were buried of the plague ten thousand daily Not without cause then was Rome called the Epitome of the world by Aristides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Earths workhouse and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the worlds Citadel or Castle by Saint Iohn the great Citie and the great Babylon by Virgil Maximum rerum And it stood with reason that Rome should be the greatest of Cities being the Queen and Mistress of the greatest Empire of such large Territories and full of people Cities and Nations Rome then was every way the greatest Citie both in extent in power in people in glory in magnificence What Citie ever had that multitude of stately Palaces Temples Theaters Olisks triumphant Arches Baths and other publick buildings as Laurus sheweth As for Quinsay in China we have a fabulous narration in M. Paulus Venetus that is was an hundred miles in compasse but his narrations have been found erroneous and if the Kingdome of China comes far short of the greatnesse of the Roman Empire surely Quinsay must fall short of Rome which as the Poet saith Inter alias tantum caput extulit urbes Quantum lenta solent inter viburna cupressâ— As for Quinsay now it is not thirty miles in compasse as Nicolas de Contu sheweth who was there Again he saith That this anuall overflowing is not proper unto Nile being common to many currents in Africa I answer It is so proper to Nile that no other River doth so orderly so frequently so fully overflow their banks as this doth Crocodiles saith he are not proper to Nile Answ. They are so proper that no river either in Africk Asia or America hath such Crocodiles as Nilus if either we consider the magnitude multitude or fiercenesse of them Other Crocodiles chiefly the American are gentle the AEgyptian fierce and cruel which is the cause that Dogges are so afraid to drink out of Nilus whence arose that proverb Canis ad Nilum The greatest Indian Crocodiles exceed not twenty foot in length as Scaliger shewes but those of Nile are three hundred foot long whose jawes are so wide that one of them can contain a whole heifer at a time some have been found there of 25 and above 26. cubits in bigness as AElian reports The Romans to shew how proper this beast was to Nile represented AEgypt by a Crocodile in that Coin on which Augustus stampt a Crocodile tied to a palm-tree with this Inscription Primus relegavit for he subdued AEgypt and restored peace to them Again he saith That the Causes of Niles inundation are variable unstable and irregular because some yeares there hath been no increase at all Answ. He may as well say that the causes of all natural effects are variable because sometimes they faile But all naturall causes operate for an end therefore are constant regular and stable so are not Chance and Fortune which Aristotle excludes from naturall causes Are the causes of rain and storms irregular variable and unstable because sometimes it rains more in Summer then in Winter Or is generation irregular because sometimes women miscarry Naturall causes alwayes produce their effects or for the most part so that they faile but seldome and that upon the interposition of some impediment whereas fortuitall causes produce their effects seldome The causes then of Niles overflowing are not contingent but certain constant regular and stable because they never faile or but seldom upon some impediment in the producing of that effect As for the AEgyptian raines I have spoken elsewhere animad on Sir Walt. Raleigh Now because of this regular constant and beneficial inundation of Nilus it was called Iupiter AEgiptius and divine honours were given to it its annual festival was kept about the Summer Solstitial when it overflows the land This was called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Priests used to carry the water of Nile on their shoulders with great solemnity to their temples falling down on their knees and lifting up their hands gave solemne thanks to Iupiter Nilius to whose honour they dedicated a certain piece of coin with this Inserâ—ption Deo Sancto Nilo CHAP. XIV 1. The cause of Niles inundation 2. Lots wife truly transformed into a salt Pillar 3. Hels
in the air because one who went down a hundred fathom into the sea returned with Coral in each hand affirming it was as hard at the bottom as in the air Answ. Boetius in his second Book of stones and gems c. 153. tels us that Coral doth not harden or grow stony till it be dead it seems then whilst it is alive its soft under water and therefore this Diver lighted upon a dead Coral but because that was hard it will not follow that all Coral under water is hard except all under water be dead There is also a difference between old and young plants the older the plant grows the harder it is perhaps this was not only dead but also an old plant It s no wonder then if Coral petrifie when taken out of the sea for then it dieth being separated from its matrix and element in which it had life and vegâ—tation and it seems by the same Boetius that the substance of Coral at first is wood for he saw some which was partly wood and partly stone not being throughly petrified which might proceed from some internal impediment it is therefore no more wonder for a sea-plant to petrifie in the air then for a landplant to petrifie in the sea or other waters This is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as you would say ston-tree or stone-plant and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it petrifieth when it is touched by the hands and because the Gorgons were turned into stones therefore in Pliny Coral is called Gorgonia 5. He likes not the opinion of the Ancients concerning the generation of Viscum or Misseltoe to wit that it is bred upon trees from seeds let fall there by thrushes and ring-doves his reasons are because it grows only upon some trees and not in Ferrara where these birds are found and because the seed thereof being sown it will not grow again and in some trees it groweth downwards under the boughs where seed cannot remain Answ. That Viscum is begot of seeds let fall by birds as the Ancients thought may be true and that it is an excreâ—cence of viscous or superflous sap as Scaliger writes may be true also Many things are procreated both with and without seeds there is an equivocall generation both in vegitables and animals which the learned Poet knew when he writ of this Viscum saying Soletfronde vivere nova quod non sua seminat arbos Now the reason why it groweth not upon all trees and in all Countries is because as the same Poet saith Non omnia fert omnia tellus there is not a disposition in the matter of all trees to receive this form nor in the climate or soile to animate this seed Yet Mathiolus observes that in Hetruria where is greatest store of Thrushes there is greatest pleny of Misseltoe which shews that this plant hath its originall from the seeds mixed with the excrements of those birds and therefore the old proverb was not untrue Turdus sibi malum cacat even in the literall sense and so where this Viscum is meerly an excrescence it may grow downwards under boughes where no seeds can come or remain 6. He can deny that a Snake will not endure the shade of an Ash Pliny and other ancients affirm it perhaps upon surer grounds then the Doctor denies it for though here in these cold Countries our Snakes may accord with our Ashes yet it may be otherwise in hot Regions where the Serpents are more venemous and the Ash-leaves more powerfull why may there not be somewhat in the shade of an Ash repugnant to the Serpent whereas the leaves and juice thereof are such Antidotes against poyson as Dioscorides and Mathiolus shew Cardan tels us That in Sardinia the shadow of the Rododaphne is pernitious to those that sleep under it making them mad He instanceth the dangerous qualities proceeding from the shadowes of some other trees and Lucretius affirms That the shade of some other trees procure pains in the head and other dangerous effects Arboribus primum certus gravis umbra tributa est Vsque adeo capitis faciant ut saepe dolores Si quis eas subter jacuit prostratus in herbis CHAP. XX. What the Ancients have written of Griffins may be true Griffins mentioned in Scripture Grypi and Gryphes Perez and Ossiâ—rage â—haâ— THe Doctor denies there be Griffins that is dubious animals in the fore part resembling an Eagle and behind a Lion with erected ears foure feet and a long tail being averred by AElian Solinus Mela and Herodotus Answ. AElian tells us That Griffins are like Lions in their pawes and feet and like Eagles in their wings and head Solinus saith onely that they are very fierce fowls Mela that they are cruell and stubboâ—n animals Herodotus onely mentions their names when hee shewes the Arimaspi takes away their gold from them Sâ— Philostrates shewes That in strength and bignesse they are like Lions So Pausanius speaks of them but neither he nor the others named tell us in plain terms that they are like Lions behind and Eagles in the fore-part For Pliny and somâ— others doubt of this as fabulous 2. Suppose they had thus described Griffins as mixt and dubious animals yet this is not sufficient to prove them fabulous for divers such animals there are in the World Acosta tells us of the Indian Pacos which in some parts thereof resemble the Asse in others the Sheep Lerius speakes of the Tapiroussou in â—rasill which resembles both an Asse and an Heifer Many other sorts of mixt animals we read of as flying Cats and flying Fishes and some kind of Apes with Dogges heads therefore called Cynocephali Our Bats are partly birds and partly beasts They flye like a bird with two feet they walk like a beast with four They flye with their feet and walk with their wings saith Scaliger And which is a greater wonder there are Plant-animals or Zoophits partly plants and partly animals But he saith In Bats and such mixed animals there is a commixtion of both in the whole rather then an adaptation of the one lâ—to the other Here he is deceived for in Bats and such like Animals it is easily â—een what parts are of the bird what of the beast which we could not discern if there were a commixtion it is rather an adaptation then This is most apparant in that Indian beast which hath the forepart of a Fox the hinder part of an Ape the eares of an Owl and a bag or purse under its belly wherein its young ones hide themselves in time of danger Neither is it fabulous that these Griffins are greedy of gold which they preserve hide in the earth for I â—â—ve seen Magpies doe the like I have observed one which stole money and hid it in a hole and perhaps it may be from this that Plautus calls Griffins Mag-pies Picos divitiis qui colunt aureos montes supero In Aulul And yet I am
to Maximilian the Emperor These fishes were called anciently Tritons Nerâ—ides and Sirenes one of those Scaliger saw at Parma about the bignesse of a childe of two years old In some part of Scythia Pliny shewes that men did feed upon these fishes which some condemned for Canibals but injuriously for it is not the outward shape but the soul which makes the man neither doth the soul or essence of man admit degrees which it must needs do if those Tritons were imperfect men neither is it unlikely what is written of the River Colhan in the Kingdom of Cohin among the Indians That there are some human shaped fishes there called Cippe which feed upon other fishes these hide themselves in the water by day but in the night time they come out upon the banks and by striking one flint against another make such a light that the fishes in the water being delighted with the sparkles flock to the bank so that the Cippae fall upon them and devour them This I say is not improbable if we observe how many cunning ways nature hath given to the fox and other creatures to attain their prey Scaliger wonders why these Cippae do not rather catch their prey in the water then to take so much pains on the bank but the reason may be that either these Cippae are not so nimble and swift as those other fishes or else that these fishes will not come near them being afraid of their human shape which is formidable to all creatures V. That Fishes are not dull and stupid creatures as Cardan and some others do think is manifest by their sagacitie and cumming they have both to finde out their prey and to defend themselves from their enemies The fish called Uranioscopus deceives the other fishes by a membran which he thrusts our of his mouth like a worm which they supposing to be so lay hold on it and so are catch'd Herrings being conscious of their own infirmitie never swim alone but in great shoals and the whales who prey upon the herrings by a natural instinct frequent those seas most where there be most herrings and I have observed in the Northern seas for a mile or two in compasse the sea covered with herrings flying from their enemies the whales which were in pursuit of them tumbling like hills on the sea but by reason of their huge bodies and slow motion could not overtake them and when the herrings are in any danger they draw as near to the shore as they can that the whales pursuing them may run themselves on the sand where they stick as often times they do and so become a prey themselvs to man thus in one year 80 whales run on the Islâ—nds of Oâ—kney where I have been a whole year together so that the Bishop of those Islands had 8 whales for his Tithe that year There are also in the Northern seas fishes about the bigness of an oxe having short legs like a beaver and two great teeth sticking out of which they make handles for knives these fishes are called Morsse they sleep either on the ice or upon some high and sâ—eep place on the shore when they sleep they have their Ceâ—tinel to watch who in danger by a sound he makes awakes them they presently catch their hindmost feet in their mouth and so roule down the hill into the sea like round hoops or wheels The cunning also of the Cuttle fish or Sepia may be alledged here who to delude the fisherman thickneth the water with his black ink and so escapeth The Torpedo and other fishes may be produced for examples of their cunning and the Dolphins for their docilitie but these may suffice VI. Though God hath given to some fishes feet and wings as well as fins yet not in vain for these Amphibia that were to live on the land as well as in the water stood in need of feet for walking as well as of fins for swimming and those winged fishes being not such swift swimmers as to escape the dangers of their enemies the Ducades by their sins were to avoid them by their wings hence being pursued in the water they fly in the air till they be weary or far enough our of danger then they fall down into the water again 'T is commonly thought that they fly so long as their wings are moist and fall down when they are drie but I see no reason why moisture should help their flight when it hinders the flying of birds which fly swiftest when their wings are driest Swallows indeed and other birds do sometimes wet their wings not to help their flight but to cool and refresh their heat VII That there are many monstrous fishes in the sea is not to be denied in a grammatical sense nor in a Philosophical if we speak of individuals for in such both by land and sea there be divers aberrations of nature though there can be no specifical monsters except we will make the first cause to haye erred in his own work and first production of things yet in a grammatical sense even the species of some fishes may be called monsters à monstrando for their hidious and uncoth shapes demonstrate Gods greatnesse and power and his goodnesse also in that he makes them to serve our uses and they may also demonstrate what should be our dutie to God when we look on them even to praise and honour him who hath not made us like one of them The whale then to us is a monstrous creature when we look upon his huge bulk and strange shape and motion the quantity of water and manner of spouting it like flouds out of his head for each whale hath a prominent spout on his head and some have two though Dr. Brown denies it yet Olaus an eye-witnesse proves it by these pipes they breath and send out the water which they drink in and it is none of the least wonders that these vast creatures should be caught and subdued by the art of man In Norway they are taken by the smell of Castoreum which stupifieth their senses in the Indies they are taken by stopping their holes and vents by which they breath so that being stifled they submit to the poor naked conquering Indian who sits upon him as on horseback and with a cord drawes him to the shore Acosta tels us of a strange fish called Manati which ingenders her young ones alive hath tears and doth nourish them with milk it feeds on the grasse but lives in the water it is of a green colour and like a cow in the hinder parts the flesh is in colour and taste like veal The Shark or tiburon is a strange fish out of whose gullet he did see drawn a butchers great knife and great iron hook and a piece of an oxes head vvith one vvhole horn their teeth are as sharp as rasors for he savv Sharks leap out of the vvater and vvith a strange nimblenesse snap off both the flesh and bone of a horses
no intentions nor remissions the form then being simple and indivisible cannot be made up of two so that two seeds cannot concurre as two efficient causes to make up a third entity For Ex ' duobus entibus per se non fit unum ens per se. Again wee see that trees and plants are generated of one seed without copulation for the earth concurres not by affording another seed to propagate but as the matrix to cherish and foment So in fishes which have no distinct sex there is generation notwithstanding because in them there is seed which is the onely active principle of generation Again that outward shape or form which the Mule hath was not induced by the formative faculty of the females seed for there is none as we have shewed much lesse of the blood for the plastick vertue resideth not in the blood but in the Males seed which of its own particular nature endeavours to form a Horse but finding the Asses blood being united now and coagulated with and by the Horses seed uncapable to receive that form of the Horse is retreated by the superior and generall formative faculty which aiming at the production of a new species for the perfection of the Universe generates a Mule Hence we may inferre that Mules were not the invention of Ana except we will conclude that the world was imperfect till that time which were an injury to God who made the world perfect but perfect it could not be till the production of this species for Perfectum est cui nihil deest The Doctors second Argument Exercit. 34 is taken from the production of the egge which Aristotle holds is generated by the Hen and which hath also vegitation from her Hence he inferres That according to Aristotles mind the Hen is an active principle in generation Answ. From hence it will not follow That the Hen is an active principle in the generation of the Chick because she furnisheth the Egge which is the materials of the chick for so in other animals the female furnisheth blood which is the matter of which the Embryo is made and yet she is not as we have said an efficient cause of generation but the male onely by his seed neither will it follow that vegitation doth still presuppose generation for in many individuals there is a vegitive soul and yet no generation so there is in some species as in Mules in adianthum or capillus veneris which we call Maiden-hair and divers other hearhs which generate not though they have vegitation But when Aristotle saith The egge is generated in the Hen or that the female generates in her self he takes generation in a large sense for any way of production so we say water is generated of air and worms of purrid matter and yet neither the one nor the other is the efficient but the materiall cause onely of generation And though we should yeeld that the Hen were the efficient cause of the egge yet it will not therefore follow that she is the efficient cause of the Chick for that is onely the Cock as Aristotle holds though in the woman there is a working faculty of her blood yet there is no working faculty in her of the child or Embryo that is meerly from the plastick power of the fathers seed II. Now let us see Fernelius his Arguments l. 6. de hom prâ—creat the first whereof is this The womans seed hath no other originall from the testicles and vessels then the males seed hath therefore in her seed there is a procreative faculty Answ. 1. We deny that there is seed in the woman properly so called 2. If it were so that she had seed yet it will not follow that it is prolificall for it must be concocted spirituous because the spirits are the prime instruments of Nature in generation but the the womans seed is crude because that Sex by nature is cold being compared to the man as both Aristotle and Galen affirm and experience doth evince for the woman is much weaker and slower then the man whereas strength and agility argues plenty of spirits and calidity The mans hairs also are more curled stiffe and strong then the womans which shews more heat The womans voyce is weaker and smaller which argues the narrownesse of the vessels and consequently defect of heat and because the woman is lesse hot and dry then the man Hence it is that she abounds much more in blood which in man is dried up Besides the woman is the more imperfect Sex her seed therefore must be imperfect and consequently not fit to be the principall or efficient cause of so noble an animall as man Aristotle observeth that boyes in the mothers womb are more lively and nimbler then maids that they are sooner formed in the matrix and that the woman sooner groweth to her height and sooner decayeth her strength quickly fails her and old age assaults her soonest Secondly he proves That the child drawes 〈◊〉 Gout Stone Epilepsie and other hereditary diseases from the mother who was subject to these her selfe Answ. This will not prove that the mother is an active cause in generation or that the formative faculty â—â— the cause of diseases which rather are to be attributed to the matter of which the similar parts are formed then to the active principle of generation whereas then the woman â—â—rnisâ—â—th blood of which our bodies are made up it is no marvell if with the blood she imparts to the child whatsoever infirmitie is in it and not onely doth the mother by her blood but the father also by his seed communicate diseases to the child for the same seed which is the efficient cause of generation is also the materiall cause of infirmities and diseases Hence many times gowry fathers beget gowty children His third Argument is The child oftentimes resembleth the mother therefore her seed must needs be active Answ. That the child for the most resembleth the mother proceedeth not from any agencie of her seed but from the strength of her imagination for otherwise the child would still resemble the father in whose seed alone resideth the formative faculty which because it is a naturall power depending from the generative and consequently inferior to the imagination which is an animall faculty that giveth place to this This force of the mothers imagination is plain by the divers impressions made on the tender Embryo upon her depraved imaginations by the stories of those women who have conceived children resembling the pictures hanging in their bed-chambers and by the practise of Iacob Gen. 30. in causing his Ewes to bring forth streaked Lambs according to the streaked rods put in their troughes when they drank II. There is no disease that more molests and tortures man then the Cholick which is so called from Colon the great intestine the torment of which hath made some to kil themselvs nor is there any malady that proceeds from more causes or hath more strange and
with reason for the humidity of the air must needs moisten the hinges consequently hinder their sound Neither is it true which he saith of bullets sect 120. That they in piercing through the air make no noyse For Souldiers will tell him the contrary that many times they hear the whistling of the bullets over their heads So darts and stones flung with violence in the air make a sound as the Poet sheweth Sonitum dat stridula cornus auâ—as certa secat And his reason is no lesse infirm then his observation to wit That the extream violence or swiftnesse of the motion should hinder the sound whereas nothing furthers the noyse so much as the swiftnesse of motion Again he is mistaken in our definition of sounds when he makes us say That it is an elision of the air which is a term of ignorance sect 124. So it â—is indeed but in him not in the Philosophers who doe not call sound an elision of the air but the collisian of two hard or solid bodies in the air And no lesse is he mistaken when he saith That Sounds are generated where there is no air at all This he can never prove for even in the water and in the flame wherein he saith sounds are generated there is air and if it were not for air the sound should never be caried to our ear and therefore the instrance he makes â— 133 of knapping a pair of tongs within the water which we can hear and yet there is no air at all present is to no purpose for there is air present both in the water and besides nothing but air from the superficies of the water to our ear by which medium the sound is conveyed to us He gives us a strange reason Sect. 143. why we hear better in the night then in the day Because in the day the air is more thin and the sound pierceth better but when the air is more thick the sound spreadeth abroad lesse Indeed by this reason we should hear better by day for the thinnesse of the air and the easie piercing of the sound are main helps to hearing whereas the thickness of the air is a hinderance Therefore Hippocrates in his Aphorismes observeth truly That when the wind is Southerly and the air thick our hearing is heavy We hear better when the wind is Northerly and the air clear It is not therefore the thicknesse of the air but the silence of the night which helpeth hearing as the Poet saith Tunc silens omnis ager pecudes pictaeque volucres AEn 4. And then it is when every sound though never so small affrights and excites him Tunc omnes terrent aurae sonus excitat omnis AEn 2. In his third Century Sect. 201 he tells us That though there be a wall between we can hear the voyce one this side which is spoken on the other not because the sound passeth through the wall but archeth over the wall But here he contradicteth himself in his former Century Sect. 154 when he saith Iâ— is certain that the voyce doth passe thorow hard and solid bodies The voyce then may passe through a wall and not over it And how can it passe over that wall which is continually with the seeling or roofe of the House For in a close chamber I can heare the voyce of him that is in the next room though there be a wall between us and the room sieled or roofed But he saith Sect. 213. That the spirit of the hard body doth cooperate I would know what spirits there are in a stone or brick wall or in a wall of mud to cooperate If there be such cooperating spirits it will follow That where are greatest numbers of them there will be most help and the sound better heard but in a thick stone wall there are more spirits because more stones every stone having his own spirit then in a thin mud woodden or brick wall and therefore the sound must be better heard through a thick then a thin wall there being so many pneumaticall cooperators all helping to carry the sound This is Philosophy that passeth all understanding He saith Sect. 235. It is manifest that between sleeping and waking when all the senses are bound and suspended musick is farre sweeter then when one is fully waking All the senses are not bound when a man is between sleeping and waking but when a man is in dead sleep then are all the senses bound If then they are all bound and likewise all are bound between sleeping and waking what difference will he make between the extream and the medium between a dead sleep and that which is betwixt sleeping and waking Again how can musick be sweet to him in whom all the senses are bound up Which way shall the musick enter Can he heare without hearing Doubtlesse the delight he hath in the Musick doth shew all his senses are not bound up He shews 238 239. That Parrets Pies Iayes Dawes and Ravens are singing birds and that this aptnesse of singing is in their attention He should have added Thrushes and Stares to his singing birds but it is not attention which is the cause of their singing for beasts and other birds may have as much attention but its natural for birds to sing and their speaking is but a kind of singing for singing is the musick of the throat and speaking the musick of the tongue it is easie for those who exercise their throats and tongues in singing to be brought to utter words by the same organs It may be saith he 205 the spirituall species of visible things and sounds do move better downwards then upwards Those on the top of Pauls seem much lesse then they are but to men above those below seem nothing so much lessened So knots in gardens shew best from an upper window These examples thwart his may be for if the species move better downward how comes it that we see the object better from the top of Pauls then from the street looking upward to the top Doubtlesse it is because the visible species of the things seen below move better upward as being more naturall both for the air which is a light body and for the species which hath no gravity in it Hence it is that when wee stand below we cannot so clearly discern the just magnitude of the men upon the top of Pauls because the species must come from that high object to our eye downward which is not so natural The same may be said of the audible species for sounds are better heard by those who are in high rooms then by those who are below and so they that sit in Church galleries which are above the Pulpit hear better then they who sit below in the pues He speaks against experience when he saith There is a greater degree from the privative to the active that is from darknesse to light then from lesse light iâ— more light For when the day breaks I cannot see to
translated into the colder will be more forward then the ordinary grain of the cold Country This is known to be untrue by divers grains transplanted hither into this cold climat and by the grains translated hence into the Orcades and other cold parts Again he saith That plants are all figurate and determinate which inanimat bodies are not if this be so then inanimat bodies are infinit for certainly vvhatsoever is finit hath its termination and figure is nothing else but the disposition of terminations even water is figurat because it is sinit though it assumeth the figure of the continent body in vvhich it is To say then that a stone is sinit and yet not figurat nor determinat is a plain contradiction a dead carcass is an inanimat body yet retains the same figure termination vvhich it had vvhilst it vvas animat In this same Section he tels us that plants do nourish inanimat bodys do not they have an accretion but no alimentation but how any thing can have an accretion vvithout alimentation is to me a ridle I speak of proper and Physicall accretion which is an extension of all the parts by an internall principle or soule converting the aliment into the substance of the body nourished For that accretion of stones and other inanimate things is an apposition of externall matter not an extension of the parts by an internall agent converting the nutriment into the thing nourished And how can stones or such hard bodies have extension whereas they want humidity which is the cause of extension Besides accretion is a supply of deperdition for where there is diminution of parts by means of the heat exhausting the radicall moisture there must be restauration â—y nutriment and consequently accretion Therefore there maybe an outward agglutination or aggregation of stones without alimentation but an accretion properly so called there cannot be Lastly he tells us in the same Section That Plants have a period of life which inanimate bodies have not If inanimate bodies have a life and no period then they are immortall like the Angels and so the stones we tread on in the dirty streets are in better condition then the great Monarcks of the world Again if plants have a period of life they have life and conquently are living creature and yet shortly after my Lord distinguisheth them from living creatures in divers respects Sugar saith he to the Ancients was scarce known and little used Sugar was both known to and used by the Ancients for that which they called mel arundineum hony of the cane was much used in Physick they called it also Indian salt because it was like salt in colour and consistence when it was harden'd by the Sun the other kinde of Sugar the Ancients knew and used as well as wee only they made it by pressing we by boyling of the canes which kinde of boyling they used not as we do because they sweetned their water by steeping the canes in them and that was their drink of this drink Lucan lib. 3. speaks Quique bibunt tenerâ dulces ab arundine succos And that they used sometimes to boil the Sugar canes is plain by Strabo lib. 35. likewise by Statius l. 1. Syl. Et quas praecoquit eboisa cannas Seeds and Roots saith he are chiefly for nourishment but leaves give no nourishment at all or very little this is not so for the leaves of cabbages coleworts lettice and such like give the nourishment and not the roots there is more nourishment in the leaves of one cabbage then in a hundred cabbage roots He gives us a bad definition of snow when he calls it the froth of the cloudy waters froth is aëreal snow is watrish froth is hot snow cold froth is light snow heavy because more terrestrial indeed in colour snow is like froth hence Scaliger saith that snow is almost froth Poetical Phylosophie discriminates froth from snow in making Venus the daughter of the one not of the other snow then is not the froth of cloudie waters though Pliny so calls it but it is the thin and raâ—ified vapours of the watrish cloudes united into those white flakes we see by cold snow then is not begot immediately of water as froth is but of cold and thin vapours Why he should call putrifaction the subtilest of all motions I cannot conceive for what more subtilty is there in putrifaction that is a kinde of corruption then in generation the one consisting in the deperdation of the old form the other in the acquisition of a new form neither doth he speak Philosophically vvhen he calls it a motion for indeed putrifaction is a mutation and no motion because both the termini à quo and ad quem are not positive as they are in all motions CHAP. VI. The Lord Bacons opinions confuted concerning Snow Ephemera gravitie the sperme of Drunkards putrifaction teeth bones and nails thick and thin mediums Nilus hot Iron brâ—in sudddn dakness drie and moist bodies fish cornes hunger liquifaction hardness moisture accidents light right side spungy bodies stone-walls imagination the cramp hedghog mummy salt Commenus and others refuted concerning motion qualities colours forms the Epilogue MY Lord thinks that there is in snow a secret warmth because the Ancients have observed worms bred in old snow but I am of another opinion though Scaliger seems to favour my Lords tenets that neither the snovv is vvarm nor do these vvorms breed in snovv our senses tell us there is no heat in snovv and vvhere there is no heat there can be no putrifaction nor generation the vvorms then are bred in the ground under the snovv but not of the snovv vvhich is not vvarm but keeps in the vvarmth of the earth and defends it as it vvere a mantle from the piercing air therefore in great snovves sheep vvill live longer under the snow then above in the sharp air And whereas the worm dieth when it comes out of the snow this proceedes not as he saith from the exhaling of the worms spirits which was shut in by the cold but rather from the chilling of that spirit which was kept in by heat for whilst it was under the snow the worm was kept warm from the piercing air which now kilsit He saith That the flies called Ephemerâ— live but a day the cause is the exility of the spirits or perhaps the absence of the Sun But neither of these is the cause not the exility of spirit for we see that among men they that have weak and attenuated spirits live longer then they who have more strong dense and more plenty of spirits and so in other creatures a Horse or Bull are not so long lived as a Crow or Raven which have more exility of spirit The cause therefore of short and long life is the goodnesse or badnesse of the crasis and temperament of the radical moisture and its due or undue proportion with the natural heat
the pole nor in reciting the instruments of Navigation doth he speak a word of this In no ancient Writer do we find this vertue mentioned nor so much as a name for it in Hebrew Greek or Latin neither do they mention the touching of their sun-dials with it besides Pliny saith the Islanders of Taproâ—an or Sumatra because they cannot see the North carry with them in their ships certain small birds which being let loose by naturall instinct fly to the Land whether the Mariners direct their course after these guides this sheweth they were ignorant of the compaâ—s as Acosta Gomara Pancerol Salmuth and others do prove The Phoenicians and Sidonians were anciently the expertest Navigators of the world yet we find not that they had any knowledge of the compass the Carthagineans indeed by sea viewed all the coast of Mauritania yet they kept close by the shore and though ingenious men did live in old times and were inventors of many rarities yet some things they have left for posterity to finde whereof they were ignorant as Clocks Gunâ— Printing c. therefore the reasons of Lemnius are weak who thinks the Ancients knew the compass and no less infirm is â—he argument of Pineda taken from Solomons knowledge of all things for this word all in Scripture is taken for many and many is taken for all So Christ cured all diseases in S. Matthew that is many so all of those that sleep in the dust of the earth saith Daniel shall arise that is many Solomon then knew all things that is most things and more then other men but I do not think he knew the compasse or all the species of animals vegitables minerals people and places that are found at this day in America nor all the arts invented since nor all the supernaturall works of God His chief knowledge was politicall for government he knew not the future contingencies nor all the secrets in the earth and seas if he knew the polar verticity of the Loadstone then Adam also knew it for his knowledge far exceeded Solomons he gave names to all the creatures according to their natures he lived 930. years a fair time to get experience yet though Adam knew this it will not follow that the compass was used in his time or in Solâ—mons either who knew that Copper and Brass did sound well yet Bels of Copper were not used in his time and whereas Pineda saith that God would not have so useful a thing as the compass hid from man so long I answer that Printing is no less useful which was not known till of late What was more usefull then the Preaching of the Gospel and Incarnation of Christ and yet hid many thousand years from the world God hath his own times to bestow his gifts on men â—or that fable of ships built without irâ—n for fear they should be staied in the failing by the great store of Loadstones neer Calicut is ridiculous for our Europaean ships are continually tratficking that way and they perceive no such things To conclude then ships of old were guided being out of sight of Land not by the compasse but partly by the Tides partly by the Windes and partly by the Stars and Sea-birds and when all these failed they wandred up and down not knowing where they were as we see in AEnaeas his Navigation caecis erramus in undis nec meminisse viae media Palinurus in unda the like we may read in Saint Paules vojage II. The Ancients held that Goats bloud could soften the Adamant and yet resist the hardest hammers this is denied by the Doctor 2 Book c. 5 6 7. and his Lapidaries but their argument is not Logical our Diamonds are not softned by Goats bloud but are mastered by hammers therefore the Ancients Adamants were such All Adamants are not of the same kind for Pliny as we have already said reckoneth six sorts of them and I think it is no greater wonder for bloud to soften a stone then for water to harden a piece of Leather or a stick into a stone 2. He saith that though the substance of Gold be not sensibly immuted or its gravity at all decreased yet from thence vertue may proceed for a body may emit vertue without abatement of weight as is evident in the Loadstone Answ. An accident without a miracle if it be the same numerically cannot pass without the substance in which it is inherent nor can the substance be diminished but the gravity must also be abated Therefore if Gold in the Patients body loseth nothing of its substance and gravity it loseth no part of its vertue if the loss be insensible the vertue communicated to the patient iâ— insensible also and so he that swallows gold receives no good by it For where there is a cure there must be a sense and feeling of the cure As for the Loadstone if it imparts its vertue it parts also with its substance but in so small a quantity that its scarce perceptible but the gold ought to impart much vertue to cure the disease and consequently much of its substance which would be seen by the weight and the cure but neither is sensible and therefore no deperdition but imaginary 3. He cannot apprehend how an iron should grow red hot by motion since in swinging a red hot iron it wil grow cold Answ. That violent motions will excite heat and fire in hard bodies we have already shewed in divers examples Aristotle proves it by the example of Arrows whose Lead will melt with the heat and motion thereof in that part of the air which is near the fire de coelo l. 2. c. 7. Virgil confirms the same speaking of that Arrow which Acestes shot that it took fire in the motion Namque volans liquidis in nuâ—ibus arsit arundo signavitque viam flammis AEn 5. but when he saith that hot iron will grow cold by swinging I grant it because that heat in the iron is meerly accidental and from an external principle it wants pabulous aliment in the iron to maintain it therefore no wonder if encountring with the cold air it extinguish but take a bran or stick of fire and swing it about it will grow redder hotter and more fiery because there is not the bare accident of heat but thâ— substance of fire which is animaâ—ed and quickned by the motion of the air neither is it strange if the violent motion of an Arrow in hot weather and in that part of the aire which is neer the fiery element take fire where we see so many fiery Meteors ingendred But he saith that a bullet shot at paper or linen will not set them on fire it may be so because the bullet is not hot enough having moved but a little way and a smal time you cannot in a long time make paper or linen burn be the fiâ—e never so hot except they touch the flame 4. He will not believe that Coral is soft under water and hard