plentiful even to Admiration but causeth an infinite encrease in all sorts of Cattel that water there and breeds a prolifick faculty in Men and Women even to Admiration as makes Wonder stand amazed to see Nature turn prodigal This made the Gymnosophists of Aegypt to make it one of their chief Numens which they worshipped under the name of the Goddess Isis This also was the cause of those noble Epithets bestowed on it viz. the Gift of Jupiter the Tears of the Gods the Veines of Paradise the Seed of the Gods c. The Moors and Negroes often call it The Fountain of Heavenly Water and the Arabian Poets style it The Life of the Earth Mr. Sands tells us that in the year 1610 at Cairo it usually did rise 23 Cubits it rises generally sixteen Cubits It is perceived by the retiring of the Cattel by the marks which are in their wells and by the weight of the slime of the River which the people lay out at their windows to receive the Dew which falls and Prognosticates the increase The cause of this overflowing of Nile is variously conjectur'd some say that the Tempests of the Sea swell the River others affirm that the Sand which gathers at the month stops the Stream and that the Northeâ—â— Wind drive it back again Many Moderns believe that it is swell'd and increas'd by the melting of the Snow and the Rains that fall in great abundance and at certain seasons in Aethiopia and in regard that in Aegypt it is Winter when Summer in Aethiopia they say that the Nile encreases when other Rivers decrease Of late it hath been asserted that the Nitre which abounds in this River is the true natural reason of all these marvellous effects which being melted by the heat of the Sun mixes with the Water troubles it ferments it and swells it and makes it exceed its bounds so that the Mud which the Nile carries along with it neither comes very far nor raises the banks any higher The Niger retains the Name which it received from those people whose Country it runs through somtimes it runs under ground and before it falls into the Atlantick Ocean divides itself into three principal Members Senega Gambia and Rio Grande Enfertiles all the Countries through which it passes and in the Sand are found good store of Grains of Gold. The Water having the same virtue as Nile has made some believe that these two Waters somwhere meet together The Zaire is considerable for its Sweetness and for its plenty of Water The Zambera divides itself into three Currents Cuama Spirito Sancto and Rio De los Infantes The Ghir loses itself often in the Sand and as many times retreives itself again The greatest Lakes are Zair Zambere and Zaflan all three in Aethiopia The Mountains of most Remark are the Great and Lesser Atlas the Christal Mountains Mountains of the Sun Saltpetre Hill Sierra Liona Amara Mount Table and Isle Picos Fragosos Montes Lunae c. The Great Atlas by the Natives Aydvacal teste Marmot by Aug. Curio Anchisai by Olearius Majuste runs through Africa as Taurus through Asia beginning in Marmarica about 20 miles from Alexandria extending Westward with many Gaps and Breaks to the Atlantick Ocean dividing Barbary from Belidulgerid No Mountains in Africa are more celebrated for its wondrous height that seems to reach to the Skie The Poets feign'd that Atlas sustained Heaven upon his Shoulders by reason of its excessive height Or else because that Atlas King of Mauritania was the first that studied the motion of the Heavens The Lesser Atlas Coasts with the Midland Sea extending from Gibralter to Bona by the Spaniards Montes Claros The Christal Mountains are in Congo near which is that of the Sun Eastward appears Saltpeâ—re Hill. On the borders of Guinea appears Sierra Leona Amara is the most noted of Aethiopia Table Mount appears near the Cape of Good Hope not far off are those called Ospicos Fragosos And those of the Moon lie between the two Aethiopia's and are the highest in Africa and called by the Inhabitants Betsh The Ancients took these Mountains to be the limits of the World. The Isthmus of Sues which keeps Africa from being a perfect Island is about nine Leagues in breadth between the Red Sea and the Chanel of Nile for from one Sea to the other is above thirty five Leagues Stories relate that one of the Ptolomies Queen Cleopatra some of the Soldans and others that have been masters of Aegypt have assay'd in vain to dig through that Isthmus and that they gave over the enterprise as well by reason of the prodigiousness of the Toyle as for fear of being greatly endamaged by the Red Sea which was found to be higher than the Mediterranean Sea and which with its bitterness would have tainted the River Nile the only drink of the Aegyptians And indeed all Authors agree that the Waters of the Nile are sweet healthful and nourishing Ptolomy's design was to perform a work of Fame by making Africa an Island Cleopatra's intention was to carry her Ships into the Red Sea without any danger of falling into Augustus's hands The contrivance of the Soldans was to carry the Trade of the Europeans into the East Indies through their Territories in hopes of some great Tribute But none of them were able to attain their Ends. Africa is the barrennest and worst peopl'd part of our Continent Hâ—r great Rivers are full of Crocodiles Her Mountains and Deserts fill'd with Lions and other wild and cruel Beasts the scarcity of Water producing many Monsters while Creatures of several species couple and engender at the watring-places where they often meet There is no Creature in the World that grows so big from so small a beginning as the Crocodile for it is hatch'd in an Egg and grows every day as long as it lives which is said to be an hundred years The Elephants are very serviceable to the Africans as also are their Camels and great Baboons Dromedaries are a sort of Camels less and swifter than the others They have also wild Asses Unicorns Barbary Horses Cameleons little Monkeys and Parrots Their Ostriches afford them fine Feathers and their Civet Cats are esteemed for the excellency of their Scents Amongst a great number of different Tongues that are in Africa the most general are the Beribere or African which comes from the Ancient Punick and the Arabick these two extend through all Barbary Billedulgerid Aegygt and Sarra the Aethi pian in the greatest part of Aethiopia The Language of the Negro's which is different and hath divers Idioms Their Religions in Africa are for the most part Idolatrous as Paganism and Mahometanism though there are also mixed amongst them vast numbers of Jews and Christians of several sorts At this day Africa is possessed by five sorts of Religions viz. Christians Jews Caffers Idolaters and Mahumetans The Christians are partly Strangers and partly Natives whereof some are Slaves to the Turks and
particular Maps it dependeth upon the Degrees of a great Circle and the proportion of Miles in each Country to such a Degree which I have discoursed of in the Introduction Page 5. to which I refer you only take Notice That therefore I have made no Scales to the Maps for the Distance of any two places taken with your Compasses and applied either to the East or West-side of your Map which is the Scale of Latitude gives you the Number of Degrees that those two places are distant one from the other which multiplied by 73 gives you the Number of Geometrical or Italian Miles by 69 for English Statute Miles by 25 for French common Leives by 17½ for the Spanish Miles by 15 for the common German Dutch Denmark and Great Poland Miles by 10 for Hungarian Miles by 12 for Suedish Miles by 80 for the Muscovian Verstes or Vorest by 480 for the Grecian Stadia or 450 according to Mr. Greaves by 20 for the Persian Arabian and Egyptian Parasanga now called Farsach by 24 for the Mogul or Indian Cos according to Sanson by 250 for the Chinian Stades by 400 for the Ikins of Japan as for the Turks they have no distinction of their Ways by Miles nor Days by Hours Robert Morden AN Introduction TO GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY is a Science which Teacheth the Description and Dimension of all the Earth as it doth together with the Water compose that round Body which from its form is called the Orb or Globe of the Earth Describing the Scituations and Measuring the Distances of all its parts The Earth is placed in respect of the other Orbs or Stars of the Universe according to Ptolomy and Tycho in the Centre but according to Copernicus between the Orbs of Mars and Venus The Globe of the Earth is variously Described by Geographers into Lines and Parts which are either Real or Imaginary Real are such as agree to the Terrestrial Globe by Nature Imaginary are such as agree to it by vertue of our understanding The Real parts of the Terrestrial Globe are Earth and Water The Imaginary parts are certain Lines which are not materially but for the better understanding of this Science are supposed to be on the Earth These Lines are either Strait or Circular The Axis is a strait line passing through the midst or Center of the Earth which is the Diameter of the whole World the extream points or ends whereof are called the Poles upon which the Universe is supposed to move the one Point is called the Artick or North-Pole the other the Antartick or South-Pole The Circular Lines are divided into the greater and the lesser The greater Circles are such as divide the Globe into two equal parts and are three in Number Meridian Horizon Equator And these are either fixed as the Equator or movable with the mutation of places as the Meridian and Horizon The Meridian is a Circle drawn through the Poles of the Earth and the Vertical or Zenith point of our place crossing the Equator at right Angles cutting the Earth into two equal parts the one East the other West And is so called because when the Sun cometh to the Meridian of any place it is Noon or Mid-day infinite in Number because all places from East to West have several Meridians Among these one is of special Note and Use which Geographers call the first or Chief Meridian This first Meridian is that from which the Longitudes of places are reckoned and is variously placed by Geographers The Horizon is a Circle comprehending all that space of the Earth which is visible and distinguishing it from the rest which lyeth under and is invisible This Horizon is either Sensible or Rational The Sensible Horizon is that apparent Circle which divides the visible part of Heaven from the invisible extending it self into a strait line from the Superficies of the Earth every way round about that place you stand upon dividing the Heavens into two unequal parts which is designed out by the sight and is sometimes greater or lesser according to the condition of the place The Rational Horizon is a great Circle dividing that part of the Heavens which is above us from that part which is under us exactly into two equal parts passing through the Center of the Earth whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir By this Circle our Days and Nights are Measured and the divers Risings and Settings of the Sun Moon and Stars appear The Equator or Line under the Equinoctial is a great Circle encompassing the very middle of the Earth between the two Poles dividing it into two equal parts from North to South and it is divided as all great Circles are into 360 equal parts or degrees It is called Equator either because it is equally distant from the Poles of the World or rather because when the Sun comes to this Line which is twice in the Year viz. in its entrance into Aries which is about the 10th or 11th of March and again in Libra about the 12th or 13th of September he makes equality of Days and Nights throughout the World and from it are the Latitudes of places numbred either North or South The Lesser Circles or Lines are Named with particular Names as Tropicks and Polar Circles The Tropicks are parallel Circles to the Equator distant from it 23 Degrees and a half That on the North-side of the Equator is called the Tropick of Cancer where the Sun hath the greatest North declination and maketh our longest Day and shortest Night which is about the 11th or 12th of June The other on the South-side is called the Tropick of Capricorn in which point the Sun hath its greatest South declination making our shortest Day and longest Night which is about the 11th or 12th of December The Polar Circles are parallels compassing the Poles of the World at 23 Degrees and an half distance that about the North-pole is called the Artick Circle the other the Antartick Circle because opposite to it These Tropick and Polar Circles divide the Earth into five parts called by the Greeks Zones of these five Zones three were accounted by the Ancients to be so intemperate as to be uninhabitable one of them by reason of the Suns beams continually darting upon the same and this they called the Torrid Zone terminated by the Tropicks on each side The other two the one comprehended within the Artick Circle and the other compassed by the Antartick by reason of the extream Cold they thought uninhabitable as being so remote from the Suns Beams But only the remaining two were accounted Temperate and therefore Habitable the one lying between the Artick Circle and the Tropick of Cancer and the other between the Antartick and the Tropick of Capricorn Thus much of the General Geography The Special is that which setteth forth the Description of the Terrestrial Globe so far forth as 't is divided into distinct parts or places and is either 1. The Description of some great
such miles are exactly equal to a Degree I shall here note that no Country doth in all parts of its Territories make use of the same extent in measuring The Germans have their great little and ordinary miles the Leagues of France and Spain are of different lengths and so are the miles in our own Country The Earth as was said before is encompassed about with the Water which washing and surrounding the dry Land cuts out and shapes so many winding Bays Creeks and meandring Inlets and seems no where so much confined and penned as in the Straits of Magellan from whence again expatiating it spreads its self into two immense and almost boundless Oceans which give Terminaries to the four Regions of the Earth and extending it self round them all is but one continued Ocean The Water is either Ocean Seas Straits Creeks Lakes or Rivers The Ocean is a general Collection or Rendezvouz of all Waters The Sea is a part of the Ocean and is either exterior lying open to the shore as the British or Arabian Seas or interior lying within the Land to which you must pass through some Strait as the Mediterranean or Baltick Seas A Strait is a narrow part or Arm of the Ocean lying betwixt two Shores and opening a way into the Sea as the Straits of Gibralter the Hellespont c. A Creek is a small narrow part of the Sea that goeth up but a little way into the Land otherwise called a Bay a Station or Road for Ships A Lake is that which continually retains and keeps Water in it as the Lakes Nicurgua in America and Zaire in Africa A River is a small Branch of the Sea flowing into the Land courting the Banks whilst they their Arms display to embrace her silver waves Of the Names of the Ocean According to the four Quarters it had four Names From the East it was called the Eastern or Oriental Ocean from the West the Western or Occidental Ocean from the North the Northern or Septentrional and from the South the Southern or Meridional Ocean But besides these more general Names it hath other particular Appellations according to the Countries it boundeth upon and the Nature of the Sea As it lies extended towards the East it is called the Chinean Sea from the adjacent Country of China Towards the South 't is called Oceanus Indicus or the Indian Sea because upon it lies the Indians Where it touches the Coast of Persia it is called Mare Persicum So also Mare Arabicum from Arabia So towards the West is the Ethiopian Sea. Then the Atlantick Ocean from Atlas a Mountain or Promontory in Africa but more Westward near to America it is called by the Spaniards Mar del Nort and on the other side of America it is called Mar del Zur or Mare Pacificum Where it toucheth upon Spain it is called Oceanus Hispanicus by the English the Bay of Biscay The Sea between England and France is called the Channel between England and Ireland the Irish Sea Between England and Holland it is called by some the German or rather the British Ocean Beyond Scotland it is called Mare Caledonium higher towards the North it is called the Hyperborean or Frozen Sea more Eastward upon the Coast of Tartary the Tartarian Sea or Scythian Ocean c. The Names of the Inland Seas are 1. The Baltick Sea by the Dutch called the Oast Zee by the Inhabitants Die Belth lying between Denmark and Sweden the chief Entrance whereof is called the Sound 2. Pontus Euxinus or the Black Sea to which joyns Meâ—tis Palus now Mar de Zabacke The third is the Caspian or Hircanian Sea. The fourth is the Arabian Gulf Mare Erythaeum Mare Rubeum or the Red Sea. The fifth is the Persian Gulf or the Gulf de Elcatif The sixth is Mare Mediterraneum by the English the Straits by the Spaniards Mar de Levant the beginning or entrance of it is called the Straits of Gibralter rather Gibal-Tarif Now that all Places Cities Towns Seas Rivers Lakes c. may be readily found out upon the Globe or Map all Geographers do or should place them according to their Longitude and Latitude the use of which in the absolute sense is to make out the position of any Place in respect of the whole Globe or to shew the Scituation and distance of one place from and in respect of any other Longitude is the distance of a place from the first Meridian reckoned in the degrees of the Equator beginning by some at the Canaries by others at the Azores by reason of which Confusion I have made the Longitudes in this English Geography to begin from London and are reckoned Eastward and Westward according as they are situated from London on the top of the Map. And have also added the Longitude from the Tenerif round about the Globe of the Earth at the bottom of the Map as usually in the Dutch Maps that so you may by inspection only see the Truth or Error if you compare them with the Tables or Maps formerly Extant The Latitude of a place is the distance of the Equator from that place reckoned in the degrees of the great Meridian and is either North or South according as it lies between the North and South-Poles of the Equator EVROPE is divided into these Kingdoms or Estates  Cities Modern Cities Old. Northwards The Isles of Great Britain or England Scotland Wales and Ireland c. London Londinium Edinburgh Alata Castra Welshpool Trillinum Dublin Eblana Scandinavia contains the Kingdoms of Denmark Norway Sweden Copenhagen Haphnia Berghen Bergae Stockholm Holmia The several Kingdoms of Russia or Moscovia L'Arcangel Archangelopolis Moskow Moscha The Estates of the Kingdom of Poland Cracow and Cracovia Dantzick Gedanum In the Middle The Northern Estates of Turkie in Europe Tartaria Europa Walachia Moldavia Transilvania Hungaria Caffa Theodosia Tarvis Targoviscum Jassy Jassium Weissemburg Alba Julia Buda Sicambia The Empire of Germany Vienna Ala Flaviana The Estates or Republicks of Switzerland 7Vnited Provinces 10 Spanish Provinc Zurick Tigurium Amsterdam Amsterodamum Antwerpen Andoverpum Kingdom or 12 Gover. of France Paris Lutetia Southwards Kingdoms Principal of Spain Madrid Madritum The Kingdom of Portugal Lisbon Olysippo Estates of the Duke of Savoy c. Chambery Cameriacum Kingdoms and Estates in Italy Rome Roma The Kingdom and Isle of Sicily Messina Messana The Southern Estates of Turkie in Europe Sclavonia Croatia Dalmatia Ragusa Bosnia Servia Bulgaria Romania Zagrab Sisopa Vihitz Vihitza Zara Jadera Ragusa Epidaurus Bosna Serai Jayeza Belgrade Alba Graeca Sophia Sardica Constantinople Byzantium The Estates of Greece Athini Athaenae The Islands of Negropont Candia Sardinia c. Negropont Eubaea Candia Matium Cagliari Calaris Of Europe EVROPE by Robt. Morden EVROPE one of the four great Parts of the World is also the most considerable in Respect of the Beauty of her Kingdoms and Commonwealths the Politeness of her Inhabitants the Excellent Government of her Cities as also in Regard
Catholick and are most strict to the Rites of the Roman Church and of the Faith and Doctrine therein professed the Inquisition being introduced against all other beliefs only there are some Churches in Toledo where the Mus Arabic Office is used The Language is not the same in all places in some parts it hath a mixture of the French in Granado and part of Andaluzia it partakes much of the Moorish In other parts there is the Gothish Arabick and old Spanish but that which is common to them all is the Vulgar Spanish or Castilian which hath much affinity with the Latin and is said to be a brave lofty swelling Speech Their Civil and Imperial Laws generally used among them are inter-mixed with many Customs of the Goths the Edicts and Constitutions of their several Kings those of the Goths first committed unto writing and to order by Euricus first King of the Goths those of Castile digested by Ferdinand the Fifth into seven Books called Partidas which are read and disputed on in the publick Schools as well as the Decretals the Code the Pandects or any other part of Civil or Common Law. The Country is not very fertil in Corn or Cattel but where it is productive of the Fruits of Nature it yields to no part of Europe for Delight and Pleasure but for the most part it is either over-grown with Woods or cumbred with Rocky Mountains the Soil of a hot and Sandy Nature and deficient in Water their chief Food being Sallets and Fruits which appear in greater Ripeness and Perfection than in other places In Recompence of Corn and Flesh they have several Rich Commodities viz. Wines Oyls Sugar several Metals Rice Silk Licoras Honey Wax Saffron Anniseed Raisons Almonds Oranges Limons Cork Soap Anchovies Soda Barrellia Samack Wool Lambskins Tobacco c. besides the Gold and Silver which they bring out of America whereby they furnish themselves with those other Conveniences which they want In the year 1618 it was affirmed that since the first Discovery thereof by Columbus the Spaniard had drawn out of it above fifteen hundred and thirty six Millions of Gold of which the European Merchants share the greatest part And their Necessity of Purchasing Foreign Commodities empties their Purses and their getting of this Gold and Silver depopulates and weakens the Country The Horses of this Country are in general Esteem but those of Andaluzia more than the rest however they Travel upon Mules and Asses by reason of the roughness of the Mountains Here lived in ancient times the Giants Geryon and Cacus overcome by Hercules Seneca the Tragedian and Seneca the Philosopher Quintilian the Orator Lucian and Martial Pomponius Mela the Geographer Fulgentius and Isidore Bishops Arius Montanus Osorius Tostatus Masius For Soldiers it had Theodosius the Great Barnard del Carpio Cid Rues Dias Sancho of Navarr Ferdinand the Catholick and Charles the Emperor The Mountains of Spain may be distinguished into six greater Ridges continued and knit together and whereof the rest are parts The first are the Pyrenei Montes Strab. Mons Pyrenaeus Plin. Pyrene Ptol. Los Montes Pyreneus Hisp Les Montes Pyrenees Gal. Monti Pyrenei Ital. extending from the Cantabrian Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea once the Bounds between France and Spain which in several places have divers Names which we shall not here mention The second are the Idubeda of Strab. Mela. Ptol. aliis the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Seld. extending from the Pyrenes near the Springs of the River Ebro Southwards towards the Levant Sea having divers Names in several places A third Row of Mountains are coasting all along the Shore of the Cantabrian Ocean the Juga Asturum Plin. a more eminent top hereof is the Mountain St. Adrian from whose top Vasaeus Brugensis saith he saw both the Cantabrian and Mediterranean Seas now Sierra d'las Asturias Monte d'Oca Vill. Sierra d'Oviedo Coquo Vindius Mons Ptol. A fourth Ridg or Branch of Mountains are the Orospeda of Strab. the Ortospeda of Ptol. which at Alcaraz part into two Branches the one tending towards Murcia and the Levant Sea. The other passing through Granada ends at the Strait of Gibralter the Extreme Point whereof was called Calpe One of the two Famous Pillars of Hercules opposite to which on the African side of the Straits was the Mountain Abila the other Pillar the narrow Sea between was from hence called Fretum Herculeum now the Straits of Gibralter Out of the Orospeda about the Town of Alcaraz brancheth the fifth Ridg of the Mountain called Sierra Morena running along the River Guadalquiver until it ends at the Atlantique Ocean The Mons Marianus of Ptol. and the Saltus Castulonensis of Caesar The Scene of the Warlike Exploits of Don Quixot de la Mancha The sixth Branch begins about the Springs of the Duero and keeping the River Taio upon the left-side parteth New Castile from the Old and divides Portugal into two parts ending at the Town Sintra some 30 miles from Lisbon Some Authors reckon this the Idubeda Branch But we find not any known Name new or ancient only part hereof in Castile was by Pliny called Juga Carpetanta and part of it in Portugal Lunoe Mons by Ptol. The chief of its New Names are Sierra de Tornas Vaccas Montas d'Avela Sierra Molina The Principal Rivers of Spain the Duero Durius Plin. very full of Fish The Tagus Strab. now Taio Renowned for its Golden Sand. The Guadiana Anas Strab. which they say runs under Ground The Gualdalquiver Baetis Strab. the deepest of all The Ebro Iberus Strab. famous by its Name They all of them have their Sources in Castile but are not so Navigable as those in France The Guadiana has given occasion to the Spaniards to say that they have the Richest Bridge in the World upon which generally feed above 10000 Sheep and over which a good Army may March in Battel-array The Ancients may have seem'd to have called this River very properly Anas by reason it dives into the Earth and rises out again as a Duck does in the Water Some of the Moderns say that they are certain Mountains that swallow up this River Others affirm that it only falls into the Dikes and Graffs which the Country People make to Water the Country which is very Barren however this is certain that this running under Ground happens to be near the Springs of Guadiana and not towards Merida as marked down in the Old Maps To say truth this is one of the three Miracles of Spain of which the two others are a City encompassed in fire that is with Walls of Flint-stones as Madrid and a Bridg over which the Water runs as is the Aquaduct of Segovia The Cities of this Kingdom have their Names from their Excellency Sevil the Merchandizing Granada the Great Valencia the Fair Barcelona the Rich Saragossa the Contented Valadolid the Gentile Toledo the Ancient Madrid the Royal. It comprehends 8 Arch-Bishopricks and 45 Bishopricks The Arch-Bishopricks are
Badia teste Zardo now Livadio or Libadia Wheeler and gives name to all Achaia The Christians have here four Churches and the Turks five Moschs Their Trade is in Woollen Stuffs and Rice and near it is the Trophonian Cave and Grove where was an Oracle given by Jupiter 4. Ascraea the Birth-place of Hesiod 5. Chaerona that of Plutarch 6. Granitza a Bishoprick 7. Coronaea the same or near to Dymnia i. e. two Months because Corn is sowed ripe and reaped in that time teste Wheeler Here were the Coronaei Agri where the Games Pambriotia were Celebrated 8. Alalcomene probably now St. Georgio where is a Convent and two Churches 9. Thespia now Neocorio hence Musae Thespiades 10. Platea now said to be called Cocla in whose Plain was Mardonius slain and 160000 Persians and of the Grecians but 699. 11. Leuctra betwixt Thespia and Platea now Parapagia in whose Plains the Thebans overthrew the Spartans some of whom had ravished Scedasus Daughters 12. Thisbae now Rimo Castri it hath now about 100 Cottages of Greeks and Albaneses 13. Tanagra of old Graea Paemandria now Scamino its Ruins are large it hath about 200 Houses and many Greek Churches 't is situate near Mount Cerycius on the River Asopus that divides Attica and Baeotia over against Oropus It s chief Lakes are 1. The Lake of Livadia formerly called Copais Cephisis about forty miles in compass The Streams and Torrents that fall into it would drown all Baeotia but for the Subterraneous Channels the Wonders of Art and Nature that suck in the water and convey it into the Aegean Sea These Subterraneous Catabathra are about fifty in all 2. The Helica Palus now Lake Thives It s chief Rivers are Asopus now Scamino and Cephissus River It s chief Mountains were 1. Helicon a Poetis decantatissimus Musis Sacer by the Inhabitants called Eialia now Zagara Wheel 2. Cithaeron Mons Musis Sacer now Elatea Mons teste Wheel Chief Places in Aetolia are Lepanto Naupactus Ptol. Neopactus Cic. Naupactum Plin. Lepanti Gallis Epactos Graecis Einebachri Turcis teste Leonc An Archiepiscopal City now built from the Sea-shore to the top of a high Conical Mountain having four Ranges of Walls before the Castle which is seated on the top of the Mountain It s Harbour is narrow at its Entrance and shallow where 't is said the famous Cosair Durack Bey Basha of Candia resided In the year 1408. it was subject to the Emperour of Constantinople but the Emperor Emanuel gave it to the Venetians who so fortified it that in the year 1475. it destroyed 30000 Turks and the Army forced to raise the Siege but Bajazet the Second with an Army of 150000 attacked it by Sea and Land and brought it to a most deplorable estate and took it from them 1499. But in the year 1687. it was retaken by Generalissimo Morosini The Trade is Leather Oyl Tobacco Rice Barly Wheat Furs c. Near this Town was that famous Sea-fight betwixt the Venetians and the Turks where 29000 Turks were killed 4000 taken Prisoners with 140 Gallies and 1200 Christian Captives redeemed 1571. At the Entrance of this Gulf of Lepanto by the Ancients Sinus Crisaeus Sinus Corinthiacus Mare Alcyonum said to be 100 miles in length are two Castles called also the Dardanelles of Lepanto not far from the Promontaries Rhium Antirrhium Capo S. Andrea Baud. rather C. Antirio Other places in Aetolia are Calydon with its Forest where Meliagar slew the wild Boar now Aiton teste Cyriaco rather Gallata Wheel Here the River Evenus over which the Centaur Nessus carried Hercules Wife Dejaneira to have ravished her Also the River Achelous much Fabled by the Poets The Aetolians were a turbulent and unruly people Chief places in Locris are Amphissa Lambina teste Nigro Anfisa Baud. Salona Wheel once the chief place of the Locrii Ozelorum seated now on a Rock under a Mountain that joyns Mount Corax and Parnassus Musis Sacer apud Poetas Parnaso Liacura teste Soph. Licoura Wheel The Turks have here seven Moschs and the Greeks six Churches whole Bishop is under the Arch-Bishop of Athens They Trade with Tobacco and Cottons Turcochoreo thought to be the ancient Lilaea is seated near the River Cephisus in the middle of a Plain between Mount Oeta and the Thermopylae famous for King Leonidas defence said to be a Town of the Locii Epicnemides so called from the Mount and Town Cnemides Thalanda on the South-side of the River Platanius a Bishoprick and large Town by the Ruins of Churches and Towers a mile out of Town it seems to be the City Opus hence Locrii Opuntii Sinus Opuntius Drepanum Molycrium Strab. Ptol. Trapani Nigro now Capo di Pratras Chief Places in Phocis are Delphos or Delphi Salona Nigro Castri Soph. Wheel once famous for the Oracle of Apollo who delivered his sayings in Amphiboli's and dark Sentences whereby he deceived his Devotee's as Crassus and Pyrrhus seated it was on the middle of the South-side of the Mount Parnassus where Ducalion and Pyrrha swed themselves 2. Daulis now Dalia noted for King Tereus who ravished Philomela 3. Cirrha Plin. Liv. Cyrrha Ptol. Aspropiti Zardo Nardo now Tramochi Wheeler 4. Anticyrrha Ptol. Anticyra Paus famous of old for its Helebore now in Ruins near to the Asprospiti Sinus 5. Pythia the Navil of the World remarkable for the Assembly of the Amphictymes that condemned the Phocians for Sacriledg Chief Places in Megaris are Megara seated in a Valley towards the Gulph of Engia once comprehending two Rocks now but one having three or four Cottages of Greeks much infested with Pyrates famous once for the Secta Megarica of Euelid and for the Fable of King Nyssa's Purple Hair. 2. Towards the Harbour Minoa is the ruined Fortress Nicaea and the Dodeca Ecclesia West are the Scironides Rupes now Kakiscalia or Bad Bay and the ancient Cromium the Bounds between Attica and Peloponnesus Peloponnesus now Morâ—a is the most Famous Peninsula in the World Bounded with the Sea only where it joyneth to Greece by an Istmus of six miles in breadth very Momorable for the Fruitless Design of divers Kings and Emperors to cut it through and to make a perfect Island of it and for the Isthmian Games instituted by Theseus and for the Wall or Hexameli built by the Emperor Emanuel 1413. demolished by Amurath the Second 1424 1463. rebuilt by the Venetians in 15 days with 136 Towers A Country it was once abounding with all things as well for the Delicacy and Contentment as Necessary for the Life of Man and for the bigness of it none in the World hath suffered in the Ruin of so many brave and stately Cities yet the best Inhabited of all Greece being well Seated with Ports and Havens on all sides of it This pleasant part of Greece has not always had the name of Morea as 't is now called Strabo saith that it was once called Argo or Argos from
spent 12000 Talents or 7 Millions of Crowns Then did the Altar smoke with Incense and the Doctor was offered up in Sacrifice and the dead Corps worshipped as a Deity It is a great City without Walls thought to be the Rages in Tobit the best half of it is in Gardens seated in a large and fair Plain 30 Miles in compass Here dyed Sir Robert Shirley and Sir Dodmore Cotton the Ambassador who went for Persia Anno 1626. having no gilded Trophies to adorn their Sepulchres only their Virtues which will out-last those bubbles of Vanity Here also dyed Abbas the Persian Monarch in the Year 1628. Sauvay Herb. Saba de Val. a City pleasantly seated upon a rising Hill in a fruitful Country much delightful for aerial Musick especially the Nightingale A Thousand warbling Notes their Throats displays Which their sweet Musick chants as many ways About 11 Leagues from Tauris is a Lake about 15 Leagues compass in the middle of which is a little Hill that rises insensibly out of which there bubble out many little Springs and the Earth which they water is of two strange distinct qualities for one sort serves to make Lime the next to that is a hollow spungy Stone and under that is a white transparent Stone which is only a Congelation of the Waters of these Streams for somtimes you shall meet with creeping Animals congealed therein for one piece sent to Sha Abbas Tavernier offered 15000 Crowns in which was a Lizard about a Foot long Ardevil is not only famous for the Royal Sepulchres of Sha Sefi and other Persian Kings and for the Pilgrimages that are made to it but also for numerous Caravans of Silk which render it one of the most considerable Cities in Persia It is of a moderate bigness seated in a lovely opening of the Mountains the Avenues of it are very pleasant being Alleys of great Trees and is watered with a River that runs thorow the middle of the City Sultany Tigranocerta Tigranopolis and Tigranopetra teste Appiano Sultania Jovio Saua Bonacciolo Bitlis Baud. is a very large City and if you will believe the Armenians they will tell you that there were once near 800 Churches in it Kom Coom Herb. Gauna Arbacta or Coama of old by some Hecatompolis is one of the great Cities of Persia in a fat Country abounding with Rice and excellent Granates that which is most remarkable is a large Mosque where are the Sepulchres of Sha Sefi and Sha Abbas the Second the Tomb of Sedi Fatima the Grand-Daughter of Hali and the Tomb of Fatima Zubra the Daughter of Mahomet Caschan is also a large City and well peopled stored with Silk-weavers which make the best purfled Satins mix'd with Gold and Silver The Houses are fairly built The Mosques and Baths are in their Cupoloes curiously caerulcated with a feigned Torquoise The Buzzar is spacious and uniform The Caravansera is the most stately Fabrick of that kind in Persia Bakuy gives its Name to the Caspian Sea and near to it there is a Spring of Oil which serves all over Persia to burn in Lamps Kirman towards the Ocean affords very fine Steel of which they make Weapons very highly priz'd For a Scymiter of that Steel will cut through an Helmet with an easie Blow Ormus formerly bore the Title of a Kingdom As to the Name it was called Organo and Gera by Verrerius Necrokin by B. Jonas Zamrhi by the Tartars Vorocta by Niger Ormusia by Josephus Omiza Pliny Amozon Ptol. Ogyris Theuetus Curtius and Rufus Ternia Strabo where Prince Erythaeus was buried from whom Mare Rubrum had its denomination The Island is about 15 Miles in compass subject to such excessive heats that it produces nothing considerable but Salt and is two good Leagues from the firm Land. There is not a drop of fresh Water in it but what is carried thither In the Year 1507. it was reduced under the Crown of Portugal by Alphonso d'Albuquerque The fair and delicate situation of Ormus for Trade and Commerce as it was the Staple and Glory of the Eastern World has occasioned some to say That if the World were a Ring Ormus was to be the Jewel In the Year 1622. Sha Abbas took it by the assistance of the English commanded by Capt. Weddal and then translated the Trade to Gombron which he called by his own Name Bender Abassi The Portugals lost about 6 or 7 Millions at the taking of the Town Gombrou or Gomrou Hacand Osâ—r since the Fall of Ormus is become a City of great Commerce guarded with two Castles in which are planted 80 pieces of brass Ordnance The Air is so hot and unwholsom that no Strangers can live there above 3 or 4 Months in the Year but for 6 or 7 Months are forced to retire up in the Mountains 2 or 3 days Journy off About 3 Miles from Gombrou is the famous Bannyan Tree of as great Repute as the Idol Oak to our Druidae of old Now all Nations that traffick upon the Indian Seas and Land Caravans carry Commodities thither and bring from thence Velvets Taffaties Raw Silk and other Persian Commodities So that now Ormus is ruined and may well be called Ormah or destruction Baharem upon the Coast of Arabia is the ancient Tylos yet belonging to Persia it is an Island famous for its Springs of fresh Water at the bottom of the Sea For its Pearl Fishery where are found the clearest biggest and roundest in all the Levant The Air is so unwholsom and so hot that no Strangers can live there unless it be in December January and March for the Wind is so sultry and stifling that it suffocates and kills them presently and somtimes 't is so hot that it burns like Lightning But at Bander Congo the Air is good and the Soil and the Water excellent only the Passage for Ships is dangerous and therefore not so much traded to as the other The City Candahur is the chief of one of the conquered Provinces of Persia Sha Abbas left the possession of it to Sha Sefi in whose time Alimerdenkan delivered it up to the Great Mogul But Sha Abbas the Second took it in the Year 1650 under whose power it still remains At Caramon-Shashoon of old Counstia was decided that Famous Contest for the Persian Crown 'twixt Artaxerxes and Cyrus Of Asiatick Tartaria A New Description of TARTARIE by Robt. Morden THis is the Vastest Region of our Continent in Bigness it equals all Europe and contains all those great and spacious Provinces which the Ancients called Seres Scythia extra Imaum Scythia intra Imaum Sucae Sogdiana and the greatest part of Sarmatia Asiatica extending itself the whole length of Asia If we look back to their Original we shall find that they were of all other the most Antient people patient in Labours fierce in War and strong of Body their Flocks and Herds their greatest wealth Silver and Gold they contemned as much as others coveted it Meum and Tuum
of Physical Drugs especially of Aloes called in Spain Semper vivum Sanguis Draconum Here John the Castro for many days found it high Water at the Moons Rising and low Water when the Moon was Highest Of the AFRICAN Islands IN the Occidental or Atlantick Ocean and not far from Africa we find three different Bodies of Islands and each very considerable viz. the Azores the Canaries and Cape Verde Islands The Isles of AZORES The Isles of AZORES by Rob t Morden Of the AZORES THE Azores are situate betwixt the thirty seventh and forty sixth Degree of Northern Latitude and are nine in number Saint Michael Saint Maries which lies next to Spain Tercera on the North-West then Saint Graciosa Saint Georges Faial and Pico in the middle Câ—ruo and Flores nearest to America Saint Michael directly North of Saint Maries is the largest and of most note among Modern Geographers for the place of the first Meridian about which you may see more in my use of the Globes Tercera is the chief of the rest in regard of its strength of its commodious Haven and well fortified Town Angra the Residence of the Governor and Arch-bishops Sea it is esteemed the Principal of these Islands and communicates its Name unto them the Air of these Islands is generally good They are well stored with Flesh Fish and Fruits but the Wines not very good nor durable The chief Commodities they transport unto other Countries are singing Birds Oad for Dyers which yearly they gather in two places called Los Folhadores and los Altares and a sort of Wood red within and waved admirable beautiful I suppose the same Workmen call Princes Wood. The Isle Tercera is as well fenced by Nature and strengthened by Art as most Islands in the World being every where hard of access having no good Harbor wherein to shelter a Navy and upon every Cove or Watering Place a Fort erected to forbid the approach of an Enemy yet the Marquess of Sancta Cruz after he had shewed himself in the Road of Angra to Emanuel de Sylva and Mons de Chattes who kept it for the use of Don Antonio with five or six thousand Men set Sail suddenly and arrived at Port des Moles and there wan a Fort and landed before Mons Chattes could come to hinder him The difficult landing of our English at Fayal in the year 1597 under the Conduct of Sir W. Rawleigh was as valorously performed as honorably and bravely enterprised but was more of Reputation than Safety These Islands were first discovered by the Flemings but subdued by the Portugals under the conduct of Prince Henry in the year 1414. The CANARIE or FORTVNATE Ilands by Rt. Morden THE Canary Islands are now in number seven by the Antients call'd Insulae fortunatae and by Pliny Ombrio Iunonia Major Iunonia Minor or Theode Canaria Nivaria Capraria Plavialea By Ptolomy they were styled Aprosita Herae Insulae Canaria Pinturia or Conturia Casperia Pluitania or Pluitalia first discovered 1346. But now better known by the names of Lancerota Forteuentura Canaria Teneriffe Palma Ferro and Gomera Lancerota or the inaccessible and enchanted Island because of the difficulty sometimes to make it more than at other times It was the first of these Islands that was made subject to the Crown of Castile discovered 1393. In Forteuentura are said to be the Tarhais trees which bear a Gum of which there is made pure white Salt the Palm tree which bears Dates Olive-trees Mastick-trees and a Fig-tree from which they have a Balm as white as Milk and of great Virtue in Physick Canary Island is exceeding fruitful and the Soil so fertile that they have two Harvests in one Year its Commodities are Hony Wax Sugar Oad Wine and Plantons which bear an Apple like a Cucumber which when ripe eats more deliciously than any Comfit Teneriffe is famous for its high Pike said to be the highest Mountain in the World for its Laurel-trees where the Canary Birds warble their pleasant Notes and for its Dragon-trees out of which they draw a red Liquor well known to Apothecaries by the name of Dragons blood and for its yearly export of twenty thousand Tuns of the most excellent Wine which the World produces Palma abounds in Corn Wines and Sugars and all sorts of Fruits well stored with Cattel therefore the Victualling place of the Spanish Fleet that passeth to Peru and Brasil Fero Isle is famous for a Tree whose Leaves distil Water which serves the Island it would be too tedious for me here to relate the different Relations of Writers about this Island I shall therefore only mention some few One Nichols who had been seven years Factor there saith there is no Fresh Water in the Island only in the middle of the Isle there grows a Tree which being always covered with Clouds drops from its Leaves into a Cistern very good Water and in great abundance One Jackson an English man affirms that the Tree hath neither Flowers nor Fruit that it dries up in the Day that at Night a Cloud hangs over the Tree and distils its Water drop by drop and fills a Reserver of twenty thousand Tuns Jans in his Hydography saith it very rarely rains in the Island Linschot saith there is no fresh Water except about the Sea Coast but this defect is supplied by the Tree In the History of the Conquest of these Islands 't is said that this Island hath great plenty of water and Rain often and in the higher Countries are Trees which drop Water pure and clear which falls into a Ditch the best in the World to drink Ferdinand Suarez saith That this Tree bears a Fruit like an Acorn of a pleasant and aromatick taste and that the Pond or Cistern contains not twenty Tuns Sanutus saith the Cloud begins to rise about Noon and in the Evening quite covereth the Tree Others say that this Water falls from Noon all Night Others will have the Cloud always about the Tree and that its distillation is continually now how to reconcile all these different Relaters in a Verdict of Truth I must leave to the Readers Experience or the more certain informations of time These Canaries are often times the Rendevouz of the Spanish West India Fleet where they receive Orders to what part of Spain they shall make in order to the unlading of their Wealth Madera or Isle of Wood sixty Leagues in compass in the Atlantick Sea and to the North of the Canaries belongs to the Crown of Portugal The Air is very wholesome many Fountains and Rivers refresh the Country so that it is not subject to excessive heats it is called the Queen of the Islands because of its Beauty and the Fertility of the Soil which produces excellent Wine strong and racy and in great abundance for the Vines bear more Clusters than Leaves It bears delicate Fruits excellent Wheat and delicious Sugar the best in the World it affords great store of Quinces and other Sweetmeats Dragons
integrating part of the Earth 2. Or of some one Region and so it is properly called Chorography 3. Or of some particular place in a Region or Country which is Topography According to the greater integrating parts thereof the Ancients divided the whole Earth into three great parts viz. Europe Asia and Africa to which is now added a fourth viz. America these are again divided into Provinces Countries Kingdoms c. And each of these are again subdivided into Earldoms Baronies Lordships c. These three kind or parts make up the perfect Subject of Geography Again every part and place of the Earth is considered in its self or according to its Adjuncts and so it is either Continent or Island A Continent is a great quantity of Land in which many great Kingdoms and Countries are conjoyned together and not separated one from another by any Sea as Europe Asia c. An Island is a part of the Earth compassed and environed round about with Water as Great Britain and Ireland These again are observable parts both of Continents and Islands viz. Peninsula Isthmus Promontorium Peninsula quasi pene Insula is a part of Land which being almost environed and encompassed round with Water is yet joyned to the firm Land by some little Isthmus as Africa is joyned to Asia or Morea to Greece An Isthmus is a narrow neck of Land betwixt two Seas joyning the Peninsula to the Continent as that of Darien in America or Corinth in Greece A Promontory is a high Hill or Mountain lying out as an elbow of Land into the Sea the utmost end of which is called a Cape as the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Verde The Adjuncts of a place are either such as respect the Earth it self or the Heavens Those that agree to a place in respect of the Earth are three in number viz. the Magnitude or Extent of a Country the Bounds or Limits the Quality The Magnitude comprehends the length and breadth of a place The Bounds of a Country is a Line terminating it round about distinguishing it from the bordering Lands or Waters The Quality of a place is the Natural Temper and Disposition thereof A Place in regard of the Heavens is either East West North or South Those places are properly East which lie in the Eastern Hemisphere terminated by the first Meridian or where the Sun riseth Those are West which lye Westerly of the said Meridian or towards the setting of the Sun. Those places are properly North which lie betwixt the Equator and Artick-Pole Those South which are betwixt the Equator and the Antartick Pole. The Ancients did also distinguish the Inhabitants of the Earth from the diversity of shadows of Bodies into three sorts viz. Periscii Heteroscii and Amphiscii the Inhabitants of the Frigid Zone if any such are were termed Periscii because the shadow of Bodies have there a Circular motion in 24 hours the Sun neither rising nor setting but in a greater portion of time The Inhabitants of the Temperate Zones they called Heteroscii because the Meridian shadows bend towards either Pole towards the North among those that dwell within the Tropick of Cancer and the Artick Circle towards the South amongst those that dwell within the Tropick of Capricorn and the Antartick Circle The Inhabitants of the Torrid Zone they called Amphiscii because the Noon or Mid-day shadow according to the time of Year doth sometimes fall towards the North sometimes towards the South when the Sun is in the Northern Signs it falleth towards the South and towards the North when in the Southern Signs And because of the different site of opposite Habitations the Ancients have divided the Inhabitants of the Earth into Periaeci Antaeci and Antipodes The Periaeci are such as live under the same parallel being equally distant from the Equator but in opposite points of the same parallel The Antaeci are such as have the same Meridian and parallel equally distant from the Equator but the one North and the other South The Antipodes are such as Inhabit two places of the Earth which are Diametrically opposite one to the other The Ancients did also divide the Earth into Climates and Parallels A Climate is a space of Earth comprehended betwixt any two places whose longest day differ in quantity half an hour A Parallel is a space of Earth wherein the days increase in length a quarter of an hour so that every Climate contains two Parallels These Climates and Parallels are not of equal quantity for the first is longer than the second and the second likewise greater than the third c. At the Latitude where the longest days are increased half an hour longer than at the Equator viz. longer than 12 hours The first Climate begins which is at the Latitude of 8 degrees 34 minutes and in the Latitude of 16 degrees 43 minutes where the days are increased an hour longer than at the Equator The second Climate begins and so onwards But because the Ancients and also Ptolomy supposed that part of the Earth which lies under the Equator to be inhabitable therefore they placed the first Climate at the Latitude of 12 degrees 43 minutes where the longest day is 12 hours ¾ long and the second Climate to begin at the Latitude of 20 degrees 34 minutes where the longest day is 13 hours and ¼ long c. 'T is needless indeed to take any more notice of them than thus much only that they that describe the Situation of places by Climes and Parallels had as good say nothing The Terraqueous Globe is but an Imaginary point compared to the vast expansion of the Universe though of it self of great Magnitude for Geographers divide it into 360 parts or degrees and each degree into 60 minutes which are so many Italian Miles so that the Circumference thereof is 21600 miles and the Diameter or Axis is 6875 miles and its Superficies in square miles is Reckoned to amount to 148510584 of the same measure 'T is a common Opinion that 5 of our English feet make a Geometrical pace 1000 of these paces make an Italian mile and 60 of these miles in any great Circle upon the Spherical surface of the Earth or Sea make a degree so that a degree of the Heavens contains upon the surface of the Earth according to this account 60 Italian miles 20 French or Dutch Leagues 15 German miles 17 ½ Spanish Leagues But according to several Experiments made the quantity of a degree is thus variously found to be By Albazard the Arabian 73 by Fernilius 68 by Withrordus 70 by Gassendus 73 by Picard 73 Italian miles and by Norwood 69 ½ English miles which is much as the same of 73 Italian miles and is the nearest measure yet found by these Experiments to answer to a degree of the Heavens so that the circumference of the Earth then is 26280 miles the Diameter 8365 and 184 parts Or supposing 1000 paces or 5000 English Feet to a mile then 73
situate on the Mouth of the River Don and dignified with an Episcopal See and a University Aberdonia olim Devana 9. Coldingham Coldana Beda Colania Ptol. famous for its choice Nuns Peblis and Selkirk are Sherifdoms for the Vallies Jedburg and Roxburg are Sherifdoms the last fatal to the Scots by the death of King James the second slain in that siege by the English Annan and Castle-Maban are the two chief Towns near Solway Frith the Ituna Aestivariam of the Ancients Abercon gives title of Earldom to the Duke Hamilton Dunbar Bara Ptol. or Vara. Dumbarum is memorable for the Battel of 1650 Sept. 23. Dunfreis is a rich and well traded Emporie upon the River Nith Nobius of Ptol. and at the mouth is Caerlaverâ—ck Castle Corâ—antorigum of old was the House of the Lord Maxwels Higher up the River is Morton naming the Earls Morton of the Name of Douglas Higher is Sanghuar-Castle whereof are intitled the Lord Sanghuer of the House or Name of the Creichtons A little remote from the River is seated Glencarne the Earls whereof are of the House of the Cuninghams Kircoubright is a commodious Haven Wighton a Sherifdom Whithern is the Leucopibia of Ptol. and Candida Casa of Beda Bargeny is the Berigonium of Ant. Cassil Cast the Seat of the Earls of the House of the Kennedyes Air is a Sherifdom and a noted Port and Empory Jiâ—win a small Port. Eglington-Castle gives the Title to the Montgomeries Douglas upon the River Douglas in Douglas-Dale names the ancient and Noble Families of the Douglasses Lanric Lanarcum a Sherifdom at the Confluence of the Douglas and Cluyd Hamilton Castle upon the Cluyd the Clata or Glota of Ptol. naming the House and Marquesses of Hamilton Bothwel an Earldom upon the Cluyd as is also Crawford of the Clune of Lindley Renfrew Vanduara is a Sherifdom and Barony Hereditary to the Lord Sempits Dunblane a Bishops See upon the Taich Lower down at the mouth of the Fâ—ith of Ferth lie the Sherifdoms of Clackmannan and Kinros Aberneth Victaria at the fall of the River Ern into the Tay was the chief Seat of the Kings of Picts Arrol upon the Tay the Seat of the Earls of Arrol Athol was sometimes part of the Calidonian Wood strong Fastnesses of Picts and Northern Britons Forfar Orrhea of old is the Seat of the Sherifs Dundee Alectum Dei Donum a rich and noted Port at the mouth of the Tay. Brechin upon the Eske is a Bishops See. Montross gives name to the Earls of Montross Dunnotyr-Castle in Mern seated upon a steep and inaccessible Rock is the Seat of the Sherif Between Loquabuir and Marr riseth the high Country of Badgenoth In Buquhan lie the small Countries and Prefectâ—res of Bamfsraithâ—ogye and Boyn places of Note in Murray are Rothes Castle giving Names to the Earls of Rothes Elgin Forres Nirn are Sherifdoms about the Lake Ness and part of the M. Grampius of Tac. extending to the Lake Lomond In Rosse is the Country of Ardmeanuch which giveth Title to the second Sons of the Kings of Scotland Châ—nâ—ury is the seat of the Bishop Cromerty is a Sherifd m. Dun Robin Castle the seat sometimes of the Earls of Sunderland Rosmarcheum of old Girnego Castle the seat of the Earls of Cathenes Durâ— ck and Wick the seats of the Bishops Vara or Varar Aestuarium is Murry-â—rth In this Realm of Scotland there are two Famous and Wonderful Loughs Nessa and Lomond the first never freezeth in the extreamest Cold and the Waters of the second rage in the calmest Weather The Islands adjacent and belonging to Scotland are 1. The Hâ—brides lying on the West-side thereof and are 44 in Number the chief whereof are Illa Jona Mula Lewis c. Plentiful of Wood Corn Salmons Herrings Conies Deer Sheep in some with in others without Owners 2. The Orcades of Tac. or the Islands of Orkney in Number 31 lying from the North and North-East point of Scotland The greatest and chiefest Island is now called Mainland formerly Pomâ—nia well stored with Lead and Tin whose Chief Town is Kirkwall fortified with two Castles and dignified with the See of a Bishop the Inhabitants commonly called Red-shanks 3. Shotland Islands or Schetland the Thule or Thyle of the Ancients lying about 20 Leagues Northwards from the Orkney being many in Number the chief of which is called Shotland being about 60 miles in length The Inhabitants are partly Scots and partly a mixt People of Danes and Scots Their Commodities are Ling and Cod. Towards North Barwick near the shore lyeth Bas Island which appears to be a High craggy Rock and is Remarkable for the great number of Soland-Geese by some called Barnacles and vulgarly thought to be ingendred by the Fruit of certain Trees dropt into the Water But the Hollanders report that the Barnacles which they call Rot-Gausen are bred in the Northern parts and that they couple together lay and hatch their Eggs. And Gerard de Veeo in his third Navigation to Greenland affirms that with his Companions they have driven them from their Nests and taken and eaten of their Eggs. Besides Anatomy discovers in their bodies where the differences of Sexes do visibly appear the Males having all the same parts as the common Drakes and the Females having their Ovaria as other Birds Between the Islands of Orkney and Shotland lye two Islands one called Fair-Hill the other Fulo about ten Leagues one from the other Thus much in brief as to the Situation Length Breadth Division Fertility People Government Chief Towns and Islands of Scotland Of Ireland IRELAND By Rob. Morden THE first Inhabitants to omit the Fables of the Irish Chronicles upon probable Circumstances were the Britans together with the mixt Nations of the Goths Gauls Africans c. though most Geographers are of Opinion that its first People came wholly out of Britain being the nighest to it Ireland lyeth betwixt the 51 and 56 degrees of Northern Latitude or betwixt the middle parallel of the eighth Clime where the longest day hath 16 hours and a half and the 24th parallel or end of the 10th Clime where the same hath 17 hours and an half The first Inhabitants the Irish for more ancient we find not were by Ptolomy distinguished into sundry lesser People and Names The Rhobognii Darnii Voluntii Vennienii and Erdinii now containing Vlster The Auteri Gangani and Nagnatae inhabiting Câ—naught The Veliâ—ori Vterni Vodiae and Coriondi now Munster The Menapii Câ—uei Bâ—ii and Brigantes now Leinster whose Cities were Rhigia Rheba Macolicum Dunum Laberus Juernis Nagnata Regia altera Manapia Wexford and Eblana Dublin whose Interpretations unless the two last we let pass as very uncertain Towards the wain of the Roman Empire they are named Scots the occasion or reason hereof we find not subduing the neighbouring Picts and Caledonians and giving the Name of Scotland to the Northern part of the British Continent Leaving there this new affected name they lastly resume and return here unto
the adjacent Countries 3. Galloway the principal City of the Province of Connaught a Bishops ee and the third City of Ireland for Beauty Bigness and Strength Situate near the Fall of the great Lake or River Corbles in the Western Ocean a noted Emporie well Inhabited and of a good Trade by reason of its commodious Haven or Road for Ships 4. Limrick the second Principal of the Province of Munster and the fourth in Estimation of all Ir land Situate in an Island compassed about with the River Shannon well Fortified with a strong Castle a Bishops See and well frequented distant from the Main Ocean about 60 miles yet the River so large and Navigable that Ships of Burthen come up close to the very Wall. Beautified with a Cathedral Church and a fair Stone-Bridg 5. Kingsale upon the Mouth of the River Bany a Commodious Port being the only s fe and ready Port in all Ireland for our English Ships and others to Victual at and Refresh themselves when Bound for and returning from the West-Indies and other parts of the VVorld 6. Cork a Bishops See well Walled and fitted with a commodious Haven Inhabited by a W althy and Industrious People generally English the Shire-Town and the only Through-fare of all English Goods and Commodities s nt this way most commonly out of England for the two Remarkable Towns of â—imrick and Galloway Armagh Dublin Cassil and Tuam are the four Arch-Bishopricks VVicklow seated on the Sea whose Castle is a strong Rock Newcastle is guarded by its Sands Trim on the River Boyne Longford is the title of an Earldom Kildare a Bishops See much celebrated in the Infancy of the Irish Church for the Holy Virgin St. Brigid VVexford the Menapa of Ptol. seated at the mouth of the River Slane is a fair Town and a good Haven Inish Corthy is a Borough and Town Corporate Kilk nny on the Nure is a fair and wealthy Town and honoured with the See of the Bishop of Ossery London-Derry is a fair and well built Town Dunagan gives its name to the County St. Patricks Purgatory is a Vault or narrow Cave in the ground of which strange stories are reported by the Irish Cloghar dignified with the See of a Bishop Dungannon the ancient residence of the O-neals Antrim gives name to the County Knock-fergus or Carikfergus seated on a large Bay the Vinderius of Ptolomy not far from which once stood the famous Monastry of Magio so much commended by Bede Down and Conner are dignified with an Episcopal See. Tredath or Droghdagh with its good Haven is a well frequented Town Carlingfort is a well frequented Port-Town Owen Maugh the ancient Seat of the Kings of Vlster is near to Armagh the Arch-Bishoprick and Primate of all Ireland Craven is seated on the Lake Cane Kilmore on the Lake Navity Belturbet and Inish Killing on the Lake Earne Clare giveth Title to an Earldom Kylaloe is dignified with an Episcopal See near the Lake Derg on the Shannon Roscommon not far from Loegh Ree Elphen is honoured with the See of a Bishop Athlone on the Lake Ree under the Curlew Hills is defended by a Castle and beautified with a Stone-Bridge Letrim seated in a fertile soil near the L. Alyne Cassile is an Arch-Bishoprick by Eugenius the third Bishoâ— of Rome Holy Cross on the River Shoure once a place much frequented by Pilgrims The North part of Tipperary beareth the Name of Ormond and is Honoured in giving Title to James Butler Duke Marquess and Earl of Ormond Earl of Brecknock and Ossery c. Dingle hath a commodious Port. Ardfart or Ardart is a Bishops See. Yoghil on the River Broadwater is well fortified and hath a good Haven as also is Dungannon Of Denmark DENMARK by Robt. Morden at the Atlas in Cornhil LONDON DENMARK is a Monarchy which in former times was very formidable both to France and England and tho the English for many years have minded no other Interest in this Country but that of the Baltick and North Trade yet since these two Crowns are now come to a closer Union it may be worth our while to look back and consider the State of that Monarchy wherein the English hath so great an Interest by the late Marriage of George Prince of Denmark with the Princess Ann. Concerning the Original of the Dane we read not in any of the more ancient Greek and Latin Authors excepting Jornandes and Venantius Fortunatus who yet but slightly mention them In the French and English Histories they are often remembred first in the reign of Theodorick King of Austrasia about the year 516 under their King Cochliarius foraging upon the Sea-coast of Gaul-Belgick slain in their return by Theodebert Son to Theoderick After this in the reign of Charles the Great under their Prince Gotricus or Godfrey then warring upon the Obertriti the Inhabitants about Rostock teste Krantzio and Invading Freisland with a Fleet of 200 Sail threatning the Neighbouring Saxons with Subjection and much endangering the Empire of the French if the death of Godfrey and the Quarrels about Succession had not prevented Afterwards their mention is very frequent and famous during the race of the French Kings of the Caroline Line and of the Monarchy of the English Saxons with sundry Fleets and Armies unresistible invading France and England conquering and subduing the English Saxon Nation and giving the Name of Normandy to part of France for by that common Name of Normans the Danes as well as the Norweeis and Swethes were then called The word Dane Saxo Gramaticus Krantzius and others fabulously derived from one Dan a King hereof about the year of the World 2898. Becanus from Henen or Denen signifying a Cock in the Danish Language the Arms of the Alani their Progenitors But how they got thither is very uncertain Andreas Velleius in Cambden from the Dahi a people of Asia and Marck signifying a border Ethelwardus from Donia a Town sometimes since seated herein Montanus from Aha signifying water in regard of the Situation of the Country The more Judicious fetch their Name from the Bay or Strait of the Sea called by Mela Sinus Codanus about which Strait and in the Islands adjacent these people since their first being known have to this day inhabited From this Name hath the Country been called Denmark A Nation famous a long time for Arms and their many and great Victories atchieved abroad Themselves never conquered by foreign power Lords sometimes of England and Swethland Yet such is the Vicissitude of Kingdoms that Denmark was in the compass of four years viz. 1657 58 59 and 1660 almost conquered by the Swedes the History of which Wars are well written by Sir Roger Manley there you will find the King of Sweden fighting with a wonderful resolution and continued Successes the King of Denmark with an undaunted and indefatigable courage endeavours to check his Career till by the Mediation of the Dutch and English the Treaty of Roschilt in
make a Corporation or Body as well as the other Orders Swedeland contains that part of Scandinavia which is the best as lying toward the East The cold Weather is there very long and sometimes very bitter however the Inhabitants do not so much make Use of Furs as they do in Germany they only wear Night-Caps Woollen-Gloves Just-a-corps and make great Fires of Wood with which they are well stored There are so few Sick People among them that Physicians and Apothecaries have little or no Practice The Inhabitants are equally Rich and their greatest Revenue consists in Copper whence the most part of the Europeans fetch it to make their small Money their Cannon and their Bells The City of Stockholm alone has in the Castle above 800 Pieces of Great Artillery and it is believed that in all the Kingdom there are above 80000. Upon review of the Militia made 1661 fourscore thousand Men were Mustered in Arms. This Country being so full of Mountains and Woods afford very little Corn so that in times of Scarcity the Poor are forced to eat very bad Bread. The Commodities of the Country besides Copper are Butter Tallow Hides Skins Pitch Rosin Timber and Boards The Cities are very subject to Fire in regard the Houses are all built of Wood. The Lakes and Gulfs are more considerable than the Rivers Nor is there any Trade but upon the Coasts where there is no venturing without a Pilot because of the great number of Rocks The Ice there is so thick that Waggons go safely upon it In other places the Snow affords them the Conveniency of Travelling in Sledges The Horses are fit for War for besides that they are easily kept and rarely sick they are well used to the Road they carry their Rider swimming they readily take wide Ditches they are Couragious and Nimble and will Assail the Enemy of their Rider with their Heels and Teeth both together Under the Name of Sweden are comprehended the Countries of Gothia Suecia Lapponia Finlandia Ingria and Livonia wherein is contained 35 Provinces besides the Acquisitions â—foresaid wherein Bertius reckoneth 1400 Parishes The two first toward the West and the three last toward the East the Gulf of Finland between them both Gothland whether so called from the Gâ—s or falsely affecting that more Glorious Name cannot well be known is divided into Ostre-Gothland and Westro-Gothland And those that Conquered Spain were called Visgoths Calmar is a strong City and the place where the Swedes usually set Sail for Germany The Cittadel is as highly esteemed in the Northern parts as that of Millain in the South Norkoping is full of Copper-Forges for which reason most of the Europeans fetch Cannons from thence Linkâ—ping a Bishops See where Olaus Magnus was Born is Remarkable for the Victory of Charles of Sudermania afterwards King of Sweden There are several other Cities whose Names terminate in Koping that is the Market-place â—mburg where King Charles the Ninth died is a new Town with a Port upon the Ocean Lodusia Sans Daleburg is a fair Town well fâ—rtâ—ed with a s rong Castle Swedeland communicates its Name to other Provinces of this Kingdom of which Stockholm or â—iâ— is the Capital City accommodated with a Royal Castle and a Sea-Port at the Mouth of the Lake M ler which they formerly had a Design to have cut into the Wener-Lake to have joyned the Baltick and the Ocean together so to spoil the Passage of the Sound This Wener Lake is said to receive 24 Rivers and disburden its self at one mouth with such noise and fury that it is called the Devils-mouth This City is far better â—urniâ—h'd than it was before the War with Germany In the Year 1641 they began to streighten the Streets and build their Houses Uniform The Harbour is very Secure so that a Ship may Ride there without an Anchor It has three Channels which carry the Vessels between certain Islands and Rocks The Kings Ships lie at Elsenape Vpsal Defended by a great Castle where is the Metropolitan Church where the Kings are usually Crowned and where formerly they kept their Courts The City is adorned with an University and the most â—ble Marâ—s in all thosâ— Quarters The Cathedral has been a Stâ—â—ilding as they say lin'd or as it wâ—re Wâ—d within wâ—old and covâ—d with Copper Carâ—lâ—taâ— upon the Wener is notâ—â—or its abundance of â—rass Strongues is a Bishops Sâ— Ar sia now W â—erus was rich in Silver Mines Lâ—ni contain no Citi s It has only certaiâ— Habitations divided into five Countries that bear the Names of their Rivers The Laponers are very small the tallâ—st â—t being above four foot higâ— nevertheless formerly six hundr d of them put to the Rout above an hundred thousand Mâ—sâ—ites that came to Inâ—dâ— them They wear no other Habit but Skiâ— and when they are Young they so inure themselves to the Cold that afterwards â—ey easily endure it without any Clothes They have neither Woollen nor Linnen only they have pieces of Copper which they call Chippans which they exchange for Necessaries They have neither Bread nor Corn nor Fruit nor Herbs nor Wine nor Cattel nor Butter nor Eggs nor Milk nor other Supports of life But they have no want of Water And they have a kind of Wild Deer which are very swift the Flesh whereof they live upon There is a second part of Laponia in Denmark and a third in Muscovy The Mount Enaraki has three Apartments of Lodging for the Deputies of the three Nations Finnonia seu Finnia Finland is a Dutchy which some Kings of Swedeland were wont to Assign for their Brothers Portion The Chief Cities whereof are Aâ—o a Bishoprick and Viburgh or Viborch a chargeable Fortress There is one particular place in this Province near Razeburg where Needles being touched turn continually Biorneburg Cajenbourg with other places you will find in the Map and Kexholm taken by Pontus de lâ— Garde Ingria vulgo Ingermanland by the Russians Isera was taken from the Muscovites by a Treaty in the Year 1617. It is but small but considerable for the Chace of Elkes and for the Situation of the strong Fort of Noteburgh in the midst of a great River at the Mouth of the Lake â—adoga Carald â—d by the Russes This Garison was taken by the Swedes all the Soldiers within being destroyed by a Distemper that took them in the Mouth and hindred them from eating The Mountains that part Norway and Sweden are by Ortelius called the Dossâ— Montes Sevo Montes of Plin. accounted 300 miles in length and now in various places have divers Names not much material here to mention The Commodâ—es of this Country are Copper Lead Brass and Iron Ox-Hides Goats and Buckskins Tallow Furs Honey Allom and Corn. The Inhabitants naturally strong active and stout Soldiers industrious laborious ingenious and courteous to Strangers The Women discreet and modest The Christian Faith was first planted here by Ausgarius Archbishop of Bremen the general Apostle of the
quantity of Tapers which they light before their Images and which the Muscovites who are very apt to be drunk take no care to put out Musco which is the Capital City and the Residence of the Grand Duke seems rather to be a huge heap of Hamlets than a good City It had above 40000 Houses but now there are far less since it has been so often plundred by the Lesser Tartars and the Poles and especially since the last fire that happened there It hath three Walls one of Brick another of Stone a third of Wood separating the four Quarters of the Town The greatest Ornament of the City are the Churches of which St. Michael's is the chief in which the Tombs of the Tzars are placed the Steeples of the Churches are covered with Copper whose glittering seems to redouble the brightness of the Sun called Cremelena The Tzars Castle is about two miles in Circumference and contains two fair Palaces one of Stone and the other of Wood built after the Italian fashion besides the Imperial Court there are several other spacious Palaces for the Bojor's or Nobility as also for Priests amongst which that of the Patriarch is the most Magnificent and over against the Czars Palace is a fair Church built after the Model of the Temple of Jerusalem from whence it is so called near to which is the great Market for all Wares and Merchandizes Volodimere the Residence of the Prince before Musco was lies in the most fertile part of all Muscovy defended by a Castle The Rivers of Musco and Occa are those whereby the Merchants convey their Goods by Water to the Volga Little Novogrode is the last Village in Europe toward the East Pleskou is well Fortified as being the Bulwark against the Poles and Swedes Novogrode the Great has been one of the four Magazines of the Hans Towns and a Town so Rich and Potent that the Inhabitants were wont to say Who can withstand God and great Novogorod But in the year 1577 the Great Duke Ivan Vasilowitz took it and carried away as 't is reported a hundred Waggons laden with Gold and Silver yet it is still a Town of great Trade in the year 1611 it was taken by the Swedish General Pontus de la Gardie and in the year 1613 redelivered to the Tzar of Muscovy upon the Articles of Peace Archangel is the Staple of all Muscovy by reason of its Haven The Duties paid at coming in and going out amount to above six hundred thousand Crowns a year The English were the first that began to send their Ships thither since they have been followed by other Nations of Europe Formerly the Trade of Muscovy was driven by passing through the Sound and putting in at Nerva but the great Impositions put upon the Merchandizes by the Princes through whose Countries they were to pass made them forsake that place Rezan was the place that held out when the Tartars had taken Muscow the Governour whereof when he had got the Original of the Articles of the Treaty Signed by the Grand Czar from the Tartarian General refused to surrender the Town or deliver back the Schedule which was the occasion of the Tartars overthrow and the recovery of Moscovy and the taking of Casan Astracan c. St. Nicholas also drives a great Trade at the entry of the Duvine These are the only places that belong to the Grand Duke upon the Ocean Troitza near Muscow is the most beautiful Convent in all Muscovia whether the Grand Tzars do usually go in Pilgrimage twice every year Colmogorod is renowned for the Fairs that are kept there in Winter time The Duvine bears great Vessels to that place so called Oustioug is in the middle of the Country where it drives a good Trade as being Seated in a place where two Rivers meet Besides the White Sea is full of Shoals and Rocks at the entry into it and then the Snows melting and the Torrents swelling in the Spring-time carry the Water with such an impetuosity that Ships can hardly get in however there is great store of Salmon caught there Kola and Pitzora in Lapland receive Trading Vessels As for the Conquests of the Great Duke in Asiatic Tartary the principal places we Astracan and Casan which bear the Title of Kingdoms besides Zavolha and Nagaia Then Casan is a great City with Walls and Towers of wood seated upon a Hill. 'T is Inhabited by Russians and Tartars but the Cittadel is Walled with Stone and kept only by Russians Astracan was formerly the Seat of the Nagayan Tartars it lyes at the mouth of the River Volga in the Island Delgoy 50 Dutch Leagues from the Caspian Sea 't is environed with a strong Stone-wall upon which are seated 500 Brass Cannon besides a strong Garison It s many Towers and lofty Piles of Buildings makes a noble prospect 'T is a place of great Traffick especially for Silk In this Country grows the Plant Zoophyte that resembles a Lamb it devours all the Herbs round about the Root and if it be cut it yields a liquor as red as blood the Wolves devour it as greedily as if it were Mutton Locomoria toward the Obi is inhabited by People who they say are Frozen up six months in the year because they live in Tents environ'd with Snow and never stir forth till it be melted They are broad faced with little Eyes their Heads on one side and bigger than the proportion of their Bodies requires short Legs and Feet extreamly big Thus they appear clad in Skins with a piece of wood instead of Shoes these Skins they wear in the Winter with the hairy side inward in Summer with the hair outward to sew them they make use of the small bones of Fish and the Nerves of Beasts instead of Needles and Thred they are the best Archers in the world The Fingoeses express their thoughts better by their throats than by their tongues These Countries go all under the Name of Siberia a Province which affords the fairest and the richest Furrs and whither the Lords in disgrace are banisht The River Pesida bounds it for no man dares go beyond it though Horses and several other things have been seen which make us believe that it is as considerable as Cathay which cannot be far from it Of Poland POLAND by Robt. Morden POLONIA or Poland which was formerly but a part of Sarmatia is now a Kingdom of as large extent as any in Europe It is an aggregate Body consisting of many distinct Provinces United into one Estate of which Poland the Chief hath given Name to the rest It is 800 miles in length and the breadth comprehending Livonia is almost as much According to the Polish and Bohemian Historians they were with the Bohemians Originally Croatians descended from the Sclaves and brought into these parts by Zechus and Lechus two Brethren banished out of their own Country But this is refuted by Cromerus The more general opinion is that they were Sarmatians who
Rhodes But upon the second of September 1686 the same day of the year when it was taken by Solyman after it had groaned under the Tyrannous yoke of the Ottoman 145 years was this great and strong City the Capital of Hungary reduced under the obedience of the Emperor Leopold the First by the Prudence Constancy and Conduct of the Couragious Duke of Lorrain the Terror of the Musselmen and the Greatest General of this Age. The Turks have formerly experienced the Valour of Huniades and Scanderbergh They have feared the Courage of the Duke of Merceur They have trembled at the Conduct and slaughter of the Valiant Count Serini but much more reason have they to dread the Martial Duke of Lorrain He it was that near Preshurg routed the Rebellious Army of Teckley He it was that defeated the Turks near Calenburgh He it was with the King of Poland that raised the Siege of Vienna He it was that vanquished the Enemy near Barkan and rescued the King of Poland when the Polish Army was in Confusion He it was that relieved the City of Gran and routed the Army of Zeitan Ibraim Basha and lastly He it was that whilest the Grand Vizier Soliman looked on with a potent Army won this Glorious Conquest Buda Not far from Buda in the year 1578 was fought a Battel of so strange a fortune between the Christians and the Turks that the Conquerors were conquered and the vanquished got the Victory Other Cities are Poson Hungaris Presburg Germanis Pesonium Pessonium the Flexum of Ptol. Ant. The City is pleasant the Castle stately where the highly-esteemed Crown of Hungary is kept the Labyrinth Fish-Ponds and Fountains are Noble it is the Capital of what the House of Austria possesses ten German miles from Vienna Since the Loss of Alba Regalis it is the place of Election and Coronation of the Kings of Hungary Cassovia Chaschaw incolis Caschow lies towards the Mountains having the fairest Arsenal in the Country Eperies Eperiae is much frequented by reason of the Fairs which are there kept where also there is a Salt-Mine about 180 Fathom deep the veins of Salt are large and there are pieces of 10000 l. weight the colour of the Salt-stone is somewhat gray but grinded to powder it becomes white nor is the Salt always of one colour but of divers there are some pieces so clear and hard that they carve them into divers Figures Sabaria of Plin. Ptol. Amm. Stain am Angern Germ. Szombatel Hung. teste Lazio but by Cluver it is Sarwar Hung. Rothenturn Ger. of Old the Metropolis of Pannonia Superior the Birth-place of St. Martin Some Report and others believe that Ovid was Buried there in his Return towards Italy Nittria Hung. Neytracht Ger. a Bishops See. Freistat or Calgotz Hung. a fair large Town but Burned by the Turks Schemnitz the greatest of the Mine-Towns in Hungary and where great quantity of Silver Ore is every day digged It hath three fair Churches and three Castles and several Mines those of Windschacht and Trinity are the chief the last 70 Fathom deep the one is much esteemed and of a black colour covered with a white Earth There is also often found a Red Substance which grows to the Ore called Cinnaber of Silver which being grinded with Oyl maketh a Vermilion as good as the Cinnaber made by Sublimation There are also found in these Mines Crystals Amethysts and Amethystine mixtures as also Vitriol Naturally Crystalliz'd in the Earth And as there is great variety in the Silver Ore as to its mixtures with Earth Stones Marchasite Cinnaber Vitriol c. so also in its Richness some holding a great Proportion of Silver in respect of others A hundred pound-weight of Ore sometimes yields but half an Ounce or an Ounce of Silver sometimes two Ounces 3 4 5 and so to 20 Ounces what is Richer is very rare Most of the Schemnitz Ore holds some Gold which they separate by melting the Silver then granulating it and after by dissolving it in Aqua-fortis made out of a peculiar Vitriol prepared at Chremnitz whereby the Gold is left at the bottom and is afterwards melted and the Aqua-fortis is Distilled from the Silver and serveth again for Use Chremnitz Carpates of old is the Oldest Mine-Town and the Richest in Gold of all the rest 965 years they have Worked there the Mine is about 10 English miles in length and there is one Cuniculus or Horizontal Passage 800 Fathoms long and the depth is about 170 Fathoms and the Leopold Pit is 150 Fathoms deep Of the Gold Ore some is white some black some red some yellow that with black spots within white is esteemed the best There is also a Vitriol Mine at Chremnitz about 80 Fathom deep the Ore whereof is reddish and sometimes greenish This Ore is infused in water and after three days the water is poured off and boiled seven days in a Leaden Vessel till it comes to a thick granualated whitish Substance which is afterwards reduced to a Calx in an Oven and serveth in the making of Aqua-fortis or the separating water used at Schremnitz Newsol or Bistricia has the greatest Copper-works in Hungary the Copper being very strongly united to its stone-bed or Ore the Separation is effected with great labour and difficulty it being burned and melted 14 times before it becomes fit for Use At a little Village called Smalnik there is a Rivulet which changes particles of Iron into Copper The leaves of Oaks that are by the bank-side falling into the water are insensibly eaten through and the most gross particles of this water getting therein it is turned into a leaf of Copper which being exposed to the Sun or only to the Air hardens and always retains its former figure of an Oaken leaf At Glas-Hitten seven English miles from Schemnitz there was once a rich Gold Mine but since the over-running of the Country by Bethlem Gabor it is lost 'T is much frequented by reason of its natural hot Baths Eisenbach four miles English from Glas-Hitten and five or six from Schemnitz is also noted for its Hot Baths the sediment of which is red and turneth into Stone and it turneth Wood into Stone At Hern-Grundt an Hungarian mile from Newsol in that Mine were two Springs of a Vitriolate water which turn Iron into Copper The seven chief Mine-Towns are Schemnitz Chremnitz Newsol Koningsberg Bochantz Libeten Tiln The strongest places belonging to the House of Austria were Javarin Comara and Leopolstat the Bulwarks of Christendom Javarin Gallis Raab stands in the Plain out of sight environed by the Danow and Raab Germanis Gewer Hungaris Giavarin Italis Rab. Incolis Yanick Turcis It was the Arabo of Ant. the Narabo of Ptol. Is Fortified with seven large Bastions covered with Brick and four Cavilliers or Ravelins between It was Besieged by Sinan Bassa in the time of Sultan Murat the Third who at one Assault lost 1200 Men but by the Treachery of Count Herdeck
defeated their Camp which was infinitely rich their Baggage Cannon and Tents all taken and Vienna happily relieved when brought to its last extremity Other places in Austria are 2. Lintz Aradate of Ptol. the Residence of the Emperor during the Siege of Vienna not great but as neat and handsome a City as most in Germany The Houses built of white Free-stone and the Castle is of the Modern Fortification Here is a Bridg over the Danube besieged by 40000 Peasants of Austria in the time of Ferdinand the Second at last overcome by Papenheim 3. Ens Anisia upon the River Anisus or Onusus near which stood the Lauriacum of old now Lorch a Roman Garison and afterwards a Bishops See. 4. Melcke Nomale or Mea Dilecta once the Seat of the Marquesses of Austria noted for its noble Cloister of Benedictines which overlooks the Town and the Tomb of St. Colman there much honoured At Stein is a Bridg over the Danube Crembs is a Walled Town Baden about four German miles from Vienna is a pretty Walled Town seated near a part of Mount Cetius which divided Noricum from Pannonia Most remarkable for its Baths which are much frequented and are nine in Number Newstat is one of the chiefest Cities in Austria it is of a square figure with a Piazza in the middle of it Here was Count Peter Serini and Frangipani Beheaded as chief Contrivers of the Hungarian Revolt Pretronel or Haimburg the same or near to the Carnuntum of Plin. Liv. Carnus of Ptol. a strong Hold of the Pannonians in vain attempted by the Romans 170 years before the Incarnation subdued in the time of Augustus and made a Roman Colony Here resided the Emperor Antonius Philosophus three years and died at Vindihona now Vienna And here Severus was Elected Emperor ruined in after-times by Attila in his Incursions into these parts The Marquisate of Stiria alias Steirmarck is a Hilly and Mountainous Country rich chiefly in Minerals The Inhabitants are much troubled with a Disease called Struma or the Kings-Evil a swelling of the Throat proceeding from their more cold and moist Air or from their more sharp and piercing Waters mingled with Snow or with the virose streams and particles of Mercury or other Minerals descending from off their Mountains It s chief Place is Gratz Graiacum Graeciam Savaria upon the Mur. Petaw is the Petavium of Ptol. and the Petobio of Am. Marcel Paetovio Ant. Racklespurg Pruck or Poreig the Bolentium and Muri pones of the Ancients Seckavar Sekou a Bishops See and Cell are of the greatest Pilgrimages in the Austrian Territory Carinthia lies on the West of Stiria It s chief Places are Clagenfurt near the Lake Werdsee Claudia Plin. teste Laz. A fair four square Walled Town with a fair Piazza in the middle adorned with a Column of Marble and a Statue of the Virgin upon it also with a Statue of the Emperor also with a noble Fountain in the middle over which is a large prodigious Dragon of stone and of Hercules with his Club standing before it At Bleyburg are Lead-mines where they have worked 1100 years and the Pit is 110 fathom deep 2. St. Veit or St. Faith Vitopolis seated upon the Confluence of the Rivers Glan and Wunich a Walled Town with six Churches and a Piazza with a remarkable Fountain In sight of St. Veit are four Hills with Chappels upon them to all which upon one day of the year the Inhabitants go in devotion on foot which is near thirty English miles Not far from St. Veit is a place called Saal or Solva Ager Solvensis or Zolfeldt a place fruitful in Antiquities among others that of the Kings Chair used at the Installing of the Duke of Carinthia which among other Ceremonies whether he be King Prince or Emperour either himself or his Substitute receives a gentle box on the Ear from a Country-man 3. Lavemondt or Lavanmynd Lavanti Ostium a Bishops See. 4. Villach Juliam Carnicum Vacorium of Ptol. teste Jovib Sabel upon the Dra. And 5. Gruck a Bishops See. The Dukedom of Carniola by the Germans Krain is rich in Corn Wine and Oyl Chiefer Towns are Laibach or Laback Labacum the Pamporta of Strabo and Nauportus of Plin. Memorable for the story of the Ship Argonauta wherein was brought the Golden Fleece from Pontus Euxinus stopped here by the bordering Mountains and carried over Land to the Adriatick Sea and so brought back again unto Greece Krainburg is a very strong place And Gorecz Goritium near the Adriatick upon the River Lisonze belongs to the Arch-Duke of Austria as also the Earldoms of Lilley and Windishmarck the chief place of the first beareth the same name the chief place of the latter is Metling the Metallum or Metalum of Strab. App. Here also is the Zirchnitzer-See or the famous strange Lake Zirknitzer or Zirichnitz Lugeum or Lugaeâ— Palus of Strab. Palus Liburniae Japodum palus a Lake about two German miles long and one broad Every year in the Month of June the water of this Lake descendeth under ground through many great holes at the bottom and in the Month of September returneth again by the same holes and with a speedy ascent springs up to the height of 14 or 15 foot and affordeth plenty of Fish and when dry it yields store of grass for Cattle Idria about ten miles from Goritia or Noreia of old and is famous for its Quick-silver Mines one of which is between 120 and 130 fathoms deep 'T is seated amongst the Mountains upon a River of the same Name that runneth into the Zisonzo near which Odoacer King of Italy was slain in Battel by Theodorick King of the Goths Trieste Tergestum is a Port-Town of the Emperors in the Adriatick Sea as is also Aquileia once the Metropolis of the Carni but destroyed by Attila 452 and by the Longobards 590 so that 't is now pâ—â—r and mean both properly are in Italy Ponteba or Pont Fella is the exact Confines between the Venetian and the Imperial Dominions on the one side of the Bridg live Italians subject to the Venetians on the other Germans subjects to the Emperor West of Carinthia lies the Country of Tirol of a fertile Soil and in many places Silver Mines whose chief places are Inspruck Aeniponi seated on the Oenus or Inn River which gave Name to the third Branch of Austria where the Arch-Dukes have a Magnificent Palace sometimes the seat of Charles the Fifth and Ferdinand the First 2. Trent a Bishoprick seated on the River Adesis famous for the General Council there held by Pope Paul the Third and his Successors against the Doctrines of Luther and Calvin It began in Anno 1545 and continued off and on for the space of eighteen years Brixen Brixia is a famous Bishoprick in this Country Tyrol is a Castle that gives Name unto the greatest Country of Europe Schwatz and Stertzingen are rich in Silver Mines And now we are come to our Third
resides Charlsstat is a strong Fort built by the Swedes near the mouth of the River Weser This Country with the Principality of Ferden in Westphalia now belongs to the Swedes by the Treaty of Munster Of Lawenburg THIS Dutchy gives Name to the Princes of Saxon Lawenburg who are Branches of the same House with the Princes of Anhalt It s chief place is Lawenburg or Laubenburg upon the Elb a fine Town but the Castle is ruined and the Duke lives at Ratzeburg though he hath nothing there but the Castle the Town belonging as was said to the Duke of Mecklenburg Of Magdeburg Ditio Magdeburgensis THIS Diocess lies extended on both sides of the Elb betwixt Brandenburg and the proper Saxony The chief Town is Magdenburg Magdenburg incolis Magdburg al. Magdeburg antiquis monumentis Pathenopolis Mesuium Ptol. testis Appiano A Burgraveship of the Empire and Arch-Bishops See giving name to the Country Reedified by Editha Wise unto the Emperor Henry the First and Daughter to Edmund King of England and thus named in Honour of her Sex. Her Effigies in stone is in the Cathedral Church with 19 Tuns of Gold which she gave thereunto though others say it was from the Worship of the Virgin Diana A place of great state large and fair and strongly fortified once the Metropolitan City of Germany famous in the Protestant Wars for a whole years years Siege against the Emperor Charles the Fifth But sacked and burnt by Tilly and 36000 persons put to the Sword and destroyed 1631. and the Town almost ruined 'T was also famous for the first Turnament which was in Germany which was performed here in the year 637. by the Emperor Henry Sirnamed the Fowler These are the chief parts of the Lower Saxony and contain the ninth Circle of the Empire Of BOHEMIA BOiemum Tac. Beiohemum Paterc Bomi Ptol. Boheim Germ. Boheme Galliâ— Boemia Hispanis Bohemia Italis Czeskazem incolis teste Brieto This Kingdom is environed about with Mountains and Forests as it were with Fortifications The Air sharp and piercing the Country rough and hilly rich in Minerals and yielding sufficient plenty of Corn and other necessary Provisions Wine excepted First inhabited by some of the Germans who were dispossessed by the Boii who gave Name unto the Country The Boii were routed by the Marcomanni a people of Germany And these were also ejected by the Sclaves under Zechus Brother unto Lechus the Founder of the Polish Monarchy about the year 649. called in their own Country-language Czechi but named from the Country they seized upon Boiohaemi upon their first arrival This people were Governed by Dukes until about the year 1086. when Vratislaus or Vladislaus was created the first King of Bohemia in a Diet at Mentz by the Emperor Henry the Fourth about the year 1199. Power was given to the States to chuse their Princes before being Elected by the Grace of the Emperors since which time the Kingdom continued Elective though most commonly enjoyed by the next of blood until the Royal Line being extinct the Kingdom was devolved upon the House of Austria Chief Places are Praga Italis Prag incolis Prague Gallis Marobudum Ptol. teste Sans Briet the Capital and Royal City of the Kingdom of Bohemia seated upon the River Muldaw by the Bohemians Vltave it consisteth of three Towns the Old the New and the Lesser 'T is an Arch-Bishoprick and University where in the year 1409. were reckoned above 40000 Students under the Rectorship of John Hus. The greatest remarks are the Emperors Palace and Summer-house A fair Cathedral Church built 923. The Palace and Garden of Colaredo The Palace of Count Wallestein Duke of Freidland The Bridg being 1700 Foot long and 35 foot broad with two Gates under two High Towers of Stone at each end Near Prague that deciding Battel was fought Novemb. 8. 1620 between Frederick Prince Palatine of the Rhine Elected King of Bohemia and the Emperor Ferdinand the Second where the Victory fell unto the Imperialists Prague forced to yield and King Frederick and his Queen forced to fly into Silesia Teutchin Broda by the River Saczua a strong place when taken by Zisca who then forced the Emperor Sigismund to fly out of Bohemia Janikaw where was fought that famous Battel of Febr. 24. 1643. between Torstenson and the Imperialists the success gave the Swedes the advantage of proceeding further Czaslaw is the place where Zisca was buried that famous Bohemian General who fought when he was blind and when dead wished his friends to make a Drum of his Skin Guttenburg or Cottenburg is famous for its Silver Mines Egra is a strong City accounted the second of Bohemia and chief Magazine of the Country The Mountains of the Giants in Bohemia called Riphaei or Cerconossi are famous for three things for their Signification and Prognosticks of all Tempests for the rarity of Plants Stones and Gems there growing and for a Spectrum called Ribenzal which is said to walk about those Mountains in the form of a Huntsman Anselmus de Boot tells us that Rudolphus the second King of Bohemia had a Table of Jewels which he calls the Eighth Wonder of the World it was wrought with uch Art that the Jewels which were set together with invisible joints presented a most pleasant Landskip naturally representing Woods Rivers Flowers Clouds Animals c. the like not to be found in the World. The Waters of Carolina al. Karsbad found out Anno 1370. in the time of Charles the Fourth will in a Nights time turn Wood into a stony crust That the Loadstones of Bohemia will give the point of the World but not draw Iron and that a Needle touched with one of those Stones never points directly North but decline eight or more degrees to the last That Mummies as good as any in Egypt have been found in Bohemia a whole man of Myrrh Amber Bones of Giants and Unicorns horns are dig'd out of the Mountains See the Hlstory of Bohemia Bohuslao Balbino Soc. Jes in fol. Prag 1679. Other chief Towns are Pilsen large and Walled Tabor upon the River Lauznitz Koningsgratz Ger. Hradium Reginae Kralowikradetz Boh. Kuttenburg Ger. Kutnahora Boh. Budereiss Ger. al. Budeiowice Boh. Leitmeritz Ger. al. Litomierzitze Boh. To these we may add the County of Glatz upon the Borders of Silesia Of Moravia Marherin or Mahren IS a Country lying open only towards Austria and the South upon the other sides environed with Mountains and Forests plain within and exceedingly populous pleasant and fruitful for Corn Wine and Pasturage The Air somewhat unhealthy being debarred from the cleansing East and Northern Winds Once a Kingdom now a Marquisate subject to the Bohemians an Appendant of that State since Anno 1417. when Sigismund the Emperor gave it to Albertus King of Bohemia Chief Places are Olmutz or Olmuntz Germ. Olmuez Olomucium Olomuncium Latino Holemane Boh. the Eburum of Ptol. teste Pyram Appiano rather Barouua teste Laz. A University seated
it the Garden of Holland as well for the cleanness of their Streets as the beauty of their Houses It is also famous for its Antiquity for its Library and the Excellent Edition of Books there Printed as also for the entire Defeat of the Spanish Army In this City was born that Taylor who to his ruin was made King of the Anabaptists in Munster Goude Gouda has this Advantage to be Situated among Springs and where the Inhabitants enjoy the purest Air in all Holland Rotterdam Roterodamum the place where Erasmus was Born is the best of the twelve Cities which they call small ones by reason of its great Trade upon the Meuse The Hague Haga Comitis St. Gravenhage la Hage which is the Residence of the States General is not a Burrough-Town but a Village the best Built and as delightful a place as most in the World. The Texel Texelia is a Port to the North. Famous for its Harbour The Brill Briela has the same Advantage towards the South in the Island of Voorn the rest of the Coast is all Sands with some small Shelter for Fisher-boats with the Islands Over-flac and Gorre There is also the rich and daily Butter and Cheese-Market Gorkum Gorichemum on the Wale a strong place and one of the Keys of Holland The fair and commodious Haven Schonhoven Schonhovia The strong and rich Goude Gouda Oudwater c. Elstein on the Yssel or Fossa Drusiana al. Itala with their Cables Cordage and other Trade The Butter and Cheese-Town Alkmear in the Marches Memorable for the defeat the Inhabitants gave Tâ— Alva meerly because he gave them no way to escape Important Enchusen or the Zuder Sea good and Rich Havens Horn and Edam Famous for Ships and Cheese and the Sea Nymph that learned to spin Zeland Zelandia is the Province which was first set at Liberty and last consented to the Peace with Spain At this day it contains the greatest part of the Prince of Oranges Possession That of Vacheren Walachria in the Map contains ten Dutch miles in compass is the fairest of all in the Low-Countries with the City of Middleburgh the Capital City of the Province and the Staple for Wines a strâ—â—â— and large Empory Flushing Flissinga the Key of the Netherlands is 〈◊〉 a good Harbour Once an English Garison and a Cautionary Town where the Renowned Sir Philip Sidney was the first Governour and died in that Service The strong Sea-Town Vere Veria having many Staples for Herring and other Commodities Famous for the most Noble and Illustrious Family of the Veres now Earls of Oxford The second Island is Schouwen Scaldia in the Map 2. containing six miles in Circuit its chief Town is Zerick-Zee noted for Madder and Salt and Brauwershaven inhabited by Fishermen here was first invented the marting of Herrings The third is Zuiit-Bevetland in the Map 3 whose only Town of note is Goes The fourth is Duueland or Duyueland named thus from the abundance of Pigeons there breeding It hath no Town of Note but is memorable for the bold passage of the Spaniards under Mondragon cross the Sea in the year 1575. and for that in the year 1520. it was overwhelmed with a deluge of waters Tolen is an Island so called from a Town of that Name divided from Brabrant by a narrow Creek or Arm of the Sea. The more ancient Inhabitants of these Islands were the Mattiaci of Tacitus They contain in all 8 Walled Towns and about 100 Villages The Country is low flat and Marshy rich in Corn and Pasturage unhealthful and subject to Inundations being kept in and defended from the Sea by Banks The Bishoprick or Lordship of Vtretcht Vtricesium Amm. was first occasioned by one Willebrod an English man the Apostle of those parts and first Bishop hereof about the year 611. during the Regency of Pepin the Fat. The Successors of this Willibrod by the Liberality of the French Kings and German Emperors attained unto as well the Temporal as the Spiritual Jurisdiction together with that of Overyssel unto Charles the Fifth by the consent of Henry Count Palatine then Bishop seized upon the whole Temporal Dominion hereof leaving only the Spiritual to the Prelates which also since by the Usurpation of the States hath likewise been taken from them It has a Capital City of the same Name Inhabitd for the most part by the Nobility of the Country first called Inferius Trajectum or Vltrajectum Vtricesium Amm. There is also the Thorow-fare Rhenen the fair and strong Amersfort the Frontier-Town Montfort Wick de Duerstede the Batavodurum of Tac. Ptol. They reckon about Vtrecht 56 Cities to the farthest whereof you may go by Water from Vtrecht in one day Guelders Gueldria Guelders was first founded by two Brothers Wickard and Luppola first made Guardians of the Country by the Inhabitants in the reign of the Emperor Charles the Bald. It was made an Earldom by the Emperor Henry the Third made a Dukedom by the Emperor Lewis of Bavaria After the decease of Charles of Egmond the last Duke by composition between him and Charles the Fifth Emperor this Province with the Earldom of Zutphen united for a long time in the House of the Dukes of Gelderland descended upon the Emperor Charles the Fifth and added by him to his other Provinces of the Netherlands under Philip the Second the greatest part shoke off the Spanish yoak and now with Zutphen Governed in manner of a Free Estate confederated with the rest of the United Provinces a third part of Golderland excepted where stands the Towns of Ruremond Guelders Venlo Watchtendonc Stralo and Grol remaining yet subject to the Arch-Dutchess or Spaniards who in the year 1627. attempted in vain to bring the Rhine to the City of Gueldria and into the Meuse to deprive the Vnited Provinces of the Trade of Germany Nimmegen Noviomagus al. Neomagus the Capital City of the Dutchy of Gueldria Founded by Magus King of the Gauls taken by Prince Maurice in the year 1592. Opposite to it is that Fort Knotsenburg large Built by the States in the Quarter of Batavia where the Ancient Batavians Inhabited Arnheim Arenacum in the Veluwe the third Capital City of Guelders and the Ordinary Residence of the Dukes thereof The Town and Country of Culemberg The strong and Martial Venlo Venloa The Natural and Artificial Fortified Ruremond Ruremunda The strong and encompassed Frontier Bommel Bommelia the Fort Voorn and Crevecour making it Impregnable The Province of Zutphen bears the same Name with the Capital City and passes sometimes for a fourth part of the Dutchy of Gelders having no Voice in the Assembly of the States-General but only conjoyned with this Dutchy In the Siege of which was slain that Honour of Chivalry and Mirrour of Learning Sir Philip Sidney In this Province also stands Groll Grolla and eight or nine small Cities more In Over-Issel Trans Issallania so called from its Situation beyond the Issel where the Rhine and that share their Streams together by means
Peerships and divers of new Creation a great number of Principalities Dukedoms Marquisates Earldomes Baronies and other Lordships Eleven Parliaments eight Chambers of Accounts 22 Generalities or Publick places of Receipt of the Kings Revenue There are four Principal Rivers the Seine whose Water is accounted the strongest in the World and more wholesome to drink than Fountain-water The Loire King of the French Rivers the Garonne most Navigable and the Rhone or Rosne most rapid By others thus Characterized the Loire the sweetest the Rhone the swiftest the Garonne the greatest and the Seine the richest The Seine riseth in Burgundy watering Paris and Roan disburdening it self into the English Channel The Sequana of Caesar The Loyre riseth about the Mountains of Avergne being the highest in France watering Nantes and Orleance and augmented with 72 lesser Rivers mingleth its sweet Waters in the Biscain or Gascogne Sea. The Ligeris of Caesar The Rhone or Rhosne springeth up about three miles from the Head of the Rhine watering Lions Avignon c. and taking in 13 lesser Rivers falleth into the Mediterranean Sea near Arles The Rhodanus of Caesar The Garone running from the Pyrenean Hills glideth by the Walls of Bourdeaux and Tholouse and with the addition of 16 other Rivers dilates it self into the Aquitain now Biscain Ocean The Garumna of Caesar The Mountains by Ancient Authors were the Gebâ—nna by Caesar Cammani Ptol. Ital. running along by Languedâ—c Chevennes and Avergne now les Sevennes The Jura Caes Jurassus Ptol. which divideth the French County from Savoy and the Swisses now called by several Names The Vogesus almost Encircling Lorrain and dividing it from Alsatia and Bourgondie now Dauge Mons c. There are several Divisions of France which respect the Church the Nobility the Courts of Justice and the Finances But it suffices here to say that the general state of the Kingdom was held Anno 1614 after the Majesty of Lovis the XIII and that then all the Provinces met under 12 great Governments Four of these Governments lie toward the North upon the Seine and those other Rivers that fall into it viz. Picardy Normandy the Isle of France and Champagne Towards the middle adjoyning to the Loire Bretagne Orlenoise Bourgogne Liâ—nnoise The other four toward the South near the Garonne viz. Guienne Languedoc Dauphine and Provence Under the Orlenoise is comprehended Maine Perche and Beauce On this side of the Loire Nivernois Tâ—uraine and Anjâ—u above the said River beyond it Poiciou Angoumois and Bâ—rry Burgundy hath Brest Under Lionnois are comprehended Lionnois Auvergne Bourbonnois and Marche Under Guienne is Bearne Gascogne and Guienne it self Saintonge Perigort Limâ—sin Querci and Rovergue Under Languedâ—c is Cevennes In each of these Governments are several great Cities the chief of which I shall speak of in Order viz. In Picardy the Storehouse of Paris for Corn is 1. Calais called by Caesar Portus Tecius Portus Britannicus Morinerum Plin. Prom. Icium Ptol. held by the English near 200 Years being taken by Edward the III. after eleven Months Siege in Anno 1347. and unfortunately lost by Queen Mary 1557. seated opposite to Dover in England from which it is distant about ten Leagues A strong Town of great Importance and accounted the Key of France Not far from Calais at a place called Agincourt was the Flower of the French Nobility taken and slain by King Henry the Fifth of England viz. 5 Dukes 8 Earls 25 Lords 8000 Knights and Gentlemen and 15000 common Soldiers 2. Bulloign Cesoriacum Navale Ptol. Portus Morinorum Plin. Civit. Bononensium Ant. Portus Gessoriacus of Caesar a strong Frontier-Town taken by Henry the VIII of England 1544. at which time the Emperor Maximilian bore Arms under the English Cross 3. Amiens Samarobrina Caes Samarobriga Ptol. Civit. Ambianensis Ant. a Walled Town seated upon the Seine well Fortified with an Impregnable Cittadel built by Henry the IV. But most Famous for its Cathedral so beautified within and adorned without that 't is the fairest and most lovely Structure in the West of Europe 4. St. Quintin Augusta Romanduorum Ptol. Civit. Veromannorum Ant. Quinctinopolis Fanum St. Quinctine in Scriptis Gall. two Leagues from Augusta Veromanduorum now Vermand Baud. Crecie the French Cannae famous for their great Overthrow and the Victory of the English in the Reign of Philip the Sixth A strong Frontier-Town Memorable for the Battel there Anno 1557. where King Philip the II. of Spain with the English under the Command of the Earl of Pembroke overthrew the whole Forces of the French. Laon a Bishops Sea whose Bishop is one of the Twelve Peers of France Laudunum Ant. Soissons Augustata Vessonum Ptol. a Bishops See the last place the Romans held in Gaul driven out by Clovis the Fifth 5. Guise of most Note for the Dukes of Guise a Family that in a little time produced two Cardinals and six Dukes besides many Daughters married into the best Houses of France In Normandy formerly Neustria are 1. Rouen or Roan Rothamagus Ptol. Rotomagentium Ant. seated on the Banks of the River Seine over which there is a Famous Bridge of Boats. Taken by Henry the Fifth after six Months Siege where were famished 50000 and 12000 Starvelings turned out of the Town An Arch-Bishops See and Parliament In the Chief Church called Nostre-Dame is the Sepulchre of John Duke of Bedford It is a place of as great a Trade as any in France and one of the Principal Cities where Exchanges are used 2. Dieppe a City of some Trade being a common Landing-place for the English in their Passage into France And is famous for its fidelity and allegiance to Henry the Fourth when the Guisian Faction in derision called him King of Dieppe 3. Falaise once a strong Town Memorable for the Story of Arlet the Skinners Daughters of whom Duke Robert begat William the Conqueror in spight to whom and disgrace to his Mother the English call Whores Harlots Here also was the Roy d' Juidot and Verneil when besieged by Philip the Second of France King Richard the First of England to keep his promise broke through the Palace of Westminster and raised the Siege Haure de Grace Newhaven by the English in Latin Franciscopolis a Cautionary Town to Queen Elizabeth Portus Gratiae of old Auranches Ingena Ptol. Civit. Abrincantum Ant. Constances Constantia Ant. Cherbourg Caesaris Burgum a strong Sea-coast Town Bayeux Cit. Bajocassium Ant. Caen Cadomum graced with a University founded by King Henry the Fifth King of England and the Abbey with the Tombs of William the Conqueror and Maud his Wife Lyseux Cit. Lexoviorum Ant. Eureux Mediolanum Ptol. c. The third Government is the Isle of France whose City is Paris formerly Lutetia because seated in a Clayie Soil A City that for its Riches Power and Number of Inhabitants may contend with any in Europe Seated on the Seine and on a Soil so fertile that no City knows such Plenty 't
Provinces or Estates viz. Campania Romania Sabina Provincia Patrimonii St. Petri Vmbria Marchia Anconitana Ducatus Castrensis Territoria Orivetanum Perusium Civitatis Castelli Ducatus Vrbini Romandiola Bononiensis Ager Ducatus Ferrariensis 2. The King of Spain Rex Hispania to whom belongs Regnum Neapolitanum Sicilia Sardinia Ducatus Mediolanensis Marchionatus Finarii in Liguria with others upon the Coast of Tuscany viz. Orbetellum tratus adjacens called by the Inhabitants Stato delli presidii Principatus Plumbini Ilua insula Isle de Elbe 3. The Venetians or Republica Veneta under whose Dominion are Istria Foro Julium Marchia Tarvisina Ducatus Venetus Vulgo le Dogado Territoria Patavinum Rhodighinum Vicentinum Veronense Brixianum Bergomense Cremense 4. Duke of Savoy Ducatus Sabaudiae to whom belongs Principatus Pedemontium and part of Ducatus Montis-Ferrati Comitatus Nicaea 5. The great Duke of Tuscany Magnus dux Heturiae egente Medicea under whom is the greater part of Heturia viz. Florentina Pisana Senensis Petiliano now Potegliano and Apua now Ponte Moli As also the Islands Gorgona Igilium now il Giglio Gianutum Mons Christi c. and Argous Portus now Porto Ferraio or P. Ferraro in Ilua Insula now I le Elbe in Mari Tyrrheno 6. The Genoans or Res Publica Genuensis upon the Coast of Mare Ligusticum to whom belongs also Corsica Capraria Insula 7. Dux Mantanus e gente Gonzaga under whom is Ducatus Mantanus and the greater part of Ducatus Montis Ferrari 8. Dux Mutinensis e gente Estensi under whom is Ducatus Mutinensis Rhegiensis Principatus Carpensis Corregiensis and great part of Carferonianae or Carfagnana 9. Dux Permensis e gente Farnesia who enjoyeth Ducatus Permensis Placentinus Ditio Bussetana and great part of Principatus Vallis Tarri 10. Lucca or Res Publica Lucensis in Heturia 11. Dux Massae e gente Cibo containing Ducatus Massae Principatus Carrariae in Heturia 12. Dux Mirandulanus e gente Pica containing Ducatus Mirandulae Comitatus Concordiae 13. Dux Guastallae e gente Gonzaga 14. Dux Sabulonetae under the Dominion of Spain 15. Princeps Castillonis e gente Gonzaga 16. Princeps Sulphurini e gente Gonzaga 17. Princeps Monoeci e gente Grimalda under the Protection of France 18. Princeps Masserina e gente Ferraria Flisca Marchionatus Crepacorii 19. Princeps Plumbini e gente Ludovisia containing Principatus Plumbini Ilua Insula now Elbe Isle under the Dominion of Spain 20. Comes Novellariae e gente Gonzaga 21. Res Publica S. Marini Marchio Fosdinovi e gente Malas pinae in Valle Magrae The Emperor of Germany has Aquilea and the Country of Goritz as also Tergeste Pedana Pisino in Istria The King of France hath Pignarol with its Dependencies Episcopus Tridentinus is under the Dominion of the Count of Tirol Lastly The Swisses have four Italian Prefectures viz. Lugan Locarn Mendrisia and Madia which before the year 1512. did belong to the Dutchy of Milan Luganum upon the Lake Lucanus Paulin. Lago de Lugano Ital. Luwertzzee Helvet Chiavenna Ital. Clevenna Ant. Claven 10 Italian Miles from the Lake Como The Larius Strab. Plin. the Comacenus of Ant. P. Diac. Lacus Insubriae aliis Lago di Como Italis Cumersee Germa Bormio Ital. Worms Germ. Sondrio are the chief Places in the Valtolina valis Tatina Volturena Provincia The Lake of Geneva is crossed by the Rhosen and yet they never mix their Waters together And there are Tempests upon it even in fair Weather because it lies at the foot of the Hills The Natives report that Julius Caesar threw his Treasure into this Lake when he was pursued by the Switzers but hitherto they have sought for it in vain The Waters of all the Lakes and Rivers in this Country are observed to be of a greenish Colour as the sea-Sea-water and yet are not Brackish or Salt. Italy is situated in the middle Temperate Zone in shape of a Leg between the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Venice The Alps which F. Livi calls the Walls of Italy and Rome guard it towards those parts where it borders upon France Savoy Switzerland and Germany The Apennine cuts through all the length of it Po Adige Tiber and Arno are the biggest Rivers The Italians are Polite Ingenious Subtil and very prudent in Conversation pleasant in Carriage obliging extreme in their Customs temperate in their Diet faithful to their Friends but these Dispositions are much sullied by four Vices Revenge Lust Jealousy and Swearing The Women for the most part are handsom of good Wit and modest Behaviour Saints in the Church Angels in the Streets Magpies at the Door Syrens in the Windows and Goats in the Gardens Their Cities are therefore the fairer and better Built because the Nobility and Gentry usually have their Habitations in them Their Language is Courtly and Eloquent much of the Latin but the. Tuscan Dialect as being more polished is received at the Court of Rome and among Persons of Quality The Italians count not their Hours as we do from 12 to 12. beginning at Mid-day and Mid-night but begin their account from Sun-setting reckoning from 1 to 24 Hours for a Day And therefore necessitated to alter and new-set their Clocks every Day the setting of the Sun being a moveable Point or Term. In Italy are a vast number of Religious Houses where young Women of Quality who for want of sufficient Fortunes or Personal Endowments cannot get Husbands suitable to their Birth or Quality their Parents for a small matter dispose of and settle them there for their lives There are also Hospitals for the Entertainment of poor Travellers who have their Diet and Lodging for three days Gratis besides a piece of Money when they go away There are also Hospitals to take care of all exposed Children that are brought and put in at a Grate on purpose for at the ringing of a Bell an Officer comes and receives the Child and carries it to a Nurse and there it is maintained till it be grown up The Nobility and Gentry of Italy chuse rather to spend their Revenues in building fair Palaces and adorning them with Pictures and Statues in making Orchards Gardens Walks than in keeping Great Houses and plentiful Tables And certainly 't is better Charity to employ poor people and give them Money for work than to give them Money freely and suffer them to live in Idleness One Phoenomenon observed at Rome by Mr. Ray was that in sharp Frosty weather in the middle of Winter the water in the Fountains was so hot that he thought it had been heated over the fire Italy is divided into three great parts 1. The Higher part which is Lombardy Longobardia containing the greatest part of Gallia Cisalpina in which lies the Dutchy of Savoy the Principality of Piedmont the Dutchy of Montferrat the Commonwealth of Genoua Riviera di Genoua the Dutchy of Milan Stato di Milano of Parma
Gods for its excellent Ships and Archers for the Bull that ravished Europa for the Amours of Pasiphae and Ariadne for the cruelty of the Minotaur for the Government of Saturn for the habitation and Sepulchre of Jupiter for the Laws of Minos and Rhadamanthus for the Labyrinth of Daedalus and many other things the Inhabitants boast of but there is no belief of men that were always accounted Lyers as Tit. 1.12 out of Epimenides Anciently it had an 100 Cities 40 remaining in the time of Ptolomy 1. Gnossus now Cinosus 2. Cydon now Canea Mater Orbium hence Poma Cydonia now Adam's Apples 3. Eleuthera or Erythraea 4. Miletum named 2 Tim. 4.20 with Act. 27.7 8 c. and 21.17 5. Gortyna hence Spicula Gortynia their best Arrows 6. Dictamnum 7. Ampelus 8. Minoa now Allemara The chief Mountains are 1. Ida the highest in the Island now called Psiloriti from the top whereof may be discerned both Seas 2. Dicte now Sethia and Lasthi 3. Leuci a long Chain of Hills called of late di Madara la Spachia and la Sfacioles The Rivers are none of them Navigable but the defect is supplied with good Harbours and Bays The Mullet Scarus was a great Roman delicacy Its Commodities are Muscadel Wine Sugar Sugar-Candy Honey Wax Gum Olives Dates Raisins but little Corn. This Island was first Governed by Saturn then by Jupiter who was Interred at Gnossos then succeeded Minos his Son begotten on Europa after that the Island was Governed by a Republick and in the time of Pompey the Great it was subdued by the Romans then the Emperors of Constantinople were Masters of it after it was given to Boniface M. of Montferrat who parted with it to the Venetians Anno Dom. 1204. But the Turks in the year 1669. after a War of 24 years quite expelled the Venetians and so became Masters of it This Island is now divided into four Territories which bear the Name of so many Principal Cities viz. Candia Canea Retimo and Sittia The Principal Fortresses are Grabates Suda and Spinalonga held by the Venetians Candia the Capital City so strong by Art and Nature that it was the Bulwark of Christendom and maintained it self against many long and desperate Sieges of the Turks before it surrendered to them Other Islands are 2. Claude Act. 27.16 now Gozo 3. Dia now Standia 4. Letoa now Christina 5. Aegilia now Cecerigo Crete has one Archbishop and eight Bishops The Ionian Islands 1. Zant anciently Zacynthus in North Lat. 36 degr 30. min. The Town is stretched along the shore and is very populous according as the rest of the Island that has 50 Towns and Villages some Springs it is infested with frequent Earthquakes The Greek Church is here and as in other places under the Venetian much Latinized in their Doctrine though they hate the Church of Rome The Latines have here a Bishop and divers Churches and Convents The English have a Factory but no Priest as in other places and they seem to the Natives to live without Religion to die without hope as they are buried without decency to the disgrace of our Reformed Church and the great scandal of them that are without Here is plenty of Currans Wine Oyl Mellons and other good Fruits 2. Straphades 2 Isles 50 miles South of Zant here live many Greek Monks well fortified 3. Cephalonia formerly Samos Melaena and Teleboe 't is 120 miles in Circuit the greatest Isle in Vlysses Kingdom Argostoli a large Port every way Land-lockt the Residence of the Venetian Proveditor the chief Town is Cefalona it affordeth abundance of Currans Wine Oyl c. 4. Thiaki four or five miles over against Port Pescarda it affords abundance of Currans 5. Ithaca formerly Dalichium now Val de Compare the Birth-place of Vlysses now without Inhabitants yet it has good Currans 6. Echinades five Scoglio's now called Curzolari at the mouth of the River Achelous near these were fought the Battels of Actium and Lepanto 7. St. Mauro by the Greeks Leucas Leucada and Nerilos 't is separated from Acarnania by a Streight of five Paces over and three or four foot deep in water the Castle is strong called St. Mauro Delivered up to General Morosini July 1684. The Port is good and named Chimeno and the Island Leucas 't is inhabited with Turks and Greeks most are Pyrats 't is thirty or forty miles in Compass and fruitful in Corn Pasture Oranges c. 8. Corfu formerly Corcyra an 180 miles in Compass but for a Rock West the Town would be almost impregnable in the Castle East resides the Venetian General by Sea and Land to whom the other Islands appeal The Ruined Towns are Cassiopia now Cassopo 2. Chersopolis now Palaeopoli here are also the Gardens of Alcinous c. The Inhabitants are very revengeful here is plenty of Wine Oyl and Fruits but little Corn. The Greeks have here a Proto-pappa subject to the Bishop of Cephalonia but the Latins have a Bishop Thus much for the Graecian Islands in the Aegaean Cretan and Ionian Seas The present State of the Countries Forts and other Places which belong to the Europeans in the West and East-Indies THERE were at first but two Nations in Europe that Successfully undertook long Voyages by Sea or who sent Colonies into Distant Climates The Spaniards toward the West and the Portugals into the East These also obtained from Pope Alexander the Sixth a Donation of all Lands undiscovered but the other Europeans were not satisfied at the Pope's Liberality for the English Dutch and French would also have their share since which time there have been several Changes in those Countries that Rigor which the Portugal and Spaniard used to exclude all other Nations serving only to destroy themselves The French have first in Canada Montreal the Three Rivers Quebec Tadousac and other Places upon the great River of St. Lawrence and upon Sufferance or Incroachment they pretend to that which we call Nova Scotia the Island of Cape Bretan In New-found-Land they have Bay Plaisance and Bay Blanco 2. Among the Islands called Antilles part of St. Christophers St. Bartholomews Santa Cruez St. Martins Guadaloupe La Desirée Maria Galante Les Saintes Martinique St. Aloisia Grenada and the Grenadins La Tortue and several Colonies in the Western part of the Spanish Island otherwise call'd Sancto Domingo 3. Upon the Southern Continent of America upon the Coast of Guyana the Island of Cayene where stands the Fort St. Michael de Ceperoux now call'd Fort St. Louis The Islands of Corou Coonama Comoribo c. 4. The Trade of the Coast of Africa upon the Rivers of Senega where they have a Fort Also upon the River of Gambia at Rufisque near Cape Vert at great Sestre at Ardra and many other places in Guinie 5. Fort Dauphin and many other Fortresses in the Island of Madagascar call'd by them the Dauphin Island The Islands of St. Marie Bourbon and Diego Rois The Bereaux new Suratt and other Places in the Mogull's
Shillings 3 Pence there is also another that weighs the third part of the great one viz. half an Ounce 48 Grains and comes to 2 l. 3 s. 9 d. Sterling There are also several Pieces of Silver called Ingots some weighing 7 Ounces at five Shillings the Ounce comes to thirty five Shillings others of two Ounces 3 Drams and a half which comes to 12 Shillings 10 Pence ½ Sterling and so proportionable in value according to their weight are the rest There is also Copper Money which they thred to the Number of 600 which is the value of a Tell or Taile in Silver which the Dutch reckon to be worth 3 Gelders and a half which is 6 Shillings 4 pence ¼ Sterling Their Weights are the Fiakin which is 125 Dutch Pounds one Fiakin makes 100 Cattees one Cattee 16 Taile one Taile 10 Maes and a Cattee is by some accounted 21 Ounces Avoirdupois Their Measure for Length is the Tattany or Ichin which is about 2 Yards ⅛ English or 6 Rhynland feet 60 Ickiens or Ichins is 30 Rhynland Rods and 180 Rods is a Japan Mile Their Dry Measures are the Gant which is 3 Cocas which is three Pints English Persian Money French English    l. s. d. q. A Bassi or 2 Mamoudi's 18 6 Deniers 0 1 4 2½ 1 Mamoudi's or 2 Chayets 0 0 8 0⅕ 1 Cheyets 5 Double Casbekes 0 0 4 0⅕ 1 Bisti 2 Double Casbekes 0 0 6 1 74 / 100 A Casbeke simple 5 Deniers ½ half peny 0 0 7 2 41 / 100 A double Casbeke 11 Deniers 0 0 3 0 82 / 100 One Or 5 Abassi's 0 6 11 1 One Toman 46 Livers 1 Denier ⅕ Piaster 3 9 0 0 9 / 25 Indian Money French English A Larin of Arabia c. 1 Ecu or French Crown  3 10 3⅕ A Mamoudi's    0 1 2 A Roupy of Gold 21 Livers 1 11 6  A Roupy of Silver 30 Sous 0 2 3  A Pecha 6 Deniers 0 0 0 1 ⅘ Arakan-Money 21 Sous 0 1 6 3⅗ A half Roupy 16 Sous 0 1 2 1 ⅗ Tipoura Silver 22 Sous 0 1 7 3⅕ Pagods ½ A Pistol A Pistol in Gold is 11 Livers 0 8 3  Fano's 1 Ecu 0 4 6 0 Achen Gold 16 Sous 8 Deniers 0 1 3  Macassar Gold 23 Sous 8 Deniers 0 1 9 1 ⅕ Camboya Silver 4 Sous 0 0 3 2⅕ Siam Gold 7 Livers 1 Sous 0 10 6 3⅗ Siam Silver 32 Sous 4 Deniers 0 2 5 0⅖ Asem Fanos 1 Ecu 0 4 6  Asem Silver 23 Sous 0 1 8 2⅘ China Goltscut 1350 Livers 101 5 0  China Silver Pieces 59 Sous 8 Deniers 0 4 5 2⅘ Pegu Gold Fanos 1 Real 0 4 4 0 Pegu Silver 20 Sous 6 Deniers 0 1 6 1 ⅘ Japan Gold 87 Livers 10 Sous 6 11 3  Japan Silver Pieces 30 Sous 0 2 3  These Computations are made supposing a French Crown to be in Value 54 d. or 4 s. 6 d. Sterling the reputed Par so that a Sous is in Value 9 d. 10 Deniers 3. A Table containing the Proportion that the English Foot beareth to the Measures of other Places divided into 12 Inches and Tenths And the Proportion of a Pound-weight Avoirdupois divided into 100 parts beareth to the Foreign Pounds carefully collected from the Tables of Snellius Dogen Greaves Ricciolus c. Amsterdam Foot 0 11 3  93 Ell 2 3 2   Antwerp Foot 0 11 3  98 Ell 2 3 3   Bologne or Ell 2 0 8  89 Bononia Foot 1 2 4 1 27 Bremen Foot 0 11 6  94 Cairo Cubit 1 9 9 1 61 China Cubit 1 0 2   Cologn Foot 0 11 4  97 Copenhagen Foot  11 6  94 Dantzig Foot  11 3 1 19 Ell 1 10 8   Dort Foot 1 2 2   Florence Brace or Ell 1 11 0 1 23 Francfort on the Main  0 11 4  93 Ell 1 9 9   Genoua Palm 0 9 6 1 42 Greek Foot Foot 1 0 1   Hamborough Ell 1 10 8  95 Leipsig Ell 2 3 1 1 17 Lisbon Vare 2 9 0 1 6 Lovaine Foot  11 4  98 Lubeck Ell 1 9 8   Lyons Ell 3 11 7 1 9 Mantua Foot 1 6 8 1 43 Middleburg Foot 0 11 9  98 Millain Calamus 6 6 5 1 40  English Feet Inches Tenths Pounds Parts of a l. Naples Palm 0 9 6 1 43 Brace 2 1 2   Cauna 6 10 5   Norimberg Foot 1 0 1  94 Parma Cubit 1 10 4 1 43 Paris Royal Foot 1 0 8  93 Persian Arach 3 2 3   Prague  1 0 3 1 6 Riga Foot 1 9 9   Roman Foot on the Monum of Cossutius 0 11 6 1 23 Of Statilius  0 11 7   Roman Palm 0 8 8   Span. Palm or Palm of Castile 0 9 9   Span. Vare or Rod qt 4. Pal. 3 0 0   Toledo Foot 0 10 7 1 00 Vare 2 8 2   Turin Foot 1 0 7   Turkish Pike at Constantinople 2 2 4  86 Venice Foot 1 1 9 1 53 Vienna  1 0 6  83 Universal Foot or a Pendulum that will vibrate 132 times in a Minute  0 8 1     Foot Inches Tenths Pounds Parts of a Pound ASIA ASIA a New Description by Rob t Morden ASIA is one of the Tripartite Divisions of our Continent if we consider the Advantages which the Author of Nature hath given it Or the memorable Actions which have passed in it That the first Monarchies and Religions have here had their rise That the chief Mysteries both of the Old and New Law were here laid open That from hence all Nations of the World and all Arts and Sciences had their first beginning We may justly prefer it before the other parts of the World. It is seated in the Oriental part of our Continent and most part in the temperate Zone what it hath under the Torrid being either Peninsula or Isles which the Waters and Sea do much refresh It extends from Smirna in the West to the farthest part of Tartaria near Jesso in the East four thousand and eight hundred Miles and from the lowermost point of Malacca in the South to the Straights of Weigats in the North it makes four thousand and two hundred Miles of sixty to a degree In this length and breadth we do not comprehend the Islands which belong to Asia which are as great as rich and possibly as numerous as in other parts of the Universe Whether it took its Name from Asia the Daughter of Oceanus and Thetis wife of Japetus and Mother to Prometheus or from Asius the Son of Atis a King of Lydia or from Asius the Philosopher who gave the Palladium to the Trojans or from the Phoenician word Asia signifiing Medium These
City very fair and pretty intire and has in it the remains of an ancient Palace where was no declination of the Magnetick Needle This Province is about 400 miles from the Frontier to the City Vla but all the Cities and Towns are intirely ruined only some few Houses built of Earth or the rubbish of old Buildings and covered with Thatch or Straw That all the Country beyond the Province of Leao-tum is exceeding desert where nothing is to be seen on all sides but Mountains and Vallies Dens of Bears Tigers and other devouring Beasts Here and there a poor Reed-hut upon the side of some Brooks The City Vla on the River Songoro Tart. Sumhoa Chin. lies in 44 Degrees 20 Minutes The Needle there declines from the South to the West 1 Degree 20 Minutes and is the fairest in all this Country and somtimes also the Seat of the Empire of the Tartars But Kirin is about 30 miles from Vla upon the River Songoro which takes it Course from the Moun. Champe Famous for having been the ancient Seat of our Tartars That the Moscovites come oftentimes to the River Songoro to fish for Pearles That the Distance of Kirin from Xin-Yam was 1028 Chinese Stadia containing 369 miles the Chinese Stadium being 360 Geometrical paces I shall only add that by this relation it doth appear to me that Niulhan or Niuche must be the same Country which is here called Leaâ—-tuâ— for the Emperors design was to visit the Sepulchres of his Ancestors Of INDIA THE Name of India is now given to the Empire of the Mogul and to the two Peninsulas one on this side the other beyond Ganges and the Islands scattered in the Indian Sea which are all comprehended under the general name of the East-Indies under which Appellation some Authors do also take in all the Oriental part of Asia The old Inhabitants hereof were by Megasthenes said to be 122 several Nations Originally descended from the Sons of Noah before their journy to the Valley of Shinaar and Heylin saith that the Plantation of India did precede the attempt of Babel Its first invasion was by Semiramis with an Army of above four Millions if Ctesias and Diodorus Siculus say true who was met with by Staurobates an Indian King with as great an Army by whom she was overcome and slain The next Invasion on this Country was by Bacchus the Son of Jupiter companied with Hercules who by force or by Arts overcame them and taught them the use of Wine Oil and the Art of Architecture After this Alexander invaded India beginning first with Clophae Queen of Magaza After with Porus whom he vanquished and took but giving them their Liberty and Kingdoms again he returned into his own Country after this they lived in peace under their several Kings until the year 1587 when discovered by the Portugals after by the English Dutch c. OF THE Empire of the Mogul EMPIRE de MOGOL by Robt. Morden THis vast Empire comprehends the greatest part of the Continent of India The present Mogul who is the Sovereign derives his Original from Great Temarleng or Tamerlan and is the Eleventh in a direct Line descendent from him there are several Indian Kingdoms tributary to him and he is esteemed the richest Prince in the world and the most potent Monarch of Asia The Territories of his Country being his own Hereditary Revenues the great Lords are but his Receivers who give an account to the Governors of the Provinces and they to the chief Treasurers and Comptrollers of the Exchequer He is also the general Heir to all those to whom he gives Pensions and his Will is a Law in the decision of his Subjects Affairs and therefore they carry the Names of their Employments and not of the Lands which they enjoy Sha Jehan who Reigned Forty years left behind him about 5 Millions and the Throne that he made cost an 160 Millions and 500000 Livres besides six other Thrones set all over with Diamonds Rubies Emralds and Pearls Teste Tav The Mony of this Kingdom is of a good Alloy The Mogul is able to bring 100000 Horse into the Field but his Infantry is very inconsiderable either for Number or Experience He has a good number of Elephants which do him great service for they are sure of foot and lie down and rise up very readily The King is a Turkish Mahumetan nevertheless the most part of his Vassals are Pagans But as there are several sorts of People so likewise there are divers sorts of Religions amongst them which I shall briefly mention at the end of the Description of the East-Indies The Mogul's Country is very fertile and well peopled near the great Rivers They make excellent Bread having Corn and Rice in abundance Victuals in general are very cheap however the Inhabitants are very temperate and sober The neighbouring Country to Tartary is full of Mountains and Forests where the Mogul oft-times takes his pleasure in Hunting there being great abundance and variety of wild Beasts And there it was that Alexander cut down the Wood for the Ships which he sent down the Indus into the Ocean As for Remains of Antiquity there are few or none the Moguls having ruin'd all the ancient Cities which according to the Ancients were 30 large Cities 3000 walled Towns and Castles for natural Defence reckoned impregnable which may not be improbable if it were as some affirm the first Seminary or Station of Noah after his descent from Ararat not far hence distant and afterward the delight of Bacchus which some think was the same with Noah and from the wonderful increase of People which appears by that huge Army Staurobates drew out in his defence against Semiramis the Assyrian Empress both Armies containing 3 Millions And so well builded and planted was this part of India that when Alexander by the overthrow of Porus near the River Hydaspis entered India Herodotus and Curtius report that Alexander should say He found greater Cities and more sumptuous Buildings in King Porus 's Dominions than he had observed in all the World besides Indus is Navigable from Lahor to Sende the Natives call'd it Pang-ab by reason of the five Rivers that fall into it toward the upper part of its Course which are now called Rauee Behat Obchan Wihy and Sindar by Ptol. Acesines Cophys Hydaspis Zaradras and Hispalis Ganges was formerly famous for its Gold now for its Water which is very pure The Natives hold that it sanctifies them whether they drink or whether they bathe in it There are in the whole Empire about 37 Kingdoms the Names whereof are almost the same with those of the Capital Cities viz. Agra Attock Bakar Bakisch Bando Bengala Berar Buchar Cabul Kakares Candahar Candis Canduana Cassimere Chitor Delli Gor Guzarate Haiacan Jamba Jenupar Jesselmere Jesual Maluay Mevat Multan Narva Naugracut Patna Pengab Pitan Sambal Siba Soret Tatta Udessa Teste Thev There are also some petty Territories as the Raja's which are of
they obtain'd leave to raise a Cittadel which was the first Fort they had in the East-Indies but that Fortress was taken from them by the Hollanders in the year 1662. The Prince of Calicut calls himself Zamorin a Prince of great power and awe and not more black of colour than treacherous in disposition Many deformed Pagotha's are here worshipped but with this ordinary Evasion That they adore not Idols but the Deumo's they represent And the Dutch General who was Cook of a Ship Crowned the King with those hands which had oftner handled a Ladle than a Sword And exacts a Tribute from all the Kings of Malabar but most of them are dispens'd withall from paying it Besides this Prince there are in this Country the Kings of Cananor Tanor Cranganor Cochin Coulan and Travancor and 10 or 12 other considerable ones Cochin Colchin of Ptol. Herb. not much inferior to Goa pays Tribute to the Hollanders who keep the Castle The Harbor is pester'd with Rocks and Shelves Coulan has been much richer and better peopled than it is for it had formerly above 100000 Inhabitants Sopatpa in Arrian and Coâ—â—y in Ptol. Zamoryn valu'd it for its Situation for its Port and its Fidelity Since that the Sands having stop'd up the Port Goa and Calecut have got all the Trade from it Cananor Calligeris Ptol. teste Castal holds also some Islands among the Maldives viz. the Isle Malicut and the five Isles of Diavandorow Onor the Hippocura of Ptol. teste Baud. produces a weighty sort of Pepper and Black Rice accounted better than the White Baticale and Gersopa further in the Land are the Capital Cities of their Kingdoms included under the general Name of Canara To Malabar joins the fishing Coast called the Coast of Manar where they fish for Pearls in April for three weeks together The Country which contains about 30 little Cities is dry and Sun-burnt having no other advantages but by the Fishery for which they keep a Fair at Tuticorin The most part of it is under the Nâ—ic of Madure the Hollanders possessing only the Island of Kings where they have built a Fort and to which there is no coming but by a Chanel for the defence whereof they have rais'd several Works for conservation thereof being of so great importance to them by reason that thereby they are Masters of the Banks of Manar There is also found some Amber-greice and heretofore near to Cape Comâ—rin a Cape well known of old by Ptol. called Cory Calligicum by Strab. Conomencina by Plin. Calusca Colaicum Comar by Arrian in his Periplus Comara extrema or Cape Comryn there was a Pearl found that weighed above 30 Quintals Coromandel or Corobander Cartagar damna Ptol. so called from the abundance of Rice which it produces is famous for the best Ports of India The City of Meliapore Malipur incolis St. Thomaso Lusitanis Mâ—lange Ptol. or the Calurmina of Sophron. and St. Thomas's Anglis where that Apostle wrought many Miracles and where as their Traditions he foretold the coming of White People into that Country It is observed that the Off-spring of those that Martyr'd St. Thomas have one Leg bigger than the other â—â—liour is seated upon a small River having five Foot of Water at the Mouth of it which is about Cannon-shot from the City but small Ships had rather harbor themselves at Pelicate and the great ones at Nâ—gaâ—â—tâ—n which with Meliapor belongs to the Portugalâ— Pâ—licate besides the Town there is a Fort called Geldria that belongs to the Duâ—â—h where they have their chief Factory and where lives the chief Intendent over all the rest that are in the Territories of the King of Gâ—lâ—â—da In the Fort are generally 200 Soldiers besides Merchants The Bastions are well stored with good Guns and the Sea comes up to the very Wall of it Tavernier tells us That when the Inhabitants fetch their Water to drink they stay till the Sea is qâ—â—te gone out then digging holes in the Sand as near the Sea as they can they meet with fresh Water About 7 or 8 Leagues off is Fort St. George which belongs to the English whose Port or Harbor is called Madraspatan The Kingdom of Golconda is a Country abounding in Corn Rice Cattel and other Necessaries for Human Life and Bagnagar is the Name of the Metropolis commonly called Golconda which is the Name of a Fortress about two Leagues from it The City is said to be little less than Orleance seated upon a River which near to Mâ—slipatan falls into the Gulph of Bengala over which River there is a stately and fair Bridge into the City which is adorned with the King's Palace and the Houses of the great Lords and other Persons of Quality the Merchants and Tradesmen living in the Suburbs which are a League in length In this City is to be seen the Foundation of a magnificent Pagod which had it been finished had been the fairest in India there is one Stone which is an entire Rock of such a prodigious Bulk that 5 or 600 Men were five years before they could hew it out of its place and they say that 1400 Oxen were employed to draw it away The Men and Women of Golconda are well proportioned and of comely statures only the Country people swarthy there are said to be 20000 Licensed common Women about the City and Suburbs The present King descended from an ancient Family of the Turcomans is a Mahumetan and of the Sect of Hali and pays the Mogul an annual Tribute of 200000 Pagods Maslipatan is a great City and the most famous Road for Ships in the Gulph of Bengal the Argaric Gulph of old from whence they set Sail for Pegu Siam Aracan c. where Bloom saith the English have setled a Factory Concerning the Kingdoms of Narsinga and Bisnagar which some Authors make two distinct Countries though some others confound them together I shall give you this account That formerly the Territories of the Raja of Narsinga extended from Cape Cormorin all along the Coast of Cormandel as far as the River Guenga that falls into the Bengalan Gulph near the mouth of the Ganges the other Raja's being his Subjects that the last Raja who was at War with Ackbar the Mogul brought into the Field four Armies the first lay in that Province which is now called Golconda the second was quartered in the Province of Visapour the third in Brampore the fourth in Doltabat This Raja dying without Children the four Generals divided amongst them the Country but the Successor of the Mogul conquered again that of Brampore of Doltabat and part of Visapour but the King of Golconda became Tributary to him as was said before so that 't is very probable there are no such Cities as Narsingue or Bisnagar Tavernier in his Travels makes no mention of them The last Relations tell us that Gandicot Tav Guendicot Thev is one of the strongest Cities in the Kingdom of Carnatica about 85 Leagues from Meliapour and
1200 from Goloonda And that the greatest Raja on that side Ganges is of Velour whose Territories extend to Cape Cormorin and who succeeded to some part of the Estate of the Raja of Narsingue but in regard there is no Trade in his Country he is but little known to Strangers Thevenot tells us That the Usurpers were but three viz. of Viziapor of Bisnagar or Carnates formerly called Narsinga and Golconda Thus these Kings clashing together the Kings of Viziapor and Golconda warred upon the King of Bisuagar and seized upon several of his Towns so that he was constrained to flie into the Mountains and that his chief Town was Velour The Winter begins at Golconda in June with Rain and Thunder the Air was little cold at Night and in the Morning and in February the great Heats begin Vines are plentiful there and the Grapes are ripe in January They have two Crops a Year of Rice and many other Grains Some Relations make mention of the Naiques of Madure the Helura Ptol. Mundiris Arriano Modusa Plin. Tanaior and Gingi the Orthura Ptol. teste Baud. Orissa Castal of the Kingdom of Messur next to that of Madure but give us little of Remarque with Certainty Of the Peninsula Beyond GANGES A New Map of INDIA Beyond GANGES By R Morden THis Country in the elder Times was so Renowned for Wealth that one Tract of it had the Name of the Silver Region the other of the Golden Chersenese yet in truth the Country itself was but little known in the Times of the Ancients or the Interior part of it to us in these days Our latest Discoveries tell us 't is dismembred and subdivided into almost as many Kingdoms and Estates as Cities and Towns and into as many distinct Governments as there are Tribes and Nations amongst them the chief Cities of which are Pegu Triglipton or Trigliphon of Ptol. by Castal which was very considerable when it comprehended two Empires and 26 Kingdoms and then it was that Gold Silver Pearls and precious Stones were as common in the Court of Pegu as if the whole Orient had brought all its Riches thither But what its Revenues what its Government what its Forces and Riches now are I do not certainly find On the North of Pegu near Bengala is the City and Kingdom of Arachan now said to be subject to the Great Mogul Siriangh or Sirejang is a strong Fort on the mouth of the River given to the Portugals by the King of Arachan who at last were forced to yield it to the King of Ana by whom the Governor was cruelly Tortured on a Spit Sandiva is an Island about 30 Leagues in compass very fruitful once subdued by the Portugals but taken from them by the King of Arachan Anno 1608. 2. Siam of which our last Relation tells us That 't is a Country plentiful in Rice and Fruits The Forests of large Bamboo's are full of Rhinocero's Elephants Tygers Harts Apes and Serpents with two Heads but one has no motion The Rivers are very large and overflow the Banks when the Sun is in the Southern Tropick The Capital City is Siam the Sobanus or Cortacha of Ptol. about 3. Leagues in Circuit and walled the River running quite round it and in the Year 1665. fortified with very good Bulwarks by a Neapolitan Jesuit whose Port Town is Bancock six Leagues from the Sea. The Natives are all Slaves either to the King or the great Lords they have a great many Priests called Bonzes very ignorant yet greatly reverenced they hold the Transmigration of Souls into several Bodies and say That the God of the Christians and theirs were Brothers They have 33 Letters in their Alphabet and write from the Left to the Right contrary to the Custom of other Indians Their King is one of the richest Monarchs of the East and styles himself King of Heaven and Earth though Tributary to the Tartars as Conquerors of China He never shews himself in Publick above twice a Year but then in an extraordinary Magnificence He hath a great kindness for Elephants counts them his Favourites and the Ornaments of his Kingdom and styles himself King of the White Elephant for which there hath been great Wars between him and the Peguan King. Martaban said to be the Triglipton of Ptol. on the Gulph of Bengala once subject to Pegu now to Siam once a Kingdom now of a great Trade especially for Martabanes which are Vessels of Earth of a kind of Porcelain varnished with black and much esteemed in all the East 3. Malacca the Aurea Chersonesus of old in the Peninsula whereof are divers Kingdoms all which except Malacca are Tributary to that of Siam Tenasseri Juncalaon Quedda Pera and Malacca are on the Western part Ihor Puhang Patane Burdelong and Ligor are on the Eastern Coast Malacca the Tacola of Ptol. teste Alph. Adriano aliis Tacolais Juncalaon is the most famous being great rich and powerful An. 1511. the Portugals took it and kept it till 1641. when the Hollanders took it from them Among the Rarities of the Malacca or rather of the World is the Arbor Tristis which bears Flowers only after Sun-set and sheds them so soon as the Sun rises and this every Night in the year 4. Camboja Forte Pytindra or Pityndra of Ptol. on the River Mecon 60 Leagues up the River once one of the three prime Cities in this part of India The King thereof is or lately was Tributary to Siam whose Manners and Customs the People much resemble In the year 1644. four Holland Ships made into this River and got out notwithstanding all the opposition of the King of Camboja 5. Chiampa which communicates its Name to the Country said to be a distinct Kingdom It is seated near the Sea-side and of good Trade for the Wood called Lignum Aloes by some the Town is called Pulo Caceim Cochin China is said to be one of the best Kingdoms in all India it borders upon China of which it was once part and whose Manners Customs Government Religion and other Ceremonies they yet retain but their Language is that of Tonquin Among the Rarities of this Country is First The Inundation which in Autumn covers with its Waters almost all the Country making the Earth so fruitful that it brings forth its Increase twice or thrice a year Secondly Their Saroy Boura or matter wherewith the Swallows make their Nests which being steeped and moistned in Water serves for Sauce to all Meats communicating a variety of Taste as if composed of several Spices Thirdly Their Trees called Thins the Wood whereof remains uncorruptible whether in Water or Earth Sansoo is one of the greatest Cities of Chochin China and greatest Trade but now the Port failing it decays Haifo or Faifo is remarkable for its Forest of Orange and Pomgranate Trees Dinfoan is a good Port but of a difficult entrance Tachan is an Isle where the Fowls retire during the Heats Boutan is a good Haven Checo Kekio or Kecchio
formerly a famous City but swallowed up and shuffled into Ruins and Rubbish by an Earthquake which are very frequent in Japan Oudarro is a stately City adorned with a sumptuous Palace and lofty Spires The other chief Islands about Japan are Bungo Cikoko Saykok or Ximo all one Island but thus called by several Authors 2. Tonsa or Xicoco or Tokoese and Chiccock 3. Firando and Gotto with innumerable others Congoxuma is the first City where the Portugueses landed and got footing in Japan and was their Staple Nangesaque is the chief Staple and Residence of the Dutch in Japan first built by the Portugues This Lodge or Fortress lies on the small Island Disma and is the Magazine for all Indian Commodities and the best harbor for the reception of Merchant Vessels of any Port in Japan At this day the Hollanders pretend all Trade at Japan The extent of Jesso being Mountainous and abounding with costly Furs is yet unknown only that 't is a vast and wild Country full of Savage People cloathed with Skins of wild Beasts who can give no account further than they dwell Of the ISLES in the Indian Sea. SUch is the Infinity of these Isles that 't is impossible to give a just account of them I shall therefore only mention the most considerable And first of the Maldives The Maldives and Ceylon Ilands by Robt. Morden Of the Islands of the MALDIVES THE Maldives Islands situate under the Equinoctial Line derive their Name from the principal City called Male and Dive which signifies an Island They are reckoned to be about 12000 but that is supposed to be only by taking a certain Number for an uncertain They are dispersed from the North-West to the South-East into 13 Provinces which the Inhabitants call Attollons every one of which is fenc'd with a Bank of Sand but some of them are only Sand-hills or Rocks being all of them very little for Male the chief is but a League about They are divided by Arms of the Sea and environ'd with Rocks which renders the Access to them very difficult There are some Ports or Openings one opposite to another so plac'd that they give an Entrance into the four Attollons for the benefit of Trade otherwise the Currents would carry the Vessels above 7 or 800 Leagues beyond The Currents run six Months to the East and six to the West somtimes more somtimes less But the Sea being shallow the Winds outrageous and few Commodities to be had these Islands are not frequented by the Europeans The King of Maldives is called Rascan his Kingdom never is governed by the Female Sex and for his Revenue it consists in the misfortunes of others that is to say Wrecks at Sea. So that there is no trusting to the Maldives Pilots who will cast away a Ship on purpose that their King may have the Spoil On the other side the King himself uses to caress the Masters of Ships and to invite them to his Island to the end that dying of the Distemper of the Island which carries off Strangers in a short time he may be Heir to their Goods The Natives are little Olive coloured and Mahumetans They are subject to violent Fevers and Sickness by reason of the excessive heat They shave with cold Water catch Fish swimming and will dive to the bottom of the Sea to find a convenient place where to cast their Anchors They will fetch up out of the Sea with an incredible easiness an 100000 weight by the help of a Cable and some pieces of their Candon Wood. Their Coco's are very profitable to them for of those they make Wine Honey Sugar Milk and Butter They eat Almonds instead of Bread with all sorts of Food They put every Trade into a particular Island and to preserve their Wares from Vermin they build their Storehouses upon Piles in the Sea about an 100 paces from their Isles A Description of ZEILON alias CEYLON the Nangieris of Ptol. A New Map of CEYLON by Rob Morden THE Hollander is now Master of all the Sea-Coast the Inland Country is under the King of Candy and is divided into several Parts or Provinces which lie upon Hills fruitful and well-watered and are called in general Conde Uda This Inland Country of Conde Uda is strongly fortified by Nature the Entrances being up vast and high Mountains and the Ways so very narrow that but one Man can go a-breast and these Paths also are barricado'd up with Gates of Thorns and two or three Men to watch and examin all that come or go Candy or Conde by the Europeans Hingodagul-neure by the Inhabitants is the Chief or Metropolis of the whole Island bravely situated in the midst of it for all Conveniences but of late much decayed South of Candy 12 Miles distant lies Nellemby-neur where the King kept his Court when he left Candy Alent-neur is the place where the King was born and his Magazin for Corn and Salt. Badoula was burnt down in the time of War by the Portugals Digligy-neur is the place where the King now keeps his Court since the Rebellion Ann. 1664. its Situation is very Rocky and Mountainous being a place for Safety and Security Anurodgbarro is one of the ruinous Cities where they say 90 Kings have reigned distant from Candy 90 Miles Northwards Leawava affords Salt in abundance the Easterly Winds beating in the Sea and in the Westerly Wind which makes fair Weather it becomes Salt. Rece is the chiefest Flower of their Corn which is of several sorts some will be ripe in seven Months others in six five four and three but all requires water to grow in Their Seed-time is about July and August their Harvest about February Of Fruits there are great plenty and variety viz. the Betel Nut whose Leaves are 5 or 6 Foot long and have other lesser Leaves growing out of the sides of them some of these Nuts will make People drunk and giddy-headed and purge if eaten green There are also Jacks which are as big as a Peck-Loaf the out-side prickly like a Hedgehog and of a greenish colour the Seeds or Kernels do much resemble Chesnuts in colour and taste The Jombo is like an Apple full of Juice and pleasant to the Palat 't is white and delicately coloured with red as if painted There are also Murro's like Cherries sweet to the taste Dongs like Black Cherries Ambeloes like to Barbaries Carolla Cabella Cabela Paradigye like our Pears Here are also Coker-Nuts Plantines and Banara's of divers sorts sweet and sowre Oranges Limes Partaurings in taste like our Lemmons but much bigger Mangoes of several sorts Pine-Apples Sugar-Canes Water-Melons Pomgranats Grapes black and white Mirablins Codiews and several other There is also the Tallipot-Tree which bears no kind of Fruit until the last year of its life and then it comes out full of yellow Blossoms which smell very strong which come to a Fruit round and hard as big as our Cherries but not good to eat but the Leaf of
this Tree is so broad and large that it will cover 15 or 20 Men and keep them dry when it rains and the Pitch within the Tree is good to eat and tastes much like to white Bread. There is also the Kettale-Tree which yields a delicious Juice rarely sweet and pleasant to the Palat which they take from the Tree two or three times a day which Liquor they boil and make a kind of Sugar The Cinnamon-Tree grows wild in the Woods as other Trees and by them no more esteemed being as plenty as Hazel in England The Cinnamon is the Bark or Rind which when on the Tree looks whitish when they pull it off they scrape it and dry it in the Sun. The Wood hath no smell 't is of a white colour and soft like Fir. The Leaf much resembles Laurel both in colour and thickness The young Leaves look red like Scarlet if bruised they will smell more like Cloves than Cinnamon It bears a Fruit which is ripe in September much like an Acorn but smaller it neither tastes nor smells like as the Bark but being boiled in Water it will yield an Oil which when cold is hard as Tallow and white and of an excellent smell and 't is used for Ointment for Aches and Pains and to burn in Lamps There is also the Ovula the Fruit whereof they make use of for Physick in Purges and being beat in pieces in a Mortar and soak'd in Water it will Dye a very good Black and rusty Iron lying one Night in the Water will become bright and the Water black like Ink. The Betel-Tree whose Leaf is so much loved and eaten grows like Ivy twining about Trees or Poles which they stick into the ground for it to run up by and as the Betel grows the Poles grow also Of Roots they have Aloes or Inyames of divers sorts some they plant and others grow wild in the Woods These serve for Food and for Sause or a Relish to their Rice some of them in a year or two will grow as big as a Man's Waste others as big as a Man's Arm. They have Herbs of several sorts some in six months growing to maturity the Stalk as high as a Man can reach and being boiled almost as good as Asparagus They have Coleworts Carrots Radishes Fennel Balsam Spearmint Mustard There is also Fern Indian Corn several sorts of Beans Cucumbers Calabassa's and Pumkins And the Dutch have Lettice Rosemary Sage and other European Herbs and Plants which grow well there The Woods are their Apothecaries Shops where with Herbs Leaves and the Rinds of Trees they make all their Physick and Plaisters with which they will make notable Cures Of Flowers they have great variety growing wild as Roses red and white and several other sorts of sweet smelling Flowers one called the Sendric-mal of a murry colour and white which opens at 4 of the Clock in the Evening and shuts at 4 in the Morning which serves them somtimes instead of a Clock The Pichamauls are a white Flower like our Jasmine well scented the King hath a parcel of them every Morning brought to him wrapt in a white Cloth but the Hon-mauls are the chief Flowers the young People use and are of greatest value among them They have Cows Buffaloes Hogs Goats Deer in great abundance Hares Dogs Jacols Apes Tygers Bears Elephants There are Ants of divers sorts some worthy our Remark viz. the Coura-atch which is a great and black Ant living in the ground making great hollow Holes in the earth and have no sting The Vaco's are the most numerous whose hinder part is white and the head red They eat and devour all they come at except Iron and Stone They creep up the Walls of Houses and build an Arch of Dirt over themselves all the way as they climb be it never so high and in places where there are no Houses they will raise great Hills or Humbosses some 5 or 6 Foot high so hard and strong as not easily digged down with Pickaxes within full of hollow Vaults and Arches where they dwell Their Nests are much like Honey-Combs full of Eggs and young Ones As they encrease in multitude so they also dye in multitude for when they come to maturity they have Wings and in the Evening after Sun-set they issue forth in vast Numbers that they almost darken the Sky flying to such a height as they go out of sight and so keep flying till they fall down dead upon the Earth Of the ISLES of SONDE The Isles of SONDA By Rob t Morden The ISLES of SONDE THE Streight of Sonde gives its Name to the Isles of Sumatra Java and Borneo that lie not far from it It is the ordinary passage for Vessels that are bound for China and the more Eastern Seas the Air of these three Islands is very unwholsom nor do they afford those Provisions which the Continent doth The Inhabitants of the Uplands are Pagans of the Sea-Coasts Mahumetans They have several Kings potent as well by Sea as by Land. They afford rich Commodities especially Spices which the Portugals the Hollanders and the most part of the other Nations of the World fetch from thence Sumatra is the most famous Island in all the East for Largeness and Riches For it is 300 French Leagues long and 70 broad having several Mines of Gold. It lies 10 Leagues from the Continent and the Ancients believ'd it to be a Peninsula by reason of the several little Islands that seem to join it to the Land. Six Kings command it the King of Achem best known to us of Camper Iambi Menancabo and Palimban They have so well defended their Island that the Europeans could never get footing on it There is a Mountain that casts forth Flames like Mount Gibel The Pepper of this Island is better than that of Malabar because the Land is more moist They find Gâ—ld in grains and in little pieces after the great Flouds of water The Inland part is inhabited by Barbarians that will eat the Raw Flesh of their Enemies with Pepper and Salt. The City of Achem is the best in the Island it has been better than it is it lies half a League from the Sea upon a Plain by the side of a River as large as the Seine in France but very shallow There is also a Fortress upon the Bank of the River Java governed by several petty Kings every City having one Among the rest the Kings of Japara Tuban Jottan Panarvan Panarucan and Palambuam Many are Pagans some are Mahumetans and the most part acknowledge the great Materan or the Emperor of Materan who formerly claimed the Sovereignty over the whole Island Upon the Coast grow Oysters that weigh 300 pound The Isle produces such large Canes that one alone suffices to make a Boat. It affords excellent Lignum Aloes Salt from Jottan and Gold and Pepper in abundance The Southern Coast is last known It is one of the largest Islands in Asia and for its
Season forsaked those Islands also Amboyna towards the South of the Molucca's gives its Name to some other Isles It is an Island abounding in Cloves for the buying and gathering whereof the English had five Factories the chiefest whereof was at Amboyna the other at Hitto at Larica at Cambillo and Lobo who begun to be rich when on the 11th of February 1622 began the barbarous proceedings of the Dutch against the English where the two Elements of Fire and Water although merciless of themselves by making their Fury more deliberate were here instructed to be more unmerciful whil'st accurate Cruelty did torment even Invention itself to torment the Innocent The Dutch have now several Forts there 'T is their best Colony next to that of Batavia and they have forced the Inhabitants of the Island to trade with no other And here let me Remark how strange and admirable indeed it is That a small Number of Merchants assembled at first upon the single score of Trade should in a few Years presume to make War in Countries so far distant and to assail so many potent Kings and Princes To plant so many Colonies besiege so many Cities and Forts expelling the Portugals in many places surprizing the English encroaching upon all And lastly setting forth so many Navies at such prodigious Charges and Expences of about 12 Millions a year that the most potent Sovereigns of the Universe cannot equalize The End of ASIA Of AFRICA AFRICA by R. Morden AFRICA by the Ancients was called Olympia Hesperia Oceania Coryphe Ammonis Ortygia and Aethiopia By the Greeks and Romans Lybia and Africa By the Aethiopians and Moors Alkebu-lan By the Arabians Ifrichea or Ifriquia by the Indians Bezecath by the Turks Magribon but the most noted Appellation is Africa either from Apher an Hebrew word signifying dust or from Epher or Aphar one of the Nephews of Abraham by the Greek Fablers from Afer a Companion of Hercules by the Arabians from Faruch to divide or separate or from the ancient name of Carthage called Africa By Bochartus from Feruc a Corn Country Scituate it is for the most part under the Torrid Zone the Aequator crossing it in the very middle and therefore by the Ancients supposed unhabitable and parched with the Suns excessive heat But what they knew not and thought almost impossible to be known is now common for the secrets of her deep and remotest Shores are now beaten up and tracted with continual Voyages first by the Portugals and after by the English and Dutch. So that now four famous Seas are known to be the bounds of Africa on the North the Mediterranean on the East the Red Sea or Arabian Gulf on the South the Aethiopian and on the West the Atlantick Ocean so that 't is divided from all the World by Sea except Asia whereunto it is joyned by a narrow Isthmus The whole being formed like a huge Pyramid or Triangle whose largest extent from North to South and from East to West is differently set down by most Geographers though contrary to others I shall state it thus the length from Cape Verde to Cape Guardafuy is 72 degrees of Longitude which is 5256 miles Sanson makes it 80 degree which is 5840 miles 584 miles too much And its breadth from Cape Bon to the Cape of Good Hope is 72 degrees Latitude which makes 5110 miles at 73 to a degree Africa in General stands divided into these Regions or Parts Barbary Fez. Morocco Tremisen Algier Tunis Tripoli Barca Aegypt Upper Middle Lower Billedulgerid Tesset Dara Segelomesse Tegorarin Zeb Billedulgerid The Desert of Barca Desert of Sarra Zanhaga Zuenziga Targa or Hair. Lempta Berdoa Gaoga Borno Negroland Guinea Benin Tombotu Biafara 19 Kingdoms in all Aethiopia Superior Aethiopia or Abyssine Nubia Coast of Adel. Zanguebar Coast of Ainan Aethiopia Inferior Congo Monomotapa Caffres The Islands The Canaries Cape Verde Madagascar Malthar with many other smaller Islands The greatest Rivers in Africa are Nilus and Niger The River Nilus is famous for its Greatness and Foecundity it hath anciently had several Names the Hebrews called it Nahar Nachal the Inhabitants Nuchal by the Jews it was called Shichor or Sihor by the Greeks Melas Homer Diodorus Xenophon c. gave it the common Appellation of the Country viz. Egyptus Plutarch calls it Osyris and Syris Apollonius Triton Pliny Astraton Diodorus Aquila Cedrenus Chrysorrhoe Dyonisius Syene The Abyssines style it Abanha the Negroes or Moors Takkui the Inhabitants of Goyame by Report of Sanatius call it Gihon and the Lybians and Africans Nilus It runs many Leagues passes through several Lakes divers Islands and waters the most lovely Vallies in the World. The heads thereof now well known are in Aethiopia Kircher from a Manuscript of one Peter Pais who in company of the Abyssine Emperor in the year 1618 March 21 most accurately searched for it tells us that it rises in the Country of Sahala being part of the Province of Agaos bordering on Goyam whose Source or Spring-head first appears in two Founts seeming perfectly round The Diameter of each about 18 Inches but in depth unfathomable On the top of a Morass or Boggy plain which shaking Plain saith Kircher was once a large open Pool which by length of time contracted a Filme or Crust of Earth made more substantial and firm by the growing and spreading of Grass and other Dust and Slime Concerning this see more in the Description of Aethiopia The Cataracts or Falls upon the confines of Aethiopia and Aegypt And the Mouths that oft throw themselves into the Sea below Aegypt where the Ancients have made seven some nine and the Moderns four But now there are but two when there is no inundation Damiata and Rosetta Whatsoever was or is the Number of the Ostiaries of Nile ancient and modern Authors as well as Maps differ among themselves for Pomponius Strabo Diodorus and Herodotus make seven others with Ptolomy nine viz. the Heraclean called also the Canopean and Naueratian the Bolbitian Sebennitian Pathmetian by Strabo Fatnian by Herodotus in his Euterpe Bucolian the Mendesian the Tanitian and the Pelusian The other two were the Dialcos and the Pinaptimi to which some add two more William of Tyre who had exactly search'd the Number of them upon the place assures us there were no more but four To reconcile these Differences give me leave to note that when this River overflows the Country it then dischargeth itself into other Chanels which remain dry all the rest of the year and then it is restrained to those four which were then the natural branches now said to be but two when there is no Inundation viz. Damiata and Rosetta by which its Waters flow regularly into the Sea. The Water has a foecundating Virtue and peculiar quality to fatten the Land so that by its yearly inundation which begins about the middle of June and ends the beginning of September Aegypt is made exceeding fruitful for it not only produceth a Harvest
there is little or no Rain there are few or no Fountains and that where there is much they abound He tells us that Nilus which for the length of its Course the abundance of its Waters its sweetness wholsomness and fertility exceeds all the Rivers of the World owes its rise to the Kingdom of Gojam in Habâ—ssinia found out by the Travels of the Portugals and by the sedulity of the Fathers which was so long and unsuccessfully sought for by the Antients and Kircher hath described them from the relation of P ter Pays who saw them himself which differs not much from what Gregory an Ethiopian hath written of it viz. That it hath five Heads that it encircles Gojam and passing by several Kingdoms of Habassia reviews the Kingdom of Senna and travels to the Country of Dengala Thence it turns to the right hand and comes to a Country called Abaim before it arives in Nubia where by reason of Clifts and Rocks its Stream is divided into two Branches one running South to drench the thirsty Fields of Egypt the other West to quench the drowth of those Sands in the Country of the Negrites It is called in the Scripture Shibber from its darkness because it carries Waters troubled with Mud from the Fields of Ethiopia and by the Greeks for the same reason 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Habessines Abawi in their vulgar Language but in the Ethiopick Gejon or Gewon from a mistake of the Greek Gâ—on and Hebrew Gebon He says the antient Geographers tâ—ought it to take its rise beyond the Equinoctial in I know not what Mountains of the Moon thinking it might receive its increase by the Winter Rains of those Regions For they could not persuade themselves that the Sun being in the Northern Signs there could be Winter and Rain enough so near to raise so great a River from them After it has past about forty Leagues from its source which is in an elevated but trembling and moorish Ground it enters a vast Lake in Dembeâ— and passes it without mixing its Waters as the Rhâ—â—e does the Lake Lemanus and the Rhine Aeronius The cause of the Inundation of Nile is from the great Rains falling in many Regions of the Torrid-Zone upon the Suns retiring back into the Winter Signs It has been the opinion of some that it has been formerly in the power of the King of the Habessines to divert Nilus from its course into Egypt and to drive it into the Red-Sea there being at a certain place an absolute fall of Land to convey it thither only one Mountain being cut through though now that place where it could be diverted is possest by others He mentions another River in Ethiopia called Hawas which passing a great way from its Source sinks at length into the Sands never going to the Sea as other Rivers do Also that the Rivers Melegi and Tacazae abounding with Crocodiles fall into the Nilus That the River Mareb rising in Tygrâ— encompassing great part of the Kingdom hides its self under ground and then rises and after a continued course it disperses and leaves its divided Waters in the Sands of Dequin The Soyl is so fertile that in some places they sow and have Crops twice and in others thrice a Summer They make Bread of a sort of Corn called Tâ—f thought to be the same with our Rye though they have Wheat Barley c. They make no Winter Provisions for Cattle the Soyl yielding always Herbage enough nor lay up any stores for other years for themselves confiding in the fertility of their Soyl for their Fields are always pleasant and always smiling with a Flowry Grace He says they have an Herb called Assazoe which by its touch or even shadow so stupifies all Serpents and venemous Creatures that you may handle them without offence and that he who has eaten the Root of it is secured from them for many years And he is of opinion that the Psylli of Africa had the Virtue of curing the bitings of Serpents by the touch through the use of this Herb. The Amadmagda that cures broken and disjoynted Bones as the Ossifraga of Norway snâ—ps the Bones of Cattle that tread upon it They have a Tree called â—uâ—ets resembling the Indian Fig tree which is four yards thick if shrowded it sprouts forth with a world of young Shoots which are all good Food so that this Tree need not bear any Fruit being indeed all Fruit if sliced and boiled it assuages thirst He tells us that by reason of the plenty of Herbage and the heat of the Climate Quadrupedes and 〈◊〉 are much bigger in Ethiopia and India than with us They have strong and excellent Horses but never shoe them nor use them but in War employing Mules in all their drudgâ—ry They have the known sort of Sheep with great Tails of which some weigh above forty pounds They have multitudes of Elephants but never use them To say they have Lyons Tygers Panthers Wolves Hyaena's Camel Panthers higher than Elephants c. it 's no more than other Countries yield But he says they have a Beast called Zecora or Zembra exceeding in beauty all Quadrupeds it is about the bigness of a Mule and naturally gentle his Body is all encompast with interchangeable Circles of Black and of a lively Ash colour and this with such an Elegancy and Order that they surpass the Art of the best Painter to imitate them His Ears only are a little disproportionate being too long One of them was sold by the Basha of Bâ—â—quena for two thousand Venetian pieces for a present to the Great Mogul They have thousands of Apes feeding chiefly on Worms which they find under Stones Hence in the Mountains where they use you will scarce find a Stone unturned be it never so grâ—at for if two or three cannot move it they call more aiâ— They eat also Ants and sometimes devour whole Fields of Fruit. They have also an innocent and very pleasant Animal being a sort of little Monkey of which there is an elegant Ethiopick Rhime in Latin thus Hominem non laedo frumentum non edo oderunt me frustra It is of a various colour full of greyish specks They are extreme tender so that unless they are cloathed and kept warm they cannot be brought to us He tells us also of some that have seen the fam'd Unicorn there an Animal of the form and size of a midling Horse of a bright Bay Colour with a black Mane and Tail and with a fair Horn in his Forehead five Palms in length being somewhat whitish For Water and Amphibious Animals he says they have the Hippopotamus thought to be the Behemoth in Job and the Sea-Horse of the Greeks the Crocodile the Water-Lizard and amongst others the Torpedo with which they cure Tertian and Quarian Agues The way is thus They bind the Patient fast on a Table and then apply the Torpedo to his Joints which causes a very cruel torture in all his
that they hold the holy Ghost to proceed from the Father only and not from the Son. That they hold the Soul of Man not to be created because they say God perfected all his Work on the Sixth Day They think it therefore drawn from the Matter but Immortal They hold likewise some other Errors On their Eleventh of January which to us is the Sixth of the same Month and the Feast of the Epiphany the Habessines in memory of the Baptism of our Saviour which they hold with many of the Antients to have been for certain on that day keep a joyful Festival all of them just at break of day before the rising of the Sun going into Ponds and Rivers and there dipping and sporting themselves This Custom having given occasion to some to affirm That they were baptized anew every year They begin the Year on the Calends of September with the Grecians Armenians Russians and other Oriental Christians for they believe as many of the Antients have asserted that the World was made in the Autumnal Equinox If any discord arise betwixt Man and Wife so that they cannot be reconciled the Kings Judges dissolve the Marriage and they are free to marry again As we have mentioned before the King of Habessinia's unparallell'd absoluteness in Temporals so our Author says That the chief Ecclesiastical Power is in him so that all things of Jurisdiction only some small Causes excepted are Determined by the Kings Judges Nor do the Clergy enjoy any Ecclesiastical Immunity or Priviledge in Courts of Judicature but undergo correction from Secular Judges as mere Layicks Our Author tells us That the Habessines have few Books but those of Sacred Things That they have no written Laws but judge all Right and Wrong according to the Custom and Manner of their Ancestors Physick he says is wholly neglected by them They cure Men by Burning and Cutting as they do Horses They cure the Jaundice by burning a Semicircle about the joynt of the Arm with a crooked Iron putting on the place a little Cotton and so letting the vitious Humor distil from it till the Distemper be gone They cure Wounds with Myrrh which is there mighty common They look upon it as an egregious Fable for any Man to assert that the Earth is a round Globe suspended of it self in the midst of the Air. He tells us they eat raw Flesh or such as is but half-boil'd and use Gall as a sauce That they take Herbs half digested out of the Bellies of Cows and Oxen kill'd and seasoning them with Salt and Pepper they make a sort of Mustard which much gratifies their Palate CONGO by Robt. Morden at the Atlas in Cornhil LONDON COngo is very temperate for the Rains and the Winds asswage the heat which is insupportable in the neighbouring Countries Nor has Africa any Province more interlaid with Rivers The Zair which is the chief of them is very considerable for the Rapidity and depth of its Stream The Inhabitants of Congo have Mines of Gold but they only make use of Shells for Money They for the most part owned themselves Christians or Catholicks by the Example of their Kings In or about the year 1640 at what time the Capuchins had made a great progress there in Preaching which nevertheless did not succeed according to expectation for being never well grounded in any solid Principles they soon abandoned the name and Profession The Portugals bring from thence Ivory and Slaves For which reason they have settled themselves in the Royal City which is called St. Salvador and in that of St. Paul in the small Island of Loanda this was since seiz'd upon by the Dutch which is very level seven Leagues long and one and a half broad where they get fresh Water by digging holes in the Sand. The Portugals keep Garrisons in the Forts of Massagan and Cambambe in the Kingdom of Angola for the preservation of their Silver Mines And here it is that they rendevouz their Slaves appointed for Brasile The Males only have the right of Succession in this Kingdom and all the Land belongs to the King whom they call Mani Learning is so little esteemed among the Congolans that when Emanuel King of Portugal sent to their King all the fairest Books of the Law he could meet with and several Doctors to expound them he sent the Doctors back and ordered the Books to be burnt saying That they would only confound and disorder his Subjects Brains who had no need but only of Reason and Common Sense however that he would continue no less the King of Portugals Friend Under the name of Congo are also comprehended the Kingdoms of Angola Cacongo and Malemba the Ansicains who rememble our Biscainers and the Brama's or Loanghi But neither these Kingdoms nor People acknowledge the King of Congo as formerly they did The King of Angola styles himself grand Soba his chief City is Cambazza Enguze or Donge His Subjects are so in love with Dogs Flesh that they breed up whole Flocks together and one well-fed Dog is sometimes sold among them for two hundred Crowns They are excellent in nothing but in shooting in a Bow. For they will discharge twelve Arrows before the first shall be fallen to the Ground They believe The Sun to be a Man and the Moon a Woman and the Stars to be the Children of that Man and that Woman The Empire of MONOMOTAPA and the Coast of Cafres THE Country which bears the name of Cafreria is the most Southern part of all Africa and indeed of all our Continent along the Ethiopick Sea part in the Torrid part in the temperate Zone extending about twelve hundred Leagues upon the Coast It is full of Mountains subject to great colds and under several petty Kings the most part of which pay Tribute to the Emperor of Monomotopa The King of Sofala which was part of the Aegisymba of old pays also to the King of Portugal who keeps a Garison in the Castle of Sofala and by that means gets good store of Gold from the Mines which are up in the Country And that Gold is esteem'd the best in the World From whence Vertomannus Volaterranus and from them Ortelius labour to perswade the World how that this was Ophir And David Kemchi a learned Rabbi places Ophir in South Africa yet Josephus St. Hierome and many more are of opinion that Ophir was part of the East Indies whose distance and great plenty of Gold best agrees with a three years Voyage They take it up sometimes out of the Rivers in little Nets after it has rain'd The Coast of Cafreria lies low and full of Woods but the Soyl produces Flowers of a most pleasing scent and the Trees afford a lovely prospect Three great Rivers fall into the Indian Sea out of Cafreria Every one of which is known at the head by the name of Zambera The most Northerly is call'd Cuama the middlemost Spirito Sancto and the Southermost Los Infantes The Cafres live
under no Law nor Religion as their name imports Herbert tells us That during the time he staid amongst them he saw no signs of any knowledge of God no spark of Devotion no symptom of Heaven or Hell no place set apart for Worship no Sabboth for Rest Many of them will steal with their Feet while they stare ye in the Face They sell their Cattel to the Seamen that come into those parts But they are forc'd to tie the Oxen to Trees and to put the Sheep in Pens before they pay them for else upon a peculiar whistle the Cattle will run after them and leave the Purchaser in the lurch In Complexion they are like our Chimney Sweepers Besides they have great Heads flat Noses whither it be that they are press'd in their Infancy or because that their Mothers carry them at their backs against which they may be subject to knock them Their Hair is frizl'd their Lips extraordinary big their Back Bone very sharp their Hips large so that there can be nothing seen more ugly The Cape of good Hope which lies in the most Southern part of this Country is the most famous the longest and the most dangerous Cape in the World. It was so call d because that being once past that the Seamen had some hopes to arrive quickly at the East Indies Formerly it was call'd the Cape of Whirle-winds or Tempests which much annoy'd those Seas Some call it the Lyon of the Sea others the Head of Africa There are certain signs to know when you are near it For within fifty or sixty Leagues the Sea is full of the bodies of thick Reeds that float upon the Water and the white Birds with black Spots make their appearance The Mouth of the Bay to the East of the Cape is five Leagues broad encompassed with sharp Rocks The Air is temperate and the neighbouring Valleys are full of Herbs and Flowers Their Rivers abound in Fish their Woods in Venison and Bees The Natives that cloath themselves with the Skins of these Beasts are very swift but brutes in their eating and when they speak they gobble like Turkie Cocks The Hollanders have built a Fort there a League from which they have a fair and handsome Town all sorts of Grain there out of Asia or Europe thrive better than in other parts The Cafres are black because they rub themselves with a Grease or Ointment composed of several sorts of Drugs to preserve themselves from being Hydropical they have great knowledge of Simples and have cured several of the Dutch of Ulcers and old Wounds which were past the skill of their own Chyrurgeons Monomotopa is almost environ'd by Cafreria It bears the name of the King. It is very fertile abounding in Ivory and so rich in Gold that the King is call'd the Golden Emperor The Inhabitants who are very superstitious have no other Arms than Pikes Bows and Arrows But they are so swift that they will run as fast as a Horse The common People wear nothing above their Wastes and for the Maids they go stark naked so that a Man may choose his Wife according to the Custom of the Vtopian Common-wealth A Relation made in the year 1651 Reports that the King of Monomotopa was baptiz'd with all his Court by the Jesuits The King himself is generally trick'd with Bracelets and Pretious Stones like a Bridegroom nor will he ever wear any Foreign Stuffs for fear they should be poison'd Unless it be the T'wist the Coller and his Buskins of which he has liberty to change the Fashion he is obliged in other things to follow the Fashion of his Predecessors by the Laws of his Kingdom 'T is reported that for his usual Guard he has a Regiment of Women and another of Dogs and that those Women in War do as much service as Men. He gratifies the Princes which are his Tributaries with a present of Fire every year as a mark of his acknowledgment Mono Emugi is a potent Kingdom to the North of Monomotopa The Giaques otherwise call'd Galles and Chava's are neighbours to one another and are famous for their Valor and for the Victories they have got over the Abassins in the Upper Ethiopia The COAST OF Zanguebar and Aien by Robt. Morden ZANGVEBAR call'd by the Antients Barbary is a large Coast in the Eastern part of Africa which extends it self all along the Indian Sea on this side and beyond the Equator The Natives are Idolaters under divers Sovereigns They give their minds to Trade as well as the Arabians and Mahumetans that are among them The Southern part chiefly bears the name of Zanguebar which contains the small Kingdoms of Mozambique Quilâ—a Mombaza and Melinda The Northern part is call'd Ayen and sometimes New Arabia It comprehends the Dominions of Brava Magadoxo Adea and Adel. In Mozambique lies the best place that the Portugals have in all those quarters For they possess a very strong Castle in the Island of that Name about half a League long where their Ships stay for seasonable weather to carry them to the East Indies The Port is upon the Northside of the City and you must leave two Islands upon the left hand as you enter into it It would be better inhabited but the Air is very unwholesome Quiloa lies in the same Peninsula The King thereof was the first in Zanguebar that became Tributary to the Portugals In Quiloa are a most excellent sort of Hens though their Flesh their Feathers and their very Bones be black Mombaze lies in an Island and upon a Rock under 3d 50 m. South was subdued to the Crown of Portugal by Almeyda in the year 1505. Sometimes the Portugals Winter there for Provisions are very plentiful and cheap The entrance into the Port is so narrow and so rocky that in some places there is not room for above one Ship to enter The Estates of Lamon and Pate are under the Government of Melinda The Coast of Ajan contains the Republick of Brava is a small Common-wealth with a City built according to the Fashion of the Moors It has usually paid a small Tribute to the Portugals Magadoxo is under a King of their own and the Natives are Mahumetans To Adea belongs a very good Port call'd Barraboa Adel whose chief City is Arat obeys a King who is an enemy to the Abissines Barbora and Zeila are places of great Trade by reason of the conveniency of their Ports towards the entry into the Red Sea. Zeila was the Aralites of Plin. Ptol. and Steph. the Emporium of the Trogloditicae teste Mol. Zocotora Isle well known to former Ages to some by the name of Dioscorida thought to be the Topazo of Pliny by the Turks Catuchomer by the Persians Cabar by the Spaniards Acebar Ramusio Curia Muria aliis Alba Curia incolis Abbadal Curia is situated at the Mouth of the Red-Sea sixty Miles long and twenty four broad which though defective in most necessaries for life yet it hath plenty
blood Cordevanis Cedar Wood and a plant call'd Mader It contains three Cities the chief of which is Fouchial or Funghal the Residence of a Governor and a Bishop The City is long and narrow at the foot of a Mountain which is about three quarters of a League high with three Fortresses and a Port like a Crescent where Ships may ride within Pistol shot of the Town The Island contains thirty six Parishes five or six Religious Convents four Hospitals six or seven thousand Houses twenty five thousand Inhabitants and so many Gardens that the whole seems a Garden of pleasure The Island Porto Sancto hath much what the same Commodities with Madera but is not above eight or ten Leagues in circuit thought to be the Cerne of Ptolomy and reckoned for the most remote Colony which the Carthaginians had in the Western Ocean Between the Canaries and the Madera's I find two small Islands called Salvages in some Maps but in the Sea-charts I find only a heap of Sands and no description of them in any Geography CAPE VERDE Ilands by Rt. Morden THE Islands which are in the parallel of Cape Verd are to the number of ten and bear the name of the Cape which lies in the most Western part of all Africa The Antients call'd them Hesperides and Gorgades and the Fables plac'd there the Orchards with Golden Apples which were kept by a Dragon Christopher Columbus said they were falsly nam'd for in his third Voyage he found them to be dry and barren They are for the most part possessed and inhabited by the Portugals who transport thence Salt and Goats-skins of which they make excellent Cordevants There is in one of these Islands called Mayo so great quantity of Salt that it is said it could load above two thousand Sail of Ships so that the Flemings call them all the Islands of Salt. The Principal Island is that of Saint Jago or James's with a City of the same Name which is none of the best inhabited through the unwholesomeness of the Air. The Nine other Islands are Saint Anthony's Saint Vincent Saint Luce Saint Nicholas the Isle of Salt Bona Vista Mayo I. de Fuogo and Brava There are some wherein there are no Inhabitants but only Goats The neighbouring Ocean bears the Name of Green by reason that it is covered with a kind of Green and Yellow weed so that it looks like a Meadow There are four things which to me strongly prove that the Islands of Cape Verd do rather answer to the fortunate Islands of Ptolomy then the Canaries 1. Their difference of Latitude for Ptolomy placeth his fortunate Islands between the tenth and sixteenth Degree of Latitude the Canaries are about twenty eight Degrees of Latitude 2. Their distance in regard of the Coast of Africa which Ptolomy makes the nearest distance to be eight Degrees when as the furthest of the Canaries is not so much 3. The disposition of their Situation from East to West for Ptolomy confines his Fortunate Isles almost under one Meridian the Canaries contain five or six Degrees in Longitude 4. In respect of their Situation from North to South for Ptolomy extends those four or six Degrees of Latitude whereas the Canaries lie all in the same Degree of Latitude however I shall submit to better judgments therein The Isle of Saint Thomas under the Equator affords a great quantity of Sugar but the Air is bad for strangers that come to live there for they never grow bigger than they were at their first arrival The Portugals were the first that subdu'd it The best Town in it is Pavoasan containing about seven hundred Houses with a Fortress in the Eastern part of the Island It has several Trees like those in the Island of Fer which distil Water continually for the use of the Inhabitants Hogs Flesh is more wholesome and nourishing than Fowl by reason they feed their Hogs with Sugar Canes The Island of the Prince so call'd because the Revenue of that Island is appointed for the Maintenance of the Prince of Portugal yields some Fruit Sugar and Ginger Annobon is so called because it was first discovered upon the first day of the year The Portugals live toward the North part thereof it yields Sugars Cottons Cattle and excellent Fruits and Oranges that in the year 1623 weighed twelve ounces Saint Hellens sixteen Leagues in compass in the Ethiopick Sea high and mountainous There is no Island in the World so far distant from the Terra Firma 't is called the Sea-Inn because they that return from the East Indies stop and refresh there and in the Vallies it 's very Fertile the Air so healthful that Sick Persons are in a short time restored to their Health well furnished with good Water which alone is a great refreshment to the Ships and of so great importance that the English keep and possess it in despite of Portugals Spaniards or Dutch or any other that dispute with them the Dominion of the Sea. The Islands of Fernando Saint Matthews and Ascension are not inhabited and of no great account only they afford Fowls Wild Beasts and Fish Zocotora and Behel-Mendel lies toward the Red-Sea where the passage is most convenient from the Coast of Africk Zocotora near Cape Guadarfu is under the Jurisdiction of an Arabian King. It is a good Road and hath very convenient Bays where Ships may ride secure among the very Rocks It affords excellent Fishing Cattle in great abundance and is famous for the goodness and quantity of its Aloes MADAGASCAR or St. LAURANCE by Rob. Morden MAdagascar Madecase by the Natives Sazandib by the Arabs Manuthyas Ptol. Magaster by M. P. Venet. Albagra Thev Dâ— Cerne Merc. Dauphin Island by the French St. Laurence by Trisian d' Acunna the Portugal who discovered it An. Dom. 1508 tho great is the difference in Spanish Writers about the first that landed here lies in the Eastern which we call the Indian Sea it is the biggest of all the Islands that belong to Africa from whence it does not lie above a hundred or ninety Leagues distant Nor is there any Island in the World of so vast an extent For it is in length above three hundred and forty of our Leagues and about one hundred broad It s chief Ports are the Bay of Antongil or St. Anthony the best in all the Island Further towards the North Boamarage towards the South Angoada Cacumbout Manialoufe Manajara or the Port of Prunes Matatane Manapate or the Port of Gallions Manatenga Anamboul Fort des Francois Sancta Clara Bay St. Lucia Fort Dauphin Cape Romain Cape St. Mario Port St. Augustin Port Santiago or St. James Port St. Vincent Terra del Gada Terra de St. Andra Vingagora c. According to our Relations the Air is temperate enough the Soyl produces several sorts of Grains and Trees the Waters are excellent and the Fruits delicious The Mountains are full of Wood Pasturage and Plants of divers sorts and the Champain Country is
water'd with Rivers and Lakes full of Fish Pity it is that so noble an Island and so populous should continue so long uncivilized and corrupted with Mahumetism and Heathenism and estranged from God and Virtue and seated so advantageously for Traffick with all the World. They transport from thence Rice Hides Wax Gums Christal Steel Copper Ebony and Woods of several sorts Among the Natives there are both Blacks and Whites generally Strong Active and Couragious delighted with Sports and Novelties Hunting Hawking Fishing and Dancing are their Recreations Nature abhorring cruelty instructs them to punishâ—â—â—ther with Death Adultery with publick Shame These with Banishment Ignorant they are in Agriculture and Learning for to them Nil scire nihil Jucundius There are in Madagascar a great number of particular Lords who bear the Title of Rohandrians who are continually at War among themselves for their Cattle The English Portugals and Hollanders have sometimes set footing there The English in the Bay of St. Augustin and at Port del Gada The Portugals in the Bay of Gallions The Hollanders in the Bay of Antongil But since the erecting Fort Dauphine the French have assum'd to themselves all the Eastern and Southern part of the Isle Madagascar sits as Empress amongst many smaller Islands which do as it were inviron and defend her The Chief whereof are the Isle Burbon otherwise called Mascarenhas twenty five Leagues long and fourteen broad it belongs at this day wholly to the French. In this Island there is a Mountain that vomits Fire but the rest of the Land is the best and most pleasant in the World for the Waters are very wholesome and there are most of the Commodities which are in the Island of Madagascar This is also call'd by our Sea-men Englands Forest The other Islands are Mauritius or Cerne where the Variation was twenty four Degrees and nineteen Minutes teste Herbert An Island abounding with and capable of all things requisite for the necessary use of Man in circuit about one hundred English Miles The Air good the Soil luxuriant in Grass Herbs and Flowers replenished with Trees of several sorts especially with Ebony Cocos and the Palm Tree Saint Apolonia and others the Names and Situations whereof you may see in the Map. Nine Leagues from Madagascar lie the Sholes or Baixos d' India memorably dangerous for Shipwracks as are also John de Nova and Primero or St. Christopher upon the Baixos d' Pracel The Isles of Chumro are four viz. Chumro Motilla where the Variation was sixteen Degrees and twenty Minutes Joanna and Mayotta MALTHA by Rob. Morden MAltha seated almost in the middle of the Mediterranean was formerly call'd Melita from its plenty of Hony. It is said to belong to Africa as being nearer to that Coast than the Coast of Europe and for that the Maltesi partake more of the Customs and Manners of the Africans than of the Europeans The Island had formerly the same Lords as Sicily Now it is the Residence of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem under one Prince whom they call the Grand Master the Patron of the Order The Emperor Charles the Fifth gave it to the Knights who had no certain Residence after the loss of Rhodes having formerly resided at Jerusalem Margat Acra and Limisso in the Island of Cyprus The Order is compos'd of eight Languagues Provinc Auvergne France Italy Aragon England Germany and Castile The three Languages of France have three hundred Commanderies but the rest of the five altogether have no more The name of Knights was not in use at the beginning of the Institution being then call'd the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem The Soyl of the Island which is not above two Foot deep produces Cuminseed Anniseseed and Cotton Wool here is but little Corn and Wine so that Sicily supplies that defect The Island is not above twenty three Miles in length and twelve broad It is the best fortifi'd place in the World as being the Bulwark of Christendom there being above three hundred Canons mounted upon all her Fortresses The Roses of Maltha contend for sweetness with those of Paestam and the Hony with that of Hybla or Hymettus The Air is clear and healthful and the Inhabitants live long The New City Valetta is fortified with impregnable Walls and Bulworks There are also three other considerable Towns viz. the Isola or the Town Senglea with the Fort of St. Michael which for its stout resistance it made in 1565 against the Turks obtained the Name of Citta Invitta The other the Borgo del Castello a Mare guarded with the Castle St. Angelo for its Valor and Fidelity against the Ottoman Army 1569 was honoured with the Title of Citta Vittoriosa Lastly the Old City called Milita now Citta Notabile about the middle of the Island To which we may add about thirty or forty great Casales or Villages and twenty six Parish Churches the number of Inhabitants according to a Survey taken 1632 were 50112 of which about ¼ may be now accounted fighting Men. The number of Knights are said to be between two or three thousand And the number of Slaves about two thousand belonging to the Order besides three hundred to private Persons besides those in the Gallies The Great Master of the Order is now Prince and Chief Governor of the whole Island and the Island now is in a very flourishing condition so that few Subjects live more happily Gozo of old Gaulos a little Island near to Maltha affords Wheat and other Grain and the Grand Master is call'd Prince thereof It maintains about three thousand Persons and about five hundred Houses in the year 1565 the Turkish Armata most inhumanly wasted it and carried away six thousand Prisoners Between Maltha and Gozo lies a little Island called Comino Hâ—phaestia of old guarded with a Fort opposite to that in Gozo And to the young Knights whose valor deserves reward he gives the Title of Prince of Forfolo which is a Rock not far from the Coast AMERICA AMERICA By R. Morden THIS fourth and last part of the World is call'd the New World new for its last discovery World for its greatness 't is likewise commonly but improperly termed America and often the West Indies what kind of Country it is and what it produceth we now do know in part but shall know better in future Ages This great part of the Earth was unknown to the Europeans until the year 1492 when it pleased Divine Providence God having promised that his Gospel should be preached to all Nations to stir up one Christopher Colon alias Columbus a Genoese who whether by considering the motion of the Sun he did persuade himself that there was another World to which that glorious Planet did Communicate both its Light and Heat when it went from us or whether he was informed of it from Alonso Zanches we know not certain it is this World he purposed to seek after and opening his design to the State of Genoa
form approaches near a Triangle whose sides are almost equal It s situation is for the most part under the Torrid Zone the rest under the Antartick temperate Zone The Coasts of this part of the World are in part known to us but the Inlands very little And here I must beg pardon for my digression from the usual Order and Method of Geographers for being necessarily oblidg'd to wait upon some of our North American Proprietors for a more exact Description than what is generally extant And the haste of the Press pressing me for more Work I was forced to take this Course to begin at the most Southern part of America and to proceed to the more Northerly and so finish this Circle of Geography Come we therefore to TERRA MAGELLANICA By Rob Morden MAgellanica lies upon the South of America near the Streight of Magellan whose name it still retains though sometimes call'd the Country of the Patagâ—ns It is a very poor Country and subject to cold by reason of the high Mountains where the Snow lies almost all the year As for the Natives they live in Caves and adore the Devil that he may do them no harm The Spaniards English and Dutch have given various Names to the Places where they have been In the first part of the Reign of King Philip the Second the Spaniards built Câ—â—dâ—d deâ— Rey Philippe and several other Forts upon the Eastern Entrance in the Straits of Magellan to hinder their Enemies from passing that way but all signified little or nothing because of the wideness of the Streight and the whole Colony perished for want of Provisions For which reason that City was afterwards called the Port of Hunger Port Saint Julian where Magellan winter'd and punished his Mutineers Port Desire upon the Eastern Coast This Port otherwise called Bay de los Trabayos has an entrance about half a League broad with two little Islands and two Rocks which are not to be seen at high Water The Soil is a white Sand without Trees However there is fresh Water of which the Ships provide themselves that are bound toward the Streight Magellan Drake Cavendish Oliver of the North Maire Schouten and others have all passed the same Streight The relations of the Spaniards affirm that there are Men there ten foot high Those relations add Demi-Giants that will carry each of them a Tun of Wine c. They call them Patagons The English who lately passed the Magellan Streight report things quite contrary and say that the Natives of that Country are no bigger than our Europeans In the year 1669 his Majesty of Great Britan his Royal Highness the Duke of York and several others of the Nobility designed a better discovery of the Southern part of Chili In order whereunto were two Ships sent out the one called the Sweepstakes under the conduct of the adventurous and worthy Commander Sir John Narborough and the other the Batchelor who proceeding on their Voyage near the Streights of Magellan about Rio S. Julian losing one the other the Batchelor returned home with an apprehension that his Consort was lost But contrarily the Sweepstakes very honourably proceeded on her Voyage passed through the Streights into Mar-del Zur and failed all along the Coast of Chili unto Baldivia which is under the Command of the Spaniards who by a pretended friendship betrayed and detained four of the English all endeavors of Sir John for their relief being ineffectual he was forced to leave them behind and so he returned back through the Streights and in June 1671 came to London giving great hopes and expectation of a very advantageous Trade in those Parts by reason of the abundance of Gold and Silver in that Country Out of whose Journals I have taken these following Memorials That the difference of Longitude from St. Jago to Penguin Island was 46d 38 m and Meridian distant was 2321 Miles 7 / 10. Soals Bay in Latitude â—8 d 15 m at the North end of this Bay was a Rocky Island full of Seals therefore called Seals Bay. In Spiring Bay lie three Rocky Islands On the North side of Spiring Bay Penguin Island about a Mile and a half from the Main so full of Penguins that they knocked them down with sticks and are about the bigness of a Goose they cannot fly nor go very fast having no Wings but small Stumps that they swim with that they get their Food out of the Sea. Port Desire lies in the Latitude 47d 30 m and from St. Jago 46d 38 m Longitude where is six Fathom Water at low Water Northward Off Port Desire there lies a League of Rocks and are about a League from the Shore And on the South side is Penguin Island and just at the entrance of it on the South side is a spired Rock much like a Steeple or Watch Tower which is a good Mark and stands about ½ a Mile from the Sea side and the River runs up about thirty Miles A barren Land little Wood or fresh Water and no People were seen by the English There were great store of Weyetnacks or Spanish Sheep plenty of Hares and Estriches abundance of Ducks Mallards also Ducks Curlews Black-shanks White-breasts and great blew Ducks as big as Geese and store of Seals upon an Island up the River the English found a piece of Lead nailed to a Post and a Tin-Box with a Paper left by Captain Jagus Lamir dated December 8. 1615. It is high Water at twelve of the Clock upon the Full Moon or Change and at Spring Tides it Ebbs and Flows about three Fathoms right up and down the Harbors mouth is but narrow being about a Musket shot from side to side Port Julian lies in the Latitude of 49d 00 m A Mile within the Narrow there is nine Fathom Water at high Water and but four Fathom at low Water the Chanel going in lies S. W. and N. E. and when in the Harbor it lies S. S. W. and N. N. E. 'T is high Water at half an hour past eleven at full Moon or at Change the Water riseth and falls about four Fathom and a half In the Harbor there are several Islands and also two Ponds within a Bow-shot of the Water side the one is Salt Water the other Fresh The Harbor affords great store of Wild Fowl as at Port Desire And the Land Weyetnacks Estriches Hares c. Here were seen five or six Indians and about nine Miles W. from the Harbors Mouth was found a great large Salt Pond full of good Salt about three Miles long and one Mile in breadth Beach Head in Latitude 50l 00 m from which about ten Miles lies the Hill of St. Ives Cape Virgin in Latitude 52d 15 m South Latitude from the pitch of this Cape S. W. there lies a Beachy Point about a League into the Sea that has little Bushes growing upon the top thereof The first Narrow of the Magellan Streights which is about three Leagues in length and in the
is a very ten perate Country interdivided with several Rivers which having water'd the Plains fall into the great River of Plata The Inhabitants are docible lovers of peace rather than War So that the Spanish Captain that subdu'd them had no great need of any considerable force for that purpose They have many Cities where they live under the Jurisdiction of the Caciques and their Wealth consists rather in Cattel than Mines The Spaniards have a Governor there and the principal City is St. Jago de Estero in the mid-way between Buenos Ayres and Potosi Then St. Miguel de Tucumen N. S. de Talevera on the River Salado Corduba on the Road from Bueyos Ayres and Potosi and from Sancta Fee to St Jago in Chili The Quirandies to the Meridional part partake apparently of the Scithian humor For they live in Huts that move upon Wheels and have always made great resistance against the Spaniards The Trapalandes the Juries and Diaquites are the most famous BRAZILE A New Decription by Robt. Morden BRasile was called the Country of the Holy Cross when it was first discovered which was in the year 1501 in the name of the King of Portugal it extends it self all along upon the North Sea toward the North and East with great Rocks near the Shore under Water the distances between which make several good Ports The bounds thereof towards the West are not known The Southern bounds are variously placed according to the wills of Portugals and the Spaniards for both the one and the other interpret according to their own sense the Regulation that was made in the year 1493 and both claim the possession of the River of Plata and the Molucca Islands making to that effect Geographical Maps to their own advantage By this Regulation Alexander the Sixth whom Sixtus the Fifth extols for one of the three greatest Popes of the Church invested Ferdinand King of Arragon and Isabel Queen of Castile his Wife in all the Lands to the West of an Imaginary Line drawn from one Pole to the other one hundred Leagues beyond the Isles of Azores That was discovered to the East of this Line was to belong to the King of Portugal the difficulty was to put it in execution for on the one side the Castillians began to count these hundred Leagues from the most Occidental part of the Azores and the Portugueses reckon'd from the most Oriental with a design to exchange the Deserts of America for the Possession of the wealthy Molucca's which were afterwards engaged to their King by the Emperor Charles the Fifth for three hundred and fifty thousand Duckers At length because these two Nations could no more agree in this particular than in many others the Portugals accounted Brasile all that which extends from the River Maranhaon to the River of Plata Southward and the Spaniards placed the Southern bounds thereof at Cape St. Vincents Though Brasile lie under the Torrid Zone nevertheless the Air is temperate and the Water the best in the World so that the People live often to the Age of an hundred and fifty years Besides Brasile the Country produces Amber Balsom Tobacco Train-Oil Cattle Sweet-meats above all things Sugar in abundance The neighbourhood of Plata gives the Portugueses great opportunities of sucking the Spaniards Silver from Peru. There are in Brasile living Creatures Trees Fruits and Roots not to be found any where else The Serpents Adders and Toads have Poison in them and therefore the Natives feed upon them The Plains are destin'd for Sugar the Hills for Wood the Valleys for Tobacco for Fruits and Mandroche which is a certain Root of which they make Bread. The most part of the Villages do not contain above an hundred or sixscore Houses The Coast of Brasil is divided into several Capitanies which belong at this day all to the Portugals The French had formerly something to do there but the Hollanders lost all their footing in the year 1654 their Wars with England not permitting them to send any relief and the Portugals being far more numerous than they Nevertheless in the year 16 2 the Portuga s treated with them to allow them some damages to preserve their friendship when they were to defend themselves against the Spaniards Among all the Capitanies Tamaraca is the most antient though the smallest Fernanbuco is esteemed the Terrestrial Parâ—â—â—se by reason of the beauty of its Soil Bahia de Todos los Santos contains the City of San Salvador the Residence of the Governor which was taken in 1624 by the Hollanders who got so much Plunder there that every Common Soldier had for his share above fifteen thousand Crowns But this good Fortune was the cause of their retreat and their retreat gave the Portugals opportunity to retake it The Capitanie of Rio Janeiro which the Savages call Ganabara is a great Rendevouz for Ships by means of a navigable River or rather an Arm of the Sea that runs up ten or twelve Leagues into the Land some seven or eight Leagues broad In the year 16â—8 a Silver Mine was found in that Capitanie That of San Vincent contains Mines of Gold and Silver The City of Santos is able to harbor Vessels of four hundred Tuns in its Port in the year 1591 it was assaulted by Sir Thomas Cavendish The People of Brasil go naked for the most part and will cross great Rivers by the help of a Pannier and a Cord. The Chief are the Toupinambous Les Margajas Tapuyes and others who differ in Manners and Languages and are generally distinguished by the wearing of their hair They were more numerous before the coming of the Portugals but several Toupinambous to preserve their liberty crossed the great Deserts and went to live near the River Maranabon The Tapuyes are more difficult to be civilized than the Brasilians which inhabit the Aldees The Aldees are certain Villages which contain not above six or seven Houses but very large and able to contain five or six hundred Persons The most part of the Inhabitants of Brasil have so well defended themselves that notwithstanding the Wars they have had among themselves they have however hindred the Europeans from making any progress in the Conquest of their Lands And have also several times ruined the Plantations and Engines belonging the Sugar-works that are upon the Coast CASTILLA del Or GVIANA PERV The Country of the Amasones by Robt. Morden THE River Amazone is the greatest and swiftest River in America It begins at the foot of the Cordellier Mountains eight or ten Leagues from Quitoâ— From its Springs to its approaches to the Sea is according to its course eleven or twelve hundred Leagues at its mouth it is fifty or sixty Leagues wide It is inhabited by abundance of People and receives an innumerable company of Rivers The Voyages of Texeira tells us that the Counties about the Amazone enjoy a temperate Air. That the Annual Inundations like to those of Nile the great quantity of Trees and
Caribbe or Canabal Islands lie East off Boriquen or Portorico advancing in a Demi-Circle towards America Meridionalis The Chief whereof are The Island of BARBADOS By Robert Morden BArbado's is the most considerable Island that passes under the name of the Caribbe Isles It is seated in thirteen Degrees and thirty Minutes of North Latitude being not above eight Leagues in length and five in breadth of an Oval form It is a potent Colony and able to arm ten thousand fighting Men which with the strength that Nature hath bestowed upon it is able to bid defiance to the stoutest Foe This Isle is very hot especially for eight Months yet not so but labor or travel is sufferable by reason of the cold breezes of Wind which rise with the Sun and blow fresher as the Sun mounteth up The Air tho hot is moist which causeth all Iron Tools to rust but this great heat and moisture makes the Soil exceedingly fertile bearing Crops all the year long and its Trees and Plants are always green and the Fields and Weeds always in their verdent livery Its Commodities are Sugars Indico Cotten Wool Ginger Logwood Fustick Lignum Vitae c. Of the four first there is such great abundance that above two hundred Sail of Ships have yearly their loading there As for its Trees Fruits Herbs Roots Foul Beasts Insects and Fish they are much the same as found in Jamaica to which I refer you The Island is divided into eleven Precincts or Parishes in which are fourteen Churches and Chapels The Names whereof and how situated you may plainly see in the Map. It s chief places are St. Michael formerly the Bridge-Town situate at the Bottom of Carlislâ—-â—ay in the Lee ward or Southern part of the Island having a capacious deep and secure Harbor for Ships large enough to entertain five hundred Sail at once The Town is graced with abundance of well-built Houses being the Residence of the Governor the place of Judicature and the Scale of Trade where most of the Merchants and Factors have their Store-houses or Shops It hath two strong Forts opposite one to another with a Plat-form in the midst which commands the Road for the defence and security of the Ships Next is little Bristol formerly Sprights Bay seated about four Leagues â—ee ward from St. Michaels hath a commodious Road for Ships well traded and strongly defended by two Forts 3. Saint James formerly the Hole hath good Road for Ships and is of a considerable Trade where is kept the Monthly Courts 4. Charles Town on Oyster Bay secured by two strong Forts with a â—lat form in the midst The Inhabitants of this Isle are of three sorts Masters Christian Servants and Negroes And according to the Calculation not long since made the two first did amount to fifty thousand and the Negroes to double the number The Masters for the most part live at the height of pleasure and the Servants at the expiration of five years become Freemen of the Island and imploy their times according to their abilities and capacities and the Negro Slaves are never out of their Bondage and the Children they get are likewise perpetual Slaves The Isle is governed by Laws assimilated to those of England by a Governor as Supreme his ten Council as so many Peers and an hundred Burgesses chosen by the Commonalty out of each Parish SAint Christophers so called from Christopher Columbus the first Discoverer thereof situate in the Latitude of seventeen Degrees and twenty five Minutes in Circuit about seventy five Miles the Soil light and Sandy produceth Sugar Cotton Tobacco and Ginger The whole Isle is divided in four quarters two of which are possessed by the English the other two by the French the English have two fortified places one commanding the great Haven the other distant not far from the Point De Sable By the Treaty of Breda the French were to return us St Christophers which after four years delay was delivered to Sir Charles Wheeler but my Information tells me the Plantations were destroyed and Country laid waste and left in a much worse condition than if it had never been planted However the French have now four strong Forts that of most note is called Basse Terre There are five Churches belonging to the English at Sandy Point at Palm-Tree one near the great Road and two at the inlet of Cayoun And the French have a Town of good bigness whose Houses are well built of Free-stone well inhabited and Traded unto with a fair and large Church and Castle being the Residence of the Governor pleasantly seated at the foot of a high Mountain not far from the Sea having spacious Courts delightful Walks and Gardens with a curious prospect Neivis or Mevis a small Isle not above eighteen Miles in circuit near St. Christophers inhabited by about three or four thousand English who live well and drive a Trade of Sugar Cotton Ginger and Tobacco a well-governed Colony it hath three Churches for Divine Worship a Store-house for the accommodation of its Inhabitants a strong Fort for the security of Ships in the Road called Bath Bay from its Baths which are much frequented for the curing of several Distempers Antego seated in the Latitude of sixteen Degrees eleven Minutes of a difficult access and very dangerous for Shipping it hath some few Springs of Fresh Water plenty of most sort of Wild Fowl for Fish great abundance Dominica seated in the Latitude of fifteen and a half of about twelve Leagues in length and eight in breadth is very Mountainous yet not without many fertile Vallies and might be of some account to the English would they subdue the Natives who do much annoy them Monsferrat in the Latitude of seventeen Degrees of small extent is much inclined to Mountains filled with Cedar Trees and the Vallies and Plains are fertile most inhabited by the Irish who have there a Church for Divine Worship Anguilla in Latitude of eighteen Degrees twenty one Minutes an Island but slenderly inhabited and esteemed not worth the keeping Barbada in the Latitude of seventeen and a half not of any considerable account to the English Sancta Crux inhabited by the French Woody and Mountainous Guadaloupe about three Leagues in length possessed by the French of some note for its Fresh Water Grenada about six Miles in length in form of a Crescent possessed by the French. Saint Vincent about six Leagues in circuit of a fertile Soil yeilding abundance of Sugar Canes well watered with Rivers having safe and convenient Bays for Shipping possessed principally by the Dutch. For the English have here some settlement but not considerable Curacao Tabago Saba and Eustache are also in possession of the Dutch February 26. 1677. was the account of the taking Tabago by Count d' Estree The ninth or tenth of December landed fifteen hundred and attack'd the Fort opened the Trenches and raised a Battery on which were three Mortar Pieces the third Bomb that was shot
into the Fort set fire to their Magazine of Powder by which the Vice-Admiral Binches fifteen Officers and about three hundred Soldiers were kill'd and the rest surrendred the Fort was destroyed two hundred Pieces of Cannon taken and four Dutch-men of War in the Port. Martin possessed by the French and Dutch. St. Martinique Desseada Marigatanta St. Lucia possessed by the French. AESTIVARUM INSULAE at BARMUDAS Lat. 32D 25m 3300 miles from London 500 from Roaneak in Virginia by R Morden THE Bermuda's are a certain number of small Islands first discovered by one John Bermudas since called the Summer Islands from the Shipwrack which Sir George Summers and Sir Thomas Gates suffered Anno 1609. Of these Islands the greatest to which the Name of Bermudas is more generally given is about 5 Leagues long and 2 Miles broad all the rest being very small The whole cluster together do form a Body much like a Crescent and inclose several good Ports the chief whereof are the Great Sound Harrington's Sound Southampton Harbor guarded with several Forts taking their Names from the several Noblemen that were concerned as Undertakers which are set down in the Map as also the Names of some of the biggest Islands Since the English first setled in these Islands they have now established a powerful Colony consisting of above 4 or 5000 Inhabitants who have strongly fortified the Approaches by the aforesaid Forts which with the Rocks in the Seas render them secure and impregnable so that without knowledge of the Passages a Boat of 10 Tuns cannot be brought into the Haven yet by the assistance of a skilful Pilot there is entrance for Ships of the greatest Burden The Earth in these Isles is exceeding fertile yielding two Crops every year which they gather in about July and December They have no fresh Water but that in Wells and Pits which ebbs and flows with the Sea there being neither Fountain nor Stream in these Islands nor venomous Beasts neither will they live if brought thither nor are their Spiders poysonous but of sundry and various Colours and in hot weather make their Webs so strong that the small Birds are sometimes entangled and caught therein The Sky is generally serene and clear and the Air so temperate and healthy that 't is rarely any one dieth of any distemper than that of old Age So that the Inhabitants enjoy a long and healthy Life When the Sky is at any time darken'd with Clouds it thunders and lightens and is very stormy and tempestuous The North and Northwest Winds cause Winter in December January and February which yet is so very moderate that young Birds and Fruits and other Concomitants of the Spring are seen there in those Months They have several sorts of excellent Fruits as Oranges Dates Mulberries both white and red in the Trees whereof breed abundance of Silk-worms which produce much Silk There is also plenty of Tortoise whose Flesh is very delicious There is good store of Hogs and great variety of Fowls and Birds There is also a sort of Cedar Trees which differ from all others in the world the Wood whereof is sweet and well-scented Their chief Commodities are Oranges Cochineil and Tobacco with some kind of Pearls and Ambergreece of which last 't is reported that the three Men left there after the Death of Sir George Summers found in Somerset Island as much of it as was worth 9 or 10000 Pounds Sterling And now they keep Dogs for the finding of it out by its scent These Isles are now divided into Tribes or Counties and the whole reduced to a setled Government both in Church and State and is still improving to greater perfection Place this between page 544 and 545. Of the LVCAYES ARE so called from Lucayon the name of the biggest which is amongst them Bahama lends its name to a very rapid Chanel running from South to North and is remarkable for the passage of the Spanish Fleets in their return from Mexico into Europe A Passage as fatal to the Spaniards by many Shipwracks of their rich laden Plate Ships as kind to some English Undertakers of late years who by Diving get up vast quantities of that Plate which for many years have laid close hugg'd in her rocky and precipitous embraces Binini hardly accessible is said to have a Fountain that renews Youth being stored with handsome Women for whose sake it is much resorted to Guanahani is that Island which was discovered by Columbus for which reason he called it St. Salvador in regard it saved him from the Conspiracy of his Men who a little before would have thrown him over board New Providence a late erected Colony of the English by Patent from his Majesty to the Proprietors of Carolina and is found to produce the same Commodities Fruits Plants Beasts Fowls Birds c. Of an Air healthful and agreeable to English Bodies that since their Settlement few or none have died of the Distempers or Diseases incident to other Colonies Mexico or NEW SPAINE by Robt. Morden THE Indians call this Country Mexico the Spaniards New Spain the Latins Nova Hispania a Country abundantly enriched with inexhaustible Mines of Gold and Silver the Air exceeding Temperate though seated in the Torrid Zone Its Soil is so fertile that no Country in the World feeds so much Cattel The Riches of the Country besides their Gold and Silver Copper and Iron are their Grains as Wheat Barley Pulse and Mayz Their Fruits as Pomegranats Oranges Lemmons Cittorns Malicaâ—ons Cherries Pears Apples Figs Coco-nuts and variety of Herbs Plants and Roots There is also Wool Cotton Sugar Silk Cochenel From thence is likewise exported the Grains of Scarlet Feathers Hony Balm Amber Salt Tallow Hides Tobacco Ginger and divers Medicinal Drugs Among the rarities there is the most admirable Plant called Magney of whose Leaves they make Pepper Flax Thread Cordage Girdles Shoes Mats Mantles Stuffs c. It s Bark if roasted makes an excellent Plaister for Wounds from the top branches comes a Gum which is a Soveragin Antidote against Poison from the top a juyce like Syrup which if boil'd will become Hony if purified Sugar they make out of it also Wine and Vinegar and it affordeth good Wood to Build with As also two Mountains one of which vomits Flames of Fire like Aetna the other sendeth forth two burning Streams the one of black Pitch the other of red to which I may add their fine Pictures made with the Feathers of their Cinâ—ons which is a little Bird living only on dew so excellently are their Colours placed that the best Painters of Europe admire the delicacy thereof far exceeding a piece of Painting It was once an Elective Kingdom full of great Cities well governed civilized Should we saith Acosta parallel the Politicks of the Vncas or Kings of Peru and Mexico with those of the Greeks and Romans these would have the advantage but the best of these good Laws and Policies were abolished when the Spaniards became
with Springs and Rivers of fresh Water Cattle and Fowl are in great plenty and other Lakes and Rivers afford store of Fish Thascala or Los Angelos is a Country very plentiful both of Corn and Cattle full of rich Pastures well watered with Rivers and wonderfully stored with Maize which they make their Bread of Places of most note are first Thascala Situate on an easie ascent betwixt two Rivers encompassed with a large pleasant and fruitful plain said to be so populous before the arrival of the Spaniards that it could number above three hundred thousand Inhabitants Second Angelos a fair City distant from Mexico twenty two Leagues and thirty from Latera Cruz Thirdly La Vera Cruz built by the Cortez a place of great encourse situate near the Gulph from whence there is a through-fair to Mexico from whence it is distant about fifty two Leagues In May 83. about nine hundred or a thousand Privateers at Night landed and through the negligence of the Spanish Centinels surprised the Town and two Forts the one of twelve the other of eight Guns They plundered the Town for three days where they got a great deal of Plate Jewels c. and might also have taken the Castle which is seated about three quarters of a Miles into the Sea and hath thirty Guns mounted Saint John de Vlloa at Vlhua the most noted Port of this Province fenced with a Peer against the fury of the Winds and Sea defended naturally by Rocks and Quick-sands and by two Bulworks well fortified on both sides of his entrance Famous for that it was the first beginning of that great Conquest of the Valiant Cortez Here he first sunk the Ships that brought the Spaniards from Cuba to the intent they might think of nothing but Conquest and here five hundred Spaniards ventured against millions of Enemies and began the Conquest of the fourth part of the World. Xalappa de la Vera Cruz made a Bishops See in the year 1634 said to be worth ten thousand Duckets a year La Rinconada is a House or Inn which the Spaniards call Venla seated in a low Valley the hottest Place in all the Road to Mexico plentiful in Provisions and the sweetness and coolness of the Water is a great refreshment but the swarms of Gnats in the Night are most intolerable Segura de la Frontera was built by Cortez in his Wars with the Culhuacans and Tepeacaes Tlaxcallan a Common-wealth The Inhabitants whereof in one Battel against Cortez had 150000 fighting Men afterwards joyned with Cortez and were the chief Instruments of his unparallel'd Conquest being mortal Enemies to Monteâ—uma the Mexican Emperor and therefore are free from Tribute by the Kings of Spain Nixapa is a Town of eight hundred Inhabitants Spaniards and Indians where is a rich Cloister of Dominican Friers and one of the richest places in the County of Braxuca Tecoantepeque is a small and unfortified Harbor on Mar del Zur Aquatulco and Capaâ—ita are great Towns in a plain Country Taponapeque is a sweet and pleasant Town well stored with Flesh and Fish and Fowl. In this Province are said to be two hundred Towns one thousand Villages twenty five thousand Indians which are priviledged and exempted from all extraordinary Charge and Imposition because of their assisting Cortez in his Conquest of Mexico In the Valley of St. Paul was a Country Man possessed of forty thousand Sheep which were the product of two only which were brought him out of Spain Guaxaca is a Province of a healthful and a sweet Air of a fertile Soil not only in Corn but also in Fruit Cochineil Silk Cassia the Earth well stored with Mines of Gold Silver and other Metals and most of the Rivers stream down Sand-Gold It s chief places are Antequera a Bishoprick adorned with stately buildings and a Magnificent Cathedral Church Aquatulâ—o is a noted and convenient Port on Mar del Zur from whence is transported the Merchandise of Mexico to Peru plundered both by Drake and Cavendish in their Voyages about the World. Gage tells us that Guaxaca is a City and Bishops Seat fair and beautiful sixty Leagues from Mexico and consists of two thousand Inhabitants n t far from the Head of the great River Alvarado upon which are Zapoteâ—as and St. Idlfonso That from thence they went to Antequera a great Town Tavasco or Tabasco is a Coast of one hundred Leagues between Guâ—xaca and Jucatan of an excellent Soil abundant in Maiz and Cacao There are Vines Fig-trees Oranges and Citrons great quantity of Cattle and Fowl besides wild Beasts Apes and Squirrels The Spaniards have but one Colony here which is called Newstra a Signiora de la Victoria so called from the Victory Cortez gained 15 9. The first City in America that defended it self and suffered the Spaniards sword Jucatan is a Peninsula of about four hundred Leagues in compass Situate between the Gulph of Mexico and Honduras whose Cape Catoche is opposite to Cape Saint Anthony in the Island Cuba and distant from it forty odd Leagues In the middle of the Land are to be seen Scales and Shells of Sea Fish its chief Cities are Merida distant from the Sea on either side twelve Leagues the Seat of the Bishop and Governor adorned with great and antient Edifices of Stone with many Figures of Men cut in the Stones resembling those at Merida in Spain 2. Valladolid beautified with a fair Monastery of Franciscans 3. Campeach Situate on the Shore of the Gulph a fair City of about three thousand Houses which in Anno 1596 was surprised and pillaged by the English under the Command of Captain Parker who carried away the Governor and the riches of the City The Audience of Gaudalajara or Kingdom of New Galicia makes the most occident part of New Spain and contains the Provinces of Gaudalajara Xalisco Los Zacatecas Chiamettlan Culiacan and New Biscany The Air of Gaudalajara is temperate and serene except in Summer which is most troubled with Rain The Land rather mountainous than plain very fruitful well furnished with Mines of Silver Copper Lead and Margasites the Pastures are rich feeding abundance of Cattle they have Cittrons Oranges Figs Apples Pears Peaches Olive-trees whose Fruit is often destroyed by Ants as their Corn Maize and Pulse is by the Pies which though no bigger than Sparrows are so numerous that they destroy whole Crops Its Cities are Guadelajara the Residence of the Kings Treasurer dignified with the Courts of Judicature the See of a Bishop beautified with a fair Cathedral Church watered with many Fountains and little Torrents not far from the River Beranja In the Province of Xalisco the chief City is Compostella built by Guzman 1551. Situate in a Barren Country and bad Air. In the Province of Chiametlan is Saint Sebastian nigh to which are many rich Silver Mines The Province of Culiacan hath Saint Michael and that of Chinaloa Saint John where are rich Mines of Silver In Los Zicatecas are several famous
Lodges near the Mines and some Cities as Zacatecas Durango c. In new Biscany there are no Cities but only Mines of Silver as Saint John Barbara and Endes The Audience of Gautemala is divided into these Provinces Gautemala Soconusco Chiapa Vera-paz Honduras Nicaragua Costarica and Veragua Gautimala is a Country hot but rich subject to Earthquakes and hath excellent Balms Amber Bezar and Salt and Indigo Full of rich Pastures stocked with Cattle plenty of Cotton Wool excellent Sulphur store of Medicinal Drugs and abundance of Fruit especially Cacao in vast plenty that it lades many Vessels which serves both for Meat and Drink Chief Cities are Saint Jago de Gautimala Situate on a little River betwixt two Vulcano's one of Water the other of Fire that of Water is higher than the other and yields a pleasant Prospect being almost all the year green and full of Indian Wheat and the Gardens adorned with Roses Lilies and other Flowers all the year and with many sorts of sweet and delicate Fruit. The other Vulcan of Fire is more unpleasant and more dreadful to behold here are Ashes for Beauty Stones and Flints for Fruits and Flowers for Water Whisperings and Fountain Murmurs noise of Thunder and roaring of consuming Metals for sweet and odoriferous Smells a stink of Fire and Brimstone Thus is Gautimala seated between a Paradise and Hell other chief Towns are Mixco Pinola Petapa and Amatitlan The Residence of the Governor the Seat of the Bishop and Court of Audience In 1541 it was almost overwhelmed by a Deluge of boiling Water which descended from that Vulcano which is near it out of which it cast Fire in abundance Soconusco hath only the little City Guevetlan on the Coast nothing of particular or worthy to be noted in it Chiapa is not very fruitful in Corn or Fruits but well stocked with lofty Trees some yielding Rosin others pretious Gums and others Leaves that when dried to Powder make a Sovereign Plaister for sores 'T is full of Snakes and other venemous Creatures Chiapa exceedeth most Provinces of America in fair Towns 't is divided into three parts viz. Chiapa Zeldales and Zoques Chief Places are Chiapa Real and Chiapa de Indies twelve Leagues from the first upon the River Grejavalva St. Bartholomews at the foot of the Cuchumatlanes Mountains Copanabastla noted for its Cotton Wool. Near Chiapa are several Fountains which are strange near Acaxutla is a Well whose Water is observed to rise and fall according to the flowing and Ebbing of the Sea though far from it near St. Bartholomews is a pit into which if one cast a stone tho' never so small it makes a noise as great and terrible as a Clap of Thunder another Fountain that for three years together increaseth though there be no Rain and for three years after diminisheth though there be never so much another that falls in rainy weather and rises in dry another that kills Birds and Beasts that drink it yet cures the Sick. The entrance into Golfe Dulce is straitned with two Rocks or Mountains on each side but within a fine Road and Harbor wide and capacious to secure a thousand Ships Honduras or Comayagua is a Country of pleasant Hills and fruitful Vallies hath Fruits Grains rich Pastures brave Rivers and Mines of Gold and Silver but it s greatest profit is Wool. It s chief places are Vallad lâ—d equally distant between the two Seas situate in a pleasant fruitful Valley 2. Grâ—tias a Dios near the rich Mines of Gold. 3. Saint Juan del poâ—to de los Cavallos once a famous Port. 4. Traxillo both pillaged by the English Nicaragua called Mahomets Paradise by reason of its fertility and store of Gold a Country destitute of Rivers the want whereof is supplyed by a great Lake which Ebbs and Flows like the Sea upon its Banks are seated many pleasant Cities and Villages the chief is Leon near unto a Vulcan of Fire where a Fryer seeking for Treasure met with the end of his design and of his Life the Residence of the Governor and Seat of a Bishop Grenada beautified with a fair Church and Castle Jaen Segovia and Realeo near Mar del Zur The City Granada is one of the richest places in the India's The passage of the Lake Granada or Nicaragua called El Desaguadero is very dangerous Costarica and Veragua are the two most Eastern Provinces of the Audience of Gautimala in the first are the Cities of Carthage seated between the two Seas In the other La Conception La Trinadad and Sancta Fe being the place where the Spaniards melt refine and cast their Gold into Bars and Ingots New MEXICO vel New GRANATA et MARATA et CALIFORNIA by R. Morden WEst of Florida and North of New Spain there are numerous Inhabitants and various Provinces and Countries little known by the Europeans which I call in general New Mexico others comprehend them under the name of New Granada however there have been observed divers people very different in their Languages Manners and Customs some having fixed and setled Habitations others wandring after their Flocks some dwelling in Cities or Towns others in Herds or Troops like the Tartars This Country was first made known to the Spaniards by the Travels of Fryer Marco de Nisa inflamed by whose reports Vasquez di Coranado in the year 1540 undertook the further discovery thereof where not finding what they looked for Gold and Silver hungry honour yielding but poor subsistence the further search of these Countries was quite laid aside almost as little known now as before New Mexico California Anian Quiviria and Libola are the principal parts of it St. Fe or St. Foy is the principal City distant from the the Old Mexico above five hundred Leagues being the Residence of the Spanish Governor where they have a Garison and Silver Mines California once esteemed a Peninsula now thought to be an Island extending in length from the twenty second Degree of Northern Latitude to the forty second but the breadth narrow the Northern Point called Cape Blance of which there is little memorable the most Southern called Cape St. Lucas remarkable for the great prize there taken from the Spaniards by Captain Cavendish in his Circumnavigation of the World Anno 1587. Where is also Nova Albion discovered by Sir Francis Drake Anno 1577 and by him so named in Honor of his own Country once called Albion who caused a Pillar to be erected in the place on which he fastned the Arms of England Opposite to Cape Blanco and the utmost North parts of America lies the supposed Kingdom of Anian from whence the Straits of Anian which are by some thought to part Asia and America do derive their name The riches of Quiviria consist in their Oxen whose Flesh is the ordinary food of the Inhabitants their Skins serve them for cloathing their Hair for Thred of their Nerves and Sinews they make Cords and Bow-strings of their Bones they make Nails and