Selected quad for the lemma: water_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
water_n	call_v	earth_n	sea_n	3,957	5	6.9260	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A38593	Geologia Norvegica, or, A brief instructive remembrancer concerning that very great and spacious earthquake, which hapned [sic] almost quite through the south parts of Norvvay upon the 24th day of April, in the year 1657 also physical, historical, and theological grounds and reasons concerning the causes and significations of earthquakes / written in the Danish tongue by Michael Peterson Escholt ... ; and Englished by Daniel Collins.; Geologia Norvegica. English	Escholt, Michel Pedersøn, d. 1666.; Collins, Daniel, 17th cent.	1663 (1663)	Wing E3252; ESTC R15886	31,029	106

shapes such as are whole pieces of pure Silver or Copper in the shapes of Men Women Horses Fowls Fishes Dragons Trees and the like which have been really found both in the Silver and the Copper-Mines here in Norway and are safely reserved by such as are partners in the Mines as miracles of nature It is likewise certain that there are divers Spirits found in many of the Ore Mines amongst which some do the workmen no harm at all but otherwise wander up and down below in the Mines and seem to imitate the Labourers in the Mine in doing all kind of work after an Apish Antick fashion some seem to hew the Ore loose some to fill that which is hewen into tubs and to wind it up some seem to hasten the rest to follow their work and yet they do nothing at all but only mock the Labourers in the Mines and these are most frequently seen in those Mines where much Ore is shortly after found But some of these Spirits are so dangerous and pernitious in some places that they do destroy and kill the Laborers in the Mines infesting and expelling them so that they are forced wholly to give over and forsake the Mines and repair to other places as it hapned at Anneberg in Elsatz in Germany at a M●ne-pit then called Corona Rosacea or Rosen Crown And here is to be observed that nature doth often yea for the most part mix more sorts then one together as Gold Silver and Copper as also Silver Copper Tinn and Lead one with another from whence this word Metal derives its name from the Greek quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the one mixt with the other And moreover besides this Nature doth sometimes work and produce Metals below in the earth that are found to be hard tight and solid as if they had been cast or wrought with the hammer but sometimes and most commonly it is found growing in and mixed with stone so that the Ory stones must be beaten with pestles as in a morter and then the Ore-power melted in Furnaces and afterwards refined from the drosse before any necessary thing can be made of it And this may suffice to be spoken concerning several Minerals and Metals and how wonderfully they may be wrought and changed within and under the earth and do help to the production of great Earthquakes CHAP. IV. Concerning Air and Wind that is inclosed in the Earth and how it doth occasion great and terrible Earthquakes IT is an universal Axiome and Physical rule non datur vacuum in rerum natura that is there is nothing found empty in Nature whence it follows that all things over or under the earth must of necessity be full or filled with something especially with one or more of the four Elements which be Fire Air Earth and Water and where none of the visible Elements are there the Air is present being a thin subtile and invisible body that fils up all places and things every where which seem to our eies to be empty the which we may easily try and experiment by putting a hollow Reed Straw or Feather into Wine Beer Water or other liquid stuff yea though it were Sand or loose Earth and afterwards strongly sucking out and drawing to us the Air that is in the hollow reed or straw we do presently see that before the reed or straw will be empty the heavy stuff that is below will come up into and fill the hollow place in it until it can recover its lost air again the same may be perceived when one drinks Tobacco for when the Air is suckt out of the pipe into the mouth then before the hollow of the pipe will be empty the smoak is forced as it were by the power of nature to forsake the fire that is in the tobacco to fill up the hollowness of the pipe least it should be empty Now the earth within is not generally close and tight but cleft and parted one piece from another in many places And there are also many Rocks and great stones below in it that have their Clefts Cracks and Cranies which are wide and large and as it were hollow and empty besides the earth in many places is sunk down from the Corners Angles and uneveness of those Rocks and Stones which makes many great hollow and as it were empty places within the earth And besides this the earth is on all sides environed with water and is with several Seas and running streams both salt and fresh enterlac't and filled as the body is with veins and is also with great and long Rains often wet and moistned by which means she is soakt thorough with water and the same water in time gets into those hollow places below in the earth but being hindred in its course to such places doth again spring up in certain places of the earth as may by several Springs be perceived and observed And besides all this there must needs be a wonderful great water in the innermost parts of the earth which Moses that man of God the writer of the creation of the worlds foundation calls the fountains of the great deep Gen. 7. chap. 11. ver and 8. chap. 2. ver which springs up in many places so abundantly both hot and cold that it makes great and rapid streams above the earth Now where such great waters under the earth cannot break forward and force themselves thorough to those hollow places in the earth there the Air being a more thin and subtile body than the water forceth it selfe through and fils them For as the moisture humours and spirits do often force themselves through the Pores of a mans warm body or a horse that sweats through whose thick hide the humours and moisture so pierces that the Horse seems to smoak again with reek In like manner the Air goes about to and fro below in the earth seeking to fill those hollow and empty places according to the appointment of nature which suffers nothing to be empty as is before mentioned Now when such hollow places are filled with subterraneous water or with other stuff then is the inclosed Air expelled and forced thence comming up out of those holes and appearing above the earth as a thick fogg mist or smoak which in Latine is called halitus exhalationes evaporationes but we here in Norway call it a mist whereof some are thicker then others and of different colours according as the said Air so arising and expelled hath contracted its thickness and colour from that moisture below in the earth with which it was mixed and inclosed And then if the earth be so close Tight and solid that the Air cannot so suddainly get passage to depart away it breaks out by force and when this conflict and breach betwixt the subterraneous Air and Water happens then the earth as the seat of this warr must certainly quake tremble shake and be moved and this is called Terrae motus that is an Earthquake whereof the following

that Brimstone Bitumen or other such stuffe which easily and suddenly takes fire above the Earth should so heat those seething hot Springs within the earth which do arise in several places thereof because the fire is not after such a manner secretly contained and hidden in them as it is in a Flint Steel or in Calce viva that is unslak't Lime for assoon as the Flint and Steel is forcibly struck together they do presently produce apparent fire And when water toucheth or is cast upon unslak't Lime it kindles it self and presently discovers the secret nature of the fire that is in it and that so plainly that it will quickly set any thing a fire that will be kindled by fire And therefore we must not think that either the heat of the Sun or motus continui strong and perpetual motions which do otherwise occasion great heat here on earth and sometimes produces fire in Nature or the inward Warmth of the earth or any other substance which the subterraneous waters have their course through within the earth can be the cause of the said waters being so boyling hot as it is in the hot Bathes and in many other places of the Earth where it springs up but it must be the subterraneous fire it self to which it only and properly belongs in altissimo Caloris gradu to heat it in so high a degree Which fire without doubt is kindled in several parts of the earth when the subterraneous water forceth it self per subterraneos meatus or the subterraneous passages and pores of the Earth where Calx viva or other such kind of inflameable matter is as aforesaid And it is here to be observed That Bitumen by us called Jewes Lime will burn in the water without having any ayr but then it must first be set on fire above the water in the open Ayr and when it is kindled it will not be quenched by water no more then burning Pitch or Tarre will but the more water is cast upon it the fiercer it burnes There is also a Stone called Gagates that will burn vehemently in the water which Galen did so much admire that only to find and see it he sail'd with great danger of his Life round about Lycia Now Brimstone is a substance found in the Earth which is easily kindled when it is above the Earth but it will not burn except it have Ayr whence it may readily be observed that it is not Brimstone but Bitumen or Calx viva or some other substance yet unknown which is the thing that so burneth in the subterraneous waters and from whence they receive such their extraordinary heat that in many places of the Earth they spring up so extream boyling hot that one may scald Swine Fowle or the like in them and that so suddainly that a man can scarce dip them into those warers before the hair and feathers come off and if one hold them never so little in their very flesh will be boyled from the bones like some hot Springs in Island and in Germany as Thermae Badenses and the like Of this sort of hot springs called in Latine Thermae and by us commonly called hot Baths There are enough to be found in several countreys and kingdoms but especially in Germany as Leuker Bath in Wallissen Land by the Alpes of Poeninas Thermae Badensis in Hegoja the Wild Bath in the Land of Wittemberg Wiss-Bath in the Land of Hessen one by Elbogen in Bohemia and another at Achan in Brabant And that there is a great and dreadful fire in the innermost parts of the earth a man may apparently see and understand by those Mountains that do perpetually flame and burn without cessation giving a terrible prospect and yearly casting up vast quantities of Brimstone Pumistone and other burnt stuff like that of a Smiths Forge which the earth works and casts up of it selfe through such open hiatus or holes by the heat and force of the subterraneous fire where the said fire hath as I may say its breathing places Such a Mountain there is in Island called by Cosmographis Mons Heckla and by the Inhabitants Hecklefield the same Mountain burns continually with a blue brimstone-like and most dreadful flame casting up and bestrowing the fields round about with such great quantities of Brimstone that divers Ships may yearly be loaden off with it and it oft times strews the Land with so many ashes and other burnt stuff that the Countrey for the space of ten miles round about can yield no profitable increase and when it burns with greatest vehemence for it burns sometimes more fiercely then others it makes a terrible rumbling like the noise of loud Thunder and a fearful crackling and tearing that may be heard a long way off by the Inhabitants and such as sail by it The fire of this same Mountain is of a strange quallity and nature it can burn and consume water but cannot set on fire or consume Tow. Saxo Gramm in praefatione Anno 1626. did this mountain of Heckfield break out with such a flame that it cast terrible unusual pieces of fire out which flew round about a great way and burnt up many Houses and did irrepairable mischief to the Land and according to intelligence the ashes of that fire flew about certain hundreds of miles and was also seen in the Norther most parts of Norway which seems to be impossible yet it is related for certain that it was so The late Historiographers do write very strangely cerning such things as do yearly happen by and about this mountain In Campania hard by Neapolis there is also a burning mountain called Vesuvius or as some call it Vesevus which also burns continually without cessation This mountain hath several times bestrewed the Land thereabouts with so many ashes that they have cover'd the tops of the trees in the adjacent woods In the time of Titus Vespatian And Fl. Domitian the same mountain cast up such a fire that two Towns were burnt by it and also caused such a mighty and thick smoak that it wholly deprived the Sun of its light all over Italy so that the day there was as dark then as the darkest night And it also bestrew'd the whole Countrey with such an infinite and incredible quantity of ashes that it was cover'd over as with a great Snow which ashes were so blown and carried about by the winds that they flew to Africa Egypt and Syria Munster lib. 2. de Italia In the 16 th year of the Reign of Constantine the 5. the said Vesuvius did very great harm And in the year 1538. it broke out fresh again with a terrible and dangerous fire and an Earthquake and made a fearful deep hole in the earth in plain and even ground and round about the same hole cast up a mighty deal of earth like unto a great mountain Munster ibidem Pliny that great Naturalist when he endeavouring to profound the nature of this burning mountain went too neer

the mouth of the hole in the top of it was choakt by the smoak and damp of the said fire and lost his life In Sycillia there is also such a Mountain called Etna which in old time was and is yet much spoken of for its continual casting up of fire and brimstone whose fire is only seen at nights and nothing but smoak a days except when it breaks out very vehemently then the fire may be seen day and night In the year 1537. the same Mountain cast up a great piece of burning Brimstone into the Air which fell down again in several places in pieces and spoiled the adjacent Countreys Woods and Villages The precedent year namely 1536. the 22. of March did this Mountain of Etna begin to cast out a most terrible fire so that the whole Countrey was amazed and trembled at it and there was such a dreadful Earthquake with a crackling and ratling noise that many dyed for very fear and the ashes which that same fire cast up cover'd over not only Sycillia but also Calabria a Province in Italy like a great Snow The Learned Philosopher Empedocles was choak't and destroy'd by this mountains fire and smell when he to satisfie his curiosity concerning the nature and qualities thereof went too neer the hole Philosophers give the reason and cause of such wonderful and continual burnings to be this viz. That the Earth is hollow in many places within it selfe as shall be further declared in the fourth chapter and is full of Brimstone Bitumen and other kind of substances which can feed the fire As also unslakt Lime and Water by which the subterraneous fire is easiest and oftnest kindled Now the fire cannot burn except it have Air or as we may say a breathing place And therefore it is thought that Therma or those hot Baths that are found in several Countreys must be certain Spiracula or breathing holes by which the subterraneous fire doth in some kind get air unto it and when the air by what means soever it be gets into the hollow places in the earth where the fire is Then that fire increaseth into a flame and maketh burning coals or living Embers as it were even in the innermost parts of the earth Therefore it cannot be doubted but there must needs be great and wonderful yet natural Meatus ways or passages in and under the earth through which the heat and flame of the oft named subterraneous fire hath in several places its passage until it gets an open Spiraculum or breathing hole through such flaming mountains Here it is to be noted that those flaming mountains do not burn always alike outwardly but sometimes more and sometimes lesse for such reasons as this When the Hiatus or hole which is above in the mountain is stopt with any kind of stuff so that the fire is smother'd and cannot have its free air or breathing-place then it goes out though not quite but burns notwithstanding below in the earth and only sends forth some few sparkles or small flame and sometimes nothing but only smoak and a stinking burnt damp smell above the earth which sheweth that the fire below in the earth is not dead or wholly quenched but burns and works faintly under the earth as long as till either the former hole opens again or it cannot break through and make another Hiatus or breathing hole and then breaks out afresh again with so much the greater power and vehemence not without doing great mischief and dammage to the adjacent places as is afore declared Now from hence may any man sufficiently understand and observe that by the power operation and force of such fire in and under the earth there must needs be a boyling working distilling and changing of several Minerals and Metals especially considering that the Sun with the rest of the Planets have also their influence and do work effectually under the earth and this must needs be no small cause of great and terrible Earthquakes How Minerals and Metals are wrought decocted and prepared by nature under the Earth shall be handled in the following chapter CHAP. III. Concerning several Minerals Metals and substances in and under the earth and how they are wrought and changed TOuching Minerals which are wrought by nature below in the earth it is according to Physical judgement thus When any dry substance in and under the earth mixeth it selfe with any wet or moist substance by what means soever it hapneth whether by the Airs Fires or Waters passage under the earth and the same mixture either by the powerful influence of the Planets or by the heat of the oft named subterraneous Fire and warm waters is decocted and well boiled together then there is produced a Mineral according to the nature of the substances which are mixt together Also when the subterraneous waters in their several passages or courses under the earth do happen to cover over soak or steep any kind of mettal so long that they do contract gather a thickness to themselves from it and become like unto troubled waters above the earth and the same waters afterwards comes where the fire is or the heat of the subterraneous fire doth penetrate and force it selfe through to the same waters then there is boiled of that water a certain moist substance or matter which in time comes to be a hard and solid Mineral according to the nature of that mettal which the waters did so cover soak or steep and from which it had gathered its quality or thickness under the earth Moreover when such thick troubled and changed subterraneous waters continue long in a place without motion then that quality with which it is so thickned mixt or changed settles it self to the bottom as any thick and troubled water naturally doth where it remains and when the water gets any kind of passage out it runs away and that which is left behind in the bottom is dryed and hardned by the power and influence of the Sun and Planets and also by the subterraneous air or heat wrought into a Mineral suitable to the nature and quality of that from whence the subterraneous waters that are run away had gathered and received its thickness And this may now be more easily apprehended and understood by the following examples When the waters have their courses and passage through that earth which is full of Copper and such like Ore and covers soaks or steeps it so long and often that it becomes thick and muddy and its nature throughly altered and changed or infected by the quality thereof And the same waters afterward by the heat of the fire or the power and influence of the Planets is boyled and distilled in the earth then it becomes a Succus or natural green moist substance whereof being dryed comes the Mineral called Chrysocolla that is Mountaingreen and Virdigrease In like manner when the subterraneous waters covers over soaks or steeps pyriten aerosum friabilem that is a rusty Firrstone

which is easily ground to pieces and is called in High-Dutch Kys then it becomes a bitter Succus which afterwards turns to Victril and Alumen liquidum that is Allom. Likewise where the subterraneous waters or liquid substances have their courses and passage thorough or into Gold and Silver Ore then it becomes Lithargyrium Aureum Argenteum that is Litharidge of Gold and Silver Nor must we think that all Minerals are produced in the earth after this manner now spoken of but some after this manner and some otherwise by the influence of the Planets and other occult natural causes which ought to put us in mind of the omnipotency of God who by nature worketh the rough and unshapen earth and earthish liquid substances into such several very necessary and precious Minerals and Mettals for the great benefit and good of Mankind And it is also found by experience that many Minerals are so perfectly decocted and wrought below in the earth that they do afterwards spring up of themselves thorough the Clefts and Cranies of the Rocks like a pot that seeths and runs over As touching Mettals they are by nature wrought and produced below in the earth after divers secret and incomprehensible ways and manners yea even amongst and within the hard stones and mighty mountainous Rocks by which in like manner we have cause given to consider the omnipotency and bounty of God whereby he in so wonderful and inconceivable a manner doth change earth and stone into Gold Silver Iron Copper Tinn Lead and other very necessary Mettals for the profit and benefit of man And as the Fish is never so deep in the main Sea and other great waters streams but it is brought up for the food and sustentation of man in like manner is Gold Silver Iron Brass Tinn Lead c. never so deep below in the earth nor so hard fastned in and between the hard rocks under it but that by the Almighty power of God and the Art and Labour of those that work in the Mines it is brought up to light for the use and great benefit of Man Concerning which Job in his 28 chap. 1 2 verses writes thus The Silver hath its secret passage and the Gold its place Iron is taken out of the earth and Stone is melted into Copper Such favour hath the goodness and omnipotency of God shewed now in these last times of the world unto this Land and Kingdom of Norway especially since the year 1623. when that rich and famous Silver Mine in Sanswerd and since that time after time the rich Copper-Mine in Ewster-dale and Gulbrands-dale as well as the excellent Iron-Mine in Hedemarken and other places were found out improved to the great and profitable advancement of Trade And here is especially to be noted that Mettals are not discovered and brought to light and use in all places alike soone but some in one seculo or century of years and some in another After two three or more hundred years time and the reason is because they are not ripe all alike soone or perfectly wrought and prepared as the fruits of Trees or Herbs of the field are some of them sooner and some later ripe and that because some Metals are so deep below in the earth that they cannot so soon grow up and show themselves above or upon the earth nor can be perfectly wrought and prepared so soon as those Metals that are placed higher up in the earth and it is also partly because many Countreys and places that are full of Ore and metallish substances do yet lie so far from the Suns and Planets Courses which principally works and prepares them yea even in the deepest and innermost places of the earth that they cannot come so soon to maturity or be discovered and brought to use so soon as those Mines that are in the Southern Countreys either neerer or under the Suns and Planets courses And hence it is that the Mines in these Northern Countreys especially here in Norway and Sweden whose Southermost borders lie not above 34. degrees from the Artick or North-pole but the Northermost reaches up to 71. degrees of North Latitude lying far from the Sun and the other Planets courses and operations have not so soon come to maturity as those Mines in the South countreys and also in the East and West Indies which lye but 30 or 40 degrees from the Equinoctial on both sides from whence great quantities of Gold and Silver hath been and is now yearly brought into these Norther Countreys For the heat of the Sun and the power of the Planets by their presence there have a far greater force and influence in their operation then they have here with us where they never come so neer and besides their power and influence is much obstructed by that natural frost and cold which is here so neer under the Pole It is therefore well worth the notice that when any Ore-Mine is found here in Norway as happens often and in many places which upon tryal is found to yield good and fine Metal or Ore though not so rich as to defray all charges that therefore such Mines ought not to be wholly neglected and slighted but diligently registred and taken notice of for the benefit of our posterity because the Ore sheweth that there is good and fine Metal preparing in that Mine and possibly being deeper searcht into would be found rich enough but if it should not then be able to bear the charges it is because the Metal so found is not yet ripe enough and come to perfect maturity which in time may be wherein Nature and the Planets may do very much in halfe a hundred or a hundred years so that what is not yet ripe enough and come to full perfection in our time may be more ripe and come to better maturity in processe of the time of our posterity to the great profit benefit and advantage of these Kingdoms hereafter Now when Metals are thoroughly prepared and come to their maturity and perfection under the earth then they do discover themselves above the earth like as the fruits of trees when they are ripe enough fall down of themselves shewing thereby that they are now ripe or fit to be digged up and used And it is related amongst us that the rich Silver-Mine in Sanswerd by Dram did discover it selfe by shewing and putting forth its Ore through the cracks and clefts of the stones in that rocky Mountain in the year 1623. And it happens often that when the Countrey people here do burn the wood off from such great places where they intend to sow Corn that the force and vehemence of the fire reaches into the Rocks and makes them glowing hot and then the melted Ore or Metal runs out of their clefts and cracks whereby they are often discover'd and in time improved It is also to be admired how wonderfully nature doth prepare and produce several sorts of Ore in strange forms and