who were drawn up in their several Squadrons round about the Tribunal and having their Captains at the Head of them If the General 's Speech pleased them they shew'd their Approbations by lifting up their Right-hands and clashing their Bucklers one against another but if they dislik'd it a humming Murmur ran thro their Ranks or else they discover'd by a sullen Silence that they were not pleased If the Enemy push'd on the Battel the General thought it sufficient to go through the Ranks to encourage the Soldiers calling them every one by their Names putting them in mind of their Courage and the Victories they had gain'd and promising them the Plunder or some other Largess if they obtain'd the Victory ALOIDES two Giants the Sons of Aloeus who in their infancy attempted to pull up Mount Ossa by the roots and to set it upon Olympus and Pelion upon that that they might make use of them as a Ladder to climb up into Heaven and make War with Jupiter but these young and rash Fools were punish'd for their Madness and shot to death by the Arrows of Apollo and his Sister Diana Virgil brings in Aeneas relating that he saw these two Giants in Hell Hic Aloidat geminos immantia vid◠Corpora qui manibus magnum rescindere coelum Aggressi Virg. Aeneid lib. 6. v. 582. Homer assures us That they formerly bound the God Mars and shut him up in Prison for thirteen Mouths from whence he could not be releas'd but by the mediation of Mercury ALPHABETUM an Alphabet the orderly Disposition of the Letters of any Language This Word comes from the initial Letters of the Greek Tongue Alpha Beta ALPHEUS a River of Areadia Pausanias in his Eliaca tells us That Alpheus was an antient Hunter who lov'd Arethusa and also delighted much in Hunting He sought her in Marriage but she deny'd him and flying into an Isle near Syracuse she was turn'd into a Fountain and Alpheus into a River which as thrd an amorous Impatience forces its course through the Sea and mixes its Waters with Arethuss Lucian in a Dialogue between Neptune and Alpheus introduces them speaking thus Nept. Whence comes it that such a fine River as you pass through the Sea without mixing with its Water any more than if you were Ice like those Fowls who dive in one place and rise in another Alph. It is an amorous Mystery which you ought not to condemn because you have been in love your self Nept. Who are you in love with is it with a Woman a Nymph or any one of the Nereides Alph. No no it is with a Fountain Nept. With what Fountain pray Alph. With Arethusa Nept. 'T is a fine clear Spring which rolls its Silver Streams through the Stones with an agreeable Murmur Alph. Ah! how well you describe her 't is she that I pursue Nept. Ga and be happy in thy Amour but tell me when hast thou seen her thou being in Arcadia and she in Sicily Alph. You are too curious and press too far for me to answer you Nept. You are in the right of it and I to blame to retard a Lover in the pursuit of his Mistress and when you have met with her join your self so close to her that you two may have but one Bed hereafter Pansanias enlarges this Fable a little more in his Arcadica Alpheus says he parts the Lacedaemonians from the Tageates and bounds them both its Source is from Phylace At some distance from hence he receives the Waters of several small Springs called Symboles or A Concouse of Waters This River has this particular Quality that it loses its Waters under the Earth and they rise again in other places it goes into the River Eurotas and then loses it self and rises again in a place which the Arcadians call The Sources It runs into the Territories of Pisa and Olympia and discharges it self in the Adriatick Gulph from whence it passes without mixing its Waters with the Sea and rises in Ortygia in the Fountain of Arethusa with which it mixes Hercules cut a Canal from this River to cleanse the Stable of Augens which was fill'd with the Dung of three thousand Oxen for thirty years ALTARE an Altar upon which Sacrifices were offer'd to the Gods of Heaven This Word comes from Altus high because according to Servius they sacrificed on them to the Gods on high or in Heaven This is the Difference he makes betwixt these Words Ara and Altare Novimus says he aras Diis esse superis inferis consecratas altaria verò esse superiorum tantùm Deorum quae ab altitudine constat esse nominata We find also another Difference of these Words which is this Altare was built in an high place to which they went up by Stais as the great Altars in the Romish Churches whereas Ara is a low Altar like their little ones ALTHAEA the Wife of Aeneas King of Calydonia She reveng'd the Death of her Brethren by the Death of her own Son Meleager burning the Log of Wood which was to prolong his Life as long as it lasted and was not consum'd by Fire AMALTHAEA a Sybil surnamed Cumaea famous in Antiquity for her Prophesies and Predictions of the coming of the Messias who was to be born of a Virgin We learn of Servius that she wrote nine Books of Prophesies foretelling what should befal the Empire of Rome addressing her self to Tarquinius Priscus she presented them to him demanding three thousand Crowns in Gold of Philippick Money but the King rejected her Present whereupon she burn'd three of them in the presence of that Prince Returning within a few days she demanded the same Price for the remaining six and being again deny'd she burn'd three more This astonish'd the King so much that he bought the three which were left at the same Price she had requir'd for all the nine They were kept with great care and certain Persons appointed to look after them These Books contained the Fate of the Empire and were never consulted but in the time of some publick Calamities AMALTHAEA the Daughter of Melissus King of Candia who nurs'd Jupiter with Goats Milk and Honey Some Authors will have it that this Goat was called Amalthaea and that Jupiter in gratitude placed it among the Stars giving to the Nymphs one of her Horns which had this Vertue to furnish them with whatever they desired from whence it was called Cornucopia or the Horn of Plenty 'T was also the Name of Atticus's Country-House in Greece which he called so to intimate that all things abounded there for it is very well known that this Word signifies Plenty Gic. l. 1. ep 2. ad Attic. AMATHUS a City in the Isle of Cyprus consecrated to Venus whose Inhabitants built a stately Temple to her and her Minion Adonis They sacrificed at first Strangers upon her Altars but the Goddess abhorring such cruel Sacrifices chang'd these Inhabitants into Bulls and depriving their Wives of all Modesty because
prostrating themselves on the Ground with Hands lifted up to Heaven they gave thanks to the Divine Goodness for his admirable Inventions Pliny in lib. 31. ch 1. makes an Encomium on Water wherein he reckons up so many excellent Qualities of it as make it probable that this gave occasion to that superstitious Worship which was paid to it For he tells us That the Empire of the Waters consists in ruling over all the other Elements in over-flowing the Earth extinguishing the Fire in raising it self up into the Air and continuing there suspended in mounting up as high as Heaven and descending again with that fruitful Vertue which makes the Earth produce all sorts of Plants and Animals Upon this account it was that the Poets invented Fables to make the Wonders of this Element more grateful The Book of Wisdom deplores the Blindness of those Idolaters who worship'd not the Almighty Power of the true God but the Force and Abundance of Water which has something very beautiful and terrible at the same time 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Plutarch says That the Egyptians ador'd the Waters of Nile whose Inundations serv'd them instead of Rain Thus the Nile was held to be their Jupiter who was thought to be the cause of Rain and so in Athenaeus we find this Prayer address'd to the Nile as being the Jupiter of Egypt 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Eastern Nations had no less a Veneration for their Rivers Herodotus and Strabo say the Persians reverenc'd the Rivers so much that they durst not throw nor suffer any Excrement to fall into them nor so much as wash their Hands in them Xerxes sacrific'd white Horses to the River Strymon according to Herodotus and Tiridates did as much to the River Euphrates before he pass'd over it according to the Relation of Tacitus Pliny says that the same Tiridates would not put to Sea because he would not lose that Reverence which he thought was due to the Ocean by spitting in it Atergatis the Goddess of the Assyrians of whom we shall give an account in the proper place was also the Goddess of Waters for she was drawn as half Woman and half Fish The Greeks consider'd Water as one of the four general Principles of all sublunary Beings and call'd it in former times 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There are several sorts of Water that of the Sea of Rivers of Springs of Lakes and rain-Rain-Water which is gather'd and kept in Water-houses and Cisteins Of all these sorts there is none better than rain-Rain-Water says Vitruvius because it is compos'd of the lightest and most subtil Particles which are extracted out of all other Waters and which the Air has purified for a long time by its Motion till they are dissolv'd and so fall down in Showers upon the Earth for the Earth being heated emits its Moisture out of its Breast after the same manner as our Bodies when they are hot do sweat There are hot Springs whose Waters are not proper for ordinary Drink altho they have no ill Taste and these are only to be used for the Cure of some Diseases which require Dryness and Heat There are cold Waters whose Smell and Taste are unpleasant such are the Waters call'd Albulae which are near to Tivoli and those in the Springs which are near to Ardea All hot Springs have a Medicinal Virtue beause after they are heated they have another Effect than common Water for the Sulphureous are good for Diseases of the Nerves which they fortifie by heating them and besides they consume the bad Humours The Aluminous cure those Bodies which are weaken'd with the Palsie or any other such like Disease by reducing the Parts which are distemper'd by Cold to their natural state by Heat The Bituminous by purging expel the Diseases of the inward parts There are also cold Waters which are nitrous such are those near Penna a Country of the Vestini and in the Country of the Cutisians which are drank for purging and dissolving scrophulous Tumours There is another Water which is not very clear and besides has Scum or Froth which swims at top of the colour of red Glass one of this sort is to be seen chiefly near to Athens where it is convey'd to make Water-Spouts and is made use of for washing but not for drinking There are also found many other kinds of Water which have different Properties such is the River Himera in Sicily which after it rises from its Spring-head is divided into two Branches whereof one which runs towards Mount Aetna is good to drink because it passes through a sweet Earth but the other which runs through an Earth that yields Salt has a very saltish Taste Likewise in the Paretonian Fields through which there is a way to the Temple of Jupiter Hammon there are found fenny Lakes whose Waters are so salt that the Salt swims at top congeal'd There are other Waters to be met with which percolate through Veins of unctuous Earth and which seem as if mixt with Oil such is the River Liparis which runs to Soli a City in Cilicia where all those that bath in it when they come out of the Water look as if they were anointed Near to Dyrrachium and Apollonia there are Springs which throw forth great Quantities of Pitch There are also Springs which the Moisture of the Earth from whence they rise makes very bitter such is the River Hypanis in the Kingdom of Pontus which from its Source for the space of about forty miles is sweet but when it reaches to a place 160 miles distant from its Entrance into the Sea a little Spring which runs into it makes its Waters bitter this Bitterness proceeds from a Mine of red Arsnick which is found near the Head of that Spring There are Waters also which are dangerous to those that use them by reason of the venemous Juices through which they percolate such is that Fountain at Terracina call'd Neptuniana whose Waters are poisonous such also was that Lake near Cyderes in Thracia whose Waters kill'd not only those that drank of it but even those that wash'd with it In Macedonia near the Grave of Euripides two Rivulets join together one of which has a Water so good that Passengers stop there on purpose to refresh themselves but the Water which run on the other side is so pernicious that no body dares come near it In that part of Arcadia which is call'd Nonacris there distils from certain Mountains a Water extremely cold which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Water of Mourning which cannot be taken up in any other Vessel but only in the horny part of a Mule's Foot 'T is said that Antipater made his Son Iolas carry some of this Water into the Province where Alexander was and that it was its Poison that kill'd that King There is also another Water in the Alps in the Kingdom of Cottus which makes all that drink of it fall down suddenly In the Country of the
Justice to him that the Senate decreed that in grateful Acknowledgment a Temple should be built to Clemency his Device was Veni Vidi Vici i. e. I came I saw I conquered CAESAR OCTAVIUS surnam'd Augustus the Nephew of Julius and adopted by him His Stature was tall and proper he had a comely Face a sweet and modest Look a Nose gently rising near the Forehead his Hair somewhat curâ—'d He succeeded Julius Caesar and was Heir to his Name as well as his Vertues and happily finish'd those Designs of Monarchy the other had laid He reveng'd his Death upon his Murderers who died all a violent Death and some of them by the same Dagger wherewith they had assassinated him This Prince had a generous Soul and a charming and insinuating Wit He was prudent and brave without Ostentation His Eye-brows joining over his Nose according to some Physiognomists signified his Inclination to Vertue others thought that this was a Sign of his Inclination to Study because it denotes Melancholy and there must be a little of that or Study He was a Lover of Learning and had a pleasant Way of Writing both in Prose and Verse from whence it was that in his Time there were such able Men as Virgil Horace and Mecanas The Teeth of this Prince being small and thin set according to Suetonius progâ—osticated short Life in the Judgment of Hippocrates and some Physicians But perhaps his Sobriety made amends for this Defect since he liv'd to 76 Years of Age although he was often troubled with Rheum the Seâ—â—tica the Gout and Gravel Suetonius also remarks that he commonly fell sick about his Birth-day See Auguâ—lus CAESTUS a large Gantlet made of a raw Hide adorned with Lead which the ancient Wrestlers made use of when they fought at Fifty-cuffs in the publick Games Calepin is mistaken when he says that it was a kind of Club for it was only a Strap of Leather strengthned with Lead or Plates of Iron wherewith after the Manner of Chains lying a-cross they encompass'd the Hand and also the Wrist and part of the Arm to guard them from Blows left they should be broken or dislocated by them CAESTUS or CESTUM a Girdle which the Poets and Painters have given to Venus and Juno Thus Pallas in Lucian advises Paris to take away Venus's Girdle that he might the better judge of the Beauty of the Three Goddesses because adds she Venus is a Magician who keeps some Charm conceal'd within her Girdle This Word comes from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies a Girdle or any other Work embroider'd with the Needle which was commonly were by Women It was a large Strap which serv'd for a Girdle made of Wool and which the Husband untied for his Spouse the first Day of their Marriage before they went to Bed as we learn from Homer 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Ovid Castáque fallaci zona recincta manu And this relates to the Girdle of Venus which Juno borrow'd of her to entice Jupiter to Love for this Girdle says Homer B. 14. Of the Iliads contains the Passion Wishes and Charms by which Venus unites the Hearts of new-married People which made Martial say Vt Martis revocetur amor summique Tonantis A te Juno petat ceston ipsa Venus Lib. 6. Epig. 13. Some Authors say that this Caestus of Venus was a little â—illet or Diadem wherewith the Heads of Deities were encompass'd which had a Point in the middle CAEYX King of Taracinia the Son of Lucifer or the Morning-Star and Husband of Alcione who going to consult the Oracle about the Government of his Kingdom was Shipwreck'd at Sea which so sensibly touch'd his Wife that for Grief she threw her self Head-long into the Sea But the Gods having Compassion on them chang'd them both into Birds call'd Haleyons i. e. Kingsfishers who make the Sea calm when they harth their young ones in the Sea-rushes during the sharpest Storms of Winter Lucian in his Dialogue entituled Alcyon relates the Fable after another manner for he introduces Socrates speaking thus to Cherephon whose pleasant Sound had struck his Ear from the other side of the River 'T is Alcyon says Socrates to him who is so much exâ—oll'd of whom this Fable is told That the Daughter of Eolus having left the brave Caeyx her Husband the Son of the Morning-star wasted her self with fruitless Complaints until the Gods mov'd with Compassion chang'd her into a Bird which still searches on the Waters for him whom she cannot meet with upon Earth And to recompense her Love while she makes her Nest and hatches her Young the Winds are still and the Sea is calm even in the sharpest Weather of Winter And so to this Day these fine Days are call'd from her Name Halcyon-Days CAIUS or GAIUS a Surname given to many illustrious Romans upon the Account of the Joy their Parent felt at their Birth à gaudio parentum CAIUS surnam'd Octavius the Father of the Emperor Augustus who defeated the Fugitive Slaves and destroy'd those that remain'd of Catiline's Conspiracy CAIUS MEMMIUS a Curule Edile who first celebrated the Feast Cerealia or the Festival of Ceres as appears by this Motto Memmius aedilis Cerealia primus fecit CALABRA CURIA the Calabrian Court built by Romulus upon Mount Palatine near his own Habitation according to Varro or according to others near the Capitol in the Place where the Magazine of Salt now is It was call'd Calabra from the Latin Word Calare which signifies to call together because Romulus design'd this Place for the general Assemblies of the People but since that time the Rex sacrorum summons the Senate and People to meet there to give them Notice of the Days for Games and Sacrifices You may consult Macrobius about this Word Lib. 1. Saturnal and Festus CALANTICA a Kerchief the ancient Head-dress of the Roman Women CALARE from the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Voco signifies to call together or assemble the People from whence comes the Word Calendae which is as much as to say the first Day of each Month because he who presided at the Sacrifices assembled the People in the Capitol after he had observ'd the New Moon to signifie to them the Feasts and Games of that Month. CALATA COMITIA an Assembly of the People who were call'd together for the Election and Consecration of Priests and for Wills which were made in the most ancient Times of the Commonwealth in the Presence of the People as Theophilus says in Book 2. Instit See Comitia CALCEAMENTUM the Shoe of the Ancients which was different from ours both in Matter and Form It was made at first of a raw Hide with all the Hair on which they call'd Carbatinas crepidas But in succeeding Times the Hides were prepared curried and steep'd in allom-Allom-water Shooes were made of the Skins of Cows Calves Deer Goats c. from whence comes the Raillery used by Martial of one who had a
that there was nothing solid and all was Vanity that a Man was but a concourse of Atoms and the Toy of Destiny or Fortune DEMONAX A Philosopher of the Isle of Cyprus of an Illustrious and Rich Family but his Mind being yet above his Fortune he forsook all his Wealth to give himself to Philosophy He studied first Humane Learning then Philosophy but embrac'd no particular Sect and yet taking what was good in every Sect he never determined which of them he valued the most He disputed modestly hated Vice bore no ill will to vicious Men but took care to cure them as Physicians do Diseases without being angry with his Patients for he thought that to err was natural to Man but forgiving and correcting was the property of a Wise-man and warned his wealthy Friends never to trust to the uncertainty of Fortune neither to be proud of their Wealth which was often the share of Fools and encouraged the others to suffer patiently the miseries of this Life because neither Men nor Miseries could last long and that Custom softens the greatest hardships and inur'd Men to pain At last seeing he was fallen into want he voluntarily starved himself with hunger The Athenians buried him very honourably at the publick Charge DENARIUS A Roman Penny to the value of seven-pence-half-penny of English Mony The Romans having for a long time used brass Mony which they call At quasi Aes or Libra and Pondo because it was a pound weight began to coin Silver A. 585. ab urb cond and coined first the Denarius which was marked with the letter X because it was worth ten Asses and divided into two Quinarii marked with V which were subdivided into two Sestertia marked with these three Letters IIS In the latter times of the Common-wealth the Emperors reduc'd the Roman Penny to the weight of a Drachma viz eight in an Ounce for 't is certain as Pliny and Livy say that before that time it weighed more for at first they coined six then seven Denarii out of an Ounce But there is a difficulty arising from what is said before that the Roman Penny was worth ten Asses for Vitruvius says that it was of the value of sixteen Asses To explain this difficulty we must understand that formerly at Rome each Ass ten whereof made up a Roman Penny weighed twelve Ounces and that afterwards in the time of the first Punick War the Common-wealth being then in debt it was thought fit to lower the Coin and reduce the Ass to two ounces and since that time in the War of Hannibal the Asses were reduced to one ounce but at the same time the value of the Roman Penny was regulated and then went for sixteen Asses instead of ten which was the value of the old Roman Penny as Festus and Pliny tells us And this resolves the Difficulty that arises from what Vitruvius says DENDROPHORI The College of the Dendrophori is often mentioned in the Ancient Marbles Yet 't is not well known what kind of Men the Dendrophori were The Learned are divided upon this account Salmasius in his Commentaries upon the Life of Caracalla written by Spartianus says that the Dendrophori were those persons who in the Processions made in honour of the God carried Branches of Trees in their Hands according to the Etymology of the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Tree-bearer wherefore the Epithet of Dendrophorus was given to the Silvan God in an old Inscription cited by Gruter because this God is commonly represented carrying a Branch of a Pine-tree in the Processions made in honour of Bacchus And we see often in Basso relievos where the Bacchanalia are represented as men carrying little Shrubs or Branches of Trees The Title of the Theodosian Code seems to favour this Opinion in the 20th Law 'T is just says the Text that all the Places that the Dendrophori and other Religious Men among the Pagans have possessed and were appointed for their Feastings and distribution of Money be applied to the Revenues of our Houses having banished the Error that instituted them According to this Text Dendrophori was not a Name of a Trade but of a religious or superstitious Order However most of the Learned are of a contrary opinion which seems very probable and say that the Dendrophori were Men who bought Timber for the War and Warlike Engines Wherefore they were commonly joined in the same Company with those who made the Engines called Fabri DERCETO The Mother of Semiramis she was represented half Man and half Fish as Diodorus Siculus expresly speaks But Lucian in his Dea Syria divides her Body otherwise Semiramis says he founded that Temple in honour of her Mother Derceto whose Image I have seen in Phaenicia being that of a Woman from the middle upwards whose lower parts ended in a Fish's Tail The transformation of Derceto the Mother of Semiramis into a Fish is a very famous Fable Ovid mentions it in his Metamorphosis DESIGNATOR A Master of Ceremonies in Funeral Pomps or a sworn Cryer who ordered all things at Funerals either relating to the Parade or the Habits of that Ceremony Vlpianus says that this Officer was a noted Man receiving his Office from the Prince and was attended by two Lictors and other Officers in Mourning Dresses Horace makes mention of him Epist 7. l. 1. Designatorem decorat Lictoribus atris They not only furnish'd all that was necessary for the Funeral but undertook the Funeral Games and Spectacles says Tertullian DESULTORES and DESULTORII Men who leap from one Horse to another at the Horce-races of the Games called Circences From hence the Latins proverbially speaking call inconstant and wavering men desultoriae naturae homines DEUCALION A Scythian the Son of Prometheus who reigned in Thessalia in the time of a great Deluge For the Greeks relate that the first Men being cruel and insolent without Faith Hospitality and Humanity perished all by that Deluge the Earth issuing out abundance of Waters which swell'd up the Rivers and with the excessive Rains caused an overflowing of the Sea which covered the Earth with Water Deucalion alone remained having got safe into an Ark with his Family and two Beasts of every kind who freely followed him into the Ark both wild and tame without devouring one another nor doing him any harm Thus he floated till the Waters were retired then re-populated Mankind by throwing stones behind him which were changed into Men. Pyrrha his Wife did the like and threw Stones behind her which were changed into Women this they performed by the advice of Themis The Inhabitants of that Country inlarge the Story with another Prodigy and say that an Abyss swallowed down all the Waters and that Deucalion in remembrance of it erected an Altar and built a Temple where a very little Hole remains still Wherefore the Inhabitants of that Country and those of Syria come twice a year to the Neighbouring Sea where they draw a great quantity of Water
cum tibicine chordas Obliquas nec non gentilia tympana secum Vexit They were much in use at the Dances and Feasts of Bacchus and Cybele as appears by these Verses of Carulius Cybeles Phrygiae ad nemori Deae Vbi cymbalum sonat ubi tympana reboant Herodian speaking of Heliogabalus says he often had a Frolick to make Persons play upon Flutes and beat Drums in his Presence as if he were celebrating the Bacchanalia TYPHON one of the Gyants that fought against the Gods and was buried alive under the Mountains Apollonius in his Argonauticon says that Typhon was defeated near Mount Nyssa and afterwards thrown down Headlong into the Waters of the Lake Serbonis which is between Egypt and Palestine Plutarch in the Life of Mark Antony tells us the Egyptians said that the Vapours of the Lake Serbonis were caused by the Breath of Typhon Homer makes his Death to have happened in Arimis that is according to Strabo in Syria which the Scriptures and prophane Authors call Aramea from Aram. V. U Is the 20th Letter in the Alphabet and fifth Vowel There is also a Consonant V which is thus distinguished by Grammarians V. V is often changed into O as in this Word volt put for vult The V is also a Numeral Letter signifying five and when it has a Tittle above it five thousand VACUNA this Goddess was worshipped by Plough-men and her Feast celebrated in Winter VADARI ALIQUEM 't is a Law-Term signifying to oblige a Person to give Security that promises he shall on a certain Day appear in Court If he fails his Surety has actionem vadimonii deserti against him i. e. an Action for leaving his Bail VATICANUS the Vatican one of the small Hills of Rome near the Tiber adjoining to the Janiculum where the Pope's Palace is it was thus called from the Responses and Oracles called in Latin Vaticinia which the Romans received here according to Varro There was also a Deity so named in the same Place who was believed to be the Author of the first Speech of Children which was Va from whence comes the Word Vatican and among the Latins Vagire to cry like an Infant VE-JOVIS a hurtful Deity to whom the Romans erected Temples and offered Sacrifices that he might do them no Mischief He was pictured with a Bow and Arrow in his Hand ready to let it flie VELABRUM was a Place full of Tradesmens Shops and especially of Oil-men it was divided into two parts by the Fish-Market and stood near to the Tuscan Division VENILIA a Nymph and the Mother of Faunus she was also reputed to be Neptune's Wife otherwise called Salacia Venilia says Varro is the Water that washes the Shoar and Salacia that which returns into the Bottom of the Sea VENTUS the Wind is nothing else but a Flux of Air agitated by an unequal and violent Motion which is done says Vitruvius when the Heat working upon the Moisture by its Action produces a great Quantity of new Air that violently drives on the other Those who were the Worshippers of the Wind in all likelihood believed they worshipped the Air in the Agitation thereof from whence it is the Persians worshipped the Stars and Earth Water Fire and Winds Herodotus tells us that the Grecians being in a Consternation because of Xerxes his formidable Army that came to fall upon them the Oracle of Delphos commanded them to offer Sacrifice to the Winds from whom they were to expect their greatest Relief Aeneas sacrificed to the Winds Pecudem Zephyris felicibus albam Augustus erected a Temple for the Wind Circius of the Gauls because they were incommoded therewith and had their Houses blow'd down by it The Poets made Aeolus to be King of the Winds and Servius says they were Nine Islands in the Sicilian Sea of which Aeolus according Varro was King from whence they feigned he had the Winds under his Dominion because he foretold the Storms that should happen by observing the Vapours and Steams that arose from those Islands and especially from that called after Vulcan's Name Vt Varro dixit Rex fuit infularum ex quarum nebulis fumo Vulcaniae insulae praedicens ventura flabra ventorum ab imperitis visus est ventos suâ potestate retinere Pliny says that Strongylus was one of those burnt and smoaking Islands and that the Inhabitants from the Fumes thereof predicted what Winds should follow three Days before and that for this Reason they feigned Aeolus was Master of the Winds E cujus fumo quinam flaturi sint venti in triduum praedicere incolae traduntur unde ventos Aeolo paruisse existimatum Nevertheless 't is certain the Worshipping of the Winds is ancienter than Aeolus his Reign whom they pretend to have lived in the Time of the Trojan War The Persians who according to Strabo and Herodotus worshipped the Winds never heard of the King of these little Islands and 't was not to him they addrest their Worship As much may be said in respect to the Scythians of whom Lucian in his Toxaris says that they swore by the Wind and Sword per ventum acinacem When Solomon in his Proverbs says there were Men so mad as to adore the Winds he little thought of Aeolus in the Matter All those Eastern Idolaters worshipped the Winds before the Fable of Aeolus was invented And so we have Reason to believe that as the Worshipping of the Winds as well as that of other parts of Nature passed from the East to the West so the Grecians Sicilians and Italians took occasion from the Nature of those Islands to make them to be the Kingdom of the Winds because they often found Whirl-winds Vapours Winds and Fire to proceed from thence Strabo relates unto us the Observations of Polybius upon the Isle of Lipara which is the greatest of Aeolus his Seven Islands viz. that when the South Wind blew it was covered with so thick a Cloud that those who were but a little way off could not see Sicily but when the North Wind blew the Island sent forth purer Flames and made a greater Noise and Concussion and this gave occasion to say that the King of these Islands was King of the Winds Hesiod openly declares for the Doctrine of Physiology when he gives us the Genealogy of the Winds and makes them to be the Children of Astraeus and Aurora for this is plainly to make those Winds to proceed from the Stars and Aurora or the Horizon or rather from the Stars and Vapours that are always in the Horizon in a very great quantity in order to form Aurora and the Winds therein We know 't is the Opinion of Naturalists and Astrologers that the Stars have a great Influence in the Generation of the Winds He says a little farther that except those three Winds that are useful to Mankind all the rest were the Children of Typhon the famous Gyant whom victorious Jupiter Thunder-struck and buried under the Mountains thro' which he
Abire a Term of Imprecation as may appear from these Passages of the Comic Poets Abi in malam rem Abi in crucem or in maximum magnum malum Go in an ill hour Go hang your self Go to the Devil The Word Abire is also us'd in the Form of granting Liberty to Slaves as Abito quo voles quo lubet nihil te moror or Liber esto atque abito quo voles or Tu vero abeas neque te quisquam moratur I make you free go now whither you will no body detains you you may go where you please It is also used in the Law after this manner Abiit dies actionis the Time of Prosecution in this Cause is over or according to the common Phrase of the Court There 's an end of this Suit it is quite out of doors and cannot be brought on again ABJUDICARE a Term of Law to take away something from a Person by a Sentence to declare that it does not belong to him ABJURARE Creditum or Si quid creditum est to deny a Depositum or Pledge in a Court of Justice to make oath that there was no such thing left with me Plautus says Quique in jure abjurant pecuniam who deny in Court that the Money was left in their hands ABLUERE se a Term of Religion us'd in the ancient Sacrifices to wash and purifie our selves before we offer Sacrifice The Romans look'd upon it as a part of Religious Worship to wash their Hands and Feet sometimes the Head and oftentimes the whole Body when they were to sacrifice to their Gods And therefore Virgil brings in Aeneas telling Anchises that he could not discharge his Duty to his Houshold-Gods till he was purified in some running Water because he was defiled with Blood and Slaughter at the Sacking of Troy Donec me flumine vivo abluero We read also in the same Poet that Dido having a mind to sacrifice to the Infernal-Gods told her Sister that she must first wash and purifie her self in running Water Dic corpus properet fluviali spargere lympha The People and Assistants were also purified with a Water which was called Lustral according to the Practice of Aeneas at the Funerals of Misenus in Virgil for he tells us that he sprinkl'd Lustral Water three times upon his Companions with an Olive-branch Idem ter socios pura circumtulit unda Spargens rore levi ramo felicis oliva They us'd sometimes a sprinkling Instrument to throw that Lustral Water which they esteemed holy because the Link or Torch which had been used at a Sacrifice was extinguished in it It was their Custom also to place at the Entrance into their Temples Vessels made of Marble triumphant as Du Choul calls it fill'd with Water wherewith they wash'd themselves A Custom which without doubt they learn'd from the Jews since we read in Scripture that Solomon plac'd at the Entry into the Temple which he erected to the true God a great Laver which the Holy Text calls a Sea of Brass where the Priests wash'd themselves before they offer'd Sacrifice having before-hand sanctified the Water by throwing into it the Ashes of the Victim that was slain in Sacrifice ABOLERE a Term of the Roman Law to abolish to annihilate to reduce to nothing to destroy a thing after such a manner that nothing remains not so much as the Remembrance of it And according to this Notion of the Word is the Phrase Abolere crimen to abolish a Crime and Abolere nomina reorum to rase or expunge the Names of the accused out of the Table or Register to strike them out of the List of the Prisoners ABOLITIO Abolition the Remission of a Crime Amnesty is a general Abolition of all that has been committed during a Civil War or in any popular Commotion This Abolition was granted after three different manners Either by the Prince on a day of Triumph and for some remarkable Victory obtained by the Commonwealth or else it was granted by the Magistrate when the Accuser desisted from his Prosecution before him or lastly it was granted to the Accused after the Death of the Accuser ABOLLA a kind of Purple Garment doubled which was very large had many Plaits and was adorned with great Buttons which the Romans wore to defend themselves from Cold and the Injuries of the Weather This Garment was used by Military Men Persons of Quality and even by Philosophers as the Verses of Martial and Juvenal do plainly prove We read in Suetonius That the Emperour Caligula was much offended with King Ptolomy for appearing at the Theatre with this double Garment of Purple which attracted the Eyes of all the Spectators towards him ABOMINANTES a Term of Execration Those who abhor any bad Presage and pray the Gods to prevent its falling upon their Heads They made use of certain Latin Expressions frequent in the Comic-Poets and others Quod Dii omen avertant quod ego abominor procul omen abesto procul sit omen procul haec avertant fata Quod Dii prohibeant Dii meliora Dii melius Dii melius duint for dent Which God forbid which I pray the Gods to remove far from us and to turn away from falling upon our Heads which Mischief may it never come upon us which may the Gods preserve us from ABORIGINES a very antient People of Italy about whose Original there are four principal Opinions the first is that of Aurelius Victor who calls them Aborigines as who should say Aberrigines i. e. Vagabonds wherein he disowns that Division made by Berosus of Janigenes and Aborigines and affirms on the contrary that these Aborigines were wandring and vagabond Scythians who came and settled in that part of Italy Nevertheless against this first Opinion it may be said that if these Aborigines had been Scythians they would never have employed the Greeks against the Scythians but on the contrary would have made use of them as safe Auxiliaries to aid them against the Natives of the Country and against the Greeks who were lately come thither S. Jerom and Denis of Halicarnassus think that they were call'd Aborigines as who should say absque origine without beginning or rather as being the first Natives of the Mountains from these Tuscan and Armenian words according to the Talmuds for Ab signifies a Father ori a Cavern or hollow place and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies a Race or Posterity as who should say Men born in Caverns Some think that Chamasenus aliàs Cham the Son of Noah who was the Saturn of the Egyptians having gather'd together divers wandring and vagabond People conducted them into that part of Italy which at present is call'd Romania and at that time was call'd Latium Titus Livius and Dionysius Halicarnasseus assert that the first Aborigines came from Arcadia into Italy under the conduct of Oenotrus the Son of Lycam and that they learn'd the Letters of the Alphabet from Evander who was then King of it
Danae But she refusing to agree to his love and yield herself up to his passion he resolv'd at last to force her and the better to cover his Design he remov'd her Son Perseus a great way off and sent him to the Garganes with an Order to bring back to him the Head of Medusa that he might make a Present of it to his Mistress Hippodamia hoping that Perseus would be kill'd in this Enterprize and then he should be in a condition to prevail with his Mother to condescend to his Desires But things fell out quite otherwise than he imagin'd for Perseus by good luck return'd safe from this Expedition brought back the Head of Medusa and was married in his Voyage to Andromeda whom he deliver'd from the Sea-Monster which was just ready to devour her He returning to Argos with his new-married Spouse to present her before Acrisius his Grandfather found him celebrating Funeral-Games whereupon he having a mind to exercise himself with throwing a Bar of Iron it happen'd unluckily that the Bar hit against Acrisius's his Leg and gave him a Wound whereof he died in some days after and thus the Oracle was fulfill'd ACROBATES a sort of Dancers upon the Rope We learn from Boulanger in his Treatise of Dancers on the Rope that there were Four sorts of 'em The First were those who vaulted about a Rope as a Wheel turns about its Axeltree and hang'd upon it by the Feet or the Neck Nicephorus Gregora says that in his time these Dancers vaulting about a Rope were to be seen at Constantinople The Second sort of them were those who flew from a high place down to the ground upon a Rope which supported their Breast their Arms and Legs being extended Of these Manilius Nicetas and Vopiscus speak in the Life of Carinus The Third sort were those who are mention'd by the same Manilius who run upon a sloping Rope or came down it from a higher to a lower place The Fourth sort were those who not only walk'd upon a distended Rope but jump'd high and cut Capers upon it as a Dancer would do upon the ground at the sound of a Flute And of this kind Symposius is to be understood ACROSTOLIUM a kind of Ornament for a Ship made in the form of a Hook which was plac'd at the end of the Stem or Stern To these may be compar'd those polish'd and sharp pieces of Iron resembling the Neck of a Duck which the Venetians use at the Stem of their Gondoles It may also be that Ornament of a Stern which they call'd Anserculus a little Goose whereof Bayfius gives us the Figure like the Head of a Goose ACROTERIA 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the extremities of any thing This word in Greek signifies generally any extreme part such as are in Animals the Nose the Ears and the Fingers and in Buildings the Turrets or Battlements of Houses and the little Pedestals on which Statues were plac'd and which were scituate at the middle and the two Extremities of a Frontispiece or the Statues of Earth or Copper which were plac'd on the top of Temples to adorn 'em in Ships this word signifies the Beaks which are call'd Rostra they are also Promontories or high places which are seen afar off at Sea ACTA which has in the Genitive Actae Cicero and Virgil use this word speaking of a Meadow pleasant for its greenness and Vossius thinks that it must only be us'd in speaking of Sicily as these two Authors did ACTA PUBLICA the Records or publick Registers wherein were written what concern'd publick Affairs to preserve the Memory of ' em ACTA DIURNA a Diurnal wherein is set down what passes every day ACTA CONSISTORII the Edicts the Declarations of the Council of State of the Emperors which were express'd in these Terms IMPERAT DIOCLESIANUS ET MAXIMIANUS A. A. IN CONSISTORIO DIXERUNT DECURIONUM FILII NON DEBENT BESTIIS OBJICI The August Emperors Dioclesian and Maximian in Council declar'd That the Children of the Decurions ought not to be expos'd to wild Beasts in the Amphitheatre The Senate and Soldiers swore often either through Flattery or by Compulsion upon the Edicts of the Emperors Tacitus tells us that Nero raz'd the Name of Apidius Meru'a out of the Register of the Senators because he would not swear upon the Acts of the Emperor Augustus ACTEIUS one of the six envious and malign Demons whom the Greeks call Telchines who bewitch Men out of their sense and of whom fabulous Antiquity would make us believe that they sprinkle the Earth with the infernal Stygian Water from whence arose Pestilence Famin and other publick Calamities ACTAEON the Son of Aristeus and Autonoe the Daughter of Cadmus who was brought up in the School of Chiron the Centaur He was a great lover of Hunting and continually follow'd this Sport One day as he was pursuing a Hart he spy'd Diana bathing her self with her Nymphs But the Goddess enrag'd to be seen in that condition threw Water upon him which chang'd him into a Hart and afterwards he was torn in pieces by his own Dogs Pausanias mentions a Fountain of Acteon near Megara on the side whereof the Hunter was wont often to repose himself when he was tyred with the Chase and there it was that he saw Diana bathing her self Plutarch mentions another Acteon the Son of Mclistus a Corinthian who was carryed away by force and whom his Friends tore in pieces while they endeavour'd to recover him out of the hands of his Kidnappers ACTIACA VICTORIA the Actiat Victory which Augustus obtain'd over Mark Antony near the Promontory and City of Actium This Prince to perpetuate the Memory of that Victory to Posterity built the City Nicopolis i. e. the City of Victory he adorn'd with great Magnificence the old Temple of Apollo wherein he dedicated the Beaks or Rostra of the Enemies Ships he increas'd also the Pomp of the solemn Games call'd Ludi Actiaci which were celebrated every fifth Year in Honor of this God after the manner of the Olympic Games Stephans would have 'em observ'd every Third Year and thinks they consisted of a Race by Sea and Land and Wrestling ACTIUM a City and Promontory of Epirus a place famous for the Defeat of Antony and all the Forces of the East by Caesar-Augustus who built there a new City call'd Nicopolis i. e. the City of Victory ACTIO in the Law an Action in a Court of Justice a Process entred either by the Prosecutor or the Defendant There were many Formalities observ'd in judicial Actions that were commenc'd against any Person First A Petition must be presented to the Judg to have leave to bring the Person before him The Judg answer'd this Petition by writing at the bottom of it Actionem do I give leave to bring him On the contrary he wrote Actionem non do when he deny'd the Petition All Actions especially Civil and Pecuniary commenc'd after the Petition was presented by a Citation or
obtain'd the Prize at the Nemean Games in Achaia There were many Consuls of this Name who always maintain'd the Authority of the Senate against the Attempts and Violence of the Tribunes and People APPIUS CLAUDIUS surnamed the Blind when he was Censor caus'd the way to be pav'd which leads from the Gate Capena to Brundusium and which from his Name was called Via Appia He made also an Aquaeduct which brought the River Anio into Rome the Water whereof was carried up as high as Mount Aventine He understanding that the Senate was just upon the point of concluding a Peace with King Pyrrhus caused himself to be carried into the Senate where by several notable Arguments he dissuaded them from it till he had withdrawn his Troops out of Italy APRILIS the second Month of Romulus's Year which consisted only of ten Months and commenc'd with March but it is the fourth Month of Numa's Year which consisted of twelve Months beginning with January Macrobius derives the word Aprilis from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as if one should say Aphrilis i. e. One descended of Venus or Born of the Scum of the Seâ— because this Month was dedicated to Venâ—â— by Romulus There are other Authors who think this Word may more probably be deriv'd from the Verb Aperiro which signifies to open because in this Month the Flowers begin to blow and the Earth does send forth Seeds and Plants These Festivals and Solemnities were observed by the Romans during this Month. On the Calends of the Month which was the first day there was no pleading of Causes but the Roman Ladies being crowned with Myrtle and wash'd under the same Trees offer'd up a Sacrifice to Venus Ovid relates the Original of this Ceremony He tells us That one day as Venus was drying her wet Hair by the River-side the Satyrs perceiv'd her quite naked which caus'd in her so much Shame and Confusion that she cover'd her self presently with a Myrtle And this the Roman Ladies imitate by this Ceremony On the same day the Maids who are fit for Marriage sacrifice to Fortuna Virilis praying her to hide the Defects of their Body from those who have a mind to marry them as Ovid tells us Fast lib. 3. v. 150. Ut tegat hoc celetque viros Fortuna Virilis Praestat hoc parvo ture rogata facit They sacrific'd also to Venus surnam'd Verticordia to make the new-married Husbands prove faithful to their Conjugal Vow On the fifth which was the day of the Nones the Festival of Megalesia began to be solemniz'd in honour of the Mother of the Gods which lasted for eight days together See Megalesia On the sixth the Commemoration of the Dedication of the Temple of Fortuna Publica was celebrated on the Quirinal Mount which P. Sempronius vow'd and Martius Ahala dedicated ten years after appointing the Memorial of it to be observed every year On the seventh the Commemoration of the Birth of Apollo was in like manner observ'd On the eighth Games were appointed for the Victory which J. Caesar obtain'd over Juba and Scipio after the Battel of Pharsalia On the ninth and tenth the Games of Ceres were celebrated in the Circus called Cerealia which were instituted by C. Meunnius Aedilis Curulis See Cerealia On the twelfth according to the new Calendar was observ'd the great Solemnity of the Mother of the Gods and particularly of her Arrival at Rome with Processions and many Games to her Honour On the thirteeenth which was the day of the Ides a Sacrifice was offer'd to Jupiter Victor and to Liberty because on that day their two Temples were dedicated at Rome one by Q. Fabius in performance of the Vow he had made at the War against the Samnites and the other by T. Gracchus out of the pecuniary Fines of the Commonwealth On the fifteenth was kept the Festival of the Fordicides at which thirty Cows ready to calve were sacrificed See Fordicidia On the same day the Governess of the Vestal Virgins burnt the Calves which were taken out of these Cows and of the Ashes a Perfume was made wherewith the Romans perfum'd themselves on the day of the Palilia or of the Foundation of Rome On the sixteenth Augustus was surnamed Imperator On the eighteenth there was a Horse-race call'd Equiria in the Great Circus where were also to be seen Foxes running cover'd with Straw which was set on fire to divert the People The occasion of this Diversion was thus The Son of a certain Peasant in the little City of Carseoli walking about his Corn perceiv'd a Fox catch'd in a Snare he takes him and binds him about with some Straw and having set it on fire le ts him run among the Corn which he burnt all up and the Romans in revenge for this burnt the Foxes after this manner cover'd all over with Straw as Ovid informs us Fast lib. 4. v. 711. Utque luat poenas gens hac Cerealibus ardet Quoque modò segetes perdidit ipsa perit On the nineteenth or thirteenth of the Calends of May the Anniversary of the great Solemnity of the Feast of Ceres Eleusina was observ'd at which the Roman Ladies clad in white Linnen and holding Lamps in their hands sacrific'd to her a Sow with great Solemnity On the twentieth or twenty first was celebrated the Feast of Palilia or the Foundation of Rome dedicated to Pales the Patroness of Shepherds See Palilia On the same day a Sacrifice was offer'd to to the Immortal Gods for the Victory which Julius Caesar obtain'd in Spain over Pompey's Sons the News whereof was brought to Rome by a Courier the Night before the Palilia On the twenty first the Festival was kept which was call'd Vinalia Priora at which a Sacrifice of New Wine was offer'd to Venus and according to some to Jupiter of which none were permitted to drink till they had first offer'd this Sacrifice See Vinalia On the twenty seventh was the Feast call'd Robigalia from Robigus the God of Mil-dew and Hoar-frost which blast the Corn. See Robigalia On the twenty ninth the Festival in honour of Flora the Goddess of Flowers was kept which was called Floralia On the last day some Sacrifices were offer'd to Vesta upon the Palatine Mount in the Palace of Augustus AQUA Water one of the four Elements or the four Principles which concur to the Production of all Beings Thales Milesius one of the Wise Men thought Water was the Principle of all things but Heraclitus said it was Fire The Priests call'd Magi admitted the two Principles of Fire and Water and Euripides the Scholar of Anaxagoras asserted the two other Elements of Air and Earth but Pythagoras Empedocles Epicharmus and the other Philosophers affirm'd that there were four Principles viz. Air Fire Water and Earth The Egyptian Priests to signifie that all things subsist only by this Element cover'd and adorn'd a Vessel full of Water which they look'd upon as the Temple wherein their God resided and
Falisci near the Road which goes to Naples there rises a Fountain in which are found the Bones of Serpents Lizards and other venemous Beasts There are also some Fountains whose Water is soure such is that of Lyncostis that of Velino in Italy and that of Theano in the Terra Laboris which have a Virtue to dissolve Stones in the Bladder There are also some Fountains whose Water seems as if it were mixt with Wine such is that of Paphlagonia wherewith a Man may make himself drunk In the City of Equicoli which is in Italy and in the Country of the Medulli in the Alps there are Warers which make the Throat swell In Arcadia there is a City very well known call'd Clitor near which there is a Cavern from whence a Spring rises which makes those who drink of it hate Wine because in this Fountain Melampus having first offer'd Sacrifice purified the Daughters of Pretus to cure them of their Folly and by this means de did in effect restore them to their right Wits again In the Isle of Chio there is a Spring which makes them mad who inconsiderately drink of it At Suza the Capital City of Persia there is a Fountain whose Water makes the Teeth fall out AQUA LUSTRALIS Lustral Water The Antients did not make use of all sorts of Water indifferently for their Lustral Water wherewith they purified themselves at their Sacrifices The Romans commonly sent to fetch it from the Fountain Juturna near the River Numicius as the Athenians sent to that Fountain which they call'd Calirrhoe the Trezenians to the Fountain of Hippocrene and the Persians to the River Choaspes They always made use of Running Water which was clear such as that of rapid Rivers or of the Sea which they bless'd after their manner Hospimanus and Pontanus think that the Antients us'd only that Water which was perfectly pure without any Mixture to make their Lustral which Opinion they ground on that passage in the sixth Book of the Aeneids ver 229. Idem ter socios purâ circumtulit undâ Spargens rore levi Yet Du Choul speaking of this Lustral Water says That they took the Ashes of the Wood which was made use of for burning the Victim or of some pieces of Cedar of Hysop and Cumin which they threw into the Fire when they were about to extinguish it and of these Ashes made their Lustral or Holy Water which they plac'd at the Entrance into their Temples in great Vessels and wherewith they purifi'd themselves when they enter'd into them They had also little Vessels or Holy-Water Pots wherein they put some of the Water and with it they sprinkled those who were present with a kind of Brush not unlike that now used in the Church of Rome Ovid has also told us of the Water of Mercury which was near the Porta Capena wherewith Merchants sprinkled themselves thinking thereby to blot out the Sins of Injustice and Fraud which they had committed in their Trading The Antients when any Person was dying were wont out of a superstitious Fancy to throw out all the Water in that House where he was and the neighbouring because they thought that the Angel of Death or Satan who appear'd to all Dying Persons would wash his Sword wherewith he had kill'd the Deceas'd in that Water AQUAEDUCTUS an Aquaeduct a Structure made of Stone standing upon an uneven Ground which was to preserve the Level of the Water and to convey it through a Canal from one place to another The Romans were very magnificent in their Aquaeducts which were sometimes an hundred thousand geometrical paces long The precise time when Aquaeducts first began to be made at Rome is not certainly known Pliny informs us that Ancus Martius the King was the first who began to bring Water from a Fountain call'd Aufeia which was afterwards call'd from his Name Aqua Martia Frontinus who liv'd under the Emperour Nerva and has wrote a long Treatise upon this Subject attributes the first Aquaeduct to Appius Claudius Censor together with M. Plautius Venox who in the year 441 under the Consulship of M. Valerius and P. Decius built a subterraneous Water-passage of strong Stones vaulted at top the rais'd Arches were of Brick or very hard Stone and were call'd Substructiones opera arcuata aerii fornices camerati arcus which are mentioned by Cassiodorus The Height of the Aquaeduct of Aqua Martia which Q. Martius built was level with the Top of the Viminal Mount and that of Aqua Appia was rais'd an hundred feet above the Ground Some have reckon'd up fourteen Aquaeducts which convey'd Water to Rome that were of admirable Structure but Frontinus who was the the grand Over-seer of these Waters under the Emperour Nerva says there were but nine Aquaeducts in his time at Rome The first was that which convey'd the Aqua Appia so call'd from Appius Claudius Censor who gather'd Water together from many places in the Territory of Freseati about seven or eight Miles from Rome and from thence convey'd it through Canals and Arches into the City the Current of this Water from its Spring-head as far as to the Sabini near the Forta Tergemina was eleven thousand one hundred and ninety paces long it was divided at Rome near the Mons Testaccus into twenty Castles or Repositories called Castella and afterwards distributed by many Pipes into several Quarters of the City The second was that of the Water of the old Tiverone call'd Anio Vetus begun by the Censor M. Curius Dentatus in the year 481 under the Consulship of Septimius Carbilius and L. Papyrius for the building whereof he employ'd all the Spoils he had got from King Pyrrhus and at last finished by Fulvius Flaccus the grand Overseer of the Waters The Canal began about twenty miles from Rome above Tivoli its Course was forty two thousand two hundred eighty seven paces This Water serv'd only to wash withal to water Gardens and for Drink for Beasts The third Aquaeduct was that of the Aqua Martia made by the Industry of Martius surnamed Rex which was begun by Ancus Martius the King This Water came from the Fountain call'd Piconia which is in the utmost part of the Mountains of Peligni its Course extended to sixty one thousand seven hundred and ten paces through subterraneous Channels and Arches equal to Mount Viminalis It entred into the City by the Porta Esquilina and having furnish'd two Mountains of Rome the Viminal and Quirinal it emptied it self into fifty one Cisterns for the Convenience of many Parts of the City for this Water was the clearest and best to drink This Aquaeduct was built in the year 609. under the Consulship of Sulpitius Galba and Aurelius Cotta The fourth Aquaeduct was that of the Water called Tepula which the Censors Cn. Servilius Scipio and L. Cassius Longinus convey'd from the Territory of Frescati to the Capitol being twelve thousand paces long This Spring had no certain Source but only some little Veins
King of the Latines who was killed by a Thunderbolt after he had reigned 19 Years ARENA the bottom and middle of the Amphitheatre so called because that Place was covered with Sand for concealing from the View of People the Blood of the Gladiators that was spilt there at the Combates which was done either by removing the Sand which was stained with Blood or laying some fresh upon it AREOPAGUS a famous Place in the City of Athens so called from the Temple of Mars the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies a Burrough and Town and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies Mars There the first Grecians passed a favourable Sentence on Mars who was accused by Neptune for killing his Son Hallirrothius for violating the Chastity of his Daughter Alcippe Varro as St. Austin tells us B. 18. Ch. 10. of the City of God will not allow the Areopagus i. e. the Village of Mars to be so called because Mars whom the Greeks called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being accused of Homicide before 12 Gods who judg'd him in this Village was there acquitted though he had but Six Votes for him according to the common custom of that Place which was always favourable to the accused He rejects therefore this common Opinion and endeavours to find out another Original of this Name in some old obsolete Histories upon pretence that it is a reproach to the Deities to attribute to them Quarrels and Law-suits And he maintains that the History of Mars is no less Fabulous than that of the three Goddesses Juno Minerva and Venus who contested before Paris for the Golden Apple the Prize of the most beautiful Areopagitae the Areopagites the Judges of Athens who decided all Causes as well publick as private in the Areopagiu with a Sovereign Authority and whose Decisions were esteem'd impartial They heard Causes only in the night time and did not allow the Advocates to use the Ornaments of Rhetorick in defending their Clients ARETHUSA the Daughter of Nereus and Doris the Companion of Diana with whom Alpheus of Areadia was in Love but Arethusa to shun his Courtship fled into Sicily to an Isle near Syracuse where she was chang'd into a Fountain and her Lover into a River whose Water runs so swiftly that it passes through several Rivers and even thro' the Sea itself without mingling with them until it comes to the Fountain of Arethusa and then it unites so with that that they are no longer two but one Channel See Alpheus Arethusa is a Fountain of Greece which as the Poets feign'd was belov'd by the River Alpheus who pursues it even in the subterraneous Channels through which it fled away as far as Sicily where Diana receiv'd it in the little Isle Ortygia Strabo takes a great deal of pains to refute this Fable and has prov'd that the River Alpheus discharg'd itself into the Sea like other Rivers 'T is alledg'd that such things are found in the Bason of Arethusa as were thrown or had fallen into the River Alpheus which seems to be a proof of the subterraneous Communication between them Bochart has given a very ingenious explication of this Fable For he says that the Arethusa is a Phaenician Word that Arith in Syriac signifies a Brook that 't is probable the Phaenicians call'd this Fountain Hen-Alphe i. e. The Fountain of Willows or the Fountain for Ships because it held a very great quantity of Water and its Banks were all cover'd with Willows which occasion'd the Ships to put in there and take in fresh Water Ovid calls this Fountain Alphcias in his Metamorphoses The Greeks after this having discover'd this Fountain to contain such abundance of Waters that as Cicero describes it 't is fons aquae dulcis incredibili magnitudine and understanding that it was call'd not only Arethusa but Alpheias hereupon feign'd that it receiv'd its Waters from the River Alpheus in Greece by subterraneous passages ARGEI or Argea in the Neuter Gender were certain Places at Rome consecrated by Nama in memory of some Greek Princes who were buried there Every Year a Sacrifice was offer'd to them on the 15th of May and the Vestal Virgins threw into the Tiber Thirty Images made of Rushes which were call'd Argei from off the Pons sublicius at Rome The Flaminica or Priestess of Juno was then clad in Mourning with her Hair dis-shevell'd in a careless dress without any Ornament in a word in a pensive and sorrowful silence as we learn from Aulus Gellius Flaminica cum eat ad Argeos neque caput comito neque capillum depectito Plutarch in his 32d Roman Question says that the Inhabitants of Latium had so inveterate an hatred against the Grecians whom they call'd Argivae that they never forgot to throw them into the Tiber from the top of the Pons sublicius till Hercules coming to Rome dissuaded them from this Violence And yet to satisfie in some measure their hatred they dress'd up every Year Thirty Men of straw after the Greek fashion and caus'd them to be thrown headlong from the top of this Bridge into the Tiber by the Vestal Virgins and the Chief Priests after they had offer'd Sacrifice to the Manes of the Greeks whom they had formerly put to death Fabius Pictor about the end of his Book says that this word comes from one Argus who was the Host of Evander and came with Hercules to dwell at Rome in ancient times when it was called Saturnina as being under the Rule of Saturn and that the Plain which is at the bottom of the 7 Hills was called the Argean Field Subsidens septem collibus campus Argeus dictus est ab Argo Evandri hospite ecmitibus Argivi Herculis qui ad Evandrum venerunt in Saturnia subsederunt Argentum Silver a Metal dug out of the Bowels of the Earth which holds the 2d rank among Metals Argentum signifies also Money which is us'd in Trade and Commerce It has in all times been us'd somewhere though not in all Nations Josephus in B. â—st of his Jewish Antiquities says that Cain amass'd together great Riches which he had extorted 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And 't is observ'd in the 20th Chap. of Genesis that Abimelech King of Gerar made a Present to Abraham of a Thousand Pieces of Silver Ecce mille argenteos dedi fratri tuo Plutarch in the Life of Theseus the 10th King of Athens says that he stamp'd Pieces of Silver of the Weight of two Drams Servius Tullus was the first King who stamp'd Money of Copper at Rome but pieces of Silver begun first to be coined in the Year 483. to the value of a Denarius i. e. 10. Asses which in English Money is 7 Pence half penny Argentei or Sicli are the same thing as may easily be proved by the Septuagints Translation of the Bible and by the Latin Version of St. Jerom. in the 2d B. of Kings ch 18. Ego dedissem tibi says Joab decem argenti siclos and the
I think that these Chalcidica's were large and lofty Halls where Justice was administred erected at the End of their Palaces even with the Galleries through which they went out of one Room into another and where the 〈◊〉 leaders walked CHALDAEI the Chaldaeans a People of the greater Asia who above all others practised the Art of Astrology The Prophet Daniel was instructed by them They worshipped the Fire The Jews likewise affirm as Jerom says that these Words of Scripture which say that Abraham came out of Vr of the Chaldees shew that he was miraculously delivered out of the Fire into which the Chaldaeans had cast him because he refused to adore it 'T is credible that these Chaldaeans did worship the Sun and Stars which they looked upon as Eternal Fires and that in keeping a perpetual Fire burning upon their Altars they desired to keep and preserve a Resemblance of them continually before their Eyes CHAOS Confusion a Mixture of all the Elements which the Poets feign was from all Eternity before the Stars were placed in that Order in the which they now appear Manilius confesses that Hesiod makes the World to be produced out of this Chaos in his Theogonia where after he has pray'd the Muses to teach him what was the Original and Beginning of the Earth the Gods Rivers and Seas he brings in the Muses answering that Chaos was the first Being that the Earth followed then Hell and Love Darkness and Night came out of the Chaos and the Heaven and Day sprung out of the Bosom of Night Although this Chaos of Hesiod is very confused yet it is no hard thing to find that it is a counterfeit Description of that of Moses in Genesis The Chaos which was a confused Heap of all Things was before all other Beings in their proper and distinct Nature The Holy Spirit which rested upon the Chaos was that Love which Hesiod mentions The Darkness covered the Chaos and this is what the Poet calls Erebus and the Night for the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 comes from the Hebrew Harah which signifies Darkness The Day as well as the Heaven proceeded from the Chaos or the Earth because the Stars were really in the Chaos as were also the Heaven and Firmament before God took them out of it Hell also itself rose out of the Chaos and kept its Name for so Orpheus calls it in Ovid. Per chaos hoc ingens vastique silentia regni Metam 10. Oppian assures us that it was Jupiter that dwells in the Highest Heavens who raised all these Bodies and all the Parts of this vast Universe out of the confused Chaos 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Jupiter beate in te omnia ex te orta sunt We may explain that of Love which Oppian speaks of the Agreement of second Causes The Spirit which according to Moses animated the Waters of the Chaos and covered them in some measure according to the Hebrew Text to make them fruitful may be accounted for Love Diodorus Siculus mixing Fable History and Philosophy together makes the World to proceed from Chaos as also do Euripides and Plutarch Ovid among the Latin Poets speaks very distinctly of the Chaos which was before the Creation of the World Ante mare terras quod tegit omnia coelum Vnus erat toto naturae vultus in orbe Quem dixere Chaos rudis indigestaque moles Nec quidquam nisi pondus iners congestaque eodem Non benè junctarum discordia semina rerum Metam 1. He then observes that it was God who gave Order Distinction and Light to this dark Chaos We may say that this Poet follows Moses closely since he separates first the Heaven and Air from the Earth makes the Waters to fall into the hollow Places of the Earth out of which he causes Trees and Plants to spring after this he forms the Stars produces Fishes Fowls and the Beasts of the Earth and concludes his Six Days Work with the Creation of Man for Ovid exactly follows this Order in God's Works as they were all performed in the Six Days Lastly He describes the Creation of Man as the chief Piece of his Workmanship in whom he put some Rays of his Holiness Divinity Dominion and Sanctity yea his own Image that is to say an Understanding penetrating into Heavenly Truths and Eternal Love Sanctius his Animal mentisque capacius altae Deerat adhuc quod dominari in caeter a posset Natus homo est Sive hunc divino semine fecit Ille opifex rerum mundi melior is origo c .... Finxit in essigiem moderantum cunctae Deorum Pronaque cùm spectent animalia caetera terram Os homini sublime dedit caelumque tueri Jussit erectos ad sidera tollere vultus Metam 1. These Verses clearly express that the History of Genesis teaches that Man was created an holy and religious Creature with whom God conversed that he gave them Dominion over all the World being of a Divine Original animated by his Spirit honoured with his Image and governed by his Laws When Seneca in common Speech gives the Name of Chaos to Hell noctis aeternae chaos aversa Superis regna he shews us that that Part of the World still retains the Name of Chaos as having in it Darkness and Confusion of all Things CHARISTIA or DIES CHARAE COGNATIONIS The Kinsmens Feast This Feast was to be kept in the Month of February in the Rustick Calendar which still remains at Rome upon an ancient Marble but in Constantine's Time this Feast was called Charistia which signifies the same thing Valerius Maximus L. 2. C. 1. N. 8. teaches us what it was Our Ancestors says he appointed a solemn Feast which they called Charistia in which none met but Kinsmen and near Relations that if there were any Difference among them it might be ended most easily in the Mirth of a Feast Convivium etiam solemne majores instituerunt idque Charistia apellaverunt eui praeter cognatos assines nemo interponebatur ut si qua inter necessarios querela esset orta inter sacra mensae inter hilaritatem animorum fautoribus concordiae adhibitis tolleretur Ovid also may be consulted about this Day CHARITES See Carites CHARMIS a Physician of Marseilles who being ambitious to out-do others condemned warm Baths and bathed his sick Patients in cold Water even in the Winter CHARON See Caron CHARIBDIS a Gulph in the Sicilian Sea near Messina now called commonly Galofaro into which Ships being driven by Tempests are wrecked by the Rocks that lie hidden under Water which has given an occasion to the Poets to feign that Charybdis and Sylla were two terrible Sea Monsters which swallowed up Ships and that 2 Women having robbed Hercules of his Oxen were stricken with Thunder by Jupiter and changed into that Gulph which is scituated in one of the Streights upon the Coasts of Sicily The Hebrew Original of these two Names discovers plainly enough who
and preserve her from the God Silvanas viz. INTERCINODA PILUMNUS and DEVERRA The Child who was born was put under the protection of these Gods VAGITANUS to preside at his Cries LEVANA to take him up CUNINA to lay him in the Cradle RUMINA to suckle him POTINA to give him Drink EDUCA to feed him OSSILAGO to knit his Bones CARNEA or CARNA and CARDEA to take care of his Vitals JUVENTUS presided over his Youth ORBONA was called upon by the Parents lest she should take away their Children When the Child grew up they prayed to other Gods in his behalf viz. MURCIA lest he should be idle STRENUA to act with vigilancy and vigour ADEONA and ABEONA to go and come again AVERRUNCUS to put away evil ANGERONA to drive away Melancholy and two GENII one good and the other bad The Names of the Country Gods JUPITER the EARTH the SUN the MOON CERES LIBER MINERVA VENUS PALES FLORA POMONA VERTUMNUS SEIA or SEGETIA SEGECE TULLINA TUTANUS ROBIGUS PAN SILENUS SILVANUS TERMINUS PRIAPUS and an infinite number of others as the Gods PENATES and LARES of whom we will speak severally and in their Order DILUVIUM A Deluge a general Inundation that God sent formerly upon the Earth to drown both Men and Beasts to punish their wickedness For that purpose God opened the Cataracts of Heaven and preserved only Noah and his Family out of this Deluge with two of each kind of all living Creatures in an Ark that he ordered him to build for that purpose There has been formerly five Deluges yet there was but one universal one sixteen hundred years and more after the creation of the World in the time of old Ogyges the Phaenician as Xenophon tells us The second Deluge covered only the Land of Egypt with Waters and was occasioned by by an overflowing of the River Nile in the time of Prometheus and Hercules and continued but a Month as we learn from Diodorus Siculus The third Deluge happened in Achaia in the Province of Attica and lasted threescore days in the time of Ogyges the Athenian Diodorus speaks of it in his sixth Book and Pausanias in his Attica relates that in the lower Town of Athens in the way that leads to the Temple of Jupiter Olympius there was a hole seen in the ground a foot and a half wide and thro' that hole the Waters of the Flood were sunk wherefore it was a custom among the People to throw every year into that hole a kind of an offering made with Wheat-Flower and Honey The fourth Deluge was in Thessalia in Deucalion's time and continued a whole Winter as Aristotle tells us in the first Book of his Meteors The fifth hapned about the Ostia of the River Nile in Egypt in the Reign of Proteus and about the time of the Trojan War But Poets confound these Deluges and say that the Universal Deluge was in the time of Deucalion the Son of Prometheus who escaped alone with his Wife in a Boat on the top of Mount Parnassus in Phâ—cis Lucian seems to countenance this opinion of the Poets in the Dea Syriae The most common opinion says he is that Deucalion of Scythia is the founder of this Temple he means the Temple of Syria for the Greeks say that the first Men being cruel and insolent faithless and void of Humanity perished all by the Deluge a great quantity of Water issuing out of the bowels of the Earth which swell'd up the Rivers and forc'd the Sea to overflow by the assistance of Rain and violent Showers so that all lay under water only Deucalion remain'd who escaped in an Ark with his Family and two of each kind of all living Creatures that followed him into the Ark both wild and tame without hurting one another He floated till the Waters were withdrawn then populated the Earth again They added another wonder that an Abyss opened of it self in their Country which swallowed up all the Waters and that Deucalion in memory of that Accident erected there an Altar and built a Temple A Man may still see there a very small Cliff where the Inhabitants of that Country with those of Syria Arabia and the Nations beyond the Euphrates resort twice a year to the Neighbouring Sea from whence they fetch abundance of Water which they pour into the Temple from whence it runs into that Hole and the Origine of this Ceremony is likewise attributed to Deucalion and instituted in commemoration of that Accident This is what Holy Scripture informs us concerning the Universal Deluge The wickedness of Men being great in the Earth at last the day of Punishment came And the Lord commanded unto Noah to put in the Ark all sort of Provisions and take two of each kind of unclean Animals and seven of the clean Animals viz. three Males and three Females to preserve their Specie upon the Earth and one more for the Sacrifice after the Flood should be over This being done Noah shut up himself in the Ark the seventeenth day of the second Month of the Solar Year which was the nineteenth of April according to our computation with his three Sons and their Wives It did rain forty days and forty nights And God opened the Cataracts of Heaven and the Fountains of the Deep and the Waters increasing during an hundred and fifty days the forty Days above-mentioned being included were fifteen Cubits higher than the top of the highest Mountains And all Flesh died both Men and Beasts and none escaped but those that were in the Ark. The hundred and fiftieth day the waters abated by a great wind that the Lord raised and the twenty seventh of the seventh Month to reckon from the beginning of the Flood the Ark rested upon a Mountain of Armenia Hieronymus calls it Mount Taurus because the River Araxes ran at the foot thereof Others grounding their Opinion upon a more ancient Authority tell us that the Ark rested upon one of the Gordian Mountains and Epiphanius says that at his time they shew'd yet the remainders of the Ark. Many Arabian Geographers and Historians are of this Opinion The first day of the tenth Month the tops of the Mountains appeared And Noah and his Family went out of the Ark the twenty seventh day of the second Month the twenty ninth of April according to our account by the command of the Lord as he went in before by the same order DIOCLETIANUS Born in Dalmatia of a mean Parentage and Slave to Annulinus the Senator His great ability in War and Government raised him to the Throne And as soon as he had obtained the Soveraign Power he put Aper to death to make good the prediction of an old Witch who had foretold him that he should be a great Man when he had kill'd the fatal Wild-boar for till that time he was but a Wild-boar Hunter nevertheless this Prediction was to be understood of Aper Mumerian's Father-in-law for Aper signifies in Latin a Wild-boar This Emperor raised a most
Neptunus instead of Nuptunus à nubendo terram i. e. operiendo as says Tully EACUS See AEACUS EANUS instead of JANUS as Tully calls him ECASTOR By Cassor's Temple an Oatk of the ancient Romans which may be rendred into English by truly indeed certainly ECHO A Nymph of the air who fell in love with Narcissus but being slighted by him she retired into the Grots and hollow places of the Mountains where she pined away to a Skeleton having nothing left but her voice When we read in Virgil vocisque offensa resultat imago or in Horace Cujus recinet jocosa nomen imago or in Claudian Tunc silvae tunc antra loqui tunc vivere fontes Tunc sacer horror aquis aditisque effunditur Echo Clarior doctae spirant praesagia rupes When we read I say these fine passages of the Poets we can't but conceive this repeating of the sound and voice in the like manner that we have told before which has given occasion to Ovid to feign that it was a Nymph who being faln in love with Narcissus and having made love to him ineffectually was turned into a voice and sound Inde latet silvis nulloque in monte videtur Omnibus auditur sonus est qui vivit in illâ EGERIA See AEGERIA EGISTUS See AEGISTUS ELAEOTHESIUM A place where they kept Oyl and Wax mixt to anoint the Wrestlers This mixture was also called Ceroma and did not only render the members slippery and less fit to take hold on but also more nimble and fit for Exercises Vitr ELECTRA The Daughter of Agamemnon and Sister to Orestes who killed his Mother Clytemnestra to revenge the death of his Father Agamemnon whom Clytemnestra had murthered in revenge of Polyxenes her Daughter sacrificed by him There was another woman of that name the Daughter of the Ocean and Tethis and Atlas's Wife whose Daughter had by Jupiter Dardanus the founder of Troy Aratus in his Phoenomenon says that she is one of the seven Pleiades who hid herself lest she should see the destruction of Troy ELECTRIDES The Islands of the Adriatick Sea which are at the mouth of the River Po where Poets seigned that there grew Trees distilling Amber Lucian speaks thus of these Islands in the Treatise of the Amber or the Swans Hearing when a youth that all along the Eridanus grew Trees distilling Amber which was the tears of Phaeton's Sisters who had been turned into Poplars and still lamented his disaster I imagined if I ever travelled that way I would spread my Garment underneath to catch that precious Liquor but sailing lately on that River and not seeing any of those Trees on the Banks where the name of Phaeton is not so much as known I asked our Waterman when we should arrive at those places so famous among the Poets They fell a laughing at my simplicity and wondered any were so insolent as to retail and spread about such shams They added that if their Country afforded any such Trees as produced so great a Treasure they would not wear out their lives in tugging at the Oar since they might enrich themselves in a moment This nettled and put me very much out of countenance in that I had thus sufferred my self to be so childishly cull'd by the Poets and I regretted these things as if I had really lost them Strabo l. 5. affirms that these Electrides Islands are not to be found and that all that Poets say upon this matter was but a fiction of their own brain ELEGIA An Elegy or a mournful Poem The verses of a Latin Elegy are by turns Hexameters and Pentameters Quintilian accounts Tibullus to be the first Latin Poet for writing Elegies but the younger Pliny gives the preference to Propertius ELEMENTA the Elements Physical Principles whereof all the natural Bodies are composed The ancient Philosophers as Pythagoras and Aristotle allowed four Elements viz. the Fire the Air the Water and the Earth Cartes and the Moderns allow but three Plutarch in the first Book of the Philosophers opinions says that Empedocles admits of four Elements which he calls Gods Thales was the first who taught that Water was the principle of all things Heraclitus of Ephesus said that it was Fire Democritus and Epicurus his Follower were for the Atoms called invisible Bodies The Pythagoreans besides Water and Fire allowed still Air and Earth for principles of all things ELENCUS The God of Liberty and Truth mentioned in Maenander's Comedies as we learn of Lucian in his Apophrades or the bad Grammarian ELEUSIS A City of Attica not far off from Athens where Eleusius reigned who received Ceres when she was seeking for Proserpina her Daughter who had been stoln away This Goddess in reward of her kindness helped his wife in her labour as Lactantius says and succled the Child called Triptolemus with Divine Milk When he was grown up a man she taught him to sow Corn wherefore the Inhabitants of Eleusis kept Holy-days called Thesmophores or Cerceles in honour of this Goddess Solinus relates that there is in that Country a Fountain of very quiet Waters which are yet moved with the sound of the Flute as if they were pleas'd with Harmony ELEUSINA SACRA The Mysteries of Eleusina which were instituted by the Inhabitants of the City of Eleusis in Greece in honour of the Goddess Ceres no Man was admitted to these Mysteries but only Women who took all immodest Liberties among themselves which they kept very secret ELEUTHERIA Feasts celebrated in Greece every fifth Year in Honour of Jupiter Eleutherianus i. e. Protector of Liberty The Greeks instituted these Feasts after the defeat of three hundred thousand Persians whom Mardonius brought against Greece There were still some other Feasts called Eleutheria celebrated by the Semians in honour of the God of Love ELISA Otherwise called Dido the Daughter of Belus King of Phaenicia v. Dido ELYSII CAMPI The Elysian Fields so variously spoken of by ancient Writers Elysium is doubtless an Hebrew or a Phaenician word which signifies a place of Delight and Joy All the Nations have made themselves a Paradice and a Hell the Phaenicians shew'd example to the Egyptians and the Greeks and 't is very likely that the Meadow mentioned by Diodorus Siculus in the description he has left us of the Egyptian's Funerals was the Elysian Field of Egypt which he placed about Memphis very near the Acherusian Lake which is surrounded with most delightful Meadows Homer says that dead Men inhabit these Meadows because 't is the Egyptians Burial place who carry the Corps of the Dead over the Acherusian Lake Pratum ficta mortuerum habitatio est locus propè Memphim juxta Paludem quam vocant Acherusiam circa quam sunt prata amaenissima Appositè autem dicit Homerus mortuos istis in locis Habitare quoniam maximae Aegyptiorum funerationes ibi peraguntur mortui per lacum fluvium Acherusiam transfretantur Besides these Elysian Fields Homer speaks of some others which are in
a very remote Country and if we believe what Strabo says they are in Spain And Proteus King and Prophet of Aegypt foretold to Menelaus that the Gods will send you to the Elysian Fields where is Rhadamanihus and where Men livevery pleasantly there falls neither Snow nor Rain and there is no Winter but Zephirs cool Men with their sweet breath Strabo applies this description to Spain and affirms that the Fortnnate Islands are so called because they are in the Neighbourhood of Spain Diodorus Siculus has made a description of them which is yet extant Horace speaks of these Islands famous for their Riches Ereptum Stygiis fluctibus Aeacum Virtus favor lingua potentiam Vatum divitibus consecrat insulis Hesiod placed the Heroes in the Isle of the Blessed which lies in the Ocean therefore the ancient Geographers have placed an Elysian Field and a River Lethe there The Phaenicians found abundance of Riches in Spain and that it was a very pleasant Country wherefore they called it a Paradice But after the Fortunate Islands were discovered and the Treasures of Spain were almost wasted there they placed the Elysian Fields and called those Islands the Isles of the Blessed Plato gave that name to the Paradice or Dwelling-place of Just Men. Hesychius discovers some other places that were accounted the abode of Felicity Elysium Beatorum Insula Some Authors say that this place is in Egypt others in the Isle of Lesbos and many others in a place stricken with a Thunderbolt and inaccessible to Men. Dionysius who has made the description of the World mentions the white Island in the black Sea called also the Isle of the Heroes where Achilles and the other Heroes dwell since their death by the favour of Jupiter who rewards Virtue Italy had also her Elysian Fields as Virgil relates in the 6th Book of the Aeneid where he places the Elysian Fields in Italy and says that Aeneas went to see them and there met Anchisos his Father Plutarch places the Elysian Fields in the Moon And when Hesychius said that some Writers thought the Elysian Fields were in a place inaccessible to Men because of the Thunderbolts and stormy weather it seems that he makes allusion to the Terrestrial Paradice mentioned in the Holy Scripture from whence Adam was driven away after his Sin and the entry whereof was guarded by a Cherubim armed with a Flaming Sword Pindarus makes a very fine description of the Paradice and Happiness of just Men But he seems to allow two Paradices for just Men and the most excellent of these Paradices is granted to them after they have kept their Innocency during three several Lives and in three several Bodies Statius is also for two Paradices one in Heaven and the other in the Elysian Fields upon the Earth Lucian has left us a very pleasant description of the Elysian Fields which may be deservedly inserted here We were conducted to the City of the Isle of the Blessed to assist at their Feasts we were ravished at our entrance to see a City of Gold and Walls of Emerald the Pavement all in-laid work of Ebony and Ivory The Temples of Rubies and Diamonds with great Altars raised upon one single precious Stone on which Hecatombs were seen to smoak They have seven Gates all of Cinnamon and a Moat of sweet scented Lustral Water a hundred yards broad which was only as deep as was necessary to bath in at ones ease Yet they have publick Baths of admirable Artifice wherein they burn nothing but Faggots of Cinnamon The Edifice was of Crystal and the Basins or Bathing Tubs great Vessels of Porcelain full of Dew Now the Blessed have no Body and are inpalpable yet they drink and eat and perform the other natural functions they never grow old but remain continually at the Age they dye in being that old Men there recover their Beauty and Vigour Of all the Seasons they know none but the Spring and feel no oother Wind but Zephirus but the Earth is covered with Flowers and Fruits all the Year long which are gathered every month and they are said to bear twice in the Month called Minos Their Ears instead of Corn are loaded with little Loaves like Mushrooms There are three hundred sixty five Fountains of fresh Water and as many of Honey and four hundred of sweet Oyntment but smaller than the others with several Rivers of Milk and Wine They keep their Feasts without the City in the Elysian Fields under the shade of a Wood which surrounded it there they sat upon Beds of Flowers and have their Meat brought by the Winds They are at no pains to make Garlands for the little Birds which hop round singing scatter Flowers upon them which they have pillaged in the neighbouring Meadows they never cease singing during the Meal and rehearsing curious fine Verses Their Dances are compos'd of Boys and Virgins and their Musick-Masters are Eunomus Arion Anaereon and Stesichorus When they have finished their Songs appears a second Quire of Musicians composed of Swans and Nightingales which with the Zephirs make up a most pleasant Consort But what furnishes most to the felicity of the Blessed is that there are two Springs the one of Laughter and the other of Joy of which each Man drinks a whetting Brusher before he sets down to Table which renders him gay and chearful all the rest of the day ELPENOR One of Vlysses's Companions whom Circe turned into a Hog and being restored to his former shape fell down along a Stair-case and killed himself ELYSIJ CAMPI See before after Elisa EMPEDOCLES A Philosopher and a Poet of Agrigentum who wrote Verses concerning natural things He taught that nothing living ought to be eaten and that the seat of the Soul was not the Head nor the Heart but the Blood and because he wore brass Slippers Lucian calls him in jest Mr Slipperman He cast himself into the mouth of the burning Mountain Aetna Diogenes Laertius ascribes his Death to pride and presumption that the People finding him no where might conceive he was taken up into Heaven other Writers ascribe it to Melancholy and some others to a meer Accident Lucian in his Icaromenippus introduces Menippus speaking thus to Empedocles Being at a great loss upon this account says he Empedocles appear'd to me black like a Collier as if he had been just then disembogued out of Mount Aetna I retired at first thinking it was a Fantome or some Daemon of the Lunar-Globe but he re-incouraged me by telling me his Name and informed me how the smoak which came out of that burning Mountain had carried him up thither where he now dwelt and skipt up and down feeding upon Dew ........... This having said he vanished out of my sight after I had promised to make him at my return effusions upon the tunnel of my Chimney and to invoke him three times at the New-Moon for which he thanked me and answered like a true Philosopher that he
in form of a Pine-Apple with a woollen Tuft on the top of it called Apiculum and from its brims hung woollen Bands called Offendices to keep it fast When the Wife of the Flamen Dialis died he was obliged to quit his Priesthood uxorem si amisit Flaminio decedit He was not allowed to ride nor to take any Oath nor to lye out of the Town The paring of his Nails and Hairs were buried at the Foot of a Tree subter arborem Siliquam terrâ operiantur and was forbid to name or touch a She-Goat a Hare or Beans and never entered into any place where dead Bodies lay and was bound to shift himself in private lest Jupiter should see him naked FLAMINICA The Wife of the Flamen Dialis was invested with the Priest-hood like her Husband and was not obliged to observe the same Ceremonies that he observed himself She was not allowed to comb her Hairs nor to put them in order when she went to the Ceremonies of the Argaei celebrated in May because she was then in mourning Her chiefest Ornament was a great Scarf of purple colour with a Fringe about it The Woman who waited on her was called Flaminia and the Men who attended upon her Husband Flaminii Camilli FLAMINIUS See before Flamen FLAVIUS Caius the Son of Cneus Flavius Libertinus a Notary was raised to the dignity of Aedilis Curulis against the Patrician's consent which they resented so highly that they left off their Ornaments and refused to salute him in contempt of his elevation But to be revenged of them he publish'd the Roman Law which the Senate and Patricians had kept very secret among themselves in the Closets of the Pontiffs and published also the Roman Calendars and dedicated a Temple to Concord Whereupon the wrath of the Patricians was increased for they had then nothing left secret to deceive the simple People FLAVIANA Viz. FAMILIA The Flavian Family so called from the colour of their Hairs that were reddish There were three Roman Emperors born of that Family viz. Vespatianus Titus and Domitianus FLORA The Goddess Flora. Lactantius gives a description of Flora or Flaura as if she was a Courtezan who left her substance to the Roman People in consideration whereof they ordained her extraordinary Honours and Games called Floralia where she was intituled the Goddess of Flowers But Varro recounts Flora among the Divinities who were before that time honoured by the Sabins and were received at Rome when the Sabins together with their King Tatius joined themselves to the Romans to make with them but one and the same body of People Ovid describes her in his Fasti as the Goddess of Flowers the Wife of Zephirus whereby he means a natural Goddess named Flora instead of Cloris The Games Floralii were instituted five hundred and thirteen years after the foundation of Rome and yet were not kept annually but in the year five hundred and eighty at the celebrating of these Games Harlots danced naked playing a thousand lascivious postures FLORUS A Governour of Judaea for the Romans who attempted to steal away seventeen Talents out of the Treasury of the Temple But the people disappointed his design and reproached him for his Tyranny and to make him appear scandalous some men went from door to door begging in his name But having been acquainted with it to revenge that affront he marched with all his Forces and entred Jerusalem where his Soldiers plundered the Market and many persons of Quality's Houses He commanded also that many Romans of the Equestrian Order should be whipt and nailed to the Cross without any regard to their quality because they were Native Jews His barbarous dealing obliged the Jews to rebel whereupon Vespasianus destroyed their Capital City and Nation FLORUS An Historian who has writ an Abridgment of the Roman History from Romulus to Trajan and lived in his Reign Some Criticks can't bear his way of writing yet his Style is not altogether so much to be blamed tho there are a great many Faults in it being wholly Poetical and full of quibbles 'T is uncertain whether he is the Author of the Epitome of the Books of Livy FLUONIA An Epithet given to Juno because she helped women in the time of their monthly courses FONS A Fountain There are hot Fountains the water whereof is as good to drink says Vitruvius as that which is drawn out of the Fountain of the Muses or the Spouting-waters of Martian's Fountain All hot Fountains have a Medicinal Virtue for being warm'd by the Minerals through which they run acquire a new vertue and are fit for other uses than common Waters are For Sulphureous Water is good for distempers of the Nerves fortifying them and consuming the bad humours with their heat The waters that run through Allum-mines cure bodies weakened with the Palsy or some other like distemper driving the exorbitant cold out of the Limbs by heat restoring them to their Natural state the bituminous waters being drunk by purging expel distempers of the internal parts of the body At Carthage there is a Spring on the surface whereof there is Oyl swimming over which smells like the scraping of a Lemon the Inhabitants of the place anoint their Cattle with it Near Hieropolis in Phrygia there is a great boiling Fountain which petrifies There are also springs of water that contract bitterness by the moisture of the Earth through which they run out which proceeds from Mines of Sandarach that communicates its bitterness to the waters There was was a spring of Water at Terracina called the Fountain of Neptune the Water whereof was so poisonous that it immediately killed Men who drank of it In Thessalia there is still a Fountain shadowed by a Tree the blossoms whereof are of purple colour the Flocks refuse to drink of it In the Country of the Falisci near the road of Naples and a Grove standing in the middle of a Field called Cometus comes out a Spring wherein are found bones of Serpents Lizards and other venemous Beasts There are also some Fountains of acid waters as the Fountains of Lyncestis and Velino in Italy Theano in Terra di Lavoro and in many other places which being drank dissolve stones in the Bladder and Reins Besides all these Fountains there are other Springs the Waters whereof seem to be mixt with Wine as that of Paphlagonia which without any Wine mixt with it makes Men drunk In Arcadia near a Town well known called Clitor is a Cave under ground from whence flows a spring of Water that has such a Virtue that Men hate Wine after they have drank of its Water Upon this Fountain there is an Epigram written in Greek Verses giving warning to the People that the Fountain is not proper for bathing and is an Enemy to the Vineyard because Melampus having offered his Sacrifice purified the Daughters of Praetus in this Fountain to cure them of their Madness and restored them to their former condition In the Isle
that of dead Bodies broiling upon the Coals Amidst of all this we heard the lashings of a Whip the gingling of Chains and the roarings of the damned We touch'd at one of these Islands which was all encompassed with craggy Cliffs and Precipices Having made shift to scramble up through a craggy and thorny Cliff we arrived at the place of punishments which was all sowed with points of Swords and Spears and surrounded with three Rivers the one of Blood the other of Mud and the third of Fire but of a rapid stream like unto a Torrent and subject to Tempests like the Sea We went in and there we saw many Kings tormented After this away we went not being able to suffer the stench nor the horror of the place We have a large account of Hell as 't is represented by Poets in what Diodorus Siculus reports of the Funerals of the Aegyptians The Corps being put into a Boat guided by a Pilot called in the Egyptian Language Charon Proreta quem suâ linguâ Charontem vocant they stopt in a Lake where every body was allowed to charge the dead with Accusations If the Crime was prov'd they pronounced Sentence against him whereby he was deprived of Burial If the Impeacher was not able to prove his Accusations he was punished and the Kindred of the deceased left off Mourning sung his Praises commended not his Birth and Family but his Vertue and Piety towards the Gods praying the Gods of Hell to receive him in their company and then they buried him The same Author speaks of the piece of Money that was put in the Mouth of the dead to pay the Ferry-man and gives an account of the Temple of Hecate Cocytus the Gate of Truth and the Statue of Justice without either Head or Eyes to shew that Justice had no regard to persons There are Judges who examine the Crimes and Vertues of this present Life inflict punishments to the Malefactors and send just Men to the Elysian Fields Virgil mentions Minos Quaesitor Minos vitas crimina discit After the Sentence is pronounced the punishment follows Continuò sontes ultrix accincta flagello Tisiphone quatit insultans torvosque finistrâ Intentans angues vocat agmina saeva Serorum 6. Aeneid The Rivers represented by Poets flowing in Hell are Rivers of Arcadia or Italy or the Eastern Countries Homer Odysse l. 10. places these four following Rivers in the Cimmeria viz. Acheron Phlegeton Cocytus and Styx and tells us that the Country inhabited by the people called Cimmerii one days Journey from Mount Circaeeum in the Country of the Latins is accounted to be Hell The Italians who have taken their Fables from the Greeks have represented them as Rivers in Italy The Styx was in Arcadia near Nonacris and its Waters were so extream cold that they were present poyson and Historians report that Alexander the Great was poison'd with them Pausanias l. 8. makes a long description of the River Styx in Greece and refers the two places where Homer and Hesiod makes mention of them All Geographers place also the Rivers Acheron and Cocytus in Epirus adjoining to Arcadia All these Names Acheron Cocytus Avernus or rather Aornus Phlegeton and Styx signify in the Greek Tongue the same they should to represent the emblems of Hell Wherefore 't is certain that the Latins have borrowed their Hell from the Greeks and the Greeks from the Funerals of the Aegyptians as Pausanias reports INO The Daughter of Cadmus and Hermione who took for her second Husband Athamas King of Thebes who had married Nephele of whom he had two Children Phryxus and Helle. This cruel Step-mother attempted to destroy her two Children but Phryxus to prevent her design got a Ram with a golden Fleece and riding upon him with his Sister Helle fled away and cross'd over the Sea but this fair Lady frightned by the depth of Waters let go her hold and fell into the Sea which thereupon was called by her name Hellespontus As for Phryxus he safely arriv'd at Colchis where he sacrificed his Ram to Jupiter who plac'd him in the number of the twelve Constellations of the Zodiack and the golden Fleece was left to King Aeta who placed it in a Wood consecrated to Mars under the guard of a dreadful Dragon and two Bulls casting fire and flame out of their Mouths This is what Lucian reports of the same in the Dialogue of the Sea-Gods where he introduces Neptune and Amphitrite speaking thus Nept. Let the Sea where this fair Lady is fallen be called after her name Hellespontus and let the Nereids carry her Body into Trâ—â—â— where the Inhabitants of the Country shall take care to erect her a Monument Amph. I think we should do better to bury her here for her fate and the barbarous dealing of her Step-mother break my heart Nept. But she can't lye in the bosom of the waves and it would not be decent to bury her in the sand 'T is comfort enough for her that her Mother-in-law shall be attended by the same fate and pursued by Athamas she shall cast herself down from the top of Mount Cytheron into the Sea together with her Son Melicerta Amph. But how came it to pass that this fair one fell off the Ram she was riding upon and her Brother did not Nept. 'T is no wonder that a Man should ride better than a Maid besides that she was frightned by the depth of Waters she saw under her Feet Amph. Why did not the Clouds help her in this encounter Nept. No body can avoid their bad Fortune The Bodies of Ino and her Son Palamus were carried by a Dolphin on the shoar of Schenuntia from whence Amphimacus and Donacinus brought them to Corinth and honour'd them like Gods Ino by the name of Lucothoe or Matuta and her Son under the name of Melicertes or Portumnus and instituted solemn Games in their honour kept every fifth year at the Streights of the Isthmus of Corinth As we learn of Ovid in the 6th Book of his Fasti v. 541. Laeta canam gaude defuncta laboribus Ino Dixit huic populo prospera semper ades Numen eris Pelagi natum quoque pontus habebit In vestris aliud sumite nomen aquis Leucothoe Graiis Matuta vocabere nostris In portus nato jus erit omne tuo Quem nos Portumnum sua lingua Palemona dicet Este precor nostris aequus uterque locis This same Poet explains at large this Fable in the 4th Book of his Metamorphosis Lactantius doth not question the History of Ino called Leucothea or Matuta and her Son who had also three names at least after his Apotheosis for to put out of Men's memory that they were Men themselves they chang'd their names after their consecration Solent enim mortuis consecratis nomina immutare credo ne quis putet eos homines fuisse Ino postquam se praecipitavit Leucothea materque Matuta Melicertes filius ejus Palaemon atque Portumnus Ino and
Belus or Nimrod in the Empire of Babylon and the East The same Author says elsewhere That the Fable of Jupiter may be applied to the History of Nimrod who rebelled against his Father Saturn that is Noah for Nimrod in Hebrew comes from Marad which signifies to rebel NEMEA a Forest in Achaia where the People of Argos were wont to celebrate their Plays in Honour of Hercules who had killed a Lion in the said Forest and this made him take the Surname of Nemens There are some Authors who attribute the instituting of these Plays to have been in Honour of Archemorus the Son of Lycurgus who died with the Stinging of a Serpent The Crown which was bestowed on the Conquerors at these Games was made of Ashbranches and the Judges were in Mourning NEMESIS this Goddess was she who particularly affected to punish and humble the Proud the Persians despising the Greeks and so having fitted up Marble in order to the Erecting of Trophies of a Victory which they had not yet won when the Grecians defeated them at Marathon they made use of the same Marble to set up a Monument for the Goddess Nemesis as Pausanias relates This Author makes Oceanus to be the Father of this Goddess and he is of Opinion that it was not the main Ocean that was meant but a River of that Name in Aethiopia but 't is more likely that it was the true Ocean from whence the Poets deduce all the Gods He makes her also to be the Mother of Helen by which no other is intimated but the Divine Displeasure which suffered the extraordinary Beauty of the said Lady to be as it were the Torch that kindled the Flames of War between Europe and Asia with Losses and incredible Mortifications to both sides Lastly He says that the Statues of Nemesis at Smyrna had Wings to make her the more like unto Cupid because she very often made those feel her Severities whose Obduracy Love could not subdue and the which proceeded from nothing but Pride Strabo makes mention of the Temples of Nemesis who was also called Ramnusia The Egyptians painted her having her Throne upon the Moon that so she might observe the Actions of Men. When the Romans went for the Army they sacrificed to her and gave the People a Shew of the Gladiators and when they returned victorious they rendered her Thanks for the Revenge she had taken upon their Enemies Plato L. 4. de Leg. says in plain Terms that Nemesis is the Angel of Revenge Omnibus praeposita est Nemesis juditii angelus actionum Omnium consider aâ—â—ix This Philosopher has said what the Poets and Historians would say that there is an Eternal Justice who severely punishes the Proud and who has Angels to be the Executioners of her Wrath Artemidorus has the same Idea of this Goddess as Plato which is nothing else but the same Justice from whom the Good ought to expect all sorts of Kindnesses and Favours and from whom on the Contrary the Wicked can promise to themselves nothing but Chastenings and Punishments The Romans also worshipped this Goddess but gave her no Name in their Language as Pliny says Nemesis quae Dea Latinum nomen ne in Capitolio quidem invenis and again elsewhere Alias Graecam Nemesim invocantes cùm ob id Romae simulachrum in Capitolio est quamvis Latinum nomen non sit But no Body has better exprest the Nature and Power and formed a truer Idea of this Goddess than Ammianus Marcellinus who yet does not give her any Latin Name tho' he does Two in Greek viz. Adrasâ—ea and Nemesis of whom he gives a Description rather like a Philosopher or a Divine than an Historian L. 14. He informs us that 't is she who raises up the Just and punishes the Wicked that she tumbles down the Proud and makes a just Mixture of Prosperity and Adversity gives Success to our Undertakings or disappoints our Designs according to the Counsels of an Eternal Wisdom But tho' the Latins had no proper Name in their Language to express this Goddess by yet the Poets have not forgot to speak of her as does Câ—andian Sed Dea quae nimiis obstat Rhamnusia votis Ingemuit flexitque rotam Again it appears by some Verses of the Poets that the Name of Rhamnusia came from the Place where this Goddess was worshipped The same being Rhamnus in Attica where there was a Temple erected to her and as for the Name of Adrastea Strabo says it came from King Adrastus who dedicated a Temple to her Callisthenes Adrasteam ab Adrasio rege denominatam ait qui primus Nemesi templum posuit And for this Purpose he recites the Verses of Antimachus the Poet Hic sacris colitur Dea Adrastea vocatur primus illi aram condidit Adrastus ad amnem Aesopi NENIA this Word sometimes signifies a Toy or Trifle and other whiles Lamentations and mournful Times sung at the Burying of the Dead The Word comes from a trifling Play among Children called Nenia which was much used by those of Rome and wherein he that succeeded best was made King Roscia dic sodes melior lex an puerorum Nenia quae regnum rectè facientibus offert Hor. Ep. 1. L. 1. But the Nenia for the Dead is derived from a Hebrew Word that signifies Lamentation or Complaint The Lamentations of Jeremy are nothing else but Nenia's upon the Destruction of the Jewish Monarchy and the City of Jerusalem which he bewails like a Man that is dead Nenia is not Greek for the Greeks called mournful Songs Epicedia or Threni The Nenia's began presently as soon as the Party expired as it appears from the Gospel it self Filia mea modo dâ—functa est said the Chief of the Synagogue to the Son of God and yet the Singers of the Nenias and of all their mournful Musick had already begun their Lamentations The Nenia's did not always consist of mean Verses for those made by David upon the Death of Saul and Jonathan and of Jeremy upon Jerusalem are compleat Pieces and very elegant NEPHALIA a Sacrifice and Feast of the Greeks called the Feast of Sober Men at which the Athenians offered to the Sun and Moon to Aurora and Venus a Drink made of Water and Honey They burnt all sorts of Wood upon this Occasion except the Vine and Fig-tree NEPTUNUS Neptune one of Saturn's Sons and Jupiter's Brother who for his Share had the Dominion of the Sea assigned him instead of a Scepter they gave him a Trident and for a Chariot a great Sea-shell which they make to be drawn either by Whales and Sea-Calves or by Horses whose nether Parts were fishy His Wife was Amphitrite whom he obtained by the means of a Dolphin in Acknowledgement of whose Kindness he placed him among the Stars near into Capricorn He taught Men the Art of managing a Horse which with a Blow of his Trident he made to come out of the Earth when he was in Dispute with Minerus who should
this means obtain'd Medea for his Wife Absyrtus fearing the Anger of his Father continu'd still to pursue after them when they retir'd into the Country of Argos but Jason at last by killing him was deliver'd from any further pursuit There are some Authors who say that it was his own Sister who cruelly tore him in pieces ACADEMIA the Academy a place built near to Athens and planted with Trees by one Academus according to Diogenes Laertius or according to others by Cadmus a Phoenitian and the Restorer of Polite Learning among the Greeks In this place Plato taught his Disciples Philosophy who from thence were call'd Academics Atque inter silvas Academi quarere verum id est To enquire after Truth in the Academy at the School of the Divine Plato Cicero call'd one of his Country-Houses by this Name where he planted Groves and made very pleasant Walks for entertainment of his Friends with Discourses upon Philosophical Subjects such as these Concerning the Nature of the Gods Of Friendship and the Offices of a civil Life and particularly his Academical Treatises so call'd from the place where they were compos'd In process of time all places where Youth were taught the Liberal Arts and Sciences or other Exercises were call'd by this Name ACADINA a Fountain in Cilicia near the Lake of Delos consecrated to Castor and Pollux The truth and sincerity of an Oath was prov'd by the Water of this Fountain for the Oath was written upon a Table and cast into this Fountain and if the Table did swim above the Water it was a sign that the Oath was true but if it sunk to the bottom the Oath was judg'd false ACANTHUS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Bearsfoot in Latin Brancha-ursina so call'd because its Leaves resemble Bears Feet and in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because one kind of it is prickly like a Thistle There are two kinds of Acanthus one which grows wild and is full of Prickles and another which grows in Gardens which Virgil calls mollis because it is soft and without Prickles The Greek Sculptors adorn'd their Works with the Figure of the latter as the Gothic did with that of the former which bears Prickles which they represented not only in their Capitals but also in their other Ornaments The occasion of their so doing according to the relation of Vitravins was this A young Woman in Corinth happening to dye when she was just upon the point of Marriage her Nurse laid upon her Tomb in a Casket some Vessels which she had priz'd in her life-time and because they lay open to the Weather to preserve them from wasting too fast she cover'd the Casket with a Tile But this happening by chance to lye upon the root of an Acanthus it so happen'd that in the Spring-time when the Leaves began to shoot forth the Casket which lay upon the middle of the root was encompass'd with the Leaves of the Plant growing up about the sides of it till meeting with the Tile that cover'd it at top their extremities were forcibly bent into spiral Lines like a Skrew Callimachus the Sculptor passing by this Tomb observ'd how the growing Leaves encompass'd this Casket and represented the manner of it in those Pillars which he afterwards made at Corinth ACARON the God of Flies See Accaron and Achor ACCA LAURENTIA the Wife of Faustulus who was Shepherd to Numitor and the Nurse of Remus and Romulus This latter in gratitude erected an Altar to her after her death and appointed a Feast which he call'd Laurentalia which was celebrated in the Month of April according to Varro or in the Month of December according to Ovid Lib. III. Fast Plutarch attributes this Festival in the Month of December to another Acca who was a famous Courtezan and had amass'd great Riches by her lewd Practices for she at her death left the People of Rome her Heirs who in grateful acknowledgment of the Favour consecrated Plays and a Festival to her Memory Macrobius tells us that Acca Laurentia who serv'd as Nurse to Romulus and Romus was this same prostitute Whore which gave occasion to the Fable That a Wolf nurs'd them the Latins using the word Lupa for a debauch'd Woman She married afterwards a very rich Man who gave her vast heaps of Wealth all which she left to the People of Rome who therefore bestow'd great Honours upon her This Relation appears to be true which Macrobius had extracted from some antient Authors ACCARON the God of Flies according to Pliny l 10. c. 28. Pausanias relates in his Elegiacks That Hercules sacrificing one day to Olympius was much annoy'd with Flies but that having invok'd Jupiter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Fly-Chaser he was deliver'd from them these Insects flying all away to the other side of the River Alpheus From that time the Eleuns continually offer'd the same Sacrifice to Jupiter the Fly-Driver to obtain of him the same Favouâ— See Achor ACCEDERE and ACCESSIO in the Roman Law regard a thing which tho separated from the Bulk or Gross of any Estate Commodity c. yet of right belongs to it The Tyles for instance which are taken off a House to be laid on again are an Accessory when the House is to be sold Tegulae quae detracta sunt ut reponerentur aedibus accedunt Leg. 18. de Action Empti Venditi The Cask which contains the Wine that is left for a Legacy is an Accessory to a Legacy and not a Legacy Vasa accessio legatae penus non legata sunt Leg. 4. de Pen. Leg. ACCENSUS an Officer of the Roman Magistrates and of the Military Men. ACCENSI Formses Officers of the Roman Magistrates viz. of the Consuls Decemvirs Praetors or Proconsuls and Governours of the Provinces of the Republick They were taken out of the number of the Enfranchis'd and their Function was rather laborious than honourable as Cicero testifies in a Letter to his Brother Quintus Proconsul of Asia Accensus eo etium numero quo eum Majores nostri esse volaerunt quod hoc non in beneficii loco sed in laboris aut muneris non temere nisi libertis deserebâ—nt quibus non multo secus quam servis imperabâ—nt They walk'd before the Magistrates and received their Orders which they executed Their chief Business was to call the People together to Assemblies and from this part of their Office says Varro they were called Accensi ab acciendo The Form used by the Magistrates for calling any to a Meeting was this Voca ad concionem omnes Quirites huc ad me Summon call an Assembly of the People cause them to meet together immediately The Accensus cry'd Omnes Quirites itc ad concionem Go to the Assembly Gentlemen Citizens Their Office was also to assist the Praetor when he sat on the Bench and to give him notice with a loud Voice every three hours what a Clock it was as for instance that it was nine a Clock in the Morning
they plac'd themselves at Table and chang'd their Cloths putting on a Garment which they called Vestis coenatoria and putting off their Shoes that they might not dirty the Beds They bound about their Heads Fillets of Wool to prevent the Distempers of the Head which the Fumes of Meat and Wine might cause for which reason they used afterwards Garlands of Flowers Their Women did not eat lying after this manner such a Posture being esteem'd indecent and immodest in them except at a Debauch where they appear'd without any Shame or Modesty yet in an antient Marble which is at Rome we find the figure of a Woman lying at a Table upon a Bed as her Husband does and Virgil also seems to attest this when he represents Dido lying at Table at a Feast which she made upon the Arrival of Aeneas unless he means that she was already smitten with Love with her new Guest ACCUSARE in the Law to Accuse to draw up or lay an Accusation or Process The antient Lawyers put a difference between these three words Postulare Deserre and Accusare for first leave was desired to lay an Action against one and this was called Postulare and Postulatio after this he against whom the Action was laid was brought before the Judg which was call'd Deserre and nominis Delatio and lastly the Accusation was drawn up accusabatur The Accuser was obliged by the Law to sign his Accusation at the head of which he plac'd the Name of the Consul which signified the Year when the Romans reckon'd Years by their Consuls he set down also the Day the Hour and the Judg before whom he intended to prosecute his Accusation We learn from Tacitus that the Accusers had two days given them to make their Complaint in and the Accused three days to make his Defence and that six days were allow'd between them both to prepare themselves From the very moment that any Person was accused of a Capital Crime that deserved Death he was stript of all his Marks of Honour and appear'd in a careless Habit he was obliged to give Sureties that he would appear in Court when there was occasion which if he did not he was laid up in Prison to secure his Person The Libel being drawn the Accused was summoned to appear at three Market-days in trinundinum and he always came attended with his Neighbours and Friends who were concerned for him and threw themselves at the feet of the Magistrates and People to beg favour for him in case he were found guilty If the Accused refus'd to appear he was summoned with the Sound of a Trumpet before his House or Castle and after the time allow'd was expir'd he was condemn'd for Contumacy The Accuser had two hours wherein to speak against the Accused and three hours were granted to the Accused to make his Defence which was measured by an Hour-glass of Water called Clepsydra of which I shall give an account in its proper place which made a Greek Orator say to the Judg when he had a mind to signifie to him the Goodness of his Cause That he would bestow part of his Water on his Adversary i. e. of his Time which the Lex Pompeia made by Pompey in his third Consulship allowed him for his Defence If the Accused was found guilty Sentence was pronounced against him in these words Videtur fecisse i. e. he is attainted and convicted of having committed the Crime If on the contrary he was found not guilty he was then declared innocent in these terms Videtur non fecisse i. e. he is cleared from all Suspicion of Guilt All these Circumstances which were observed in Accusations are related by Cicero and Tacitus But if it appeared by the Event that the Accuser was a Calumniator i. e. that he had falsly accused the other Party or that he was a Prevaricator i. e. that he had betray'd his Cause to make way for the Criminal to escape and obtain Absolution or at least that he had desisted from and given over Prosecution without the Leave of the Magistrate or the Prince and without a lawful Cause then he was sentenced by the Magistrate to suffer the same Punishment which the guilty Person deserv'd ACERRA a little Pot which held the Incense and Perfumes for Sacrifices such as are now made in the form of a small Boat and are used in the Church of Rome at this day An Incense-Box for burning Perfumes upon the Altars of the Gods and before the dead Bodies The Rich says Horace offer'd Boxes full of the finest Perfumes to their false Deities Et plenâ supplex veneratur Acerrâ And the Poor according to Lucian were excused for making a Bow and throwing some grains of Incense into the Fire that burnt upon the Altars ACESSEUS the Name of a certain Seaman who was very careless and always attributed the bad Success of his Voyages to the Moon from whence comes the Latin Proverb Accessei Luna to signifie a lazy and negligent sort of People who always throw off the Blame from themselves in case of any bad Success tho their own Negligence was the only Cause of it ACETABULUM a small antient Measure which contained about the fourth part of an Hemine being about two ounces and an half of either liquid or dry things as Pliny explains it towards the end of his twelfth book This Measure held a Cup and an half and answers to our Quartern but is now more in use among Druggists and Apothecaries than Victuallers both for Liquids and Solids It was also a kind of Spice-Box which contained all sorts of Spices whereof the Ancients used to make their Sauces to season their Victuals together with Vinegar and Verjuice It was made in the form of a Pyramid and had several Drawers wherein were put different sorts of Spices as Pepper Nutmegs c. ACHELOUS a River whose Spring-head rises on Mount Pindus in Thessaly and from thence crosses over Acarnania which it separates from Etolia and then dividing it self into two Streams it runs into the Gulph of Corinth This River was called Thoas according to Stephanus and afterwards Achelous from one Achelous who came from Thessaly to inhabit in these parts with Alcmeon the Son of Amphiaraus who kill'd his Mother Eryphile he is commonly called Aspri and according to others Catochi He was according to the Poets the Son of the Ocean and the Earth or of Thetis as Servius would have it who makes him the Father of the Syrens He wrestled with Hercules for the fair Deïanira whom her Father OEnus King of Calydon would not bestow in marriage upon any Man but him who was victorious in this kind of Exercise Achelous finding himself too weak was put to his shifts and changed himself sometimes into a Serpent and sometimes into a Bull but this avail'd him nothing for Hercules overcame him and pluck'd off one of his Horns which the Naiades took up and having fill'd it with Fruits and Flowers they call'd it Cornutopia
that he return'd to the Camp and reveng'd the death of his Friend upon Hector by killing him and dragging his dead Body about the Walls of Troy but he falling in love with Polixine the Daughter of Priam and having demanded her for his Wife was treacherously slain by Paris with an Arrow shot at his Heel which was the only place of his Body wherein he was mortal Divine Honours were decreed to him after his Death to be performed upon his Tomb and in obedience to the Oracle of Dodona the Thessalians offer'd there every year a Sacrifice of two Bulls one white and the other black which they brought from their own Country whither also they took care to bring Wood from Mount Pelion and Water from the River Specchius together with Garlands made of Flowers which were called immortal because they never faded Philostratus on the Picture of Achilles and Quintus Calaber in lib. 3 of his Paralipomena do not agree to all the Circumstances in the History of Achilles here related The common Opinion is That he was educated in the Island of Scyro with the Daughters of King Lycomedes which is the Sentiment of Hyginus But Philostratus thinks that he was sent by his Father against the Island of Scyro to revenge the Death of Theseus whom Lycomedes had cruelly put to death Pausanias in his Attica is of the same Opinion for he tells us That Scyro was taken by Achilles as well as the King Lycomedes Quintus Calaber maintains that Apollo kill'd Achilles with an Arrow Apollo says he being angry at the insolent Answer which Achilles gave him drew a Bow and shot him in the Heel with an Arrow of which Wound he died And Hyginus tells us that Apollo to give him this Wound assumed the shape of Paris ACHOR otherwise call'd Myagris or Myodes the God of Flies to whom the Greeks and Cyrenians sacrific'd to drive away the Flies which annoy'd them and infected their Country S. Gregory Nazianzen in his first Invective against Julian calls him Accaron because the Accaronites a People of Judea made an Idol of him whom they call'd Beelzebuth i. e. the God of Flies Pliny relates that Hercules had been very much annoy'd by these Insects at Olympia but after he had sacrific'd to Jupiter under the Name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the Fly-chasing God they flew all away over the River Alphaeus and never annoy'd him more nor any of those who sacrific'd to him in the Temples built for him after he was plac'd among the number of the Gods For Solinus tells us that no Flies nor Dogs could ever enter into a Chappel built to Hercules at Rome by Octavius Herennius ACIDALIA an Epithet given to Venus the Goddess of Love because she was the cause of great Uneasiness and Vexation to those who were in Love Some think that she was also so call'd from a Fountain of that Name wherein the Three Graces which always attended her us'd to bath themselves ACILIA the Name of a very illustrious Roman Family from which was descended the generous Consul Acilius Glabrio to whom the People of Rome erected a Statue cover'd with Leaves of Gold for having defeated the Army of Antiochus in the narrow passage of Tempe and made a great slaughter of the Asiaticks This Consul erected a Statue on horseback of pure Gold which he plac'd in the Temple of Piety and consecrated to the Memory of his Father whose Effigies it was This was the first Statue of that precious Metal that was ever seen at Rome from the time of its first foundation ACINACES a kind of Cutlass or Scimetre us'd among the Persians ACNUA a sort of Measure for Land among the antient Measures call'd otherwise Actus quadratus which was a Square whereof each side was 26 foot long which contain'd as Authors tell us the moiety of a Jugerum or of the Acre of the Latines Vossius says that it is plainly read Acnua in the Manuscripts yet he would have it read Acna to give credit to his own Etymology which derives it from the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is a Measure of twelve feet as he himself tells us he adds afterwards that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifi'd also a Measure of 26 feet but this he does not prove ACONITUM Wolvesbane an Herb very venomous whereof there are many kinds 't is said that its Name comes from Acona a City of Bithynia round about which it grows in great abundance The Poets feign that this Herb sprung up from the Froth which the Dog Cerberus cast forth when Hercules drag'd him by force out of Hell for which reason great quantities of it are found near to Heraclea of Pontus where is the Cavern by which Hercules descended thither 'T is said that all its Venom is in its Root for there is no hurt in its Leaves or Fruit. The Symptoms of this Poyson are these It makes the Eyes water very much oppresses the Stomach causes frequent breaking of wind backwards Nevertheless the Antients us'd it as a Medicin against the biting of a Scorpion the burning heat whereof the bare touch of Wolvesbane did presently extinguish ACONTIUS a young Man of the Isle of Cea who coming one day to Delos to the Sacrifice of Diana fell in love with the fair Cydippe but fearing a Denyal if he should desire her in Marriage upon the account of the inequality of his Birth and Fortune he contriv'd this Stratagem to win her he wrote these two Versues upon an Apple Juro tibi sanè per mystica sacra Dianae Me tibi venturam comitem sponsamque futuram and then threw the Apple at the Feet of Cydippe who taking it up read these Verses and bound herself to the Oath which was upon it Whereupon every time she had a mind to marry she was presently taken dangerously sick which she interpreted to be a just Punishment for the Violation of her Faith and therefore to appease Diana she married Acontius ACRATES the Genius or Demon of the Bacchantes whose Mouth only was represented in Figures as Pausanias tell us ACRISIUS the last King of the Argives and the Brother of Praetus to whom he succeeded according to Eusebius He understanding by the Oracle that he was to be kill'd by a Son of his Daughter Danae shut her up in a Tower of Brass to preserve himself from this Mischief But Jupiter falling in love with this unfortunate Princess found a way to come at her for he changing himself into a shower of Gold unaccountably pass'd through the Tiles of the House and she was found with child of a Son who was call'd Perseus Acrisius being inform'd of this caus'd his Daughter with her Child to be shut up in a Chest and commanded them both to be cast into the Sea The Chest swimming for some time upon the Water was at last thrown up upon the Isle of Sâ—riphe where Polydectes reign'd who receiv'd them graciously and fell in love with
intremere 〈◊〉 Murmure Trinacriam AFFIXUM or AFFIXA that which is fixed or joyned to a Building The things which are added to an House and are over and above the Building AGAMEMNON the Son of Atreus and Europa and Brother of Menelaus was King of Myeenae one of the Kingdoms of Peloponnesus Going to the Siege of Troy to revenge the Rape of his Sister-in-law Helena he left with his Wife Clytemnestra a musical Poet who was faithful to him to divert her in his absence and so hinder her from acting any thing contrary to the Fidelity she ow'd him Aegistheus the Son of Thyestes who endeavour'd to debauch her seeing that this Poet broke all his Measures and obstructed his Designs carry'd him away into a desart Isle and left him there to die of Hunger and returning to Mycaenae debauch'd Clytemnestra and got possession of the Kingdom Agamemneo at his return from the Trejan War was slain by his own Wife at a Banquet which she had prepared for him having inclos'd him in a Garment without a Bosom when he came out of the Bath Orestes reveng'd the Death of his Father upon his Mother and Aegistheus who debauch'd her for he kill'd 'em both Agamemnon was chang'd into an Eagle after his Death AGANIPPIDES an Epithete which the Poets give the Muses from the Fountain Aganippe or Hippocrene which was consecrated to them AGAVE the Daughter of Cadmus and Hermione who in the shape of a Boar tore in pieces her Son Pantheus King of Thebes because he abolish'd the Orgia or Feasts of Bacchus in his Realm upon account of Debauches committed in them AGE Quodagis a Form of Speech us'd in the antient Sacrifices which was often repeated to the Person that offer'd to make him more careful and attentive as if it were said to him Mind what you are about Let not your Thoughts ramble AGENORA the Goddess Agenora who makes us active and to whom the Romans built a Temple upon Mount Aventine AGGERES Heaps of Earth which were rais'd upon the Tombs of the Antients Virgil makes mention of them in his Aeneids Lib. XI v. 850. Terrino ex aggere bustum as also in v. 6. of Lib. VII Aggere composito tumuli Sidonius writes to one of his Relations named Secundus that coming from Lyons to Clermont in Auvergne he observ'd that Time and Water had almost laid plain an Heap or Bank of Earth which cover'd the Tomb of Apollinaris his Kinsman who was Praefectus Praeterio A. C. 409. Catulus speaks also of these Tombs and calls them Coacervatum bustum excelso aggere Aggere Tarquinii the Ramparts of Earth which Tarquinius rais'd between the Mountains Viminalis Esquilinus from whence Suetonius says they cast down Criminals head-long Verberatum per vicos agerent quâ—â—d praecipitaretur ex aggere AGLAIS One of the Three Graces which the Greeks call'd Charites the Companions of Venus the Goddess of Beauty They were the Daughterr of Jupiter and Eurynome AGLAURA the Daughter of Cecrops and Sister of Hirsa with whom Mercury fell in love This Messenger of the Gods to gain the Favour of his Mistris engag'd her Sister Aglaura who promis'd to serve him by giving her a Sum of Money This provok'd Minerva so much who could not endure such fordid Avarice that she commanded Envy to make her jealous of her Sister Hirsa while she was contriving to cross Mercury's Designs he turn'd her into a Statue of Salt AGLIBOLUS some learned Men guess that this word comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to cast a light to shine Hesychius says that Aiglitis which signifies Shining is a Name of the Sun and so Aglibolus is the Sun Mr. Spon in his CURIOUS ENQUIRIES after Antiquities says that there was an antient Marble at Rome in the Vineyard of Cardinal Carpegna on which was the Portrait of two Syrian Deities with an Inscription in Greek thus englished To the Honour of Aglibolus and Malak-belus The Gods of the Country and he affirms that Aglibolus is the Sun and Malak-belus the Moon He says that the Habit of Aglibolus is not after the Roman Fashion but like the Syrians short with a sort of Cloak uppermost which ought not to seem strange since these Figures were drawn in Syria and every Nation is clothed after their own Fashion as Theodoret says The Habit of Malak-belus is something like that which the Romans wore in their Wars which they call'd Paludamentum with a Cloak over it But the Crown is not like the Roman no more than the Hair which the Romans usually shav'd and this gave occasion to Vespasian as Suetonius relates to tell the Romans when they were frighted at the sight of a Comet with a long Tail above their Horizon that that Comet did not belong to their Country but the Kingdom of Persia who wore long Hair and had most reason to fear the effects of it Salmasius is of another opinion in his Commentaries upon the Historia Augusta for he will have Malak-belus to be the Sun and Aglibolus the Moon but he gives no reason for the Conjecture and 't is likely he never saw the Marble which I have spoken of AGNATI are the Relations on the Fathers side and who are of the same Race In the Civil-Law 't is said Ad agnatos deducere aliquem To put any one under a Guardian To forbid him the Administration of his Goods by the advice of his Relations AGNO a Fountain of Arcadia so call'd from a Nymph so nam'd the Nurse of Jupiter When the Water of it was us'd in sacred matters it ascended in the form of a Cloud which after fell down in Rain AGNODICE a young Maid who being desirous to learn Physick conceal'd her Sex and went to be instructed by Herophyâ—us a Physician she particularly acquir'd the Skill of Midwisery The Physicians much envy'd her because she was preferr'd before 'em summon'd her before the Judges of the Arcopagus accusing her of debouching the Women she deliver'd But having discover'd her Sex she convicted them of a Calumny which occasion'd the Judges to make a Law allowing free-born Women to profess Midwisery AGNOMEN is a Name added to the Sur-name which was given from some particular Action as one of the Sciplo's was named Africanus and the other Asiaticus from the brave Achievments which the one did in Africa and the other in Asia Without all doubt some Persons had heretofore a particular Sur-name which was as it were a Fourth Name The Author to Herennius makes mention of this Agnemen when he says Nomen autem cum dicimus cognomen agnomen intelligatur oportet AGONALIA was an immoveable Feast appointed by King Numa which was celebrated every Year on January 9. in Honour of the God Janus as we learn from Ovid Lib. I. Fastorum v. 317. Quatuor adde dies ductis ex-ordine nonis Janus agonali Lucepiandus erit The Rex Sacrorum at this Feast sacrific'd a Wether to the God Janus Authors differ in
with me to make the Night thrice as long as the day Mercury Not in the least this is not to be for a continuance he only now desires that this Night may be long on his own account Sun Pray where is he From whence sent he you on this Errand Mercury From Beotia Phaebus he is with Amphitryo's Wife whom he is enamour'd with and now enjoys Sun And will not one Night be sufficient Mercury No for he intends to get a great and warlike Hero and this is impossible to be done in one Night Sun Let him go on with success but we had no such doings in Saturu's time he never defil'd Rhea's Bed nor left Heaven to fleep at Thebes but Day was then Day and Night had only its proportion of hours and nothing was strange and out of due course nor did he ever meddle with mortal Woman but now for the sake of this Wretch all things must be inverted my Horses will grow unmanageable for want of working the way will become difficult to travel in and Men must live in dismal Darkness thus must they sleep for the Amours of Jove till he perfect this mighty Champion you talk of Mercury No more words Phaebus lest it prove prejudicial to you I must make haste to Luna and Somnus and tell 'em what Jupiter's Orders are that she may retard her Motion and that he do not leave Men that they may not perceive that the Night was so long This is the reason why Lycophron calls Hercules the Lyon of Three Nights Alcmena having gone her time first brought forth Iphyclus which she had conceived by her Husband Amphitryo But jeajous Juno hindred her when she was about to bring forth Hercules which she had conceiv'd by Jupiter for she birb'd Lucina the Goddess of Child-bearing that instead of assisting her she on the contrary should obstruct her by making certain Figures with her Fingers Pansanias in his Baeotrice says That Juno sent the Pharmacides or Sorcereresses into the Chamber of Alcmena in the time of her Travail to hinder her by their Enchantments But Jupiter dispell'd all their Charms by declaring himself from Heaven by Thunder in favour of his Son and reconcil'd Amphitryon and Alcmena who were fall'n out Alcmena dyed in her return from Argos to Thebes as Pausanius says on the Confines of Megara There was a Dispute between the the Heraclites about her Burial some desiring that her Body should be carryed to Argos and others to Thebes but the Oracle of Apollo at Delphos ordered that her Tomb should be made in Megora ALCMON and PASSALUS rather Achaemon or Achmon and Passalus Two Brothers who were of very wicked and debauch'd Inclinations they were the Sons of a Woman called Sexmonis who us'd to tell Fortunes She had them beware of a Melampygus i. e. a Creature whose back-parts were black and hairy Wherefore meeting one day with Hercules who was asleep leaning against a Tree they took up a resolution to kill him but Hercules awaking and perceiving their design seiz'd on 'em and hang'd 'em by the heels on his Club and as he march'd with 'em in this posture they perceiv'd his back-parts and remembring the Prediction of their Mother they look'd upon themselves as undone But Hercules having learn'd of 'em the cause of their fear let 'em go ALCYON The Kings Fisher a Bird much extoll'd of whom this Fable is told That Alcynoe the Daughter of Aeolus having lost the beautiful Ceyâ— her Husband in the Sea who was the Son of the Day-Star tormented herself with vain Grief till the Gods mov'd with Compassion chang'd her into a Bird which still searches about the Water for him she lost there It is a small Bird and its Note is very mournful To requite her Love when she makes her Nest and sits on her young ones the Winds are still and the Sea calm in the sharpest time of Winter These serene Days are call'd Halcyonian from the Alcyon and during them the Sky is calm and the surface of the Sea as smooth as a Looking-Glass Pliny gives this Description of this Bird Lib. X. cap. 32. It is says he a little bigger than a Sparrow and of a blue colour but hath some red and white Feathers The smallest of them sing commonly among the Reeds They breed about the middle of December Their Nests are round in the form of a large Bowl having only a little Hole to go in at ALCYONEUS a Gyant who had many Daughters which after his Death cast themselves head-long from the Cape of Pillena into the Sea Amphurite mov'd with Compassion for 'em chang'd 'em into Birds ALECTO One of the Three Furies of Hell according to the Poets the Daughters of Acheron and Nox or of Pluto and Proserpina They are reverenc'd by the Antients as the Goddesses by whom Crimes were punished they are painted with a furious Aspect and wearing a Cap of Serpents holding Whips and lighted Torches in their Hands ALECTRYO a young Man a Confident of Mars in his Amours One Day when Mars was gone to see Venus and lye with her in the absence of her Husband Vulcan he left him at the Gate to watch when the Day appear'd but this pretty Youth falling asleep the Sun discover'd the whole Intrigue so that Vulcan caught both the Lovers in his Nets Mars angry at this chang'd this young Man into a Cock who still keeps the Crest of the Helmet which he had before he was chang'd and all his Generation ever since to retrieve his Honour give notice of the approach of the Day ALEMANNI the Germans These People says Tacitus were never debauch'd by Commerce or Alliance with other People which is the reason that they are all alike for they have yellow Hair blue Eyes a fierce Aspect and an advantagious Stature yet they cannot bear long Fatigues and are only brisk at the first Heat and Thirst are very unsupportable to 'em but they endure Cold and Hunger very well by reason of the Constitution of their Country Those that inhabit our Frontiers value Money upon the account of Commerce and know some antient Pieces of our Coin which they value more than others as those that have a Saw or a Chariot on them The rest traffick by exchange of Goods still as the first Men did Their Cavalry carry only a Lance and a Buckler Their Infantry carry also Darts of which every Soldier has several which he knows how to cast with great Force and Dexterity being not at all hindred by his Clothes or Arms for their only Garment is a long Coat If we consider their Troops in general their Infantry is the best which is the reason that they mix it with their Cavalry 'T is such a Disgrace among 'em to quit their Buckler that they who have done is never dare come to their Assemblies or Sacrifices In choosing their Kings they much respect their Birth and in their Governours their Vertue None but the Priests among 'em have right to imprison
eo me solvat amantem Ovid in like manner says that they call'd him Forgetful Love Lethaeus Amor who had a Temple at Rome near the Colline-Gate Est propè Collinam templum venerabile portam Est illic Lethaus Amor qui pectora sanat Inque suas gelidam lampadas addit aquam In Remed Amoris Some have had recourse to Magicians and Charms to make 'em love Lucian brings in an Harlot named Melissa who desired Bacchis to bring some Magician to her who gave Philtres to cause Love and allure Lovers She tells her That she knew a Syrian Woman who made a Lover return to her again after Four Months absence by an Enchantment which she then declar'd to her She shall hang says she the Calces or Sandals of the Lover upon a Peg and shall put upon them some Perfumes then she shall cast some Salt into the Fire pronouncing thy Name and his then drawing a Magical Looking Glass out of her Bosom she shall turn every way muttering several words with a low voice We meet also with other Enchantments set down in Theocritus's Pharmaceutria in Virgil and Juvenal Josephus also the Jewish Historian testifies that Moses having learn'd the Aegyptian Philosophy made Rings for Lovers and Forgetfulness as also did King Solomon against Witchcraft Whatever Effects these Love-Potions might have what Ovid tells us is more probable That Beauty and something else not to be mention'd are the only Philtres which engage any Man to love Fallitur Aemonias siquis decurrit ad artes Datque quod à teneri fronte revellit equi Non facient ut vivat amor Medeides herbae Mixtaque cum magicis Marsa venena sonis Phasias Aesonidem Circe tenuisset Ulyssem Si modò servari carmine posset amor Nec data profuerint pallentia philtra puellis Philtra nocent animis vimque furoris habent Sit procul omne nefas Ut ameris amabilis esto Quod tibi non facies solave forma dabit Art Amand. Lib. II. v. 99. AMPHIARAUS the Son of Oecleus or according to some of Apollo and Hypermnestra being unwilling to go with Adrastus King of Argos to war against Etheocles King of Thebes hid himself to avoid the Death which he knew would happen to him in that Expedition but Eriphyle his Wife being gain'd by Adrastus with the promise of a rich Chain betray'd him and discover'd the place where he was hid Amphiaraus enrag'd that he was so basely betray'd by the Treachery of his own Wife commanded his Son Alcmeon before his departure That as soon as he heard of his death he should revenge it upon his Mother Eriphyle as the only cause of his Misfortune The Enterprize against Thebes prov'd very unsuccesful for of the Seven chief Commanders Five of them were slain at the first On-set and Amphiaraus was swallow'd up alive in the Earth with his Chariot as he was retreating Philostratus gives this account of Amphiaraus in his Second Book of the Life of Apollonius Amphiaraus the Son of Oecleus at his return from Thebes was swallow'd up in the Earth He had an Oracle in Attica whither he sent the Dreams of those who came to consult him about their Affairs but above all things they must be 24 hours without Meat or Drink and Three days entire without the use of Wine Pausanias in his Attica speaks of a Temple consecrated to him At the going out of the City Oropus upon the Sea-Coasts about 12 Furlongs from thence there stands the Temple of Amphiaraus who flying from Thebes was swallowed up with his Chariot Others say that it was not in that place but in the way that leads from Thebes to Chalcis Nevertheless 't is evident that Amphiaraus was first deifi'd by the Oropians and afterwards the Greeks decreed him divine Honours His Statue was made of white Marble with an Altar of which only the third part is dedicated to him and the rest to other Gods Near to this Temple there is a Fountain call'd the Temple of Amphiaraus out of which 't is said he came when he was plac'd among the number of the Gods None were permitted to wash or purify in that Fountain but when they had an Answer from the Oracle or found their trouble remov'd then they cast some pieces of Silver or Gold into the Fountain Jopho of Gnossus one of the Interpreters of Amphiaraus's Oracles publish'd them in Hexameter Verse which brought the People to his Temple Amphiaraus after he was deifi'd instituted the way of fore-telling things to come by Dreams and they that came to consult his Oracle must first sacrifice to him as to a God and then observe the other Ceremonies prescribed They sacrificed a Sheep and after they have flead it they spread the Skin upon the ground and slept upon it expecting a Resolution of what they asked which he gave them in a Dream The same Author in his Corinthiaca tells us also That in the City of the Phliasium behind the great Market there is an House which is called the Prophecying or Divining-place where Amphiaraus having watch'd one Night began to fore-tell things to come Plutarch speaking of the Oracle of Amphiarans says That in the time of Xerxes a Servant was sent to consult it concerning Mardonius This Servant being asleep in the Temple dreamt that an Officer of the Temple chid him much and beat him and at last flung a great Stone at his head because he would not go out This Dream prov'd true for Mardonius was slain by the Lieutenant of the King of Lacedaemon having receiv'd a Blow with a Stone upon his head of which he dyed This is almost all that Antiquity has left us about Amphiaraus and his Oracles AMPHICTYON the Son of Helenus This was he says Strabo who appointed that famous Assembly of Greece made up of the most vertuous and wise of Seven Cities who were called after his Name as were also the Laws which they made Caelius would have us believe that he was the first that taught Men to mingle Wine with Water There was another of that Name the Son of Deucalion Governour of Attica after Cranaus who is said to be an Interpreter of Prodigies and Dreams AMPHILOCHUS Lucian in one of his Dialogues entituled The Assembly of the Gods tells us That he was the Son of a Villain that slew his Mother and that had the confidence to prophecy in Cilicia where he foretold all that Men desired for about Two pence so that he took away Apollo's Trade And the same Lucian in his Lyar brings in Eucrates speaking thus about Amphilochus As I return'd says he from Egypt having heard of the Fame of the Oracle of Amphilochus which answer'd clearly and punctually to every thing any person desired to know provided they gave it in writing to his Prophet I had the curiosity to consult him as I passed AMPHINOMUS and ANAPIUS two Brothers who were eminent for their Piety having saved their Parents by carrying them upon their Shoulders with the peril of their
own Lives out of the City of Catanca which was set on fire by the Flames of Aetna AMPHION the Son of Jupiter and Antiope the Daughter of Nycetus King of Baeotia Antiope was first marryed to Lycus King of Thebes but he divorc'd her because she had postituted herself to Enaphus King of Sicyon Jupiter who was in love with her enjoy'd her under the form of a Satyr Derce the Second Wife of Lycus caus'd her to be imprison'd out of Jealousie but she having escaped and seeing herself pursu'd hid herself in Mount Citheron where she brought forth Twins Zethus and Amphion who were brought up by Shepherds and being grown up reveng'd the Wrongs done to their Mother by Lycus and Derce whom they caus'd to be pull'd in pieces having ty'd them to the Tail of a mad Bull. Amphyon was very excellent at Musick and learn'd of Mercury to play upon stringed Instruments in which he grew so great a Proficient as the Poets say That he built the Walls of Thebes by the sound of his Harp and that the Stones put themselves in order to make that Building Having married Niobe the Daughter of Tantalus he had by her Seven Sons and Seven Daughters of which their Mother was so proud that she preferred herself before Latona the Mother of Apollo and Diana for which she lost all her Children except Cloris they being slain by Apollo's and Diana's Darts Amphion to revenge himself attempted to destroy Apollo's Temple but that God slew him and punish'd him in Hell with the loss of his Sight and Harp Amphion receiv'd his Harp of Mercury who was the Inventer of it as Apollo speaks in Lucian He made says that God to Vulcan an Instrument of a Tortoise-Shell on which he play'd so excellently so that he made me jealous who am the God of Harmony And after he had shewn it to Apollo and the Muses as Pausanias says he made a Present of it to Amphion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 AMPHITHEATRUM the Amphitheatre a place built round or oval which encompassed the Roman-Theatre and was furnish'd with Seats on which the People sitting saw divers Shows and Sports which were expos'd to view It is evident that in Vitruvius's time the true Amphitheatres were not built at Rome and therefore 't is a mistake in Pliny when he speaks of Pempeii Amphitheatri instead of Pompeiani Theatri as Lipsius observes There were afterwards several Amphitheatres built at Rome in imitation of the Greeks of which the most famous was Nero's which was built all of Tybertine-Stone which is as hard and beautiful as Marble It was call'd the Amphitheatre of Nero's Colossus or Statue It was 135 feet broad and 525 long large enough to contain 87000 persons sitting at their ease and the height of it was 165 feet Amphitheatres and Theatres at first were not built for continuance being only of Boards which they pull'd down after the Plays were ended Dion Cassius says That one of these Amphitheatres fell down and crush'd a great number of People under the Ruines of it Augustus was the first that built one of Stone in the Campus Martius at the Expence of StatiliusTaurus A. U. 725. and this Amphitheatre remained till the time of the Emperor Vespasian for the first being burnt in Nero's time Vespasian began a new one in his Eighth Consulship two Years before his Death but Titus finish'd it Pliny relates that Curio made an Amphitheatre that turned upon huge Iron-Hinges so that two Theatres might be made of that Amphitheatre at pleasure on which different Plays might be represented at the same time The Amphitheatres were consecrated to Diana Taurica or Scythica Jove Latino or Stygio as Martial will have it and at last to Saturn Minutius Felix tells us That there was an Altar upon which they sacrificed Men before they began their Sports The Amphitheatre was divided into Three principal parts the First which was the Theatre was the lowest and made as it were a plain of Sand which was call'd the Cavea that is to say the Cave because it was full of artificial subterraneous Caverns of which some were used to shut up Beasts in and others served to hold Water for the imittaing of Sea-Fights and for the conveniency of the Spectators This place was plain even and sandy whence it was call'd Arena or the Sand and from it proceeded that Latin figurative Phrase In arenam descendere which is as much as to say To enter the Combat because the Gladiators fought upon that Sand or on that Sandy Place The second part was the Circle about the Arena which contain'd a great number of Seats with divers Ascents one above another that the Spectators who sat nearest might not hinder those that sat further off from seeing The third part was us'd for the keeping of divers kinds of Beasts as Horses for Races and Hunting of Wild-Beasts for Criminals and for keeping the Athletae i. e. Wrestlers It is very hard says Justus Lipsius to set down the precise time when Amphitheatres were first built yet that Author does not doubt to fix the Invention of them about the Declension of the Commonwealth and believes that Curio's Theatre was an Amphitheatre because when they pleas'd they could divide it into two parts and when they chang'd its Form and us'd it in its full Extent it was a true Amphiteatre These Words are almost the same with Pliny's and seem to make that Tribune of the People the first Inventor of Amphitheatres for in the same place 't is expresly observ'd that the Diversions of the Scene were so artificially dispos'd that altho there were as it were two Theatres yet the Contrivance of the Machine-maker did order things so well that when they pleas'd there appear'd but one Inclosure or Amphitheatre Nevertheless Statilius Scaurus that famous Aedile may be thought to have preceded Curio in that Design for as Pliny says Scaurus was the first who expos'd to the People an hundred and fifty Panthers and Bullenger adds that he us'd his Theatre as an Amphitheatre However 't is most evident that Julius Caesar was the first Inventor of Amphitheatres and Bullenger assures us That after he had subdu'd Asia and Africa he built a Theatre of Wood in the Campus Martius which was called an Amphitheatre because of the Ascents that were round it and upon which the Spectators might see the Plays sitting at their ease AMPHITRYO a Theban Prince the Son of Alcaeus and Laonoma the Daughter of Gunaeus according to Pausanias in his Arcadica He marry'd Alcmena of whom the Story is famous for the Birth of Twins whereof one was nam'd Hercules who was the Son of Jupiter and was surnamed Alcides either from his Grand-father Alcaeus or else from the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies Strength or Valour because of his extraordinary Strength by which he subdu'd so many huge Monsters and clear'd the Earth of them See Alcmena AMPHITRITE a Greek Word which signifies encompassing The Poets make
Feast to her which they call'd Angeronalia because she cur'd their Flocks which were troubled with the Quinsie She is painted with her Mouth cover'd to shew us that Pains and Griefs should be born without impatient Complaints They sacrifi'd to her in the Temple of the Goddess Volnpia where her Statue was set up ANGIBATA a Greek Word that comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and signifies a Transparent Vessel in which little Images seem to move up and down in the Water which are inclos'd in it and seal'd up hermetically This wonderful Effect which makes a kind of Enamell'd Figures to swim in the Water is seen in an Angibata which has lately been found out in which a small Image rises and falls turns about and stands still as you please This is done by straitning and compressing the Water more or less with the Thumb which stops the end of a long Glass Pipe or Tube fill'd with Water The Contrivance is The little enamell'd Image which is hollow and has a Weight so proportion'd to its Largeness that it will swim upon the Water yet so that by the Addition of a small Weight it will rise and sink to the bottom ANGLIA England see Albion ANGUIS a Serpent which was an ill Omen in Marriages as we may see by those Verses of Terence in his Phormio He will say that lately there happen'd to him ill Omens a Serpent fell from the Tiles through a Gutter The God Aesculapius is ordinarily represented under the figure of a Serpent because he came from Epidaurus to Rome in that shape ANGUSTUS CLAVUS a small Button in the shape of the Head of a Nail which the Roman Knights did wear upon their Garments call'd from thence Tunica Angusti Clavi whereas the Senators wore them larger and their Coat was therefore call'd Tunica Lati Clavi From hence it comes that these Words are often in Latin Authors and chiefly in Suetonius taken for the Dignity of Knights and Senators ANIENSIS TRIBUS the Tribe of Anio or the Inhabitants near the River Anio In the Consulship of M. Fulvius and F. Manlius the Censors P. Sempronius Sopho and P. Sulpitius Severa made a Census i. e. took an Account of the number of the People to which they added a new Tribe call'd Aniensis ANIGER or ANIGRUS a River of Thessaly whose Waters were sweet and pleasant but afterwards turn'd bitter and stinking because the Centaurs wash'd their Wounds in it which they had receiv'd from Hercules as the Fable says ANIMA the Soul which animates all living Creatures in general This Word comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies Wind or Breath the Latins say Animam efflare to express the yielding up the last Breath or at the last Gasp The Antients were several ways mistaken about the Nature of the Soul Some as Lactantius says believ'd that the Soul was Air. Varro following this Opinion says The Soul is Air receiv'd in at the Mouth purified by the Lungs warmed by the Heart and from thence dispersed through the whole Body Some have form'd to themselves an Idaea of Souls as certain thin Substances like Shadows yet visible performing the same Functions and having the same Organs with the Bodies which they animate since they see speak understand and have need of Boats to carry them over the Rivers of Hell so that according to their Argument they are only more subtil Bodies This Error pass'd among the Primitive Christians notwithstanding the clear Light of the Gospel and so the Antients in their Emblems have represented the Soul by a Butterfly flying from the Body which may be observed from a Basso Relievo of Marble which represents a young Man lying upon a Bed with a Deaths-head at his Feet and a Butter-fly flying over him which signifies his Soul and by its flying away it shews us that the Soul had forsaken the Body to which it was united The Butter-fly seems to have come out of the Mouth of the deceas'd because the Antients thought as the Vulgar still do that the Soul took its flight from the Body at the Mouth which made Homer say in his Iliads lib. 9. That when the Soul has once pass'd the Fence of the Teeth it can never return again They have exprest the Soul by a Butter-fly which perpetuates its Being by changing its shape several times For after this manner the Pythagorcans believe that we change our Genus or Species by the Transmigration of our Souls Moralis tells us of an Epitaph by which it appears that a dead Man order'd his Heirs to make a Butter-fly over his Ashes Haeredibus meis mando etiam cineri ut meo Volitet ebrius Papilio There is yet extant a Representation of a Cupid endeavouring to fix an unsteady Soul by fastening it to a Tree for a punishment of its Inconstancy nailing it to a dry stump and by that means hindring it from entring into the Body it desir'd Nicetas Choniates says That some were of opinion that there are two Natures in the Soul one luminous and the other dark This last has its Original from below and comes through some subterraneous Caverns the other descends from the Height of Heaven all inflamed to adorn the Body but in its Descent it is especially caution'd to take care that while it endeavours to adorn its earthly Habitation by its Light it doth not obscure it self by the others Darkness The Soul is more particularly said to be that which gives Life to Animals and Vegetables The Vegetative Soul is in Plants and Trees the Animal in Beasts and the Rational and Spiritual in Man The Cartesians define the Soul of Man a thinking Substance and by this Quality alone they think they can prove its spiritual and immortal Nature As to the Soul of Beasts they say 't is an Automaton or a Machine that moves of it self and by natural Springs that their Soul is a thin an active Substance which participates of the Nature of Fire and is the Source of the Vegetative Spirits The Immortality of our Soul was not only the Opinion of the Poets but of all Mankind The first Idolatry was either the Worship of the Stars or of Kings which were Deities after their Deaths Now this presupposes that they believed that the Souls of Kings were much of the same Nature with the Intelligences which govern the Stars Thus the Apotheosis or Deification of the deceased was an evident proof of the common belief of the Immortality of Soul The earnest desire of Fame is a secret proof of the inward belief of the Souls Immortality for Men would never have taken so much pains to have eterniz'd their Name and Memory if the Soul had been mortal So Horace tells us That he should not dye entirely but that the greatest part of himself would survive after death Non omnis moriar multaque pars mei Vitabit Libitinam And Ovid says the same in these Verses Parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis Astra
to Dag a Fish Lastly Juno or Astarte takes the figure of a Cow because Hastaroth signifies Herds of Oxen. 'T is not to be doubted but from the time of Moses the Egyptians worshipped their Gods under the figure of Animals since Moses himself answers That the Israelites could not offer a solemn Sacrifice in Egypt lest they should expose themselves to be stoned by the Egyptians whose Gods they must sacrifice to the true God ANNA PERENNA This fabulous Story is told of her This Anna according to some Authors was the Daughter of Belus and Sister of Dido who fled to Battus King of the Isle of Malta after the death of her Sister when Hierbas the King of the Getuli attempted to take Carthage When she perceiv'd herself not safe with Battus because of the Threats of Hierbas she fled into Italy to Laurentum where Aeneas was settled and as he walked one day along the Bank of the River Numicius he met Anna and presently knew her and conducting her to his Palace he treated her according to her Quality Lavinia was troubled at it and sought her Destruction as being her Rival but she being admonished of it in a Dream escaped to the River Numicius whereof she was made a Nymph as she told them that searched for her and ordered them to call her for the future Anna Perenna because she should be for ever under these Waters Placidi sum Nympha Numici Amne perenne latens Anna Perenna vocor Ovid. Fast Lib. III. v. 653. This News oblig'd the Albans to make great Rejoycings along the Banks of the River in Dances and Feasting and in imitation of them the Romans did the same on the Banks of Tiber. The Virgins took very undecent Liberties dancing and Iasciviously sporting without any Modesty Ovid has describ'd these Feasts which were made on the 15th of March They sacrific'd to her to obtain a long Life Annare Perennare Some have thought that she was an old Woman of Bovillae who brought Meat to the People of Rome of old and then fled into the holy Aventine-Mount and in Gratitude this Feast was appointed in Honour of her by the Romans Pace domi fact â signum posuêre perenne Quod sibi defectis illa ferebat opem Ovid. Fast Lib. III. v. 673. ANNALES Annals a chronological History which describes the remarkable Events of a State yearly as the Annals of Cornellus Tacitus Whereas History says Aulus Gellius descants upon those Events and upon the Causes which produc'd ' em It was allow'd at first to the Chief-Priests only to write the Annals of the People of Rome that is to say the considerable things that happen'd every year and from thence they were called Annaies Maximi non à magnitudine sed quòd eos Pontifex consecrasset says Festus ANNALIS LEX The Law which appointed the Age at which any Person was promoted to Offices of State Eighteen Years was required for one to be made a Roman Knight and Twenty five to obtain a Consulship and so for other Offices The Romans took this Law from the Athenians ANNALIS CLAVUS The Nail which the Praetor Consul or Dictator fix'd every Year in the Wall of Jupiter's Temple upon the Ides of September to shew the Number of Years But this Custom was after changed and the Years were reckon'd by the Consuls ANNIBAL an African the Son of Amilcar and General of the Carthaginians in the Wars against the Romans whom he beat and defeated in several Battels He pass'd from Spain to the foot of the Alps in his way to Italy and went up to the top of those Mountains in Nine days time notwihstanding the Snow with which they were covered and in spight of the Resistance of the Mountaineers which inhabit there whom he shut up in a Rock which they used for a Retreat and by an unheard of Invention he cut a way through that part of this Mountain which most obstructed his passage with Fire and Vinegar After this he over-run all Italy and brought Terrour and Dread with him into all Parts and chiefly after the Battel of Cannae which is a small Village of Apulia in which the Romans lost Forty Thousand Men together with the Consul Aemilius Annibal sent Three Bushels of Gold Rings to Carthage and made himself a Bridg of dead Bodies 'T was at this Battel that he shew'd that the greatest Men commit the greatest Faults for he forgot himself and lost by his own Carelesness a complete Victory for instead of attacking Rome he went and drown'd all his Glory and Hopes in the Pleasures of Capua He dyed at the Palace of Prusias King of Bithynia having poyson'd himself because he apprehended that this barbarous King would deliver him into the hands of the Romans Thus dyed this great General after he had made War Sixteen Years in Italy won several Battels brought several Nations to a Submission either by Force or Agreement besieg'd Rome and made himself Master of divers Cities Juvenal having briefly run over the great Exploits of Annibal concludes that all this Glory ended at last with being conquer'd banish'd and living as a Fugitive reduc'd to so mean a condition as to court a petty King of Asia and lastly with killing himself by a Ring which was a sort of Revenge on him for that incredible multitude of Rings which he had taken from the Roman Nobles slain in the Battel of Cannae Lucian makes him speak thus of himself in one of his Dialogues of the Dead Having pass'd out of Africk into Spain with an handful of Men I first made my self famous by my Valour and after the death of my Wives Brother having the command of the Armies I subdu'd the Spaniards and Western Gauls then marching over the Alps I conquer'd all Italy as far as Rome after I had gain'd Three great Battels and slain in one day so many Enemies that I measured the Gold Rings which the Knights were by the Bushel and marched upon a Bridg of dead Bodies Being recall'd into Africa to oppose Scipio I obey'd as if I had been one of the meanest of the Citizens and after being unjustly condemn'd I bore my Banishment patiently ANNONA the Victuals or the provision of Corn for a Year Annona Civilis the Corn with which the Granaries of Cities were fill'd every Year for the Subsistance of the Citizens Annona Militaris the Corn which was laid up in the Magazines for the Subsistance of an Army during the Campaign ANNULUS a Ring which the Antients wore on their Fingers There are Three sorts of 'em one sort was call'd Annuli Sponsalitii Pronubi or Geniales Rings of Espousals or Marriage-Rings which the Bride-groom gives his Bride at their Marriage others were call'd Annuli Honorarii Rings of Honour which were us'd as Marks of Honour and distinction between the different Orders of Men and with which those also were rewarded who had done some signal Service to the Common-wealth the Third sort were call'd Annuli Signatorii or
or Branches which met together in the Canal of the Aqua Julia one part of this Water was convey'd to the Country and the other to the City which was kept in fourteen Conservatories and distributed into the several Quarters of the City The fifth was that of Aqua Julia which M. Agrippa erected in the time of Augustus and to which in honour of it he gave his Name This Water was collected from many Sources into one great Water-house about six miles from Rome its Course extended to fifteen thousand paces and an half it pass'd through the Porta Esquilina and the Trophies of Marius and emptied it self into seventeen Cisterns for the Accommodation of the several Quarters of the City The sixth was that of Aqua Virginis so called because a young Maid first discover'd its Spring-head to the Souldiers when they were searching for Water as Frontinus tells us in his First Book of Aquaeducts This was also the work of Agrippa which he finished in one Year and about thirteen years after he had built the former It s Canal began about eight miles from Rome in the Territory of Tusculum near the Bridge Salaro and its Course extended to fourteen thousand one hundred and five paces It passed through the Campus Martius and emptied it self into many Cisterns for the convenience of the several Quarters of the City This Water to this day is still called Aqua Virginis and is the only ancient Aquaeduct that remains Pope Nicolas V. repair'd it The seventh Aquaeduct was that of a Lake called Alsietina four thousand paces distant from Rome and six miles to the right-hand from the Via Appia This was the Work of Augustus and from his Name it was called Via Augusta It served only to fill the Circas with Water for the Naumachiae or Sea-fights and for watering Gardens The eighth was begun by the Emperour Caligula but Death prevented his finishing it Claudius his Successor thought the Design was too brave to leave it imperfect Pliny never speaks of this Work but with great Admiration It convey'd the Water of two fine Springs call'd Caeruleus and Curtius which were in the Country of the Latins thirty eight thousand paces distant from Rome holding its Course for the space of forty six thousand paces in length through many Arches which terminate at last in the Porta Nevia and rise as high as Mount Aventine This Water was called Claudia from Claudius and was very good to drink The ninth was also begun by Caligula and finish'd by Claudius in the same year with the former It derives its Water from a place further off than any of the rest viz. at the distance of sixty two thousand paces from the City from a muddy River call'd Tiverone or Anio from which another Aquaeduct was formerly made and this latter is nam'd Anio Novus Claudius thought fit for purifying his thick and muddy Waters to make at the distance of four thousand paces from their first Rising a Pool or Pond wherein the Mud might settle to the bottom which was call'd Piscina Limaria but notwitstanding all this Precaution when the Rains fell the Water came to Rome very thick These two Works were worthy of a great Prince as well for the Height and Magnificence as for the excessive Expences that were laid out upon them which were found to amount according to the Computation of Vigenere to thirteen millions eight hundred seventy five thousand Crowns Vicit antecedentes Aquarum ductus neoâ—ssimum impendium oper iâ— inchoati à Caesare peracti à Claudio quippe à lapide quadragesimo ad eam excelsitatem ut in omnes Urbis montes levarentur c. These are the nine Aquaeducts which Frontinus treats of that had 13594 pipes which he calls Quinarios and were one inch in diameter and 3 in circumference The first Aquaeduct of the Aqua Appia had 694 pipes The Anio Vitus or the Teverone had 1981 That of the Aqua Martia had 1741 The Tepula had 445 The Julia 755 The Aqua Virgo 2504 The Alsietina 592 The Cloudia and Anio Novus 4882. Of all these Pipes there were only 10350 which convey'd Water for the City the rest were for the benefit of the Countrey There are also other Aquaeducts made at Rome since Frontinus's Time Pope Pius IV. built one in the Year 1563. which brought Water at eight miles distance from Rome between Tivoli and Praeneste 't is thought to be the ancient Alsietina Sixtus Quintus built an Aquaeduct of the Aqua Felix in the year of Grace 1581 as may appear by an Inscription engraven upon an Arch near the Gate of St. Laurence Sixtus V. Pont. Max. Ductum Aquae Felicis Rivo pass subterraneo Mil. XIII Substructione arcuata VII Suo Sumptu extruxit Anno Domini M. D. LXXXI Pontificatus I. Let us now see how the Partition and Distribution of these Waters was made into the several Quarters and private Houses There were in all Parts of the City Conservatories or Water houses which were called Dividicula or Castella into which the Waters emptied themselves and from which they were convey'd on both sides by Pipes Agrippa alone during his Edileship made an hundred and thirty of these Water-houses adorned with Statues and Pillars of Marble There were Over-seers appointed to whom the Care of them was committed who were called Castellani who distributed the Water by divers Conduits into several places of the City and even to private Houses and hindred any private Person from misapplying the Water to his own Use without Leave first had which was granted upon conditon of a certain Duty to be paid which was more or less according to the Quantity of Water any one had a mind to have Marlianus informs us That Agrippa was the first who invented this Partition of the Waters by Inches and Ounces as well for the Use of the Publick as of Private Persons The Revenue of these Waters according to the Computation of Vigenere amounted yearly to six millions two hundred and fifty thousand Crowns The Water which was not good to drink as that of Teverone emitted it self into Lakes and serv'd the Beasts to drink and to wash withal it was us'd also for Baths for dying and tanning of Hides for milling of Cloth and for representing the Naumachiae or Naval Fights in the Campus Martius And after they had serv'd for these several uses they were all gather'd together in the Cloacae or common Gutters and from thence emptied themselves into the Tiber. Nero after the Burning of Rome says Tacitus hinder'd private Persons from applying the publick Water to their own use as they had been accustomed to do made Conservatories which might serve for quenching Fires and appointed some Persons to look after them The Censors and after them the Aediles Curuli took care of the Aquaeducts and the Waters of Rome But under the Emperours Overseers were appointed who had under them many subordinate Officers who distributed them for use of the Publick and Private
the Arcadians who are such Sots says â—ucian as to believe that they were Born before the Moon and for that reason would never receive Astrology Their King Pelasgus first taught them the use of Acorns for before his time they liv'd only upon Herbs and Roots But Arcas the Son of Jupiter and Calisto according to Vigenere upon the Pictures of Philostratus first shew'd them the Art of tilling the Ground of sowing Corn and making Bread with which they afterwards maintain'd themselves and forsook their Acorns This he learn'd from Triptolemus the Son of Ceres and the Country where they dwelt which was formerly call'd Pelasgia was afterwards call'd Arcadia Among other Deities they worship'd Pan and Diana as Virgil says Pan Deus Arcadiae They sacrific'd Men to Jupiter Lycianus according to the relation of Pliny Aristotle tells us Book 4th of his Meteors that the Wine of this Country being put into the Skin of a He-goat and plac'd near the fire calcines itself and is reduc'd to a Salt ARCHAGATHUS the Son of Lisanias was the first Physician who came from Peloponnesus to Rome under the Consulship of Lucius Aemilius and Marcus Livius in the Year of Rome DXXXV Cassius Hemina an ancient Writer says that the Freedom of a Citizen was given him and a Shop was purchas'd for him at the expence of the Publick in the Cross Street of Acilius 'T is said also that the Epithet of Healer of Wounds was given him and that at first he met with a wondrous good Reception but that within a little while after when he was oblig'd to cut and burn some Members of the Body for these unmerciful Operations they gave him the Nick-name of a Hangman and were much disgusted at Rome with Medicine and Physicians at least with that part of it which is call'd Surgery ARCHEMORUS the Son of Lycus according to Guichard or of Lycurgus King of Thracia or Nemaea according to others was kill'd by a Serpent and after this manner The Argives going with their King Adrastus to the War of Thebes in favour of Polynice were extremely distressed with thirst and the Nurse of the young Prince call'd Hypsiphile whom they met went along with him to shew them where they might have Water but fearing to lay the Infant down upon the ground because of the Prohibition of the Oracle she laid it upon a smallage Plant and thither a Serpent came and choak'd it Adrastus and the other Grecians ran to the Place and found the Serpent still sucking the Blood of the Child whereupon they kill'd it And to comfort the King for this loss they appointed the solemn Games call'd Nemaan to be celebrated every Fifth Year at which the Conquerors were crown'd with smallage and the Judges that prosided over them were clad in Mourning Clemens Alexandrinus informs us that a Funeral Oration in honour of him was also repeated at them ARCHIGALLUS the High Priest of Cybele Mother of the Gods who was wont to cut and gash himself as the other Priests of that Goddess did who were call'd Galli Cybeles ARCHIMAGIRUS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Master Cook ARCHIMEDES of Syracuse a most skilful Mathematician who by his Engines defeated all the Attacks of Marcellus at the Siege of Syracuse and burnt also the Gallies of the Romans that were there The Invention of the Cochlea or Water-skrew is commonly attributed to him which is call'd the Mechanical Power of Archimedes although Vitruvius does not make him the Inventor of it Diodorus Siculus who liv'd near the time of Vitruvius ascribes the Invention of it to him But as to the famous use which he says was made of this Machine to make Egypt habitable by draining the lower grounds which had formerly been overflow'd with Water it may be doubted whether it is not much ancienter than Archimedes Cicero glories of discovering the Sepulcher of Archimedes at Syracuse without the Gate Acragana cover'd all over with Brambles and Thorns which grew in that place He says that he knew it by observing a Cylinder and a Sphere carv'd upon the Stone ARCHIMIMUS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the chief Buffoon or an extraordinary Mimick who imitates the Gate Gesture and Words of any Person dead or alive ARCHITECTONICE 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and ARCHITECTURA the Art or Science of Building Architecture is divided into Civil and Military Civil Architecture teaches to make any Buildings whether publick or private sacred or profane Military Architecture teaches to fortifie Cities Passes and Sea-ports Architecture says Vitruvius is a Science which should be accompanied with great variety of Studies and requires a vast compass of Learning for by this means it must judge of all the Works of other Arts In effect Architecture or the art of Building comprehends all Sciences and therefore the Greeks gave it a Name which signifies a superiority or superintendence over all the rest and when Cicero would give an Example of a Science that is of a vast extent he instances in Architecture This Art like all the rest had but weak and imperfect beginnings and was not perfected till after long use and experience At first Houses were made only for necessity and because in the first Ages Men often chang'd their Habitations they did not trouble themselves to make their Houses either beautiful or lasting But when in process of time every one endeavour'd to settle in some particular Country then Men began to build their Houses more solid and strong that they might be able to hold out against the injuries of time At last when Luxury was spread among the most rich and powerful Nations then they began to mind the Beauty and magnificence of their Buildings and having observ'd what contributed most either to the Strength or Beauty of them they set down Rules about them and so fram'd the Art of Building well which is call'd Architecture as those who are perfect Masters of this Art are call'd Architects The necessity of making several sorts of Buildings first induc'd the Workmen to settle different Proportions and from these different Proportions they compos'd different Orders of Architecture The Orders which the Ancients established at several times and upon divers accidents are the Tuscan the Doric the Ionic the Corinthian and the Composite That which forms each of these different Orders is the Column with its base and Capital and the Entablature i. e. the Architrave the Frise and Cornish for these are the only parts which in Buildings constitute that which is call'd an Order and each Order has its own peculiar measures Vitruvius is the most ancient of all the Architects whose Writings we have he liv'd in the time of Julius Caesar and Augustus and had view'd the stately Edifices which were then in Greece and Italy Several learned Men have also written many excellent Volumes of Architecture as Fussitius Varro Septimius and Gelsus and Cossutius a Roman Citizen was sent for by King Antiochus to finish the Temple of Jupiter Olympius in the City of â—hens
other answers si appenderes in â—anibus meis mille argenteos This sicle of Silver was of the value of 2 Shillings and Six Pence in our Money ARGILETUM a long Street in the City of Rome over against the Mens Palatinus which reach'd from the end of the Velabrum or Tuscan Street as far as the Theatre of Marcellus to the Herb-Market It was so called from one Argus who a had mind to kill Evander but he himself was slain and buried there Varro thinks that this Place was also call'd by this Name from Argilla or fat Earth whereof there is a great quantity in that Place ARGONAVIS the Ship of the Argonauts in which Jason sail'd to Colchos to fetch the Golden Fleece This Ship was built by Argus with the help of Miuerva of the Pine Trees in the Forest of Pelens or Dedona Phaedrus in the 4th Book of his Fables Fab. 6. speaks of it after the following manner I would to God that the Thassalian Ax had never cut down the high Pines of the Forrest of Peleus and that the subtil Argus having a mind to go upon the Waters a daring Voyage expos'd to many visible dangers of Death had never fram'd a Ship by the Art of Pallas which by opening the 1st Entrance into the Sea that hitherto had continued inaccessible has been so fatal both to the Greeks and Barbarians You will tell me doubtless continues the same Author that all this Prayer is impertinent and founded upon a mistake about the 1st Ship since it is certain that a long time before the Argonautes Minos overcame the Violence of the Egâ—an Sea by covering it with a great Fleet and reveng'd the Death of his Son by a Punishment no less just than Exemplary ARGONAUTAE the Argonauts a great number of Illustrious Greeks who embark'd with Jason to go and fetch the Golden Fleece viz. Hercules Theseus Castor and Pollux Orpheus Typhis Lynaâ—â—s and some others who arrived all safe at Colchos after they had escap'd some Dangers ARGUS the Son of Apis succeeded his Father in the Kingdom of the Argives and from him the Argives took their Name for they were not so call'd before It was under his Reign that Greece 1st began to maâ—sure the Ground and sow Corn. Argus after his Death was honour'd as a God and Temples and Sacrifices were appointed for him which Honour had been given before him to one called Honogyrus who was struck dead with a Thunderbolt and was the 1st who yok'd Oxen to draw St. August B. 〈◊〉 Of the City of God Chap. 6. Argus the Son of Aâ—estor a vigilant Prince and one of great Circumspection to whom the Poets gave a hundred Eyes to denote his Vigilance They also feign'd that Juno employ'd him to observe the Actions of Jupiter her Husband and to guard Io the Daughter of Inacus whom he lov'd But Mercury killed this Argus by the order of Jupiter after he had lulled him asleep with the sound of his Pipe Juno to recompence the Faithfulness of her Spy chang'd him into a Peacock which has as many golden Circles in his Tail as Argus had Eyes Ariadne the Daughter of Minos King of Crete or Candia by Pusiphae When Thescuâ— was sent to Candia by the Athenians to be devour'd by the Minotaure she instructed him how to get out of the Labyrinth in which this Monster was enblos'd by giving him a Clue of Thread which succeeded so well that after he had killed the Monster he got out of the Labyrinth though the escape was very difficult by reason of the many turnings and windings that were in it After his Escape he forgat his Benefactress and abandon'd her in the Isle of Chio or Naxos where she married Bacthus who plac'd the Crown she had then upon her Head amongst the Stars ARICIA a little of City Latium in Italy which was built by Hippoliâ—us the Son of Theseus in Memory of his Wife who had the same Name as Martial tells us B. 4. Her Name was also given to a Forest wherein Diana concealed Hippolytus after he was rais'd from the Dead by Aesculapius as an acknowledgement for so great a Benefit he erected a Temple to him whose Priests were to be fugitive Slaves Hard by there was a Fountain sacred to the Nymph Egeria where King Numa having learned Hydromancy or the Art of Divination by Waters boasted that he had frequent Conversation with that Nymph that he might the more firmly establish his Empire raise his own Reputation to a higher Pitch and conciliate greater Authority to his Laws among the common People â—oliâ—ms and Cassius Hemina think that the City of Aricia was built by Archilacus the Sicilian in the Year 425. from the building of Rome It obtain'd the Priviledge of the Roman Freedom and was at first a Municipal City and afterwards a Roman Colony as Florus tells us Marius Anttum Ariciam Laviniâ—n colonaias devastavit It was the Place of the Nativity of Accia the Mother of the Emperor Augustus ARIES a Ram a Warlike Engine us'd by the Ancients It was a great Beam of Wood strengthned with Iron at the end which represented the Head of a Ram wherewith the Ancients were to batter the Walls of Cities there were Three sorts of them one was hang'd upon Ropes another run upon Wheels and a third sort was born up in the Arms of those who made use of it This Machine was first invented after this manner when the Carthaginians laid Siege to Gades they thought it convenient immediatly to demolish a Castle which they had taken but having no proper instruments for that purpose they made use of a great Beam of Wood which many Men bore up in their Arms and striking the top of the Walls with the end of this Beam by their redoubled blows they made the uppermost Stones to come down and so descending lower from one Lay of Stones to another they batter'd down the whole Fortification After this a Carpenter of the City of Tyre call'd Pephasmenos taking the hint from the former Experiment hang'd one Beam upon another like a Balance which being thrust forward with great force by many repeated blows he beat down the Wall of the City of Gades Cetras the Caelcdonian was the 1st who made a Carr of Wood which moved upon Wheels Upon the Carr he laid many pieces of Timber whereof some stood upright and others lay athwart which he join'd together and made a Hut of them in which he hung up a Ram and then he cover'd it with Ox-hides to secure those who play'd the Engine for battering down a Wall And this Hut was called a Snail to the Ram because it moved but very slowly Polydus the Thessalian at last perfected the Engine at the Siege which King Philip the Son of Amyntas laid to Bizantium This is what Vitruvius tells us B. 10. Ch. 17. But Athenaeus in his Book De Machinis thinks that Geras the Carthaginian was the Inventor of this Engine He says also that this
Man who should hold in his left Hand a great City and in his right Hand a Cistern which should receive the Waters of all the Rivers which fell from that Mountain and to convey them into the Sea Alexander commended his curious Design but did not allow of the Place because there were no Fields about the City to furnish the Inhabitants with Corn for their Subsistance ATIS a Young Man of Phrygia of extraordinary Beauty who was passionately loved by Cybele the Mother of the Gods The Poets make her run in a Fury to Mount Ida being transported with Love and searching the Forests and Rocks for him riding in a Chariot drawn by Lions and followed by the Corybantes who make the Mountain resound her Cries and Revellings she made him Overseer of her Sacrifices upon condition that he should preserve his Virginity but having violated it Cybele to punish him for it made him so mad that he wounded and would have slain himself if that Goddess had not changed him into a Pine-tree There is a Temple in Syria saith Lucian dedicated to Rhea or Cybele by Atis who first taught Men her Mysteries for all that the Lydians Phrygians and Samothracians knew of them came from him who was a Lydian After Rhea had made him an Eunuch he lived like a Woman and assumed that Habit and in this Garb he went over the World and divulged her Ceremonies and Mysteries When he came into Syria and saw that the Temple on this side of Euphrates would not entertain him he stayed there and built a Temple to the Goddess as is to be observed from many things for her Statue stands upon a Chariot drawn by Lions she holding a Drum in her Hand being adorn'd with Towers as the Lydians paint her By the Fable of Atis the Favourite of Cybele who was afterwards made an Eunuch died and was raised again Julius Finicus understands Corn and the other Fruits of the Earth which are cut with an Hook or Sickle die in the Granary and rise again by the Seed which is sown in the Earth ATIS or CAPETUS SYLVIUS or AEGYPTUS Dionysius named him Capetus Eusebius and Livy call him only Atis and Cassiodorus terms him Aegyptus a King of the Latins over whom he reigned 39 Years ATLAS King of Mauritania who because he was much addicted to Astronomical Observations gave occasion to the Fables which will have Atlas hold up the Heaven and that Hercules took his Place for a Day to ease him because Atlas being the first who taught the Course of the Sun and Moon the setting and rising of the Stars and all the Motion of the Heavens which he had discover'd with much Ingenuity and Labour The Painters and Carvers in Memory of it have represented him as holding up the Heavens upon his Shoulders Ovid tells us that Atlas was changed into a Mountain by Perseus at his Return from his Expedition against the Gorgens for refusing to entertain him but Hyginus says that Atlas having sided with the Giants in the War against Jupiter when he had overcome them the God constrained Atlas for favouring them to bear the Heavens upon his Shoulders Indeed there were 3 Atlas's the 1st King of Italy the Father of Electra the Wife of Corytus The 2d was of Arcadia the Father of Maia of whom Mercury was born The 3d. of Mauritania Brother of Prometheus of whom we have already spoken Herodotus knew no other Atlas but a Mountain in Africa which seemed to touch the Heavens by its heighth so that the neighbouring People called it the Pillar of Heaven and derived their Name from it But Diodorus Siculus tell us that in the furthermost Parts of Africk Hesperus and Atlas two Brothers had Flocks of Sheep with red Wooll from whom the Poets took occasion to make these red Sheep to pass for golden Apples because the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies Sheep and Apples Hesperides gave his Daughter Hasperis in Marriage to Atlas who had 7 Daughters by her who were called Hesperides or Atlantiades who Busiris King of Aegypt stole but Hercules travelling through Africk conquered Busiris recovered Atlas's Daughters and restored them to their Father Atlas to require this Favour taught Hercules Astrology in which he grew famous and gave him a Celestial Globe Hercules carried this Science and Knowledge into Greece and the Greeks feigned that Atlas supported the Heavens and was released from it by Hercules ATLANTIDES the Daughters of Atlas whom the Greeks call'd Pleiades and the Latines Vergiâ—â—ae were plac'd among the Stars They shew the convenient time for putting to Sea and are a sign of the Spring ATREUS the Son of Pelops King of Mycenae and Argos He made his Brother Toyestes eat two of his Children at a Feast viz. Tantalus and Plisthenes to be avenged of him Tayestes made an escape fearing the Cruelty of his Brother Aireus The Poets tell us that the Sun abhorring so great a Wickedness hid himself and retreated back into the East Aegysthaeus the natural Son of Thyestes revenged the Death of his Brother upon Atreus whom he slew with his Son Agamemnon at his Return from the Siege of Troy by a correspondence with Clytemnestra his Wife ATRIUM is generally taken for all the inward parts of the House Virgil uses this Word in the same Signification as Vitruviâ—s when he writes Porticibus longis fugit vacua atria lustrat Aeneid lib. II. v. 528. Apparet Domus nitus atria long a patescunt Ibid. v. 483. For 't is easy to see that Virgil in that Place understands by Atria all that can be seen within the House through the Gate when it is open as the Courts and Porches Vitruvius applies to all the kinds of Atriums two Ranks of Pillars which make two Wings that is to say three Walks one large One in the middle and two narrow Ones on each side ATROPOS one of the three Destinies which cut the Thread of Mans Life See PARCAE ATTALUS King of Pergamus who at his Death made the People of Rome Heirs of his Kingdom and of all his Wealth by Will which raised a great Disturbance at Rome and caused a war in Asia for Tiberius Gracchus Tribune of the People demanded that the Goods of Attalus might be distributed among the People The Senate opposed this Demand and ordered the Consul to put Gracchus to Death which he refused to execute but Scipio Nassica Chief Priest of Jupiter throwing his Garment upon his Head said they that love the Good and Preservation of the Common-wealth let them follow me and going immediatly up to the Capitol he was followed by the Senators who slew Gracchus and all his Parties in their Seats in the Capitol Aristonicus who affirmed himself to be the Son of Attalus and in that Quality thought to enjoy the Estare which the Romans claimed as Legatees of the King was an occasion of a 2d war in Asia ATTELLANAE See ATELLAAe ATTILIUS REGULUS a Roman Consul who won many Victories against
Bacchus not of the Bacchus of Thebes in Greece but of Aegypt who found out the dressing of Vineyards who bears the Name of Osiris and is no other Person but Noah Propé montes Indiae columnae quaedam constitutae sunt columnae Dionysi non Thebani sed Vini Inventoris Vossius shews us the Similitude there is between the History of Moses and Fable of Bacchus Moses says this learned Man was born in Aegypt and Orpheus in the Hymns attributed to him testifies the same of Liber or Bacchus making him the Son of the Goddess Ists and saying that he was born upon the Bank of the River Nyle where Moses was exposed His Nurses may also represent to us the Sister and Mother of Moses to whom Pharaoh's Daughter entrusted Moses to be nursed Moses after his Birth was first exposed upon the Banks of Nile in a little Ark made of Bulrushes woven together Pausanias also relates that the Brasiatae in Laccdemonia in Greece affirm that they took their Name from the little Boat or Ship wherein Bacchus being shut up was cast upon their Coast 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Incolae ea sermontbus vulgarunt quae neutiquam alii Graecorum Populi confitentur Semelem quidem Jovi Liberum patrem peperisse a Cadino vero deprehensam cum puero recens Nato in arcam conjectam eam arcaâ—n aestu jactatam in fines suos ejectam The Name of Moses comes from his being taken out of the Waters Moses i. e. extraâ—tus Orpheus in his Hymns or in his Mysteries gives to Bacchus the name of Moses and calls him a Person born of the Waters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Moses had two Mothers One that bore him and another that adopted him and educated and kept him in the Kings Palace 40 Years and we know the Reason why Bacchus was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Child of two Mothers because Jupiter compleated what was wanting of his time Bacchus was educated in a Mountain of Arabia called Nysa Diodorus Siculus and several others make mention of it and we know that Moses lived Forty Years in Arabia before he returned into Aegypt to take upon him the Conduct and Government of the Children of Israel Moses also is well known to have frequented Mount Sinai which by a small Transposition of Letters is Nysa and 't is possible that Mountain might have those two Names Vossius also observes that the Alexandrtan Chronicle speaking of Twelve famous Mountains uses these Words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Some say that Nysa was a City which stood upon Mount Meros which signifies in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Thigh and from thence came the Fable of Jupiter's Thigh Others think that Nysa stood upon the side of a Mountain which the Hebrews call Jarkere har crura Montis Plutarch speaks of the Banishment of Bacchus which is apparently the Flight of Moses into Arabia after he had slain an Aegyptian who was about to kill an innocent Israelite But the Poet Nonnus who has written the Fable of Bacchus at large speaks plainly of the Flight of Bacchus towards the Red Sea 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 He could not have spoken any thing more positive nor more exactly like the History of Moses stripped and freed from the Disguise of the Fable of Bacchus Moses had many Battles in Arabia and gained glorious Victories also Diodorus Siculus relates out of the Poet Antimachus how Bacchus found a Potent Enemy there which was Lycurgus King of Arabia who had resolved to destroy him and all his Menades or Bacchae The Army of Bacchus which over-run all Arabia with him was made up of Men and Women according to Diodorus Siculus We know also that Moses passed through all the Deserts of Arabia with an Army of 600000 fighting Men but it was followed with a much greater Number of Women and Children Orpheus in his Hymns Euripides in his Bacchae and Sophocles in certain Verses set down by Strado say that Bacchus had upon his Forehead the Horns of a Bull 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which agrees with the Horns of Light i. e. those luminous Rays which came from the Face of Moses when he returned from Conversing with the Oracle of God The Hebrews give this Ray of Light the name of an Horn Koren whence comes the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the Greeks and the Cornu of the Latins to which agrees the Latin Translation quod cornuta esset facies Mosis Moses struck the Rock which his Rod and there came out a Stream of Living Water now Euripides in his Bacchae says as much of a Baccha that followed Bacchus Thyrsum autem quaedam arripiens percussit Petram aquae processri humor One of the most faithful Servants of Moses is Celeb who gave such illustrious Proofs of his Courage and Fidelity when he went to observe and discover the promised Land and brought back with the other Spies that famous bunch of Grapes In like manner the Poets make a Dog to have been the Companion of Baccbus the Hebrew word Celeb signifying a Dog Nonnus relates the Discourse of Bacchus when he translated his Dog to the Stars and made a Constellation of it called Maera or the Little Dog which contributes to the ripening of the Grapes Orpheus gives Bacchus the Title of a Law-giver 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 attributing to him a double Law as if he alluded to the Two Tables of the Law of Moses or to Deuteronomy which is one of the Books of Moses Lastly Vossius observes that 't is absolutely necessary to distinguish between the Bacchus of the Indians and Bacchus of Aegypt and Arabia which is Moses and acknowledges that these are as it were the two Originals from which the Greeks have taken the Copy of their Bacchus of Thebes who is much later than that of Aegypt as this Posterior to that of the Indies Eusebius has observed that Osiris is the same with Bacchus as well as Diodorus Siculus who tells us that Cadmus made the Bastard Son of his Daughter Semele to pass for the Son of Jupiter and for another Ofiris and how Orpheus brought all the Worship of Ofiris or Dionysius and Bacchus into Greece The same Authors relate elsewhere that Cadmus was obliged by the Commands of his Father Agenor King of Phaenicia to go and find out Europa his Sister stolen away by Jupiter and not finding her he staid in Boeotia where he built the City of Thebes and that Semele conceived by Jupiter and had Bacchus by him but Eusebius tells us at the same time that the Greeks had done nothing but copied out the Actions of other Nations more ancient than themselves and Diodorus Siculus owns in the same Place that there was another Bacchus more ancient named SABAZIUS the Son of Jupiter and Proserpina whose Mysteries were celebrated in the Night This BACCHUS SABAZIUS was a Phoenician and one of the Gods Cabiri according to the Scholiast of Apollonius of Rhodes Quidam ferunt Cabiros prius fuisse duos
that of Autoninus Caracalla which was built at the Foot of Mount Aventine and that of Dicclesian did much excel all the rest before mentioned in Grandeur and Beauty The Romans went into the Baths for their Health conveniency and often for their Pleasure only for they thought that the Bath conduced very much to their Health by provoking Sweat and helping Digestion so that when they found their Stomachs over-charged with Meat they went to the Bath as we learn from Juvenal's First Satyr where he inveighs against those who having gorged themselves with eating were forced to go into the Baths to relieve themselves Poena tamen praesens cum tu deponis amictus Turgiáus crudum pavonem in Balnea portas v. 142. Then found also that a Bath was good to refresh themselves after some considerable Fatigue or Travel as Celsus the Physician tells us which makes Plautus say that all the Baths in the World were not sufficient to remove the Weariness he felt Nunquam aedepol omnes balincae mihi hanc lassituâ—â—â—â—â— eniment The Bath in like manner was very convenient to cleanse the Body from Fifth and any Nastiness which stuck to it the Romans having not the use of Linnen they made their Limbs more supple and vigorous being rubbed and anointed after they had left the Bath In fine nothing was more surprizing than the largeness and costliness of these Buildings 't is too little says Ammianus Marcellinus to compare them with Cities because they equalled whole Provinces Lavacra in modum Provinciarum extructa These stately Buildings contained Porches Walks Groves Fish-Ponds Tennis-Courts Halls and infinite Variety of Apartments some to undress in others for sweating and others to be rubbed and anointed in with the most costly Perfumes The most rare and precious Marbles were used in building these Places in them they raised many Pillars and several Figures of Jasper Alabaster and Porphyry Gold and Azure shined from all parts The Floors and Ceilings were of inlayed or Mosaick Work Arabian Perfumes filled those Places with their Odours the Waters fell by degrees and by their Fall made very pleasant Cataracts to the sight which were after received into Cisterns covered with Silver and went away through Pipes of the same Materials the Roofs were of Stone and the Walls were plaistered over in the side with a Cement called Maltha from whence the Walls were called Malthati parietes The Water was carried into these Baths through Pipes which came from the Aquaeducts of the City and fell into spacious Cisterns which they call by a general Word Baptisteria lavacra lavabra alvei There were three sorts of them One for hot Water another for warm and another for cold These Baths were so large says Lipsius that in those of Antoninus Caracalla 1800 Persons might bath themselves without any Inconvenience Lucian gives us the Description of a Bath which Hippias an excellent Architect made which I think fit to set down here It was built upon a very sleep Ground which he had levelled at the bottom with a Foundation suitable to the largeness of the Building which was well joined from top to bottom for long continuance The building answered to the extent of the Place and agreed very well with the plat Form in all its Proportions At the entrance of it was a large Porch into which they ascended insensibly by broad Stairs Through this they passed into a great Hall which would hold all the Servants very conveniently On the left Hand were Chambers for Pleasure having in them private places very convenient and very lightsome Then were Apartments for Persons of Note which had on their sides Wardrobes to undress in In the middle was a lodging very lofty and open where were set Three Baths of cold Water it was lined within with Laconick Stone and adorned with ancient Statues of Marble of which One represented Health and the other Aesculapius from thence they went into an Oval Apartment where they at first felt grateful Heat which increased by little and little From hence they passed to the right Hand into another lightsome One to anoint themselves which had Privacies on both sides to receive those that came from the Exercises Farther was another Apartment more beautiful and convenient than all the rest as well to stand as to lie down or sit in Then there was an hot Anti-Chamber lined with Numidian Stone which led into the last Apartment which shined on all Sides This had likewise Three Baths of hot Water from whence they might pass into the cold Baths through a Stove without going through the Places by which they came in Thus ends the Description of the Bath of Hippias Some have reckoned Six Hundred and Seventy publick Baths at Rome and Eighty Two private Ones Publius Victor counts Eight Hundred and Sixty Publick Ones Besides the Water-Baths to wash in there were dry Stoves in an Hall whose Roof was made in a Semicircle in the middle of which was an Hole to let in the light with a Buckler hung up in it by means of which they could encrease or lessen the Heat by letting it down or raising it This Place was called LACONICUM because the Lacedemonians were the Inventors of these dry Stoves for sweating using them ordinarily from the time that Apollonius Tyanaeus forbad by the advice of the Ephori hot Baths which were of little use unless to make Men lazy and esseminate Seneca the Philosopher calls these Pâ—aces Sudatoria and sometimes Sphaerifleria from their Spherical and round Figure as Suetonius calls them in the Life of Vespsian Cicero names them Assa and Cornelius Ceâ—sus Assas sudationes they were very profitable for Digestion and by sweating to drive out a Quantity of Water from all parts of the Body which made them more active and better disposed There were in the Both diverse Chambers for several uses as there were also in the Stoves Some were for undressing called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and by the Latines Spoliatoria that is to say Chambers of Spoil others for wiping and drying the Body after having been in the Baths and others for rubbing and anointing named in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Unctuarta Vitruvius describes to us the manner of making these Stoves Hot and warm Stoves says he ought to have their Windows out of the reach of the cold or if the Place will not bear it turned to the South because the time for bathing according to Custom is from Noon to the Evening It should be contrived that the hot Bath for the Men and that for the Women should be near one another that they may both heat with the same Furnace There must be placed upon this Furnace three large brazen Vessels One for hot Water the other for warm and the third for cold and these Vessels so ordered and disposed that that which holds the warm Water shall go so far into that which contains the hot as to take its heat from it
and in the like Proportion shall the cold Bath go into the warm the Under-part of the Baths shall be heated by one Furnace only This Bath ought to be lightsome above that it be not darkned by those that are about it The Seats about the Bath should be so large as to hold those who wait till the first Comers who are in the Bath come out of it Although Baths were built for the publick yet there were some at which certain Fees were paid for bathing in them which for that Reason were called Balneas meritorias but what they gave was but a small Matter viz. the Fourth part of an Assis quadrans which was paid to the Keeper of the Baths which gave Occasion to Seneca to call the Baths Rem quadrantariam and Horace to say Lib. 1. Sat. 3. Dum tu quadrante Lavatum Rexibis Only Infants under 14 Years of Age paid nothing as Juvenal teaches us in this Verse Nec pueri credunt nisi qui nondum aere lavantur Sat. 2. v 152. It was not permitted to go into the Bath at all Hours of the Day but only at certain fixed Hours The Emperor Adrian published an Edict forbidding to open the Baths before Two a Clock in the Afternoon Mess in case of Sickness ante octavam horam in publico nominem nisi agrum lavare jussum est Now the Eighth Hour was our two a Clock in the Afternoon because they began the Day from our Six a Clock in the Morning or thereabouts The Hour for going into and coming out of the Bath was made known by the Sound of a Bell which was called Tintinnabulum as these Verses of Martial testifie Redde pilam sonat aes Thermarum ludere pergis Virgine vis solâ lotus abire domum Give over playing at Ball the Bell sounds for the Bath for if you hold on your Play ye cannot bath your selves unless in the cold Bath called Virgo which was a Water that came to Rome Marc. lib. XIV Epigr. 163. From hence we learn that the Romans did not go into the Baths till after Noon ordinarily unless upon the Account of Sickness because then they were more free and less troubled with Business for they allotted the Morning to wait upon and court the Favour of the Grandees of Rome and to follow their own business after which they eat soberly and then either took their Ease or went to some Exercise and to take their Pleasures From whence they went into the Bath to dispose them for their Supper as Persius testifies in this Verse His mane edictum post prandia Callirhoén do I allow says this Poet these loose Fellows to go in the Morning to the Praetors Court to hear the Judgment there and after Dinner I permit them to court the Women for Callirhoe was a famous Harlot or rather according to another Interpretation of this Verse of the Persius I permit them to go into the Bath because Callirhoe was a famous Fountain of Athens and so by an usual Figure common among the Poets Callirhoe is taken in general for a Bath Pers Sat. 1. v. 134. After they had bathed they had their Bodies rubbed and the Hair pulled off with Pincers or small Twitchers of Silver and them rubbed them with a Pumice Stone to smooth the Skin which they anointed with a perfamed Oyl pouring it out by Drops out of a small Vessel which they called Gutrus Glans Ampulâ—a or Laecythus They often made a Collation of Fruits and talked of things pleasant and diverring from whence it came that the Baths were called Garrâ—la Balnea BALNEARII SERVI the Servants belonging to the Bath Some were appointed to heat them which were called Fornacatores others were called Capsarii who kept the Cloaths of those that went into them others were named Aliptae whose Care it was to pull off the Hair and others were called Uactuarii who anointed and perfumed the Body BALSAMUM Balm a Shrub of India which is of great use in Medicines When the Boughs of it are full of Sap they make an Incision with a Flint or Potsherd for it will not endure Iron and there distils out of it a thick Juice of a Pleasant Smell and it is used in the Cure of several Wounds and some Distempers of the Body BALTEUS a Belt a large Girdle of Leather used to carry a Sword and a Dagger inset with Bosses of Gold Silver or Copper BAPTAE Athenian Priests of the Goddess Cotytto who was the Goddess of La civiousness and whose Feasts and Sacrifices were kept in the Night with all the Beastliness imaginable Eupolis was thrown into the Sea by the Priests for having made a Comedy in which he discovered the filthy Actions and lewd Conversations BARBA the Beard the Hait that grows on the Face The Romans for a long time wore it without shaving or cutting and the time is not exactly known when they began to do it Titus Livius seems to tell us that this Custom was in use from the Year 369 for speaking of Manlius Capitolinus who was taken Prisoner He relates that the greatest part of the People being troubled at his Imprisonment changed their Cloaths and let their Beards and Hair grow If this were so then we may infer that out of times of Mourning they had their Hair cut and their Beards shaved Nevertheless Varro speaks clearly that the first Barbers came out of Sicily to Rome in the Year 454 and that a Man called Ticimus Menas brought them From that time the Young Men began to have their Beards cut and Hair till they came to be 49 Years old but it was not allowed to be done above that Age says Pliny Scipio Africanus had himself shaved all his Days and Augustus did the same in Imitation of him The Young Men did not begin to shave themselves till they were Twenty or Twenty one Years of Age as did Nero and Caligula but Augustus did not do it till he was Twenty five Years old The Day wherein they were shaved the first time was a Day of rejoicing and they were careful to put the Hair of their Beard into a Silver or Gold Box and make an Offering of it to some God particularly to Jupiter Capitolinus as Nero did according to the Testimony of Suetonius Only the Philosophers let their Beards grow and wore them very long without cutting or shaving BARDI Bards ancient Poets among the Gauls who described in Verse the brave Actions of the great Men of their Nation They were so called from one BARDUS the Son of Druyis who reigned over the Gauls There were Four sorts of Men comprized under the general Name of DRUIDES viz. The VACERES who attended upon the Mysteries of their Religion the EUBAGES who were employed in judging of Prodigies the BARDES who celebrated in Verse the Heroical Actions of their great Men and the SARRONIDES who administred Justice and instructed the young Gauls in the liberal Arts and Sciences BASILICA a Greek Word that signifies a
took their Places to see the Sports Those who were to fight appeared in the Starting-place for the Race riding upon their Chariots drawn with Two Four or Six Horses a Breast who expected nothing but the Signal to enter the Lists There were usually Four Companies of Fighters or Four Squadrons distinguished by the Colours of their Garments The First Squadron was called the Green the Second the Blew the Third the Red and the Fourth the White The Emperor Domitian added the Gold Colour and Purple to make Two other Squadrons who bore the Name of their Colour The Spectators were divided into Parties for the Combatants some wagering for one Squadron and others for another The Names of the Combatants were drawn by Lot and matched after this manner They took an Urn into which they cast Balots of the Bigness of a Bean on which was written an A or a B or some such like Letter and always Two of a Sort Then the Champions came up one after another and made their Prayer to Jupiter and after that they put their Hand into the Urn immediately one of the Judges took every ones Balot and matched those that had Letters alike If the Number of the Fighters was unequal he that had the odd Letter was to fight the Conqueror which was no small Advantage because he came fresh to fight against one who was already tired This done the Lists were opened at the Sound of the Trumpet and when the last Signal was given by the hanging out a white Flag they entred the List and they run who should get first to the End of the Race They were to turn first seven times and afterwards five times about certain Posts without touching them in which they shewed great Art This is what Horace tells us in these Verses Metaque fervidis Evitata rotis Od. 1. Lib. 1. I will explain the other Plays of the Cirque in an Alphabetical Order CIRCIUS See after Circus CIRCUS a great Building of a Round or Oval Figure erected by the Ancients to exhibit Shews to the People There are some Ruines of the Circus's yet to be seen at Rome Nismes and other Places The Romans were great Lovers of the Circensian Games as this Verse of Juvenal testifies Atque duas tantùm res anxim optat Panem Circenses Some will have the Name to come from Circus to whom Tertullian attributes the Invention of them Cassiodorus says that Circus comes from circuitus The Romans at first had no other Circus for their Races than the Shoar of Tiber with the Bank on the one side and a Pallisade of Swords standing upright on the other which made these Races dangerous as Servius observes From hence it is that Isidore says that these Sports were called Circenses from circum enses But Scaliger laughs at this Etymology Tarquin was the first that built a Circus at Rome between the Aventine and Palatine Mounts as Dionysius Hallcarnassaeus tells us It was 2205 Foot long and 950 Foot broad which was the Reason it was called the Great Circus Julius Caesar adorned it with rich and magnificent Buildings which he encompassed about with fine Canals of Water called Euripi to represent Sea-fights in them The Spectators tho' very numerous could see the Sports conveniently for they sat on Benches one above another in the Form of an Hill so that they which sat before did not hinder those behind from seeing Augustus enlarged the Circus and erected a great Obelisk of 125 Foot high The Emperor Claudius built Ornaments of Marble for the Dens of wild Beasts designed for the Pleasures of the People which till that time were made only of Earth or Wood. Caracalla caused divers parts of it to be painted and gilded And lastly Heliogabalus covered the Floor with Gold and Silver-Dust or Sand and was troubled he could not do it with Ivory likewise by an excessive Luxury he filled the Pits with Wine and represented a Sea-fight on it as an ancient Historian relates Some say there were Eight Circus's in Rome of which several were either through Vanity or Devotion built for the Ornament of the City That of Flaminius was the most famous for Plays and for the Glass-house where they had the Secret to harden Chrystal so as to resist Fire Those of Antoninus and Aurelian were adorned with curious Obelisks and divers other Ornaments CIRCUS FLAMINII the Circus of Flaminius was a large Place compassed about as other Circus's were with several rows of Benches one above another Galleries Porches Shops and other Buildings It bore the Name of the Consul that built it The Senate often met there when they came down from the Capitol It was appointed for some Sports as the Apollinarics and Horse-races and for the Assemblies of the People by their Tribes which was the most general way of meeting because the 35 Tribes with the Inhabitants of the City included all the People of Italy which met there CIRCIUS the Wind which is about the Caurus and is called North-West Augustus built a Temple to the Wind Circius among the Gauls who were much troubled with it because it blew down their Houses yet these People thought themselves much benefited by it because it cleared the Air. Hear what Seneca says of it Galliam infestat Circius cui aedificia quassanti tamen incolae gratias agunt tanquam salubritatem coeli sui debeant ei Divus certè Augustus templum illi cum in Gallia moraretur vovit fecit CISIA Coaches with two Wheels The Ancients had these Coaches with two Wheels which they called Cisia which they used for greater Conveniency and Expedition Cicero calls them Flying Chairs CITHAERON a Mountain in Baotia at whose Bottom the River Asopus runs It was consecrated to Bacchus and his Orgiae were celebrated there as Ovid tells us Lib. 3. of his Metamorphosis CLAROS a small City of Ionia heretofore famous for the Oracle of Apollo who from them was surnamed Clarins There was a certain Fountain whose Water inspir'd Men to deliver Oracles when it was drank but it also shortned their Lives Strabo informs us that Calchas the Diviner returning home by Land after Troy was taken with Amphilocus the Son of Amphâ—â—raus passed through Claros where he found much more expert Diviners than himself for when Calchas to try one of them asked him How many Pigs a Sow that was big should bring forth Mopsus who was the Diviner answered That she should have but three two Males and one Female which proved true But Calchas not being able to give an Answer in his turn to this Question How many Figs a Fig-Tree had and Mopsus telling him how many he was so discontented that he died of Grief to see himself out-done in his own Art Nearcbus derives this Word Clâ—ros from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Lot because it fell to Apollo in the Division Some Authors say it comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to weep because Manto the Daughter of Tiresias the Diviner to whom
of the whole people to whom he granted Fabius his life saying unto him Live thou Fabius more glorious for this universal love of the people than for the Victory thou hast got over the enemy and may the Gods grant that thy bad example do not prove prejudicial to the State A. M. 3730. R. 429. C. SULPITIUS LONGUS Q. AEMILIUS or AURELIUS CERETANUS The Samnites broke the Truce which was made for a year The Tribunes of the people accus'd the Tusculans of being concern'd in the Rebellion of the inhabitants of Priverna but they came to Rome with their wives and children and cleared themselves A. M. 3731. R. 430. Q. FABIUS L. FULVIUS They created Aulus Cornelius Arvina Dictator who pursued the Samnites and made so great a slaughter of them that they begged for Peace offering to surrender up all that they had taken during the War A. M. 3732. R. 431. T. VETURIUS CALVINUS SP. POSTHUMIUS ALBINUS The Samnites were sent back again and Peace was denied unto them Pontius their General raised all the force he could and incamp'd on the top of Furcae Caudinae called now Stretto d'Arpeia or Jugo di Santa Maria or Vallo di Guardano Pontius ordered ten the most resolute of his Souldiers to disguise themselves like Shepherds and gave them some Cattel to drive these new Shepherds were taken by the Roman Forragers who brought them before the Consuls They were severally examined and all affirmed that the Samnites were busied at the siege of Luceria The Consuls deceived by this false report went down thro the narrow passage of the Valley but as soon as they were got into it the Samnites appeared upon the tops of the Mountains They endeavoured all they could to pass the Defilé but the passage was stopt with strong barricadoes of Trees hewn down Then they attempted to go back again but they found their retreat obstructed so that they were taken like Wild Boars in Nets The Samnites brought them all under shameful subjection M. Fabius Ambustus was elected Dictator A. M. 3733. R. 432. QUINTUS PUBLIUS PHILO L. PAPYRIUS CURSOR The Consuls of the foregoing year delivered themselves up willingly to the Samnites with the other Commanders who had signed the Treaty of the Furcae Caudinae to wash away the shame the Roman people had been reproached with concerning it The War was renewed against the Samnâ—eâ—s and Papyrâ—us besieged Luceria and took it and conquer'd Pontius and seven thousand of his men and set six hundred Hostages at liberty that were kept Prisoner there A. M. 3734. R. 433. LUCIUS PAPYRIUS CURSOR or MALUGINENSIS Q. AEMILIUS CERETANUS They named M. Aemilevs Papus Dictator Papyrius put the Garrison of the Samnites to the Sword which had been driven from Satricum A. M. 3735 R. 434. M. FOLLIUS FELCINA L. PLAUTIUS VENNO A Truce for two years only was granted to the Samnites instead of the Peace they sued for A Roman Governour was sent to Capua for the first time A. M. 3736. R. 435. C. JUNIUS BUBULCUS Q. AEMILIUS BARBULA The Roman Law began to be received in all Italy A. M. 3737. R. 436. AULUS SPURIUS or SEMPRONIUS NAUTIUS RUTILIUS M. POPILIUS LAENAS They made L. Aemilius Dictator who engaged twice the Samnites in the first engagement the advantage was equal on both sides but in the second fight the Samnites were defeated Q. Fabius was elected Dictator to succeed him A. M. 3739. R. 438. M. PETILIUS LIBO C. SULPITIUS LONGUS Cassiodorus mentions two other Consuls before these viz. L. Papyrius Junior Q. Publicius or Publius Chilo The Consuls took the Town of Sora by treachrey and all the Inhabitants were put to the Sword except only two hundred and twenty five of the chief Authors of the rebellion who were sent to Rome where they were publickly whipt and then beheaded The Senate created Q. Menenius Dictator A. M. 3740. R. 439. L. PAPYRIUS CURSOR Q. JUNIUS BRUTUS BUBULCUS Junius took Nola and the Fort of Fregellae C. Petillius was made Dictator to drive the Nail to stop the Plague A. M. 3741. R. 440. M. VALERIUS P. DECIUS Valerius made an end of the War with the Samnites Appius Claudius came out of his Censorship during which the way called after his name via Appia was paved by his care He made also the Canal of Rome called Appian which brought the Anio into Rome and was called Aqua Claudia it carried the waters to the very top of Mount Aventini All the Potitie died this year though they were thirty young men of that name in twelve Families A. M. 3742. R. 441. C. JUNIUS BRUTUS BUBULCUS Q. AEMILIUS BARBULA The Players upon Flutes and other musical Instruments quitted Rome and retired to Tivoli because they were forbidden to drink in Temples The Senate desired them to come again but they refused whereupon they sent some of their acquaintance to them who made them so very drunk that they brought them in Waggons to Rome After the fumes of the Wine were over they were amazed to find themselves in it and would go back again but they were forbid upon pain of death to go out of the Town and were allowed to mask themselves during three days every year Junius re-took Luceria and killed 20000 Sammtes upon the spot A. M. 3743. R. 442. Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS Q. MARTIUS RUTILIUS Fabius fought the Tuscans and got the victory over them but the Samnites got the day against the other Consul L. Papyrius Cursor was then created Dictator who triumphed over the Samnites and their stately Shields were laid by his orders in the place of the Assemblies and this Ornament was so taking that they adorn'd in the like manner the Streets of Rome where the Statues of the Gods were to pass A. M. 3744. R. 443 Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS P. DECIUS MUS Sabellicus mentions neither of them The Consuls got several advantages one over the Samnites and the other over the Umbrians who were quite routed A. M. 3745. R. 444. Q. APPIUS CLAUDIUS CAECUS L. VOLUMNIUS FLAMMA The Proconsul Q. Fabius defeated the Samnites near Alif and streightned them so much in their Camp that they could not get out of it but upon condition of subjecting themselves and that their Confederates to the number of seven thousand men should be publickly exposed to Sale A. M. 3746. R. 445. L. CORNELIUS ARVINA Q. MARTIUS TREMULUS Cornelius was much straitned in his Camp by the Samnites and want of Provisions Martius his colleague hearing of the condition he was in came to his relief the Samnites marched out to meet him and fought him but they were quite routed and lost thirty thousand men Upon the absence of the Consuls Cornelius Scipio was created Dictator The Temple of Salus devoted by Junius Bubulus during the War with the Samnites was Built A. M. 3747. R. 446. L. POSTHUMIUS T. MINUTIUS AUGURINUS The Consuls besieged Boviana and took it The Coloss of Hercules was found among the Spoils and was dedicated in the Capitol having been first carried
by some Thracian Soldiers between Smirna and Elaea and as they were bringing him to Aristonicus he designing to be killed put a Soldiers eye out with a Switch he had in his hand whereupon the Soldier killed him so died Crassus the only Roman Consul who was ever taken alive in War A. M. 3922. R. 621. APPIUS or C. CLAUDIUS PULCHER M. PERPENNA This last Consul had order to revenge the affront that Aristonicus had put on the Roman people He besieged him in Stratonica and took him Prisoner having forced him to surrender for want of Provisions The Consul preserved his life that he might adorn his Triumph but he was strangled in prison by order of the Senate A. M. 3923. R. 622. C. SEMPRONIUS TUDITANUS M. AQUILIUS NEPUS Aquilius made an end of the War in Asia by poisoning the Waters Scipio Nasica Aemilianus was found dead in his Bed and by marks that appeared upon his Body it was plain that he had been strangled his own Wife and Cornelia the Gracchi's Mother were suspected of having committed that crime A. M. 3924. R. 623. CN OCTAVIUS NEPOS T. ANNIUS LUSCUS A. M. 3925. R. 624. L. CASSIUS LONGUS L. CORNELIUS CINNA Jonathas Brother to Judas Machabaeus renewed the league with the Romans A. M. 3926. R. 625. L. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS L. AURELIUS ORESTES One of the slaves that manured the ground in Sicily named Eunus a Syrian born not being able to bear the misfortune of his condition played at first the Enthusiast as being inspired by the Goddess of Syria and said that he was sent from the Gods to free the Slaves and to get credit among the people he had in his mouth a Nut full of Brimstone and setting it dexterously on fire he blew out Flames to the great amazement of the vulgar Two thousand Slaves and others oppressed with misery joyned him and with their help he broke open the Prisons and unfettered the Slaves crying out every where Liberty By these means he was in few days at the head of threescore thousand men and got ground on the Romans Perpenna being sent against them took them by Famine and all the Prisoners were nailed to the cross A. M. 3927. R. 626. M. PLAUTIUS HIPSAEUS M. FULVIUS FLACCUS A Slave called Athenoin a Sicilian born and a Shepherd killed his Master and got out of Prison as many Slaves as he could and put himself at the head of them taking upon him the quality of King and Liberator of the Slaves Aquilius was ordered to punish him and made use of the same means that had so well succeeded with Perpenna he had the like good success except only that Atheneon was not taken alive because the Soldiers being too eager to seize him tore him in pieces Fulvius perswaded the Italians to beg the Freedom of Roman Citizens but the Senate prevented it A. M. 3928. R. 627. C. CASSIUS LONGINUS C. SEXTIUS CALVINUS The Allobroges Haedui and Averni made war against the Marsitians ancient Confederates of the Romans Sextius who was sent to assist them destroyed the Allobroges and their Allies after a war of three years standing Eutropius reckons this year to be the 627 ab urbe condita A. M. 3929. R. 628. Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS Q. QUINTIUS FLAMINIUS Carthage was rebuilt two and twenty years after its ruine Metellus laid siege before Cantobricum in Spain and as he was ready to storm it the besieged laid the Children of Rethogenes a Spanish Prince who was on the Romans side on the breach Metellus moved to compassion by the prayers of Rethogenes rais'd the siege and retired A. M. 3930. R. 629. CN DOMITIUS C. FANNIUS STRABO Gracchu Tribune of the people got Commission for rebuilding Carthage and cast a line about it in seventy days and called her Junonia Sextius built a Town in Gallia Narbonensis near a spring of mineral waters which was called Aqua Sextiae A. M. 3931. R. 630. L. OPIMIUS Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS Opimius revoked all Orders decreed by Gracchus and particularly the re-peopling of Carthage giving out that it was not the will of the Gods who had declared their mind about the same by a Prodigy for a Wolf had pluckt out the stakes that were driven into the ground to draw the line about it Gracchus maintained that that prodigy was false and forged and while they were arguing upon that point a Lictor spoke so insolently that he was kill'd by Gracchus's Faction The Consul and the Senate made a great noise for the death of this wretched man thinking thereby to raise the people but on the contrary they expressed their indignation that the Senate should make such a disturbance for the death of an insolent Lictor who had made no scruple to knock down Tiberius Gracchus Tribune of the people an inviolable Magistrate even in the Temple of Jupiter Afterwards a sedition broke out in Rome raised by the faction of Gracchus and that of the Senate Opimius promis'd to give for the Head of Gracchus its weight in Gold and the same was brought to him and was found seventeen pounds eight ounces weight Then Opimius built a Temple to the Goddess Concerrd A. M. 3932. R. 631. P. MANLIUS NEPOS C. PAPYRIUS CARBO A. M. 3933. R. 632. L. CAECILIUS METELLUS CALVUS L. AURELIUS COTTA A. M. 3934. R. 633. M. PORTIUS CATO Q. MARTIUS REX C. Cato Grandson to Cato the Great was fined for having converted several things in Macedonia to his own use which belonged to the Republick A Colony was sent to Narbona A. M. 3935. R. 634. P. CAECILIUS METELLUS Q. MUCIUS'SCAEVOLA This last Consul triumphed over Dalmatia A. M. 3936. R. 635. C. LICINIUS GETA Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS EBURNUS A. M. 3937. R. 636. M. CAECILIUS METELLUS M. AEMILIUS SCAURUS All Arts serving only for diversion were banished Rome except playing upon the Roman Flutes Singers and Dice players A. M. 3938. R. 637. M. ACILLIUS BALBUS C. PORTIUS CATO A. M. 3939. R. 638. C. CAECILIUS METELLUS CN PAPIRIUS CARBO Massinissa King of Numidia being dead his Son Micipsa succeeded him alone after the death of his Brothers Mastanabal and Gulossa Micipsa had two Sons Adherbal and Hiempsal and his Brother Mastanabal had left a Son called Jugurtha by a Concubine whom the esteem and love that the Numidians had for him rendered suspicious to Micipsa but to get himself sure of him he adopted him and made him an equal sharer with his own Children A while after this Adoption Micipsa died and left his Kingdom to his two Sons and to Jugurtha who was so cruel as to cause Hiempsal to be murthered in the Town of Thirmida Adherbal took up Arms to revenge his Brothers death but was beaten he had recourse to the Romans but Jugartha sent them Ambassadours loaded with Gold and Silver and thereby won them over to his interest A. M. 3940. R. 639. C. LIVIUS DRUSUS L. or C. CALPURNIUS PISO L. Opimius was sent to divide the Kingdom of Numidia The lowest Numidia which is bounded by the Sea
the Son of Priam to be judged by him who gave it for Venus the Goddess of Beauty whereupon Juno grew angry and in revenge thereof destroyed Troy and the Trojans together Saevae memorem Junonis ob iram Who remembred the judgment that Paris had pronounced in the behalf of Venus DISCUS A quoit which Gamesters used in ancient exercises It was a round thing of Metal or Stone a foot broad which they threw into the air to shew their skill and strength Discus was also a round consecrated Shield made to represent a memorable deed of some of the Heroes of Antiquity and to keep it in remembrance thereof in a Temple of the Gods where it was to be hung up DIVORTIUM Divorce between a Husband and his Wife At first Divorce was rare among the Romans Romulus says Plutarch made many Laws but the most rigorous of all was that which forbad the Wife to forsake her Husband and allowed the Husband the liberty of forsaking his Wife in this three cases If she has made use of Poyson to kill the Fruit of her Womb if she has put another Child upon him instead of his own and in case of Adultery If the Husband dismissed his Wife upon any other account he was bound to give her part of his Estate and the other part was consecrated to Ceres and then he was obliged to offer a Sacrifice to the Gods called Manes Leges etiam quasdam tulit Romulus inter quas vehemens est illa quâ mulieri maritum relinquendi potestas adimitur viro autem ejicere uxorem conceditur si veneficio circa prolem usa fuerit aut alienam pro suâ subdidisset aut adulterium commississet Si quis aliâ de causâ repudiasset conjugem ejus mariti bona partim uxori cederent partim Cereri sacra forent atque Diie Manibus rem sacram facere tenebatur The Law of the twelve Tables permits Divorce upon the fore-mentioned causes and prescribes some rites that are to be observed in that case the neglect whereof made it void It was to be made in the presence of seven Roman Citizens all men of ripe age Divortia septem civibus Romanis puberibus testibus adhibitis postea faciunto aliter facta pro infectis habentor says the Lex Julia. The Husband took the Keys of his house from the hands of his Wife and sent her back with these words Res tuas tibi habeto or Res tuas tibi agito i. e. what is your own take it again Tully says in his Phillippick Frugi factus est mimam illam suas sibi res habere dixit ex duodâ—cim tabulis clavis ademit exegit He is become an honest man he has bid this lewd Creature to take what was her own again and has took the Keys from her and put her away Though the Laws allowed Divorce yet it was not put into practice at Rome till the year 70 when a certain person named Spurius Carvilius Ruga in the time of the Consulship of M. Pomponius and Caius Papyrius or of M. Attilius and P. Valerius put away his Wife for barrenness DODONA A Town of Chaonia famous for the Forest where the Oaks spoke by the Oracle of Jupiter called Dedonaeus Aristotle as Suidas relates says that there were two Pillars at Dodona and upon one thereof a Bason of Brass and upon the other a Child holding a Whip with Cords made of Brass which occasioned a noise when the Wind drove them against the Bason Demon as the same Suidas relates says that the Oracle of Jupiter called Dodoneus is compassed round about with Basons which when they are driven one against the other communicate their motion round about and make a noise that lasts a while Others say that the noise proceeded from a sounding Oak that shook its Branches and Leaves when it was consulted and declared its Will by the Priests called Dodonaei Poets tell us that the Ships of the Argonauts were built with Timber fetched out of the Dodonaean Forest wherefore they spoke upon the Sea and pronounced Oracles There was in the Town of Dodona a Fountain the Waters thereof though very cold yet would light a Torch lately put out when dipt in ' em Lucretius ascribes this effect to the hot Vapours that issued from the great quantity of Brimstone which is in the veins of the Earth and some others ascribe it to the Antiperistasis of the great cold that condensed the heat remaining still in the Torch and thus lighted it again DOLABRA The Pontifical Ax to knock down the Victim in Sacrifices DOMITIANUS The twelfth Emperor of Rome Son to Vespasian and Titus's Brother During his Father's life he gave himself to Poetry and made great progress in it and Quintilian Pliny and Silius Italicus commend him for the same At his first coming to the Empire he shew'd much modesty and justice making many good Laws and forbad the making of Eunuchs He renewed the Lex Julia against Adulterers forbad the use of litters to publick Women and deprived them of the right of Inheriting To these Vertues was joined a great Magnificence and Liberality giving to the People several very costly Games and Shews but soon after he discovered his cruel and lascivious temper which he had hitherto hidden For he kept company with his Niece as if she had been his lawful Wife His Vanity was not less than his Incontinence he took upon him the Name of God and Lord and was proud of having that Title given to him in all Petitions presented to him The People were obliged to comply with the fantastical Impiety of a Man who was not then capable of hearing reason The Poets of his time and especially Martial were not sparing of his Praises and their Verses are still shameful Testimonies of their Flatteries of a Prince who deserved so little the name of God that he was unworthy of bearing the Name of Man He renewed the Persecution that his Father had begun against Philosophers who were obliged to disguise themselves and fly away into Foreign Countries As for the Christians he cruelly persecuted them and banished St John the Evangelist into the Isle of Pathmos after he was miraculously come out of a great Kettle full of boiling Oyl wherein this Tyrant had ordered him to be cast His design was to ruin utterly the Christian Religion but a Man named Stephen made free by Clemens the Consul delivered the Church and Empire of this cruel Persecutor Suet onius relates that the day before his Death he said that the next day the Moon should be bloody for him in the Sign of Aquarius The Senate pull'd down his Statues and razed out all the Titles he had usurped and Men out of a base compliance had bestowed upon him The greatest part of the day he passed in his Closet killing Flies with a golden Bodkin Wherefore it was said that he was always alone and that there was not so much as a Fly with him He built a
to perswad us that they had Chimneys in their Chambers Suetonins tells us that the Chamber of Vitellius was burnt the Chimney having took fire Nec ante in Praetorium rediit quam flagrante triclinio ex conceptu camini Horace writes to his Friend to get a good fire in his chimney Dissolve frigus ligna super foco Large reponens Od. 9. l. 1. Tully writing to his Friend Atticus tells him Camino Luculento tibi utendum censco And Vitruvius speaking of the cornishes that are made in Chambers give warning to make them plain and without Carver's work in places where they make fire However in those ages if they had any chimneys like ours they were very rare Blondus and Salmuth say that chimneys were not in use among the Ancients but Pancirollus and many others affirm the contrary Wherefore without deciding absolutely the question 't is most certain they had Kilns to warm their Chambers and other apartments of their Houses called Fornaces vaporaria and Stoves called Hypocausta Philander says that the Kilns were under ground built along the Wall with small Pipes to each story to warm the Rooms They had also Stoves that were removed from one Room to another for Tully writes that he had removed his Stove because the Pipe thro which the fire came out was under his Chamber Hypocausta in alterum apodyterii angulum promovi propterea quod ita erant posita ut eorum vaporarium ex quo ignis erumpit esset subjectum cubiculo The Romans did not only make use of Wood to warm their rooms but also of the Beams of the Sun which they gathered in some Kilns as we do with our Burning-glasses This Kiln was called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Solarium or solare vaporarium and it was not allowed to plant Trees that might be a hindrance to the gathering of the Beams of the Sun as Ulpian says It doth not appear neither by the writings or buildings that remain of the Ancients that they had Privies in their Houses And what they call latrinas were publick places where the persons who had no Slaves went to empty and wash their Pans and these persons were called latrinae from lavando according to the Aetymology of M. Varro for Plautus speaks of the Servant-maid quae latrinam lavat who washes the Pan. And in this place of Plautus latrina can't be understood of the publick Houses of Office which were cleansed by Pipes under the ground which carried the Waters of the Tiber to these places and 't is likely that Plautus made use of the word latrina to insinuate that sella familiaris erat velut latrina particularis The Publick Necessary Houses for the day were for the conveniency of the People in several places of the Town and were called Sterqulinia covered and full of Spunges as we learn of Seneca in his Epistles As for the night they had running Waters thro all the Streets of Rome and there they threw all their ordure but rich men used Pans which the Servants emptied into the Sinks that carried all their Waters into the great Sink of the Town and from thence into the Tiber DONARIA Gifts and Presents offered to the Gods and hung up in their Temples DONATIVUM A Gift and Largess in Money which the Emperors bestowed upon Soldiers to get their affection and votes in time of need DRACHMA A Dram a kind of weight composed of two Scruples and each Scruple of two oboli and so a Dram was six oboli As for the proportion that the Dram of the Greeks did bear with the Ounce of the Romans Q. Rommus in his Poem of Weights and Measures makes the Dram the eighth part of an Ounce which is not much different from the Crown of the Arabians which weighs something more than the Dram. The Dram and the Roman Denarius were of the like value so that the Dram may be worth about Sevenpence Halfpenny of English Money DRACONARIUS The Dragonbearer the standard of the Roman Infantry the head whereof was drawn in Silver and the rest of the Body was of Taffety hung up at the top of a Pike fluttering in the Air like a Dragon and out of it hung down great Bands with tufts of Silk at the end DRACO A Dragon so called from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to see plain to be clear-sighted and for his watchfulness this Animal is dedicated to Minerva 'T is said that he loves Gold wherefore a Dragon watched the Golden Fleece at Colchos and the Golden Apples of the Garden of the Hesperides and 't is reported that the Dragon of Pallas dwelt near Athens because the Athenians did wear their Hair tuckt up with Tresses of Gold DRUIDAE The Priest of the Ancient Gauls Thus Caesar speaks of them l. 4. of the Wars of the Gauls The Druides of the first Order are Overseers of the worship of the Gods and Religion and have the direction of both Publick and Private Affairs and teaching of Youth If there is any Murther or Crime committed or Suit at Law about an Inheritance or some other Dispute they decide it ordaining Punishments and Rewards and when a Man won't stand to their Judgment they suspend him from communicating in their Mysteries And those who are so excommunicated are accounted wicked and impious and every Body shuns their Conversation if they are at law with other Men they can have no Justice and are admitted neither to Employments nor Dignities and die without Honour and Reputation All the Druides have an High Priest who has an absolute Power After his Death the most worthy among them succeeds him and if there are many Pretenders to his Office the Election is decided by Votes and sometimes by force of Arms. They met every Year in the Country of Chartres which is in the middle of Gaul in a place consecrated and appointed for that purpose where those who are at Law or at Variance met from all places and stand to their Decisions 'T is thought that their Institution came from Brittain and those who will have perfect knowledge of their Mysteries travell'd into that Country They never follow the War and are free from all Taxes and Slavery wherefore many get into their order and every one puts in for a place among them for his Son or Kinsman They must learn by heart a great number of Verses for it is forbid to write them either to exercise their Memory or lest they should profane the Mysteries in publishing them wherefore they remain sometimes twenty Years in the College In other things they make use of writing in Greek Characters One of the chiefest points of their Theology is the Immortality of the Soul as a profitable Belief that inclines Men to Vertue by contempt of Death They hold Metempsychosis and have many Dogma's of Theology and Philosophy which they teach their youth Diodorous Siculus joins the Druides to Poets in the Authority of pronouncing like Soverâ—ign Judges about Controversies
of Clio there was a spring of water that made those mad who drank of it Wherefore an Epigram was set on it to give warning that the water thereof was very pleasant to drink but made the minds of Men as hard as Stone At Suza the Capital City of the Kingdom of Persia another small spring of water makes the Teeth fall out And an Epigram is there written to give notice to the people that the water of that Fountain is very proper for bathing but makes the Teeth of those who drink of it shed These two Fountains Arethusa and Hippocrene were often rehearsed by the Poets The name of this last Fountain signifies the Horse Fountain This Horse was also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Fountain 'T is well known that the Vapours of the waters under-ground ascend to the highest top of the Mountains by a continual transpiration and there thicken into small drops of water which meeting together make Springs Vossius tells us that this motion of ascending waters compared to a Horse gave occasion to the Fable of Pegasus Arethusa is a Fountain in Greece which was beloved by the River Alpheus who follows her running under ground as far as Sicilia where Diana receives her in the small Island of Ortygia See Alpheus FONTINALIA SACRA The Feast of Fountains which was solemniz'd at Rome by crowning the Fountains with Garlands of Flowers and Lamps among the Sacrifices FONTINALIS PORTA A Gate at Rome called Capena where Fountains and Conduits were built FORDICIDIA or FORDICALIA A Festival observ'd the 15th of April through all the Curiae on which they offered in sacrifice a Cow with a Calf called Forda FORNACALIA The Feast of Ovens which was commonly celebrated the 18th in remembrance of the ancient Ovens wherein Wheat was roasted before the way of grinding Corn and making Bread was found out Upon that day they sacrificed to the Goddess Fornax to give her thanks for the good use of Ovens invented by her FORTUNA Fortune a Goddess which the Heathens esteem'd the Ruler of all Events both good and bad For they distinguish'd two kinds of Fortune one good and the other bad The Greeks had many Temples dedicated to Fortune recorded by Pausanias in several places of his Books called the Fortune of the Gods 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and observes that Homer has spoken well of Fortune or Tyche and has placed her among the Nymphs the Daughters of the Ocean but never allowed her a great power over humane things tho' he has in other places of his works described the Functions proper to every particular Goddess Pausanias has also observed that the imaginary omnipotency ascribed to Fortune and so much extoll'd by vain Men in following Ages did not prevail over the mind of Men at least of the Greeks before the Age of Homer Pausanias observes still in many places that Pindarus hath often spoke of Fortune and ranked her at the head of the Parca Facilè enim mihi Pindarus in suis Canticis persuadet tum alia multa tum vero unam esse Parcarum Fortunam eam quidem potestate sororibus antecellere The common Idea of a blind and inconstant Fortune can't be represented by making her one of the Parcae and yet this representation comes near to the truth for it gives to understand that all things are govern'd by a wise and absolute power whose actions seem sometimes casual to Men because they can't find out the secret and invisible ways of his proceedings Pindar prays to Fortune as the Daughter of Jupiter who has at her command the ordering motions and success in War both by Sea and Land and presides at publick deliberations Horace places the management of all things in the hands of Jupiter whose secret and just designs are unknown to Men and in general all things that the vulgar ascribe to Fortune is performed by Providence Od. 34. l. 1. Valet ima summis Mutare insignem attenuat Deus Obscura pâ—omens Hinc apicem rapax Fortuna cum stridore acuto Sustulit hic posuisse gaudet 'T is plain by these Verses that God and Fortune are two names that signifie the same thing for commonly Men ascribe to Fortune the Events that don't depend upon them and are perform'd by a superior cause unknown to them The following Ode is dedicated to Fortune and 't is most certain that under that name he understands the supream Dignity not only because of the infinite power he ascribes her but also because he confounds Fortune with Necessity and Fate which is quite opposite to the Idea of Fortune Horace had doubtless read what Homer said that at the entry of Jupiter's Palace there are two great Vessels out of one runs upon us all good and of the other all evil to shew us that God is the dispenser of all good and evil favouring men with his good things and punishing them when he sends or permits evil Ancus Martius the fourth King of the Romans was the first Man who built a Temple at Rome to Fortune with this Title Fortune virili To the Viril and couragious Fortune because Courage is not less required than good Fortune to obtain Victories Servius Tulliâ—s built her a Temple at the Capitol under the Title of Primogenia There was a Statue of Fortune at Athens holding betwixt her arms Plutus the God of Riches She is represented in Medals like a Goddess holding with one hand a Horn of Plenty with the other the Helm or Rudder of a Ship set upon a Globe to shew that she governs the World Fortune is still represented lying or sitting and holds under her left Arm her Horn of Plenty and lays her right hand upon a wheel to denote her instability and inconstancy with these words Fortunae Reduci Apeller drew her in that posture and when he was asked the reason why he had drawn her sitting he answered because she had never been at rest We have still other Emblems of Fortune in some whereof she is represented with a Beard Fortunae Barbata and in others carrying a Branch of Laurel with her Horn of Plenty We read in Histories that the Fortune of Gold commonly attended the Beds of the Caesars and that when the Emperor was dying she was carried to his Successors There was a brazen Statue of Fortune in a Temple built to her by Sylla at Praeneste so well gilt over that to express any thing that was well gilt 't is said that it had been gilt at Praeneste The Ancients represented Fortune of both Sexes Male and Female as several other Divinities The Pagans says St Austin esteem'd so much the Goddess Fortune that they have left in Writing that the Statue that Women had consecrated by the name of feminine Fortune had spoken and said more than one time that they had done well to render her that Honour There was a Temple built upon Mount Esquilinus consecrated to Fortune St Austin speaks of it in raillery in the 4th
extended from the Rivers Marne and Sein to the Rivers Rhone and Garoone and from the Rhine to the Ocean Gallia Belgica begins at the Frontiers of Gallia Celtica and is extended to the Rhine drawing towards its mouth Gallia Aquitanica or Gasconia is included between the River Garonne and the Pyrenean Hills along the Coasts of the Ocean The first is opposite to the North the second to the North and the East and the third looks to the West or the North. GALLI The Gauls This Nation is very superstitious and when in great dangers either of War or Sickness they sacrifice Men or make vow to sacrifice some which they perform by their Druides for they think that God can't be otherwise appeased and that one Mans Life can't be redeem'd but by anothers laying down his for him In some places there are Idols of Wicker of a prodigious bigness which are fill'd up with Men and often with Malefactors then they set them on fire and sometimes for want of Malefactors they burn therein innocent Men. Of all the Gods they especially worship Mercury as the Inventer of Arts and Patron of Travellers and Merchants they have many Statues of him among them After Mercury the most respected by them are Apollo Mars Jupiter and Minerva and they have the same opinion of them as the other Nations have viz. That Apollo cures Distempers Minerva presides over Manufactures Mars is the soveraign disposer of War and Jupiter is the Soveraign of the Gods Before they engage the Enemy they devote him the Spoils and sacrifice to him all the Cattle after they have obtained the Victory The remainder of the Booty is brought together and consecrated in Temples and other publick places where it lyes in heaps and 't is forbidden to take away any thing of it under very severe punishment or to conceal any part thereof after the Fight is over They account themselves the posterity of Pluto according to the tradition of their Druides or Priests wherefore they reckon the time by Nights and not by Days as we do and if they reckon the Months or the Years or solemnize their Birth-day they begin always by Night Their Funerals are as stately as their Country can afford they burn with the Corps of the dead all that was most dear to him even the Beasts and formerly the Slaves themselves and their freed Men. Their Children never appear in publick in the presence of their Fathers till they are fit to bear Arms. And when they marry they are obliged to bring to the Commonalty an equivolent of their Wives Portion which is kept with the Revenues arising by it for the Survivor The Husband has power over the life of his Wife and Children GALLI CYBILES The Priests of the Goddess Cybele They were called by that name because of a River in Phrygia the water whereof made those who drank of it mad These Priests were instituted to offer Sacrifices to this Goddess at the sound of Drums and Kettle-Drums running up and down like Mad-men holding Knives in their Hands and cutting therewith the Flesh of their Arms and Thighs They went begging from door to door and were wont to carry their Goddess upon an Ass with their Cloaths The chief of them was called Archigallus GALLUS VIBIUS TREBONIANUS An Emperor who succeeded Decius and was chosen by the Soldiers about the year of Rome 251. He chose his Son Volusianus for his Colleague to the Empire The Soldiers murthered them both at Terny in Italy in the year 254 having reigned then two years GALLUS CAESAR was the Son of Julius Constantius Brother to Constantine the Great and of Galla and Brother to Julian the Apostate He was carefully brought up and instructed in the Holy Scripture and took Orders with his Brother both of them performing the Office of Priest in the Church The Emperor Constantius chose Gallus his Cozen Caesar in the year 351 the fifteenth day of May and gave him his Sister Constantina for Wife then Annibalianus's Widow and suppressed the superstitious worship of the Oracle of Apollo near Antioch called Daphnae and placed the Bones of the Martyr Babylas in the room thereof But Constantius jealous of him caused his head to be cut off three years after he had made him Caesar GALLUS A young man Confident of Mars's Love with Venus Mars having one day commanded him to keep Centry at the door of his Mistriss lest Vulcan her Husband should surprize them together this young man fell asleep and both Venus and Mars were surpriz'd by the Sun lying together who presently acquainted her Husband with the same but Vulcan having some time before hung imperceptible Nets about his Bed they were both caught therein And Mars to take his revenge of the young-man turned him into a Cock This Fable is thus reported by Lucian in his Dream Mars had a fine Boy confidant of his Love and when he went to Bed to Venus he left him at the Door to awake him before day light the pretty Lad being fallen asleep the Sun discovered the whole Mystery and Vulcan caught the two Lovers in his Nets whereupon Mars out of revenge turned this young-man into a Cock who keeps still the Crest of the Head-piece and the Spurs he had on when he was changed and since his posterity to repair him in his Honour proclaim the coming of the day GANIMEDES The Son of Tros King of Troy Jupiter being transformed into an Eagle took him away into Heaven for his Beauty and made him his Cup-bearer instead of Hebe and Vulcan and delivered him to Mercury to make him drink Immortality and teach him how to present the Cup. GEHENNA Rack Torment Hieronymus relates the true Origine of this word when he tells us there was an Idol of Baal near Jerusalem in the Valley called Tophet which signifies a Drum Tympanum lest the People should hear the cries of the Children that were thrown into the fire when they sacrificed them unto the Idol This Valley was also called Ge-ben-Ennon and by abreviation Geenhon from Ge which signifies a Valley and Ennon which comes from Naham that signifies to groan Some are of opinion that it was Moloch the God of the Ammonites to whom they sacrificed their own Children Wherefore Hell the place of eternal fire is called Gehenna The Ancient Writers did not make use of this word and it was first used in the Gospel GEMELLI A Constellation and one of the twelve Signs of the Zodiack called Castor and Pollux the Sons of Laeda GEMONIAE Scalae or GEMONIJ Gradus A Gibbet or Gallows Vossius upon the Verb gemo tells us that there was a Well at Rome with Stairs to go down wherein they did cast the Bodies of Malefactors having dragged them to that place with a Hook According to the opinion of Suetonius they are rather Gallows where they hanged for a while the Corps of the Malefactors after they had drawn them with a Hook from the place of Execution to
they made them Children of Uranus and Titea i. e. of Heaven and Earth Diodorus Siculus tells us also that Phrygia Macedonia and Italy had their Giants because of the Fires that are burning in those Countries The occasion seem'd very fair to the contrivers of Fables to say that in all these places the Giants were still burning in those Flames that Thunder to revenge Heaven had kindled there to punish their Crimes Justin speaking of the Tartesians of Spain shews there the place where the Titans engaged the Gods Pausanias confirms this opinion speaking of Arcadia and of a place where the Fire comes out of the Earth and tells us that the Arcaaians affirm'd that the Giants had engaged the Gods in that very place wherefore they offered there an Anniversary Sacrifice to Thunder and Storms Then this Historian examining the opinion of Homer and Hesiod upon the subject of Giants says that Homer has not mentioned the Giants in his Illiads but only in his Odysses where he represents the Nation called Lestrygones like Giants attacking the Fleet of Ulysses Hesiod in his Theogonia speaking of the Chaos and producing out of it not only all the Bodies of the Universe both Beasts and Men but even Gods themselves then he mentions the Children of Heaven and Earth Virgil in the first Book of his Georgicks imitates Hesiod holding the fifth day of the Moon fatal because upon that day the Earth brought forth the Giants He has also imitated him when he has ascribed to each of these Giants an hundred Hands an hundred Shields and fifty Mouths to blow out torrents of Fire In another place he represents the violent efforts and motions of Enceladus who lies buried alive under Mount Aetna Horace has left us a very fine description of the war and defeat of the Giants and Claudian says that the shakings and Flames of Mount Aetna are glorious and eternal proofs of the triumphal Power and Justice of God over the Giants Aetna Giganteos nunquam tacitura triumphos Enceladi bustum Bochart and Vossius are of opinion that the Giant Og recorded in Scripture whom I have mentioned before is Typhon or Typhaeus described by the Poets the Hebrew word Og and the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 having the same signification i. e. to burn And Virgil affirms that Typhon was struck with Thunder in Syria Durumque cubile Inarime Jovis imperiis imposta Typhaeo Aeneid lib. 9. Virgil follows Homer's opinion who says that Typhaeus was struck with Thunder in Syria called in the Scripture Aram and by profane Writers Aramaea These are Homer's words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Aremis ubi dicunt Typhaei esse cubilia GLADIATORES The Gladiators who fought in the Circian Games and at the Funerals of the great Men of Rome one against the other even to the loss of their Lives to give this cruel Diversion to the People or to pacifie the Ghosts of their Kindred The origine of these bloody Fights came from the Ancient Inhabitants of Asia who fancied that they very much honoured their Relations by spilling humane blood with a brutish diversion This superstition grew so great among the Trojans that Women cut themselves to get our some blood to sprinkle upon the Graves or the Wood-pile of the Dead Junius Brutus was the first Man among the Romans who performed these barbarous Duties to his Father and we learn from Tacitus that Tiberius to honour the memory of his Ancestors ordered two Fights of Gladiators one in the great publick place and the other in the Amphitheater Those who made a trade of that brutish fury were always esteem'd of no worth for besides that these Fights began at first by Slaves who were miserably wretched and left to their ill destiny those Men who were taught that Art and were brought to it never got any reputation by it and to their great shame Malefactors were brought among them as Victims devoted to the diversion of the People and sacrificed to their Madness as to the fury of Wild-Beasts But tho the Infamy was equal yet the fortune was very different for the Slaves made by War had no hopes left them Malefactors were still used worse for they were expos'd to the wild Beasts and sometimes tied to posts to feed the Lions and to secure their punishments against the hazards of a vigorous defence Men brought up and chosen for Gladiators because of their good meen and strength were not only well used but also well taught in the Science of Defence and nothing was spared to keep them in good health and strength to contribute the better to the diversion of the people Pliny tells us that they were fed with Barly-Bread wherefore they were called in jest Hordiarij and that their Drink was Water with Ashes mixt with it but this is not probable There were many Families of these Gladiators Some were called Sequatores Retearii Threces Myrmillones Hoplomachi Samnites Essedarii Andabatae Dimachaeri Meridiani Fiscales Postulatitij The first were armed with a Sword and a Club in the end whereof was Lead The second carried a Net and a Trident and endeavoured to enclose their Antagonist with it The third had a kind of a Hanger or Scymetar and were called by the name of their Country The fourth called Mermillones instead of Mermidones were the Heroes of Achilles whom the Romans accounted to be Gauls wearing a Fish on the top of their Helmet The Gladiator Retiarius or Net-bearer pursuing him cried out non te peto Galle sed piscem peto The fifth were armed all over as the Greek word signifies The sixth had their name from their hatred to the Samnites who armed the Gladiators according to their fashion The seventh fought riding in Chariots and were called Essedarii The eighth fought on Horseback and blindfold and took their name from their way of Fighting The ninth fought holding two Swords in their hands from whence they are called Dimacheri a Greek word which signifies two Swords The tenth were those who had been expos'd to wild Beasts and having got clear of them were obliged to kill one another to divert the People The eleventh had their name from Fiscus the Exchequer because they were maintained at the publick charges The twelfth were the most valiant of all and appointed for the Emperor's diversion wherefore the people beg often that they might be ordered to fight All these Gladiators did their best to kill their Adversary or to dye valiantly and bravely defended their life After they had well acquitted themselves of their duty they obtained of the Emperors and those who gave the Games either their discharge or freedom or some considerable reward The discharge granted unto them was only a dispensation from fighting or serving otherwise but willingly or out of compliance and for a Token thereof they gave them a Switch called Rudis Rudae dmobantur They gave them also a kind of a Hat called Pileatie for a badge of their freedom granted to them Constantius and
after him the Emperors Arcadius and Honorius forbad these Fights GLAUCUS Ponticus a Fisherman of the Town of Anthedon who having once caught abundance of Fish and laid them on the Bank perceiving that these Fishes having touch'd a kind of Herb that was upon the shore received new strength and leapd again into the Sea which Glaucus perceiving tasted of the Herb himself and presently leapt into the Sea after them where he was transformed into a Triton and became one of the Sea Gods Pausanias calls Glaucus the Genius of the Sea Paliphatus relates this otherwise and says that Glaucus was a Fisherman and an excellent Diver who to get the name of being a God threw himself often in sight of all the people from the top of a great Rock into the Sea and appeared further off then at last stole himself quite from the sight of Men and retired on some remote shore from whence he came again some days after and perswaded the people that he had conversed with the Gods of the Sea and related extraordinary things of them But in fine being lost in the Waters of the Sea the People perswaded themselves he was become a God Some say that he was turned into a Fish other into a Sea Monster and some others affirm like Philostratus in his description of Glaucus Ponticus that he was half Man and half Fish Hyginus records that Glaucus was much loved by Circe but he despised her and yet he fell in love with Scylla Whereupon Ciru transported with jealousy turned Scylla into a Monster having poisoned the waters where she was used to bath herself as Homer has describ'd it in the twelfth Book of his Odysses There was also another of that name who was Grandson to Bellerophon and came to the Trojan's relief and shew'd a great folly in his conduct having exchang'd his Golden Armour for that of Diomedes which were of Brass From whence 't is said in a proverbial way to shew an inequal change 't is the exchange of Glaucus and Diomedes GNOMONICE The Art of making Sun dials so called from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies to shew because the Gnomon is a stile or a Needle which by its shadow shews the Hours the elevation of the Sun and the Sign wherein he is GOMER The Father of the Italians and Gauls under several names of Gallus and Ogyges and was the eldest Son of Japhet The Babylonians took him for the Grandfather of Ninus though he was but his Grand-Unkle Some are of opinion that he is Saturn He came into Italy in the year 1879 à mundo condito the 2539 of the Julian period and 2175 years before the birth of our Lord and populated the Islands of the Mediterranean Sea Greece Italy and Gallia He taught Religion to his people as he had receiv'd it of Japhet and Noah GORDIANUS and his Son were both chosen Emperors in Africa and the Senate approved of their Election but they did not enjoy long that honour for the Father was too old to be serviceable to the Commonwealth being then fourscore years of age and though his Son was but forty six years old yet he was not able to defend the Empire against Capellianus Prefect of Mauritania Gordianus was the Richest and the most magnificent of the Romans During his Quaestorship he order'd Games of vast charges to be represented every month to the people He had a Park well stock'd with all kinds of fallow Dear procured from all parts of the World and appointed a publick hunting day where every Man carried away the Game he had kill'd Gordianus junior Grandson to Gordianus who died in Africa was raised to the Empire at sixteen years of age He gave the Office of Prefect of the Praetory to Philip a Man of low extraction who soon forgot his Benefactor 's kindness for he caused him to be murthered on the Frontiers of Persia where he pursued Sapor who had invaded Syria GORGONES Hesiod in his Theogonia and Hyginus say that the Gorgones were three Sisters Daughters to Phocus a Sea-God who had all three but one eye serving them all by turns They had great Wings and their Head attired with Adders their Teeth were like the Tusks of Wild-Boar's coming out of their mouth and were armed with sharp and crooked Claws They were named Stenyo i. e. strong mighty Medusa i. e. care of the State and Euryale i. e. having command upon the at Sea Perseus being covered with the shield of Minerva cut off Medusa's head which was placed in the shield of Minerva the sight whereof is mortal and turns into stones those who look at it as it befel Atlas Fulgentius relates after Theocritus an ancient Historiographer that King Phorcus left three very rich Daughters that Medusa the eldest and most powerful was called Gorgon because she applyed herself very much to manure the ground that a Serpents head was ascribed to her because of her prudence and that Perseus attack'd her with his Fleet from whence Poets represent him winged seized upon her Dominion and kill'd her and took away her Head viz. her Strength and Riches which he made use of to subdue the Kingdom of Atlas whom he put to flight and having forced him to retire into the Mountains from whence it is said he was metamorphos'd into a Mountain GRACCHUS A Sirname of the Sempronian Family the off-spring of so many Illustrious Romans who supported the People against the Nobility as Tiberius Gracchus who got the Agrarian Law to be received and distributed to the Romans the Riches that King Attalus had left him by his last Will and Caius Gracchus who added to the Senate three hundred Men of the Equestrian Order to administer Justice GRAECIA c. See after Gratiae GRATIAE The Graces in the time of the Pagans were three fabulous Goddesses represented young and naked attending Venus called Aglaia Thalia and Euphrosine Daughters of Jupiter and Mercury's Companions They were also named Charites GRAECIA Greece so called from King Graecus who succeeded Cecrops who commanded only in Attica which was one of the fine Countries of Europe called Hellas Ancient Writers have severally set the bounds of this Country yet 't is commonly agreed that it is bounded by the Ionian Sea at the West by Libya at the South the Aegean Sea or Archipelagus at the East and at the Mountains which divide it from Thracia upper Mysia and Dalmatia Greece contains four great Provinces viz. Macedonia Epirus Achaia Peloponnesus together with all the Islands of the Ionlan Sea They also join to it that part of Italy which was formerly called Great Greece now Calabria superiour This Country exceeded all the Countries of Europe for its temperature good air and plenty of all kinds of Fruits The most famous Cities of Greece were Athens Lacedemonia Delphos Argos Mycene Corinth There were those Mountains so famous in the Writings of the Poets viz. Athos Olympus Pelion Parnassus Helicon Cytheron Greece is esteemed the Mother
Omen or some essential ceremony was omitted Paulus Emilius preparing himself to engage Perses King of Macedonia sacrificed twenty Bulls one after another to Hercules before he got a lucky Victim at last the one and twentieth promis'd him the Victory provided he should only stand in a posture of defence Si primis hostiis litatum non erat aliae post easdem ductae hostiae caedebantur quae quasi prioribus jam caesis luendi piaculi gratia subdebantur succidebantur ob id Succidantae nominatae Aul. Gel. l. 4. c. 6. AMBARVALES HOSTIAE Victims sacrificed after they had led them round about their Fields in a procession made for the preservation of the Fruits of the Earth Ambarvalis hostia says Festus est quae rei divinae causâ circum arva ducitur ab tis qui pro frugibus faciunt AMBURBIALES HOSTIAE Victims led round about the limits of the City of Rome says the same Festus HOSTIAE CANEARES or CAVIARES Victims offer'd in Sacrifice every fifth Year for the College of the Pontiffs viz. they offer'd the part of the Tail called Caviar It seems that this Sacrifice is the same or at least very like that which was offer'd in the Month of October to Mars in the Field called by his name where a Horses Tail was cut off and carried into the Temple called Regia HOSTIAE PRODIGIAE They were so called because they were wholly consumed by Fire and nothing remain'd thereof for the Priests HOSTIAE PIACULARES Victims offered to make expiation for a Crime or some ill Action HOSTIAE AMBEGNAE or AMBIEGNAE Cows that had calved two Heifers or Sheep that had brought forth two Lambs at one Litter offer'd in Sacrifice with their young ones to Juno HOSTIAE HARVIGAE or HARUGAE Victims offered to predict future events by looking into the Entrails of the Sacrifices HOSTIAE MEDIALIS Black Victims offered at Noon time HOSTILIUS TULLUS The Son of Tullus Hostilius Native of the City of Medulia a Colony of the Sabins who came to settle themselves at Rome after Romulus had took Medulia He married Hersilia who made peace betwixt the Romans and the Cures Of this Marriage came Hostilius who was King of the Romans after Numa The people preferr'd him to the Sons of Numa and set him upon the Throne tho' he was but Numa's Son-in-law He built Mount Coelianus and made war with the Inhabitants of Alba and it was brought to an end by the famous Combat of the three Horace's on the Roman side and three Curiatii on those of Alba which remain'd subject to the Romans by the victory obtain'd by one of the Horatii HOSTILIUS MANCINUS Besieged Numantia but having despised the Augurs he went one day out of his Camp which the Inhabitants of Numantia taking advantage of made a sally out of the Town possess'd themselves of his Camp and forc'd him to accept of a shameful peace which the Romans refus'd to ratify and sent him back to Numantia with his hands tied behind him HYACINTHUS The Son of Amiclus beloved of Apollo but this God being at play with him at Coits Zephyrus jealous of their Love bore away the Coit and therewith broke his head whereupon he died Apollo to comfort himself for his loss out of his Blood that was spilt produc'd a Flower which was called after his name Hyacinthus HYADES The Daughters of Atlas and Aethra who nurs'd and brought up Bacchus and in reward thereof were transported into Heaven and turned into seven Stars made famous by the Poets These Stars bring rainy weather and are placed in the head of the Constellation Taurus At their rising if the Sun or Moon meet opposite to them they certainly bring rain Wherefore Virgil calls them Pluviasque Hyadas HYDRA A fabulous Monster represented by Poets with many Heads growing again as soon as they were cut off Hercules overcame this Monster in the Lake of Lerna and slew her and to prevent the growing of her Heads he applied fire to the place as he cut them off HYDRAULIS A Science teaching how to make Water-Conduits and Water-works and for other uses Heron describes many Water-Engines called Hydraulicae Machinae The word Hydraulicus signifies sounding water because when Organs were first found out Bellows were not yet in use wherefore they made use of falling waters to get wind into the Organs and to make them sound Athenaeus says that Ctesiblus was the inventer of this Engine or at least brought it to perfection for the invention thereof is due to Plato who found out the Nocturnal Clock or Clepsydra that caus'd Flutes to play and give notice of the time of the Night HYDROMANTIA A Southsaying performed by way of water wherein the Images of the Gods were seen Varro tells us that this kind of divination was found out by Perses and that Numa Pompilius and after him Pythagoras the Philosopher made use of it and that thereby Spirits are also conjur'd up by spilling blood and this performance was called by the Greeks Necromantia These kinds of South-sayings were rigorously forbid by the Laws of all Nations even before the coming of our Lord. However by this means Numa learned the Mysteries that he instituted and because he used water to perform his Hydromantia it was said that he married the Nymph Egeria as Varro tells us HYLAS The Son of Theodamus beloved of Hercules for his Beauty Being fallen by misfortune into a Fountain where he was drawing water he was drowned whereupon Poets feigned that Hylas was ravished by the Nymphs enamoured with his beauty Hercules run through all Mysia to seek for him The People of Prusa instituted a Feast to him at which they ran through the Forest and Mountains crying Hylas Hylas HYMEN or HYMENAEUS A fabulous Divinity of the Pagans presiding over Marriages This God was called upon in the Wedding-Songs Poets call him fair Hymenaeus HYMNUS A Hymn or Ode sung in honour of Divinities These Hymns were commonly compos'd of three kinds of Stanza's one whereof was call'd Strophe which they sung walking from the East to the West the other was named Antistrophe walking on the contrary from the West to the East and then standing before the Altar they sung the Epode which was the third Stanza The Greek Poets have written many Hymns in praise of the false Gods of the Pagans HYPERION The Son of Heaven and Brother to Saturn and one of the Titans esteemed by the Ancients the Father of the Sun and the Moon he is often taken for the Sun by the Poets HYPERMNESTRA One of the fifty Daughters of Danaus King of Egypt the only one of all who the first Wedding-night spared the Life of Lyncaeus her Husband for all her other Sisters murther'd their Husbands the Brothers of Lyncaeus and Sons to Aegyptus Danaus's Brother HYPOCAUSTUM A Stove under ground used to warm the Baths both of the ancient Greeks and Romans I. I The third Vowel and the ninth Letter of the Alphabet was accounted by the Ancients
Egyptiorum est Terra quam Isim volunt esse They ascrib'd many Breasts to Isis wherefore she was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to shew that the Moon or the sublunary world affords food to all Creatures The opinion of Julius Firmicus is that according the Egyptian Poetry Isis was the Earth Isis was also the same with Ceres as Herodotus says Isis secundum linguam Graecorum est Ceres c. ut Aegyptia linguâ Isis est Ceres St Austin declares that this was the opinion of the Egyptians Isis invenit hordei segetem atque inde spicas marito Regi ejus conciliario Mercurio demon travit unde eandem cererem volunt ITALIA Italy a very famous Country of Europe Italy had several names sometimes it was called Hesperia either from Hesperus brother to Atlas King of Mauritania or Hesperus the Star of Venus called Lucifer at the rising of the Sun and Hesperus or Vesper in the evening when the Sun sets Wherefore the Greeks have called the Western parts of Italy Hesperia magna to distinguish it from Spain called minor Hesperia Italy was also called Oenotriae of Oenotrus King of the Sabins or Oenotrus the Son of Lycaon King of Arcadia or rather from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Wine which Janus brought into this Country by planting there the Vine They gave her also the name of Ausonia from Ausonius the son of Ulysses and Calypso That Countrey is now called Italia Italy either of Italus King of Sicily or from Oxen called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the old Greek Italiam dixisse minores Virg. Strabo speaking of Italy gives it this following encomium There says he men breathe a temperate air there are abundance of fountains the waters thereof cure several distempers and preserve health There are all sorts of excellent Fruits and quarries of Marble of several colours The Inhabitants thereof are witty subtle and cunning fit for learning and principally Poetry and Eloquence but are great dissemblers and revengeful even to the very Altars The chiefest City of Italy is Rome famous for the birth of several great men both in War and Peace The Romans have represented Italy in their medals like a Queen sitting upon a Globe holding with her right hand a horn of plenty having the other arm and the breast uncovered With this title Italia ITALUS sirnamed Kitim or Marsitalus left his son Sicor in Spain and came into Italy where he asurped the throne of his brother Hesperus Natales Comes says that he was one of the Captains of Hercules whom this Hero left Governour of Italy Cato and Fabius Pictor tell us that these two brothers one called Hesperus and the other Italus reigned both in Italy wherefore that Country was called by their names sometimes Hesperia and sometimes Italia The word Kitim says Bochart signifies hid which is the proper name of Latium a latendo Wherefore Dionysius Hallcarnassius and other Writers who will derive the Etymology of Italy from a noble origine take it from the name of that King but others derive it from a Calf that Hercules lost at his return from Spain whereupon he called it Vitalia and since Italia This is Cato's opinion upon the origine of the word Italia ITALUS had a daughter called Rome whom he established Queen of the Aberigines who built the City of Rome as it will be said upon the word Roma JUBA King of Mauritania whom Julius Caesar vanquished and reduced his Kingdom into a Province This Prince is represented in one of his Medals with a long face and an arrogant and cruel air his hair curled and set by degrees It was the custom of the Kings of that Country to curl their hair and powder it with Gold powder Petretus and this King killed one another lest they should fall into the hands of Caesar after the defeat of Pompey whose part they had taken JUBAL the posterity of Cain mentioned in the Book of Genesis invented Musical Instruments Jubal was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ The opinion of Vossius is that Jubal mentioned in the Scripture is Apollo whom the Ancients esteemed the inventer of Song and Musick JUDAEI The Jews Some Authors says Tacitus reports that the Jews came from Candia as if the word Judea was made of the word Ida which is a mountain in that Island and says that they were driven out of that place when Saturn was divested of his Empire by Jupiter and went to settle themselves in the furthermost parts of Libia Others write that they came from Egypt and that during the reign of Isis their number being extraordinarily increased they inhabited the neighbouring Country under the command of Jerusalem and Juda. And many others assure us that they came out of Ethiopia either out of fear or hatred of King Cepheus some say also that the Jews were a multitude of Assyrian Mob got together who not being able to live in their Country possessed themselves of a part of Egypt and built afterwards the Towns of Judea in the neghbouring Syria Some allow them a more illustrious origine and affirm that they were already famous in the time of Homer and call them Solymes from whence came the name Solyma or Jerusalem notwithstanding the greatest number of writers agree in this point that Egypt being infected with leprosy King Bocharis by the advice of the Oracle of Hammon drove them out of this Country as a multitude unprofitable and odious to Diety and that being scattered in the wilderness and courage failing them Moses one of their Leaders advised them to expect no relief neither from Gods nor Men who had forsook them but to follow him as a celestial Guide who should deliver them out of dangers which they did without knowing where he led them They say that nothing was more troublesome to them than thirst and that they were ready to perish for want of water When on a sudden a herd of wild asses that came from feeding got into a Rock covered with a wood which Moses having perceived he followed them fancying that he should meet with some fountain in a place covered with green which succeeded according to his desire for he found there abundance of water wherewith they quenched their thirst After they were thus refreshed they continued their Journey for the space of six days then they found a cultivated Country and took possession of it having driven away the inhabitants thereof and there they built their Temple and City Moses the better to get their affection and fidelity instituted a Religion and Ceremonies amongst them contrary to those of all other Nations For all that is holy amongst us is accounted profane by them and all that is forbid to us is lawful to them Moses consecrated in the Sanctuary the Figure of the animal that was their guide and offered in sacrifice the Ram out of the hatred he bore to Jupiter Hammon and the Ox because it was adored in Egypt
by his Litter and killed one of his Servants who carried a Torch whereupon the Emperor vowed a Temple to Jupiter Tonans for having preserved him in so great a danger Jovi Tonanti says Suetonius edem consecravit liberatus periculo cum expeditione Cantabrica pur nocturnum iter lecticam ejus fulgor perstrinxisset servumque praelucentem exanimasset JUPITER ULTOR Jupiter the Revenger of Crimes had a Temple dedicated to him by M Agrippa JUPITER HERCEUS from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Jupiter of private houses where an Altar was erected This privilege was only allowed to the Citizens of Rome says Arnobius Quicunque Herceum Jovem habebant jus civitatis etiam habebant JUPITER AMMON or Hammon had a Temple in Libya and a Statue under the Figure of a Ram from whence he was called Corniger Hammon This Temple was very famous on the account of his Oracles Jupiter is represented on several Medals sometimes carrying Victory in his right hand and a Spear instead of a Scepter in the left sometimes riding on a Kam or a She Goat with this Inscription JOVI CRESCENTI because he had been Nursed up with her Milk sometimes sitting in the midst of the Four Elements holding a Dart with one hand and laying the other upon the Head of his Eagle with two Figures that lay along under his Feet which represent the Two Elements of Water and Earth having the Zodiack round about him where the Twelve Signs are represented JUPITER OLYMPIUS sirnamed Eleus famous for his Oracle and the publick Games performed in Elis called Olympick Games On the Silver Medals of Lucius Lentulus and Caius Marcellus both Consuls is represented the Head of Jupiter holding his Thunder Bolt with his right hand and his Eagle with his left having before him a little Altar and the Star of Jupiter This Medal was stamp'd to pacifie Jupiter after the Thunder was fallen upon the Capitol Jupiter Conservator was also represented holding his Thunder-bolt with one hand and a Dart with the other and the Figure of the Emperour under his Thunder to shew that he was under Jupiter's protection or else his Figure was Ingraven laying upon a Globe and holding Victory which he endeavours to Crown and the Eagle at his Feet with these words JOVI CONSERVATORI AUGUSTORUM NOSTRORUM On the Medals of Nero and Vespasian Jupiter was named Custos and represented sitting on a Throne holding his Thunder in his right hand with this Inscription JUPITER CUSTOS or JOVIS CUSTOS JUPITER was sirnamed Anxurus in Italy and is represented like a young Boy without a Beard Crowned with Branches of Olive and holding a Goblet or Patera in his right hand and his Scepter in the other JURAMENTUM An Oath taken to confirm a thing The solemnal Oath of the Gods was by the Waters of the River Styx The Fable says that Victory the Daughter of Styx having assisted Jupiter against the Giants he order'd for a Reward of her Service that the Gods should Swear by the Waters of that River and in case they forswore themselves they should be deprived of Life and Feeling during Nine thousand Years as Servius reports and gives this reason for this Fable that the Gods being Immortal and happy swear by the Styx which is a River of sorrow and grief which is very contrary to their temper and that Oath was a kind of Execration in lib. 6. Aeneid Hesiod in his Theogonia relates that when any of these Gods had told a lye Jupiter sent Iris to fetch some Water out of Styx in a Golden Vessel whereupon the Lyer takes the Oath and if he forswears himself he is a whole year without life and motion but a very long one including many Millions of Years Diodorus Siculus l. 11. Pag. 67. tell us that the Temple of the Gods called Palici famous in Sicily was there much respctred and very ancient and that two very deep Basons were kept therein full of boyling Water mix'd with Brimstone always full and never flowing over In this Temple solemn Oaths were taken and Perjuries were immediately punished very severely some of them being condemned to have their Eyes put out Silius Italicus has expressed in Verse what Diodorus has here reported Et qui praesenti domitant perjura Palici Pectora Supplicio To this purpose Virgil speaks thus Lib. 9. Aeneid v. 584. .......... Symethia circum Flumina pinguis ubi placabilis ara Palici The two Basons where the Oaths were taken and the Divine vengeance broke out upon the Purjured were called Delli Macrobius after Callias makes mention of them saying Nec longe inde lacus breves sunt quos incolae Crateres vocant nomine Dellos appellant featres que eos Palicorum aestimant Aristotle assures us that the Person who took the Oath wrote it upon a Ticket which he threw into the Water The Ticket floated over if the Oath was true if it was false the Ticket appeared no more Appollonius Tyaneus l. 1. c. 4. in his Life written by Philostratus mentions a Spring of Water at Tyana in Cappadocia which was very like this above-mentioned This my Story of taking the Oath and punishing Perjuries was doubtless an imitation of what is written in the Book of Numbers concerning the trial of Waters which Women impeached of Adultery were obliged to drink The Rom ans swore by their Gods and Heroes ranked in the number of Gods as by Quirinus Hercules Castor and Pollux c. Suetonius relates that under the Empire of Julius Caesar the Romans began to swear by the health of the Emperours and by their Genius However Tiberius did not allow it but Caligula ordered that all those who should refuse to do it should be put to Death and came to such an excess of folly and madness that he commanded that the People should swear by the Health and Fortune of a fine Horse which he intended to take for his Colleague in his Consulat as Dion tells us lib. 59. They also Swore by one anothers Genius as appears by a place of Seneca Jurat per Genium meum JUS The Law There are three kinds of Laws the Law of Nature the Law of Nations and the Civil Law The Law of Nature is what Nature teaches all living Creatures and is in a manner common to Men and Beasts as Marriage Procreation and Education of Children The Law of Nations is what natural Reason has inspired and dedicated to all Men and is practised by all Nations as Religion towards God Piety towards Parents and Love of our Country From thence comes the difference and division of Nations settlement of Kingdoms share of Demesn Trade and most sort of Obligations From hence also arises the right of War to take Prisoners to accept of their ransom to set them at liberty or to detain them in slavery The Civil Law is what each City or State has established or enacted for a Law For natural reason having taught Men to live together and for that purpose
one of his Legs and ever since was lame They relate also that he settled himself in that Countrey and became a Black-Smith because of the Fire that breaks out from time to time from the middle of the Mountains and the norse that is heard thereabout LEMURES Apuleius in his Book of the God of Socrates reports That the Soul of Man released from the bands of the Body and freed from performing of his bodily Functions becomes a kind of Daemon or Genius called Lemures And of these Lomures those that were kind to their Family were called Lares Familiares but those who for their crimes were condemned to wander continually without meeting with any place of rest and terrified good Men and hurt the bad were vulgarly called Larvae Hobgoblins LEMURIA A Feast of Ghosts and Phantoms solemnized the ninth day of May to pacifie the Manes of the Dead who were the Lemures that comes in the night to torment the living The Institution of this Feast is ascribed to Romulus who to rid himself of the Phantoms of his Brother Remus whom he had ordered to be Murthered appearing always before him ordained a Feast called after his name Remuria and Lemuria They offered Sacrifices for three nights together during which time all the Temples of the Gods were shut up and there was no Wedding This is the chief Ceremony of this Sacrifice About mid-night the Person who offered being bare-foot made a Signal having the Fingers of his hand joyned to his Thumb whereby he fancied he kept off the bad Spirit or Phantom from him Then he washed his hands in Spring Water and putting black Beans into his mouth threw them behind him uttering these words I deliver my self and mine by these Beans making withal a deadly noise with Pans and other Brass Vessels which they did strike one against the other desiring these Ghosts to withdraw repeating nine times together that they should retire in peace without troubling any more the rest of the living LERNA A Lake famous for the seven headed Hydra defeated by Hercules Out of this Lake came infectious Exhalations And 't is reported that the Denaides cast therein the heads of their Husbands whom they Murthered on their Wedding Night LETHE A River of Africa which after a long course hides its self under ground and then appears again wherefore Poets fancied that all the dead drank a draught of its waters to make them forget what was past LEUCOTHEA Ino the Wife of Athamas King of Thebes who casting herself into the Sea together with her Son Melicerte to avoid the fury of her Husband who was attempting to murther her was ranked by Neptune amongst the number of the Sea-Gods and called Leucothea or the break of day LEUCOTHOE The Daughter of Orchamus King of Babylon beloved by Apollo who enjoyed her having introduced himself into her Chamber under the shape of Eurynome her Mother But Clythia jealous of Apollo having acquainted her Father with the same he order'd that his Daughter should be buried alive but Apollo took pity of her and turn'd her into a Tree out of which drops Frankincense LEX A Law This word expresses the several Governments of States and Nations and the Maxims they have agreed upon or receiv'd from their Princes and Magistrates to live in peace and mutual society and in this sense we say the Laws of Solon and Lycurgus The Laws of Draco were very rigorous and bloody The Laws of the twelve Tables were the ancient Laws of the Romans which the Decemviri fetch'd out of Greece and made use of them to ground all their other Laws on The Codex and Authenticae are the Laws and Ordinances of the Emperors The Digest is a Compilation made by Justinian's order of the several judgments and opinions of the most learned in the Roman Law and were received for Laws as is order'd by the Epistle at the beginning of that work and 't is that which composes the Roman Laws Moses says Josephus in the second Book of his Antiquities was the first Law-giver and Moses's Law was the first Law given to Men many Ages before all other Legislators and all other Laws in fine God gave it in a time when God only was able to give it all Men after the first Colonies of so many remote Provinces being fallen into incredible ignorance and confusion and being then so far from giving Laws to themselves that they were hardly able to receive them Wherefore in Homer's time and many Ages after him there was yet no mention made neither of Laws nor Legislators States and Kingdoms being then govern'd not by Laws but by their King's Ordinances and Customs received among themselves Lex Talionis is the most ancient and most just and was observed by the Hebrews and prescribed by the Law of Moses an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth as 't is said in the Gospel Lex Talionis is natural Justice Many famous Laws have been proposed by several Roman Magistrates as the Falcidian Law made during the Triumvirat to regulate last Wills The Lex Julia the Lex Cornelia the Agrarian Law the Sumptuarian Law c. Tacitus in the third Book of his Annals speaks thus of the Laws Men formerly living without ambition and envy had no occasion neither for Laws nor Magistrates to keep them in awe and being voluntarily inclined to do good had no need of a proposed reward to incite them to it and as they desired nothing but what was lawful nothing was forbad to them But at last this equality being banish'd Pride and Violence came in the room of Modesty and Shame Some Nations were at first govern'd by Laws or had recourse to them after a long prevailing Authority At the beginning Laws were simple as Mens minds and Fame has principally celebrated those of Creta Sparta and Athens restor'd by Minos Lycurgus and Solon but these were more subtle and in a greater number Rome during Romulus's Government had no other Laws but the Will of the Prince Numa established Laws concerning Religion Tullius and Ancus made some politick regulations but our great Law-giver is Servius Tullius who bound even the Prince by Laws Since the banishment of the Tarquins the People found out some Laws to secure themselves from the oppression of great Men and maintain Concord and Liberty The Decemviri were afterwards chosen and the most excellent Laws of Greece gather together out of them they compos'd the twelve Tables which were the end of good Laws for although there were some regulations made against wicked Men at the first appearing of Vice nevertheless the greatest part were settled by the dissentions of the People and the Senate or established by the violence of some persons in dignity to banish some illustrious Men and repress some other disorders From thence came the seditious Laws of Gracchus and Saturninus and the Latgesses of Drusus in the name of the Senate The Wars of Italy and then the Civil Wars gave occasion to several
Moses their grandest Adversary in the same Rank with them Est alia Magices factio à Mose Jamne Jotape Judaeis pendens sed multis millibus annorum post Zoroastren Zoroaster whom Pliny makes so much ancienter than Moses was according to Justin King of Bactra and the Inventer of Magick Rex Bactrianorum Zoroaster qui primus dicitur Artes Magicas invenisse It was against this Zoroaster Ninus made War It follows from hence that Magick as well as Magicians took its Origin at Babylon or in the East before it was spoken of in Egypt Suidas also places Zoroaster in Media or Persia and makes him to be the Chief of the Magi or Magicians Zoroaster Perso-Medus Astronomorum peritissimus Princeps Magorum nominis apud ipsos recepti Divers Authors make Zoroaster to be of a more Modern standing and put him no higher than the Times of Darius Histaspes But 't is like they may have confounded several Zoroasters together and that this having been a common Name among the Magi they attributed to the last of them somewhat that appertained to the first Varro the learnedst Man in the Roman Empire in his time and one who had a clearer Sight than any of them doubted not but all that Homer hath related concerning Circe and the Transformation of Vlysses his Companions into Beasts was no other than the real Effects of Magick He makes the same Judgment of what was said concerning the Arcadians who in swimming cross a Pond were changed into Wolves and if they abstained from the Use of Humane Flesh they should become Men again in Nine Years time by once more swimming over the said Pond And 't is upon this same Account that Varro thinks Jupiter and Pan were called Lycaei in Arcadia because they transformed Men into Wolves St. Augustine speaking of Magical Transformation says He cannot believe the Devils are able to make any real Change either in the Minds or Bodies of Men tho' they may disturb their Imagination and by phantastical Apparitions make them see either themselves or others in the Form of some Animal in the same Fashion as those Visions are formed in Dreams It was therefore in this Manner that the Arcadians were transformed into Wolves and Vlysses his Companions into other Animals by Circe As to what relates to Diomedes his Companions who were changed into Birds without any remedy It must be said that the Devils carried them quite away and brought strange Birds to stand in their places in the same Manner as the Daemons substituted a Hind in the room of Iphigenia who was not transformed into such an Animal because she appear'd afterwards and exercised the Office of Diana's Priestess at Tauris from whence she also fled and retired with her Brother Orestes to Aricia in Italy MAGIA Magick Pliny describes the Original and Efficacy of all pretended Enchantments thus He says ' That upon all the Occasions that had been offered him in this kind he had discovered and was convinced of the Vanity of Magick calling it the most deceitful of all Sciences He shews how after having its Original from Physick it had borrowed Strength from Religion wherein said he Mankind saw no Relish for to gain the Superstitious by that the same was supported by the Mathematicks that is by Astrology for attracting the Curious unto it and that out of those Three Sciences one was made which with this Triple Cord bound up the Sences of Men and she became so much a Mistress over them that in the East she commanded Kings themselves The same Author speaking of the Chelony which is a Stone resembling the Form of an Eye that is found in the Shell of the Indian Tortoise he says If we will believe the Lyes of the Magicians it has exceeding great Vertue that after you have washed your Mouth with Honey you shall no sooner put it on your Tongue but you 'll be able to foretel Things to come Where he treats elsewhere of the Vervein used by the ancient Gauls when they were minded to give Answers to such as came to consult them he speaks thus But the Magicians are still more foolish and mad in saying that such as rub themselves with the said Herb obtain all they can desire expel Fevers make themselves to be beloved by whom they please and cure all manner of Diseases Aug. L. 26. C. 4. In setting forth the Vanity of Magicians speaks of a wonderful Herb Cast it says he into Ponds or Rivers it drys them up make it but to touch the strongest Places it opens them He says of another That if it be but thrown into an Army drawn up in Battle-Array they will be terrified and flie away At length he concludes with another Herb which the King of Persia gave his Embassadors whereby they might be able to find wherever they passed Plenty of all Things necessary for the Furtherance of their Journey afterwards he grows very pleasant and asks Where that Herb was which put Armies to the Rout when Rome was pressed upon by the Cimbri and Teutones Why did not the Magicians of Persia make use thereof against Lucullus when the said General cut their Armies in pieces without Mercy It must be a Matter of Wonder that other Roman Generals rather than take upon them the Care of having so many Commissaries for providing their Armies with Victuals had not stocked themselves with the Herb which had the Vertue to cause their Tables to be furnished with all Necessaries for the Support of Life where ever they were Lastly He quarrels with Scipio for having made use of so many Warlike Engines and Soldiers to take Carthage since one Herb was able to open its Gates for him and he reproaches the Senate that they did not make use of the Herb called Aethiopidis for drying up the Marshes of Italy In C. 2. L. 30. He says He had learned from one Ostanes that there were several sorts of Magicians some of which were made so by Water others by the Spheres Air Stars Lanthorns or Flambeau's Basons and Axes He afterwards speaks of the particular Favour Nero had for Magicians because they had Power to command the Gods Tiridates to make his Court to the Emperor brought him many Magicians and was rewarded by Nero for it with the Kingdom of Armenia And so he ends thus We must then absolutely believe that the Magick Art is not supported by any valuable Testimony whatever MAGISTER PEDITUM General of the Infantry MAGISTER EQUITUM General of the Horse or Lieutenant General of the Cavalry MAGISTER MILITUM UTRIUSQUE MILITIAE General of the Army They attribute the Constituting of these Officers to Constantine the Great at the Time that he took away the Command of the Armies from the Prafecti Praetorio MAGISTER SCRINII MEMORIAE a Secretary and an Officer of the Empire to whom his Prince gave a golden Girdle at his Creation His Business was to reduce into a few Words the Answers the Emperor made to the
to make known unto us the Greatness Extent and Quantity of some Body Josephus the Jewish Historian attributes to Cain the Inventing of Measures Eutropius in the Beginning of his History ascribes it to Sidonius in the Time that Procas reigned in Alba some 300 Years after the Destruction of Troy But the Holy Scriptures shew us that Measures are much more ancient since 't is said Lev. 19. Ye shall do no Vnrighteousness in Judgment in Mete-yard in Weight or in Measure The Ancients had a Custom and the same is still in being in some Places to lay up the Original Measure in their Temples that Recourse might be had thereunto when they were minded to try whether the others were right or no and this is that which is to be understood by the Measures of the Sanctuary so often mentioned in Scripture For 't is not to be believed that these Measures or Weights of the Sanctuary were different from those in common Use since this would but confound all manner of Trading But these Weights were only more exact than others and therefore it is that the Scripture always refers us to them when it would point out unto us the greatest Exactness and strictest Justice We read in Fannius that the Amphora which was a very ancient Measure was by the Romans consecrated to Jupiter upon Mount Tarpeius where the Capitol stood Quam ne violare liceret Sacravere Jovi Tarpeio in monte Quirites And the Emperor Vespasian after the Civil Wars with Vitellius were ended having repaired the Capitol put also the Original Measures therein There are Three sorts of Geometrical Measures viz. the Line the Superficies and the Solid Body Line-Measure refers only to Length as a Road is measured by Paces a Rope by the Fathom a Beam or some other Piece of Wood by the Foot in the same Manner are measured the Height of a Tower the Depth of a Pit or the like The other Way of Measuring is superficial and consists of Length and Breadth whose Lines crossing each other and the Sides being multiplied by one another shew what the Content of its Compass is which is commonly called the Area As supposing one of the Sides be 7 Foot and the other 4 the Area of the Superficies will be 28 Foot for 4 times 7 makes 28. By this Way are Acres of Land Woods Waters and Meadows measured so likewise Hangings and Panes of Glass which ought to be taken as superficial Squares The Third Way of Measuring is Cubical or a Solid Body in all the Parts and Dimensions of Length Breadth and Depth such as are Feet in Mason's Work which should be like a Dye 〈◊〉 so as that having but 6 Feet in Length it should have 36 in the Area or Superficies and 216 solid Body But for the better Understanding and exacter Rating of Measures you must know that as the As or Pound which were Synonymous Terms amongst the Romans were divided into 12 Ounces these Terms have also been very often applied to a Total divided into 12 Equal parts and the Name of their Aliquot parts has been also applied to the Parts of those other Things Wherefore it will be proper here to see the Division made under the Word As and the Names of its Parts of which take this Abridgment As or Libra 12 Ounces or a Pound or a Total divided into 12 Parts Deunx 11 Ounces or 11 Parts Decunx or Dextans 10 Ounces or 10 Parts Dodrans 9 Ounces or 9 Parts Bes or Bessis 8 Ounces or 8 Parts Septunx 7 Ounces or 7 Parts Semissis 6 Ounces or Half a Pound or Half the Total Quincunx 5 Ounces or 5 Parts Triens 4 Ounces or 4 Parts Quadrans 3 Ounces or 3 Parts Sextans 2 Ounces or 2 Parts Sescunx 1½ Ounce or 1 Part and an Half Vncia an Ounce or one Part of the whole Hence it is that the Roman Sestier being divided into Twelve Cyathae they were marked likewise by the Parts of the As called Aliquots as you have it in Martial Sextantes Calliste duos infunde Falerni Fill me Callistus Two Sextans of Falernian Wine That is Four Cyathae for the Word Sextans which signified Two Ounces or the Sixth Part of an As is taken here for Two Cyathae which make the Sixth Part of a Roman Sestier and in another Place Poto ego Sextantes tu potas Cinna Deunces I drink Two Cyathae but you Cinna drink Eleven And hence also it comes to pass that the Foot being divided into Twelve Inches it obtained the Name of a Pound as each Inch did the Name of an Ounce And this has been the Cause we meet with such sort of Expressions Quincuncialis herba in Pliny a Plant Five Inches high Vnciales litterae in St. Jerom Capital Letters of an Inch high and in the Holy Scripture it self Crassitudo trium unciarum Three Inches thick What we are more particularly to distinguish in this Place are those Two Sorts of Librae we meet with whereof the one is divided into Twelve Ounces and the other is a Measure divided into Twelve Inches that so we may unravel all the Difficulties that may arise upon this Occasion Now this Distinction of a Libra into Weights and Measure is to be met with in the Works of Galen who says That the same Name was given by the Romans to a Pound Weight whereby solid Bodies were weighed and to a Pound of Measure which was made use of for Liquids The same Author in another Place taking upon him to reprove some Physicians who did not specifie the said Difference says They would have done better to have noted more carefully what Ounces and Pounds they meant should be used for Liquid Remedies whether they were those of Weights or Measures And in another Place he informs us that the Inches were marked on those Measures by certain Lines and that those Inches were called Ounces The Romans said he had a Measure which they used to sell Oyl by that was distinguish'd by certain Lines whereby the Whole was divided into Twelve Parts and they called it a Pound of entire Measure and the Twelfth Part thereof an Ounce This Use of the Libra and the Parts thereof for Weights and Measure was formerly so common that those who made it their Business to give it the clearest Explication added thereunto the Word Pondo for Pondere in order to the avoiding of all manner of Equivocation when they would have it understood they meant Weights For Example Plautus says Laserpitii libram pondo diluunt They steeped a Pound of Benjamin Pisoium nullam unciam pondo cepi I have not taken this Day an Ounce of Fish Columella's Expression is Sextarius aquae cum dodrante pondo mellis a Pint of Water with Nine Ounces of Honey Livy also says Paterae aureae fuerunt 176 libres fere omnes Pondo there were 176 Gold-Cups that weighed almost each of them a Pound It s certain that this Equivocation concerning the Pound of Weights and that of
of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 operaria machinatrix He says elsewhere they built a Temple to Minerva 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Machinatrix as being the Goddess that had introduced Arts and Inventions into the World He speaks moreover of a Statue of Minerva that fell from Heaven He says Minerva aided Perseus in his Conflict against Gorgon near the Lake Triton for which Reason that Country was consecrated to her Lastly The said Author declares the Baeotians affected to give the Name of Triton to a Brook that run near Minerva's Temple from which she had been named Tritonia As for Minerva says St. Augustine L. 18. C. 9. de Civ Dei She is much more ancient than Mars or Hercules and they said she lived in the Days of Ogyges near unto the Lake Triton from whence she was named Tritonia She was the Inventress of many rare and useful Things and Men were so much the more inclined to believe she was a Goddess because her Original was not known for as to their saying that she came out of Jupiter's Brain 't is rather a Poetical Fiction or an Allegory than Truth of History Minerva was worshipped by the Athenians for a Goddess before Cecrops his Time in whose Days Athens was founded or rebuilt 'T is a Name taken from Minerva whom the Greeks called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 An Olive-Tree happening all of a sudden in a certain Place to spring out of the Ground and a Spring of Water in another these Prodigies amazed the King who presently deputed Persons to go to Apollo at Delphos in order to know what the same meant The Oracle made answer that the Olive-Tree signified Minerva and the Water Neptune and that it lay upon them to chuse according to which of the two Deities Names they should call their City hereupon Cecrops calls all the Citizens both Men and Women together for the Women were wont to have Votes in their Deliberations When the Suffrages were taken all the Men were for Neptune but all the Women for Minerva and because they exceeded the Men by one Voice Minerva carried it and Athens was called according to her Name Phornutus going about to give the Moral and Allegorical Interpretation of Minerva's proceeding from Jupiter's Brain says That the Heathen Philosophers made her to be a Divine Emanation which they called the Intellect of the great God that differed nothing from his Wisdom which in him is generated of his Brain which is the principal Part of the Soul This St. August L. 7. C. 28. de Civ Dei says was the Opinion Varro had of the Poets that according to their Custom in obscuring Philosophy with Fictions they meant no other than the Idea or Exemplairs of Things under the Name of Minerva Painters and Statuaries represented her like a beautiful Virgin armed with a Curass a Sword by her Side a Helmet on her Head adorned with Feathers holding a Javelin in her Right Hand and a Shield in her Left whereon Medusa's Head beset with Serpents was represented This Shield was called Aegis and was covered with a Goat-skin or that of the Monster Aegidis which she killed The first who erected Temples and offered Sacrifices to her were the Rhodians whom she taught to make Colossus's But because that at the very first Sacrifice they offered to her they forgot to make use of Fire she left them in Anger and went to the City which she called Athens to whom the Athenians built a stately Temple under the Name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 wherein they set up her Statute made of Gold and Ivory by the Hands of Phydias which was 39 Foot high Upon her Pantoufle was graven the Fight between the Lapithae and the Centaurs upon the sides of the Shield the Battle between the Amazons and the Athenians and within it the Gods fighting against the Gyants There were several Temples and Chappels erected for her at Rome whereof the most Ancient and Famous of all was that upon Mount Aventine of which Ovid speaks The Olive and the Owl were under her Protection as may be seen by the Athenian Money on one side of which stood the Head of this Goddess armed and on the other an Owl with these Greek Characters AOHNA and upon the Reverse there was an Owl flying who held a Lawrel between her Claws as a Sign of Victory MINERVALIA or Quinquatria were Feasts instituted in Honour of Minerva and celebrated March 19. the same lasting for Five Days The first Day was spent in Prayers made to this Goddess the rest in offering Sacrifices seeing the Gladiators fight acting Tragedies upon Mount Alban and reciting Pieces of Wit wherein the Conqueror had a Prize given him according to the Appointment of the Emperor Domitian The Scholars had now a Vacation and carried their Schooling-money or rather Presents to their Masters which was called Minerval Hoc mense mercedes exolvebant magistris quas completus annus deberi fecit says Macrobius MINOS the Son of Jupiter and Europa was King of Candia after he had outed his Brother Sarpedon Aristotle L. 1. Polit says He was the first that gave Laws to the Candiots his Wife's Name was Pasiphaé a Daughter of the Sun by whom he had Three Sons and Two Daughters He had great Wars with the Athenians in order to revenge the Death of his Son Androgeus whom they had slain and he granted them a Peace upon Condition they should send him every Year Seven young Men of the best Rank in their City to be devoured by the Minotaur that his Wife had brought forth as we shall shew presently He exercised the Place of a Judge in Hell with Eacus and Rhadamanthus because he was a very just Prince Plato informs us That Jupiter left the Office of passing Judgment upon the Dead to Three of his Sons Radamanthus was to judge the Asiaticks Eacus the Europeans and for Minos he was to determine any Difficulties that might occur so that he was above the other Two MINOTAURUS the Minotaur was a Monster being half Man and half Bull brought forth by Pasiphaé Minos his Wife after she had engendred with a Bull by the subtle Means of Dedalus who made a Wooden Heifer wherein he inclosed her that she might be covered by the Bull This Monster was put into the Labyrinth and by Minos his Order fed with Man's Flesh but he was at last killed by Theseus who had been sent thither to be devoured by him Lucian unravels to us the Fabulous part of this Story saying That Pasiphaé hearing Daedalus discoursing concerning Taurus which is one of the Twelve Signs was mightily taken with what he said which gave the Poets occasion to say that she was in Love with a Bull whom by his means she enjoy'd Diodorus Siculus says that Taurus was one of Minos his Captains who had to do with Pasiphaé and whose Amours were countenanced by Daedalus that she was brought to Bed of Two Children one of which resembled Minos and the other Taurus and
himself that he might avoid the Punishments his Crimes deserved NERVA named Cocceius succeeded Domitian and was chosen Emperor by the Senate with unspeakable Joy he happily began his Reign by putting forth a Proclamation for a general Pardon to all such as were banish'd or in Prison He was a very just and good Prince he was represented upon his Coin with a dry and wrinkled Face his Eyes sunk in his Head and his Chin sharp He was very old when he came to the Empire and was afflicted with a very weak Stomach which made him lean for want of Digestion and this altered his Aspect and hid his Inclinations Tho' he had a large and Eagle Nose yet he was not Valiant 't was rather a Sign of great Goodness in him he had a pretty long Visage In the mean time they found in him several Signs of an Inclination to Passion from the Lines of his Face and Habit of his Body and among the rest a lean and thin Face a sharp-pointed Head a more than ordinary Tallness of Body hooked Nose Beetle-brows and a dry and sharp Chin in short he died by being put into too violent a Passion against Regulus after he had reigned One Year and Four Months NESSUS the Centaur a Son of Ixion and a Cloud with whom Hercules having entrusted his Wife Dianira for him to carry her over the River Evenus he went to ravish her which being perceived by Hercules he shot him with an Arrow At his Death he bequeathed his Shirt stained with his Blood to Dianira giving her understand that if she could get Hercules to wear it he should for ever love her This therefore she sent unto him by Lycas and as soon as he had put it on he found his Body seized with so violent a Fire that he threw himself Headlong into the Flames of Mount Oeta NESTOR whom Homer proposed for an Example of Wisdom and Prudence lived about 300 Years and was sound both in Body and Mind whence it is that when we would wish a Man a long Life we wish him the Age of Nestor NEUROBATES by this Name were a kind of Rope-dancers called who walked not upon an extended Cord but made several Tours and Leaps as a Dancer does upon the Ground at the Sound of Musick NICANDER was a famous Physician in Nero's Time who wrote Two Poems concerning venemous Beasts and Remedies against Poisons called Theriaca and Alexipharmaca NICETERIUM the Prize at the Olympick and Circensian Games NILUS the Nile a River which crosses a great part of Affrica the Spring-head thereof being unknown till the last Age the same is in a Territory which the Inhabitants call Abain or Sacahela that is the Father of the Waters This River runs out of Two Fountains or Eyes to use the Words of the People of that Country that are at about Thirty Paces distance each of them being about the same Circumference as one of our Pits or a Coach-wheel whose Bottoms are 16 or 17 Foot deep The Inhabitants who are Heathens worship the largest of the Two and to it offer several Cows in Sacrifice whose Hesh they eat as if it were holy and leave the Bones in a Place appointed for that Purpose which at present makes a Mountain It s above 2000 Years since Herodotus has made mention of these Cows that were sacrificed at the Sources of the Nile The Inhabitants call it Agaiis the same being in the Kingdom of Goyam 12 Degrees North Latitude and 55 Longitude It s in a Plain about Three Quarters of a League long surrounded with Mountains At its going out from thence the River enters into a small Lake then is loft under Ground for about a Musket-shot and Three Days Journey from the Source thereof 't is so large and deep as to bear Vessels on 't but in about 100 Paces farther it runs cross some Rocks so that one may easily pass over without wetting his Feet They sail upon it with Boats made of Mat and well set together It receives Three great Rivers into it viz. the Gema Linquetil and Brantil and when it comes out of the Lake of Dambea which is Fifty Leagues over it receives into it other large Rivers viz. the Gamara Abea Baixo and Aquors and lastly the Tacasus near Egypt It hath Two principal Cataracts or Falls At the Second it falls into a great Abyss and the Noise thereof may be heard at the Distance of Three Leagues the Water is forced with so much Violence that it forms a kind of an Arch and leaves so great a Space between that a Man may pass it without being wet and there also are Seats cut in the Rocks where Travellers may rest themselves The first Cataract or Water-fall of the Nile is about Fifty Foot but the second is three times as high It s false that the Noise made by these Cataracts render the Neighbouring People Deaf tho' the same may be heard Three Days Journey off and that the Waters which spurt therefrom appear like a Smoak Alexander consulted the Oracle of Jupiter Ammon in order to know where the Spring of this River was Sesostris and Ptolomy sought for it in vain Cambyses as Strabo says spent a whole Year to find it Lucan witnesseth that Caesar said He would have given over the Pursuit of the Civil War if he were sure to find it Isaac Vossius hath wrote concerning the Original of the Nile and other Rivers and attributes the Rise and Overflowing thereof to the Rains which fall between the Two Tropicks on the 1st of June and which are the Causes of the fine Weather we enjoy in Europe When the Nile rises up to 16 Degrees they fear a Famine but when it comes to 23 't is a good Year When 't is too high the Inundation is dangerous The Measure for the Increase of the Nile was kept in the Temple of Serapis and the Emperor Constantine caused the same to be carried to the Church of Alexandria Plutarch says the Egyptians adored the Waters of the Nile and St. Athanasius intimates as much The Nile was the chief Instrument of God's Blessing bestowed upon Egypt as the same Author observes and thus from it have they made their God Osiris if we believe Plutarch And it ought not to be thought strange that Osiris which is the Sun should be also the Nile For by the same Reason that the Sun is Osiris or the Active or Male Principle in respect to all the Earth which is Isis the Passive and Feminine Principle the Nile is also the Active Principle and Author of the Fertility of the Land of Egypt from which it receives all its Faecundity so the Nile is Osiris likewise There are some also of Opinion that the Name of Osiris comes from the Hebrew Name of the Nile for in Scripture the Nile is usually called Nahal Misraim Fluvius Aegypti and simply Nahal or Nehel from whence they made 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Again Mela says that the Nile at the Springs thereof
was called Nuchul quasi Nachal But the same Scriptures give likewise unto the Nile the Name of Scachar Niger because the Waters of the said River are very often troubled muddy and blackish whence also it is that Plutarch and other Greek Authors sometimes call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Servius and other Latin Writers name it Melo From Schachar or Schabar they make Siris which is the Name given to the Nile by Dionysius in his Description of the World Siris ab Aethiopibus vocatur It s also believed that the Reason why the Dog-star is called Sirius is because it hath borrowed its Name from the Nile with which it hath so much Sympathy the Overflowings of the said River being confined to the Dog-days This being premised 't is not difficult to believe that the Nile or Siris have been worshipped under the Name of Osiris The Overflowings of the Nile are so beneficial to Egypt that there is no need of Rain in that Country Thus the Nile unto them stood instead of Jupiter who was held to be the Author of Rains And this Tibullus expresses in these Verses Te propter nullos Tellus tua postulat imbres Arida nec pluvio supplicat herba Jovi And in Athenaeus we read this Prayer put up to the Nile as to the Jupiter of Egypt 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 NIMROD See Nembrod NINUS was the Son of Belus and Founder of the Assyrian Empire he continued the Building of the City of Babylon which at first he made the Seat of his Empire than founded Nineve so called from his own Name He made an Idol of his Father Belus whom he would have to be worshipped by his People made it a Place of Refuge for all Malefactors and was the Author of Idolatry NIOBE Tantalus his Daughter who died miserably through her own Vanity for she having bore a great many Children was so rash as to prefer her self before Latona At this Apollo and Diana growing angry they killed all her Children with Arrows which made her pine away for Grief The Poets say that the Gods being touched with Compassion for this unfortunate Mother which pined away with Tears and Sorrows changed her into a Marble-stone which by a Blast of Wind was carried as far Lycia near unto the City of Sypilus where her marbled Body continually sweated as a Sign of her Mourning NISUS King of Megara who had an Hair in his Head of a Purple Colour unto which was limited the Duration of his Reign which Story is taken from Sampson's Hair wherein consisted all his Strength Cui splendidus ostro Inter honoratos medio sub vertice canos Criuis inhaerebat magnifiducia regni Ovid. Metam l. 8. v. 8. Scylla a Daughter of this King 's happening to fall in Love with King Minos during the Time of his Besieging Megara betray'd her Father and cut off this fatal Hair The City hereupon was taken Nisus transformed into a Sea-Eagle and Scylla being deserted by Minos was changed into a Bird named Ciris Jam pendebat in auras Et modò factus erat fulvis Halyaeetos alis c. Plumis in avem mutata vocatur Ciris à tonso est hoc nomen adepta capillo Ibid. v. 145. Here is a double Etymology the one Greek and the other Hebrew and as Ovid hints the Name of Ciris comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tondere but that of Nisus from the Hebrew Nets which signifies a Sparhawk NOBILITAS Antonius Geta Son to the Emperor Severus has given us the Figure of it in a Medal of his where she is represented in a Roman Lady's Dress holding a Scepter in her Hand and upon her Left Arm a small Statue of Minerva NODINUS or NODOSUS a God that presided over the Knots that are in the Stalks of Corn. NODUS GORDIUS the Gordian Knot t is a Greek Proverb which is said concerning a Knot that cannot be untied and figuratively put for a Difficulty that cannot be resolved It proceeds from an indissoluble Knot of Leather-thongs which Gordius King of Phrygia laid up in the Temple of Apollo in Commemoration of his being saluted King because he was the first that entred into the said Temple Alexander cut it with his Sword because he could not untie it for the Oracle had foretold that the Person who untied it should conquer Asia NOAH the Son of Lamech a just and upright Man who found Favour with God and who with his Family only escaped the Deluge being shut up in an Ark by the Lord's Commandment Noah's History has been applied to Saturn for Noah was the Father of all Mankind after the Flood He was also the King and Author of another Golden Age while the Earth was peopled with no other than with his Children and Grand-children whom he had brought up in Innocence and under whose Empire he left them to enjoy an entire Liberty There were no Slaves in the first Age after the Deluge all Mankind making as it were yet but one Family And whereas Noah according to the Scripture was the first that planted a Vineyard and brought up the Use of Wine the Heathens gave Saturn also the Glory of having taught Men the Art of Agriculture and especially planting of Vines and the Use of the Sickle Athenaeus after Berosus says the Saturnalia were celebrated at Babylon as well as in Greece and Italy And these Saturnalia were Days appointed for Debaucheries as if the Heathens had had a mind to keep up the Remembrance of Noah's Drunkenness into which he unadvisedly fell before he had yet had a Tryal of the Strength of Wine St. Cyrill relates unto us the Testimonies of Alexander Polyhistor and Abydenus who say that Xisutrus King of Assyria escaped the Deluge which Saturn had foretold should come by putting himself according to his Advice in an Ark together with all Kinds of Beasts that he sailed to Armenia and that he sent some Birds to know if the Waters were gone off the Face of the Earth It 's manifest that this is the Story of Noah counterfeited and that these Fables had their Origin in Assyria insomuch that the fabulous Saturn is the true Noah and his Ark rested on the Mountains of Armenia Tzetzes makes Noah one while to go into India and at another time to Egypt He lived 350 Years after the Deluge and repeopled the Earth according to the Command which God gave him St. Epiphanius says that Noah made a Division of the World between his Three Sons at Rkinocorura a Place upon the Frontiers of Egypt NOEMA the Daughter of Lamech whom Moses has joyned with Jubal and Tubalcain Genebrard in his Chronicle says she invented the Art of Spinning and Woollen Manufacturies and so she was the Minerva of the Heathens but as the Name of Noema signifies Beautiful others have been of Opinion 't was Venus here unto they add farther that as Noema is in the Book of Genesis joined with Tubalcain so the Pagans said that Venus was Vulcan's Wife NOMEN
the Horizon the Ancient Gauls and Germans divided Time not by the Day but by Nights as you may see in Caesar and Tacitus NUMA called Pompilius the Son of Pomponius Pompilius He was born at Cures the Capital City of the Sabines the Fame of his Vertue made the Romans chuse him for their King after Romulus his Death He revived all the Ancient Ceremonies of Religion and instituted new Ones and writ down a whole Form of Religious Worship in Eight Books which he caused to be laid with him in his Tomb after his Death But one Terentius says Varro having an Estate haid by the Janiculum as his Servant was ploughing near unto Numa's Tomb he turn'd up the Books wherein the said Prince had set down the Reasons of his instituting such Mysteries Terentius carried them presently to the Praetor who when he had read the Beginning of them thought it was a Matter of that Importance as deserved to be communicated to the Senate The Principal Senators having read some things therein would not meddle with the Regulations of Numa but thought it conducive to the Interest of Religion to have the said Books burnt Numa had had Recourse to the Art of Hydromancy in order to see the Images of the Gods in the Water and to learn of them the Religious Mysteries he ought to establish Varro says that this kind of Divination was found out by the Persians and that King Numa and after him Pythagoras the Philosopher made use thereof To which he adds that they also invoked Mens Souls upon this Occasion by sprinkling of Blood and this is that which the Greeks called Necromancy and because Numa made use of Water to perform his Hydromancy they said he married the Nymph Egeria as the said Varro explains it It was therefore by this way of Hydromancy that this inquisite King learnt those Mysteries which he set down in the Pontiff's Books and the Causes of the same Mysteries the Knowledge whereof he reserved to himself alone He boasted he had very often Conversation with the Moses to whom he added a Tenth which he named Tacita and made the Romans worship her He somewhat rectified the Calender and added Two Months to the Year which at first consisted but of 10 Months and so made them 12 adding every Two Year one Month consisting of 22 Days which he called Mercedinum and which he immediately placed after the Month of February he lived about 80 Years and of them reigned 40. This Numa Pompilius second King of Rome was indeed both a King and a Philosopher who gave himself up so much to the Doctrine which Pythagoras afterwards publish'd to the World that many through a gross Ignorance of the Time took him to be a Disciple of Pythagoras Dionysius of Hallicarnassus has refuted this Error by shewing that Numa was more ancient than Pythagoras by Four Generations as having reigned in the 6th Olympiad whereas Pythagoras was not famous in Italy before the 50th The same Historian says that Numa pretended his Laws and Maxims were communicated to him by the Nymph Egeria which others believed to be a Muse at last the said Historian says Numa pretended to have that Conversation with a Coelestial Mistress that so they might believe his Laws were the Emations of the Eternal Wisdom it self NUMERUS a Number is a Discrete Quantity being a Collection of several separate Bodies Euclid defines it to be a Multitude composed of many Unites The perfect Number establish'd by the Ancients is Ten because of the Number of the Ten Fingers of a Man's Hand Plato believed this Number to be perfect inasmuch as the Unites which the Greeks called Monades compleated the Number of Ten. The Mathematicians who would contradict Plato herein said that Six was the most perfect Number because that all its Aliquot Parts are equal to the Number Six And farther to make the Perfection of the Number Six to appear they have observed that the Length of a Man's Foot is the 6th Part of his Height There is an even and an odd Number the Even is that which may be divided into Two equal Parts whereas the odd Number cannot be divided equally without a Fraction which is more of an Unity than the even Number The Golden Number is a Period of 19 Years invented by Metho the Athenian at the End of which happen the Lunations and the same Epact tho' this Period be not altogether true Its thought to have been thus called either because of the Benefit there is in the Use of it or because it was formerly written in Gold Characters See Arithmetica NUPTIAE Marriages from the Verb nubere which signifies to vail because the Bride had a Vail on of the Colour of Fire wherewith she covered her self They carried a lighted Torch and sung Hymen or Hymenaeus which was a fabulous Deity of the Pagans whom they believed to preside over Marriages The Poets called him fair Hymenaeus See Matrimonium NYMPHA a Nymph a false Deity believed by the Heathens to preside over Waters Rivers and Fountains some have extended the Signification hereof and have taken them for the Goddesses of Mountains Forests and Trees The Ancients took the Nymphs to be Bacchus his Nurses whether it were because the Wine wanted Water to bring its Grapes to Maturity or because 't is requisite Water should be mixed with Wine that it may not disorder the Head They have been sometimes represented each of them with a Vessel into which they poured Water and holding the Leaf of an Herb in their Hands which grows in Water and Wells or else another while with that of a Water-Plant called Nymphaea that took its Name from the Nymphs and again with Shells instead of Vessels and naked down to the Navel the Nymph were sometimes honoured with the Title of August as other Deities were which appears by this Inscription NYMPHIS AUGUSTIS MATURNUS V. S. L. M. That is Votum solvit libens meritò Maternus has freely and fully discharg'd her Vow to the August Nymphs This Epithet has been given them by way of Honour because 't was believed they watched for the Preservation of the Imperial Family NYMPHAEA the Baths which were consecrated to the Nymphs and therefore so called from them Silence was more particularly required there whence we read in an Inscription of Gruter NYMPHIS LOCI BIBE LAVA TACE to the Nymphs of the Place drink bathe your selves and be silent O. O Is the Fourteenth Letter in the Alphabet and the Fourth Vowel The O by its long and short Pronounciations represents fully the Omega and Omicron of the Greeks the Pronunciation whereof was very different says Caninius after Terentianus for the Omega was pronounced in the Hollow of the Mouth with a great and full Sound including two oo and the Omicron upon the Edge of the Lips with a clearer and smaller Sound These two Pronounciations they have in the French Tongue the Long O they distinguish by the Addition of an S as coste hoste motte
in respect to us The West of the Summer is that Point of the Horizon where the Sun sets when 't is in the Tropick of Cancer the West of the Winter is that where the Son sets when 't is in the Tropick of Capricorn and this happens when the Sun comes to the Points of the Solstices each of them is 23 Degrees and an half distant from the true Point of the West OCEANUS the Ocean is that main Sea which surrounds all the Earth this Name if we believe Hesychius comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which was the old Name thereof and 't is very likely proceeded from that Hebrew Word Choug or Houg that signifies a Circle because it goes round the Earth This Word Houg is in Scripture often to be met with in this Sence or if you will 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because of the Swiftness of its Motion Homer in his Iliads makes Oceanus to be the Father of the Gods and Tethys their Mother 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 This Opinion may have had its Origin from that Text in Genesis where the Chaos seems to be represented like unto the Confusion of the Waters before God reduced them into order and made a Distinction between them In this Sence the Ocean and Tethys that is that Abyss which comprehended the Heavens and the Earth as an immense Quantity of Waters before the same were separated by the Distribution made of the Chaos this Abyss I say might be called the Father and Mother of all the great Bodies of which Nature was composed and which bore the Name of Gods among the Heathens And where Plato says that Oceanus was begotten of Caelum and Tethys he means nothing else but the Ocean that was separated from the Heavens and the Earth as it was upon the Reduction of the Chaos into order The innumerable Multitude of Petty Deities that preside over the Waters whether they be Fountains Lakes Rivers or Seas might very well be the Occasion of giving unto the Ocean the Quality of the Father of the Gods But in the main this vast Number of Water-Gods and their Genealogy signifies no more than the Distribution of the Waters of the Ocean which is done throughout all the Earth and which by its Vapours or Subterranean Conduits supplies all Fountains Lakes and Rivers insomuch that 't is nothing but the Element of Water and the Ocean that is continually animated by the Soul of the Universe which makes its Divinity according to the Language of the Heathens Virgil in his Georgicks sacrificed to the Ocean Oceano libemus ait And he brings in Aeneas sacrificing a Bull to the Gods of the Sea Justine relates that when Alexander had subdued and passed thro' Asia as far as the Ocean he offered Sacrifice and pray'd him to grant him an happy Return into Greece Oceano libamina dedit prosperum in patriam reditum precatus Diodorus Siculus says that the Ancients gave the Name of Ocean to Moisture or the Liquid Element which is as it were the Nutriment and consequently the Mother of all Things and that this is the Meaning of the Verse before cited out of Homer and to clear the Thing fully we may add what he says elsewhere concerning Jupiter and the other Gods or Stars that they went to Oceanus Habitation to be entertained at a great Feast by him Diodorus has said Oceanus and Tethys were the Nutriment of all Things and Macrobius explains this Feasting of the Gods at Oceanus his House by the Vapours of the Sea wherewith the Stars were nourish'd and whereof they stood in need for the Qualifying of their Heat significans bauriri de bumore allmenta sideribus This was an Opinion commonly entertained by a great many of the Ancient Fathers of the Church who gave a Literal Explication of the Waters which in Scripture are placed above the Firmament and believed there was a great Quantity of Water above the Region of the fixed Stars to allay the Heat of those Coelestial Fires and hinder them from burning the World Tho' this Idea may seem odd yet 't is certain the same is very agreeable to Truth if it be cosidered that the Stars being fiery Globes of an incredible Bigness as well as the Sun it was requisite to separate them from each other by very great Spaces filled with Air and some Liquid Matter wherewith to allay their Heat and make them more tollerable which in their own Natures were combustible but 't is no great Matter if the Name of Air or Water has been given to this Liquid Substance wherein as I may say all these Globes or Luminaries such as the Stars are or dark Bodies as the Planets and Earth do swim Eusebius gives us the Words of Porphyrie who applies the Fable of the Poets in this Case entirely to the Coelestial or Elementary Bodies and who says that the Ocean was of a Liquid Nature in general that Tethys was the Symbol thereof that Achelous was drinkable Water Neptune the Sea-water that by Amphitrite was meant such Waters as are the Principle of Generation Lastly That the Nymphs and Nereides were such particular Waters as are either sweet or salt OCTAVIUS CAESAR surnamed AUGUSTUS See Augustus OCTOBER the Month of October being the 8th Month of the Year in Romulus his Calender and 10th in that of Numa has always retained its first Name in spight of all the different Names the Senate and Roman Emperors would have given it For the Senate ordered that this Month should be called Faustinus in Honour of Faustina the Wife of Antoninus the Emperor Commodus would have had it bear the Name of Invictus and Domitian made it be called Domitianus according to his own Name This Month was under the Protection of Mars On the 4th Day of it was celebrated the Solemnity of Mundus Patens See Mundus Patens On the 12th an Altar was dedicated to Fortune entituled Fortunae Reduci to flatter Augustus at his Return to Rome after he had pacified Sicily Greece Syria Asia and Parthia On the 13th was kept the Feast of Fountains called Fontinalia 15th they sacrificed a Horse to Mars called October equus 19th was celebrated the Feast called Armilustrium in the Armies 28th and following Days the Plays of Victory were performed which Sylla instituted Towards the End of the Month the Vortumnalia and Sarmatian Games were celebrated OCTOBER EQUUS an Horse which was sacrificed to Mars in the Month of October there was then a Race run with Chariots drawn each by 2 Horses and he that run quickest was sacrificed to Mars Plutarch gives Two Reasons for this Ceremony the first was to punish the Horse for the Taking of Troy the second because the Horse was a Martial Creature and ought to be offered in Sacrifice to the God of War OCULARIA Spectacles it s not believed that Spectacles were known to the Ancient Greek and Latin Poets for it would be very strange if they had had any knowledge
he would for his Reward and he should have it upon which he prayed them that he might be able to have a Child without being married the said Gods presently causing the Ox his Hide which he had killed to be brought to them they pissed upon it and bid him bury it in the Ground and not trouble himself about it till Ten Months end when the Time was expired he found a Child there which he called Orion Hesiod makes Neptune to be his Father and Euryale the Daughter of Minos his Mother He tells us he had obtained a Power of Neptune to walk as lightly upon the Water as Iphicâ—â—s did over the Heads of Ears of Corn Being gone one Day from Thebes to Chio he ravished Merâ—â—s Enopian's Daughter who struck him blind and drove him from the Island from whence he went to Lemnos to Vulcan who brought him to the Sun that cured him of this Blindness As he went afterwards to ravish Diana she caused him to be stung by a Scorpion whereof as Palephatus says he died Homer in his Odysses L. 5. relates that 't was Diana her self that shot him to Death with her Arrows out of a Jealousie she had that Aurora was in Love with him And this is confirmed by Plutarch in his Fortune of the Romans where he says that Orion was beloved of a Goddess Diana in Compassion made him a Constellation placing him before the Feet of Taurus which consists of 17 Stars in Form like unto a Man armed with a Cutelas It rises on the 9th of March bringing Storms and great Rains with it whence Virgil gave it the Epithet of Orion aquosus it sets June 21. Lucian in Praise of an House speaking of the Sculptures which adorn'd the Appartments says thus of Orion This next is an old Story of Blind Orion which imports that some Body shewed him the Way he ought to follow in order to recover his Eye-sight and the Sun that appear'd cured him of his Blindness and this Vulcan contrived in the Isle of Lesbos ORPHEUS the Son of Oeagrus or according to others of Apollo and the Muse Calliope he was born in Thrace and was both a Poet Philosopher and an excellent Musician Mercury having made him a Present of his Harp on which he play'd so exquisitely that he stoped the Course of Rivers laid Storms drew the the most savage Animals after him and made Trees and Rocks to move Having lost his Wise Eurydice who shunning the Embraces of Aristeus King of Arcadia trod upon a Serpent who stung her to Death he went down to Hell after her where by the Melody of his Musick he obtained Leave of Pluto and Proscrpina for her to return upon Condition he should not look behind him till he got upon Earth but being overcome by an amorous impatience he turned about and lost his Eurydice for ever upon which he conceived so great an Hatred to Women that he endeavoured to inspire others with the same and this provoked the Women of Thrace to that Degree that being one Day with Transports of Fury celebrating their Orgia they fell upon Orpheus tore him to Pieces and threw his Head unto the River Lucian writes concerning it in this manner When the Thracian Women killed Orpheus 't is said his Head which they threw into the River swum a long time upon his Harp uttering mournful Tones in Honour of the said Heroe and that the Harp being touched by the Winds answered the mournful Song and in this Condition they arrived at the Isle of Lesbos where the People erected a Funeral Monument for him in the Place where Bacchus his Temple now stands but they hung up his Harp in Apollo's Temple where the same was kept a long time till the Son of Pittacus having heard say that it play'd of it self and charmed Woods and Rocks had a mind to have it for himself and so bought it for a good Sum of Money of the Sacristan but not thinking he could play safely in the City he went by Night to the Suburbs where as he went about to touch it the same made such a dreadful Noise instead of the Harmony he expected that the Dogs run thither and tore him in Pieces and so was attended with the same Fate herein as Orpheus himself There are some Authors who say that the Menades tore Orpheus in Pieces because he having sung the Genealogy of all the Gods had said nothing of Bacchus and the said God to be revenged on him caused his Priestesses to kill him Others say this Misfortune befel him by the Resentment of Venus to whom Calliope Orpheus his Mother had refused to give Adonis any longer than for 6 Months in the Year and that to revenge the same she made all the Women in Love with Orpheus and that every one of them being minded to enjoy him they had in that manner tore him in Pieces Cicero says that Aristotle thought there never was such an one as Orpheus and that the Poems which were attributed to him were the Works of a Pythagorean Philosopher In the mean time 't is hard to doubt there was such an one after so many Testimonies of the Ancients to the Contrary since Pausanias makes mention of Orpheus his Tomb and of the Hymns he had composed which he says came but little short or the Elegancy and Beauty of those of Homer but that his Wit was attended with more Religion and Piety than the others St. Justin reports that Orpheus Homer Solon Pythagoras and Plato had travelled into Egypt that they got there some Knowledge of the Scriptures and that afterwards they retracted what they had before written concerning the superstitious Worship of their false Deities in Favour of the Religion of the true God Orpheus according to this Father in his Verses spoke very clearly concerning the Unity of God as of him who had been as it were the Father of that extravagant Multiplicity of the Heathen Gods The Fable made him after his Death to be changed into a Swan Lucian informs us also in his Judicial Astrology that he gave the Greeks the first Insight into Astrology tho' but obscurely and under the Vâ—il of divers Mysteries and Ceremonies For the Harp on which he celebrated the Orgia and sung his Hymns and Songs had Seven Strings which represented the Seven Planets for which reason the Greeks after his Death placed the same in the Firmament and called a Constellation by its Name ORUS or HORUS King of Egypt the Son of Osiris the Greeks call him Apollo because perhaps he divided the Year into Four Seasons and the Day into Hours See Horus OSIRIS was a God and King among the Egyptians to whom they gave also divers other Names Diodorus Siculus says that some took him for Serapis others for Bacchus Pluto Ammon Jupiter and Pan. After that Osiris King of Egypt who was the fifth of the Gods that reigned in that Country after I say Osiris was killed by his Brother Typhon it was believed his Soul went
in the Shade upon Mount Aetna as we were playing on the River side he found me more beautiful than you and that I suppose makes you ready to burst for Spight Dor. You have Vanity enough to believe that any Body will be jealous of you what is there in you worth taking notice of but your clear Skin from whence you have obtained the Name of Galatea He took you to be handsome because your Complexion is just like his Butter and Cheese Galat. But for all that I have got one of Neptune's Sons to be my Lover Besides he is an excellent Musician Dor. Galatea pray never talk of his Musick we heard him the other Day when he drew near you to sing Good God a strange Musician indeed A pleasant Harp made of a Deer's Skull whose Horns served for Pins to it As great an Imitatrix as Eccho is she was ashamed to answer him for his Voice and Instrument never agreed and this fine Spark to make him appear the better carried in his Bosom a little Bear like himself I do not envy you upon the Account of this stinking one-eyed Cyclops who devours his Guests As Polyphemus one Evening was gathering his Flock together he found Vlysses and his Companions in a Grott and taking them to be Robbers he closed up the Mouth of it with a Rock but then discerning some of them by the glimmering of the Fire which they concealed he devoured them hereupon Vlysses to avoid the like Usage gave him some Wine which he had no sooner drank but he thought the Cave turn'd upside down and Vlysses taking Advantage over this his Giddiness put out his Eye with a Fire-brand and saved himself under the Belly of a Beast as he was driving them to Pasture POMONA a Nymph of Latium reckoned to be the Goddess of Gardens and Fruits POMPEIUS Pompey the Son of Strabo whom Historians compare with Alexander he was surnamed the Great from his great Actions and excellent Endowments He built a standing Theater at Rome for before they erected none but as there was occasion for them Dio accuses him of boundless Ambition and Envy mixed with Vanity since he envyed those Honours to Caesar which he had acquired He was defeated by Caesar in the Plains of Pharsalia and fleeing into Egypt to King Ptolomy he was assassinated and killed in a Bark as he was going ashoar his Head was sent to Caesar who shed Tears at the sight thereof PONDUS Weights wherewith liquid and dry Things are weighed As the Weights of the Romans and Greeks agreed very much with their Money you may see under the Word Moneta or under each particular Coin what has been said concerning them PONTES Bridges There were Eight of them in Rome The Sublician Bridge which was a Bridge of Wood For the Word Sublicae signified Wooden Piles which were driven under the Water It was the first that was built upon the Tiber Ancus Martius made it of Pieces of Timber set together without Iron or Nails it stood at the Foot of Mount Aventine and joined the Janiculum to the City 'T was that which Horatius Cocles defended against the Tuscan Army but being ruined through length of Time it was rebuilt of Stone by Emilius Lepidus and called after his Name The Emperor Tiberius rebuilt it in his Time it being destroyed by the frequent Inundations of the Tiber Happening afterwards to fall down again Antoninus built it all of Marble and 't was called Pons Marmoratus Malefactors Vagabonds and the Argian Images were thrown off of this Bridge into the Water 2. That called the Triumphal otherwise Vatican Bridge that stood upon the Middle of the Tiber over which those that triumphed passed and is now ruined 3. Tons Palatinus which was near Mount Palatine and otherwise named Senatorius M. Fulvius made the Piles thereof and L. Mummius finish'd the Arches during the Time of his Censorship 4. Pons Fabricius which was divided into two when the Island of the Tiber was made it being so called from him who built it when he was chief Surveyor of the high Ways It joined the Island to the City and it is at this Day named Di quatro capi from the Four Marble Figures each of which have Four Heads standing at the End of the Bridge in the Island or the Jews Bridge because they live near it Others called it Pons Cestius or Equilinus the Equiline Bridge 5. Pons Janiculensis and Aurelius built of Marble by Antoninus Pius and coming to be ruined was rebuilt by Pope Sextus IV. and called after his Name di ponte Sixto 6. Pons Elius so called from the Emperor Elius Adrianus who built it the same is called at this Day Ponto S. Angelo 7. Pons Milvius now Milvio which Elius Scaurus built It was upon this Bridge that Cicero seized the Ambassadors of the Allobroges with Letters about them whereby Catiline's Conspiracy was discovered and it was near unto this Bridge that Constantine defeated the Emperor Maxentius At Three Miles Distance from Rome stands Salaro Bridge under which runs the Teveron or Anio PONTIFEX Authors differ about the Etymology of this Word some deriving it from posse facere i. e. from the Authority which the Pontiffs had to sacrifice others as Varro from Pons because they built the Sublician Bridge that they might go and offer Sacrifice on the other Side of the Tiber. Pontifices à ponte arbitror dictos nam ab iis Sublicius est factus restitutus saepè cùm ideò sacra uls cis Tiberim ritu fiant Numa instituted Four Pontiffs of Patrician Families which continued to the Year 454. when in the Consulship of Apuleius Pansa and Valerius Corvus they created Four more of Plebeian Race at the Importunity of the Tribunes of the People as Livy says This Number of Eight lasted till the Dictatorship of Sylla who added Seven more and so the Colledge came to consist of 15 Pontiffs but with this Distinction that the first Eight were more honourable and called Pontifices Majores whereas the others took the Title of Pontifices Minores There was a sovereign Pontiff called Pontifex Maximus instituted by Numa who was the chief Person and sovereign Judge in Matters of Religion and to whose Care the Direction of all Ceremonies both Publick and Private and all the Articles of their Faith was wholly committed he prescribed the Ceremonies and particular Worship wherewith each God was to be honoured after the same by a Decree of the Senate had been received at Rome and to him belonged the Composing of the Rituals or Books of Ceremonies It was he that approved of the Vestal Virgins and appointed them their Habits that corrected chastised and condemned them to be buried alive when they violated their Vow of Chastity All the Orders of Priests and Sacrificers were under his Inspection Anciently he took upon him to perform the Functions of an Augur but C. Servilius the great Pontiff being one Day about to solemnize the Inauguration
contained Nine great Streets over which presided Two Surveyors called Curatores Viarum Two Denunciators and 36 Vico-magistri It extended without the City as well as within There stood the Temple of Mars Gradivns that was supported by 100 Pillars and was the magnificent Work of Sylla where the Senate met to give Audience to Foreign Embassadors Near it was the Stone called Manalis a manando because that in the Time of a great Drought they carried it about in a Procession made for Rain which failed not to fall quickly after as Festus tells us Manalem vocabant lapidem petransque extra portam Capenam juxta aedem Martis quem cùra propter nimiam siccitatem in urbem protraherent sequebatur pluvia statim eumque quòd aquas manaret manalem lapidem dixêre Near unto this Gate ran the little River Almo where the Goddess Pessinuntia was washed at her coming out of the Ship which brought her to Rome over it passed an Aqueduct which water'd it continually and made Juvenal call this Gate Madida Capena Not far from thence stood the Temples of Tempests Hope and the Muses or Camenae and the Altar of Apollo In the same Division there were Three little Groves called Luci that had been consecrated to the Honour of the Gods viz. Lucus Cuperius Hostiliani Lucus Egeriae Lucus Camoenarum Also Four Temples viz. those of Isis Serapis Fortunae Reduci and of Mars Quirinus to distinguish it from that without the Gate Capena which was called Martis Gradivi Templum The First was to denote the Peace and Tranquility they expected to enjoy in the City and the Second to shew that they would imploy their Arms without against their Enemies Ten Aediculae of which we know but the Names of Five only to wit Aediculae Fortunae obsequentis Honoris Virtutis Rediculi Herculis That of Rediculi was built without the Gate Cepena after Hannibal's Retreat Seven great open Places called Areae viz. those of Apollo Thallus Gallus Isis Eliana Pinaria Carsura and Mercury Six Publick Baths or Stoves viz. those of Vettius Bolanus Torquatus Mamertinus Abascantianus Mettianus Secundianus Antiochianus with 82 private ones more 83 Lakes or Ponds into which the Waters of their Springs ran 4 Arches viz. those of Drusus Nero Trajan Verus Partbicus and Janus Bifrons 14 horrea publica Publick Granaries 16 Bake-houses or Hand-mills called Pistrinae The Circus of Caracalla and the Women's Senaculum the Mutatory of Caesar at the Gate of Capena called Mutatorium Caesaris which was a Pleasure-house some famous Sepulchres as those of the Cornelii Attilii Calatini Servilii Caeciliani Horatii c. 121 Palaces or fine Houses called Domus 1250 Insulae or Houses not contiguous to any others about which a Man might walk round The second Division called Coelimontium was so named from Mount Caelius and contained 13200 Feet in Circumference and had 2 Surveyors 2 Denunciators 32 Vico-Magistri and 5 Watches It contained 12 Streets 30 private Baths to say nothing of the publick ones 65 Lakes or Ponds 3106 Insulae or separate Houses 2 sacred Groves 32 publick Granaries 23 Hand-mills 133 Noble-mens Houses and amongst others those of Vetellianus Phillip Lateranus Caesar Dictator Tiherius Claudius Centimalus and the Poet Stella 8 Aediculae 5 Temples viz. those of Tullius Hostilius Bacchus Faunus the Emperor Claudius Goddess Carnea upon Mount Coelius where stood also the Curia Hostilia in which the Senate often met as likewise Campus Martius where there were Horse-Races when the Land below was overflow'd with the Tiber Between Mount Caelius and Mount Palatine there was a great Street called Subura which begun at the open Place in the Middle of the City and ended in the Via Tiburtina all along the Exquiliae The greatest Part of the Nobles of Rome lived in this Street and from hence might be seen divers Barbers and Ropemakers Shops which made Martial say L. 2 Epig. 17. Tonstrix Suburae faucibus sedet primis Cruenta pendent quâ flagella tortorum They also sold all sorts of Fruits and Fowls there as we are informed by the same Poet L. 7. Epig. 30. The third Division called Isis and Serapis Moneta was 12450 Foot in Circumference It began near Mount Coelius and took up a great Part of the Exquiliae It had as well as the foregoing ones 2 Surveyors 2 Denunciators 32 Vico-Magistri and 8 Streets it contained the Tribe Gratiae Aureae the high Place or that of the Players called Summum choragium the Entry into the Via Sacra near the Carinae at the End of the Esquiliae the Lucus Cuperius of the Academy where they were instructed in the use of the Catapults 2 Temples that of Isis and Serapis Moneta and that of Concordia Virilis near unto which stood the Portico of Livia each were built as an Eternal Monument of the Concord that continually remained between her and Augustus her Husband 8 Aediculae viz. Aediculae Bonae Spei Serapis Sangi Fidoni Minervae Isidis Veneris Esculapii and Vulcani the Portico of Claudius Martialis Vespatian's Amphitheater otherwise called the Colisaeum where Fourscore Thousand People might easily see the Plays the great Games called Ludi Dacici and Mamertini the Camp of the Soldiers of Missena and their old Camp the School of the Quaestors and of Gallius the Baths of the Emperors Titus Trajan and Phillip 70 private Baths 33 Mills 29 Granaries 160 Palaces among which was Nero's Golden-House and Portico those of Brutus Pompey Titus with the Portico where the Statue of Laocoon and his Two Children stood besides 2807 Insulae or separate Houses The fourth Division called Via Sacra or Templum Pacis took up 1800 Feet in Circumference extending it self between Mount Palatine and the Exquiliae and containing no more than 8 Streets It had 2 Surveyors as many Denunciators and 32 Vico-Magistri The principal Parts thereof were the ViaSacra which began at the Carinae and passed by the Exquiliae to the Aedicula Strenia and extended as far as the Capitol along the Colisaeum and Titus his triumphal Arch passing by that of Septimius and so made a Part of the Forum Romanum and Comitia It was called Sacra because it was there the Peace was signed between Romulus and Tatius King of the Sabines Julius Casar covered it with Cloth from his Palace to the Capitol as he did by the Forum Romanum in order to represent the Plays where with he presented the Publick The Entrance into the Carinae was a Place well inhabited and adorned with fine Buildings and so Virgil calls them Lautae Carinae The chief Edifices were Titus his Baths and Palace where there were Subterranean Halls 137 Foot long 17 broad end 12 high built by Vespatian for the Colledge of the Pontifices Pompey's House and the School of the Freedman Lenaeus the famous Grammarian The old House of Cicero who left it to his Brother Quintus to go live on Mount Palatine The Aequimelium which was a round Place before the Temple of Tellus at one of the
tuo nutu spirant flamina nutriunt nubila germinant semina crescunt gramina Tuam Majestatem perborrescunt aves coelo meantes ferae montibus errantes serpentes solo latentes belluae ponto natantes At ego referendis laudibus tuis exilis ingenio adhibendis Sacrificiis tenuis patrimonio Nec mihi vocis ubertas ad dicenda quae de tuâ Majestate sentio sufficit nec ora mille linguaeque totidem vel indefessi sermonis aeternaseries Ergo quod solum potest religiosus quidem sed pâ—â—per alioqum efficere curabo divinos tuos vultus numenque sanctissimum intra pectoris mei secreta conditum porpetuò custodiens imaginabor These Prayers were usually made standing sometimes with a low and sometimes with a loud Voice unless it were at the Sacrifices of the Dead when they were performed sitting Multis dum precibus Jovem salutat Stans summos resupinus usque in ungues Mart. L. 12. Epigr. 78. And Virgil L. 9. Aeneid Luco tum fortè parentis Pilumni Turnus sacratá valle sedebat There was a kind of an Oration made with the Prayers for the Prosperity of the Emperor and Government as Apuleius L. 11. of his Golden Ass informs us After says he the Procession was come back to the Temple of the Goddess Isis one of the Priests called Grammateus standing up before the Door of the Quire brought together all the Pastophori and getting up to a high Place like a Pulpit took his Book and read several Orations aloud and made Prayers for the Emperor Senate Roman Knights and People adding some Things by way of Instruction in Religion Tunc ex iis quem cuncti Grammateum vocabant pro foâ—ibus assistens coetu Pastophorum quod sacro-sancti Collegii nomen est velut in concionem vocato indidem de sublimi suggestu de libro de litteris faustâ voce praefatus Principi magno Senatuique Equiti totique populo nauticis navibus c. These Ceremonies being ended the chief Sacrificer being set down and the rest of them standing the Magistrates or private Persons who offered Sacrifice came before him and presented him with the first Fruits and Victime and made sometimes a short Discourse or kind of Complement as we find Homer makes Vlysses do when he presented the High Priest Chryses with Iphigenia Agamemnon's Daughter to be sacrificed I come to you said he in Agamemnon my Master's Name who gives his Daughter a Sacrifice to Apollo whose Displeasure the Greeks have but too much felt in order to appease him These Words being over he delivered her into his Hands and Chryses received her We have also such another Speech in Lucian which he makes Phalaris his Embassador deliver to the Priests at Delphi as he made them a Present from him of a brasen Bull that for Workmanship was a Master-piece As every one came to present his Offering he went to wash his Hands in a Place appointed in the Temple for that Purpose that he might the better crepare himself for the Sacrifice he was to make and to thank the Gods for being pleased to accept of the Victims Lastly When the Offering was made the Priest that officiated perfumed the Victims with Incense and sprinkled them with Lustral Water and having washed his Hands and got up again to the Altar he prayed to the God whom he presented the Sacrifice to with a loud Voice that he would accept of those Offerings and be pleased with the Victims he went to sacrifice to him for the publick Good and for such and such Things in particular Thus the Priest Chryses in Homer L. 1. Iliad when he had received Iphigenia and the other Sacrifices lift up his Hands to Heaven and made loud Prayers to Apollo earnestly beseeching him to pardon the Greeks and accept of his Petitions In the close of the Offertory and Prayer made by the Priests to the Gods he came down the Steps of the Altar and from the Hand of one of his Assistants received the Sacred Paste called Mola salsa that was made of Barley or Wheat Flour mixed with Salt and Water which he threw upon the Head of the Victim sprinkling a little Wine upon it and this was called Immolatio quasi molae illatio being as it were the Diffusion of this Paste Mola salsa says Festus vocatur far tostum sale sparsum quòd eo molito hostiae aspergantur Virgil has exprest this Ceremony in several parts of his Poem one of which take from Aeneid 2. Jamque dies infanda aderat mihi sacra parari Et salsaefruges circam tempora vittae Upon which Servius says that the Priest scattered little bits of this Paste upon the Head of the Victim the Altars where the Sacred Fire burnt and Knives as by way of Consecration The Priest having scattered the Crumbs of this salted Paste upon the Head of the Victim which made the first part of the Consecration he took some Wine in a Vessel called Simpulum which was a kind of a Cruel and having tasted it himself first and then made his Assistants do the same to shew that they partaked of the Sacrifice he poured it between the Horns of the Victim pronouncing these Words of Consecration Mactus hoc vino inferio esto that is Let this Victim be improved and honoured by this Wine that it may be the more pleasing to the Gods I have explained the Word Mactus elsewhere which you may see This done they pulled off the Hair from between the Horns of the Victim and threw them into the Fire as Virgil says Et summas carpens media inter cornua setas Ignibus imponit sacris He then commanded the Sacrificer who asked him Agon ' Shall I strike To knock down the Victim with a great Blow on the Head with a Hammer or Ax and presently another of the Assistants named Popa thrust a Knife into his Throat while another received the Blood of the Animal that gushed out wherewith the Priest sprinkled the Altar Supponunt alii cultroâ— tepidumque cruorem Suscipiunt pateris Virg. When the Victim was slain they flead him if the same were not a Burnt-offering which was burnt Skin and all They took the Flesh off of the Head and then adorning it with Garlands and Flowers fasten'd it to the Pillars of the Temples as well as the Skins as Ensigns of Religion which they carried about in Procession in some publick Calamity and this we learn from that Passage in Cicero against Piso Ecquid recordaris cùm omni totius provinciae pecore compulso pellium nomine omnem quaestum illum domesticum paeternumque renovasti And again from this other in Festus Pellom habere Hercules fingitur ut homines cultûs antiqui admoneantur Lugentes quoque diebus luctûs in pellibus sunt Not but that the Priests oftentimes wore the Skins of the Victims and that others went to sleep upon them in the Temples of Aescuâ—â—pius and Faunus that they might receive favourable Responses
spent in publick Rejoycings and much the same as those used the preceding Day The third Night they sacrificed a Hog to the Earth which the Ancients esteemed as one of their chief Goddesses and adored under different Names they believed this Animal to be the most pleasing Victim they could offer her as well because it always looked towards the Earth as by reason they said a Hog formerly eat the first Corn that was sowed This Sacrifice was offered upon the Banks of the Tiber at a Place in Campus Martius called Terentum from the Verb Tero to use because the Bank of the River was there worn away and as it were consumed by the Water On the Day following which was the third and last of the Secular Games they had Two Consorts of Musick one consisting of Boys and the other of Girls all of them of the best Families in Rome and whose Parents were yet alive a Circumstance observed that there might be no Occasion administred for Mourning and Sadness at a Feast where there should be nothing found but Joy They sung an Hymn composed on Purpose for the Secular Plays we have that extant which was sung in Augustus his Time and composed by Horace which is to be found in the End of his Book of Epods It was undoubtedly the same Day that was appointed for the Mystick Dance of the Salii instituted formerly by Numa second King of Rome we should not have known that this Dance made one of the chief Ceremonies of the Secular Plays if we had not learnt it from two Medals one of Augustus and the other of Domitian which were stamped on purpose for these Plays and upon which may be seen the Figure of a Salian as represented by the Ancients He has a round Bonnet on his Head ending with two very long Corners upon his particoloured Tunick he wears a kind of a Coat of Arms of which nothing but the Edges is to be seen which consisted of Purple Bands fastned with Brass Buckles he holds a small Rod in his Right Hand and a Buckler in the Left in the midst whereof Minerva's Head is to be seen she being the Goddess chosen by Domitian to be his Protectress They assisted the same Day at the Shews in the same manner as on the preceding Days This Feast being over the Emperor gave the Offerings to such Officers as were to take care of these Ceremonies who distributed part of the same amongst the People They afterwards recorded these Plays in the publick Registries and inscribed them on Marble They were called Secular Games because the Time prescribed between the Celebration of one and the other of them had the same Extent as the longest Life of Man which is that called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Greeks but Seculum by the Romans In short this Solemnity contributed very much to the Diverting of the Plague Morality and other Epidemical Distempers and now we will give you the Occasion of the Institution of them Valesius from whom the Family of the Valefii among the Sabines was descended having a Wood before his House the tall Trees whereof were reduced to Ashes by Thunder he was troubled that he could not understand the Reason of such a Prodigy In a short Time after his Children happening to fall sick of a dangerous Distemper against which no medicinal Remedies could prevail he had Recourse to the Aruspices who telling him that the manner of the Thunder denoted that the Gods were very angry he went in the Way of his Duty to appease them by Sacrifices and being both himself and his Wife extreamly concerned for the Safety of his Children of which they had no Hopes he prostrated himself at the Feet of a Statue of Vesta making a Tender to that Goddess of his own and their Mother's Life to redeem theirs then turning his Eyes towards the Wood that had been burnt he thought he had heard a Voice commanding him to go to Tarentum and there give them some of the Water of the Tiber to drink after he had warmed it upon the Fire of Pluto and Proserpina's Altar At these Words he despaired still the more of the Lives of his sick Children for how should he find the Water of the Tiber at Tarentum which was a little Town scituated in the farther Part of Italy besides he took it for an ill Augury for him to heat that Water upon the Altar of the Infernal Gods The Aruspices had no better Opinion of it than he however they advised him to obey wherefore he embarked with his Children upon the Tiber and took care to carry Fire along with him but finding he could do it no longer because of its excessive Heat he caused the Men to row toward a Place on the Shore where the Stream was not so rapid and having stopped near a Shepherd's Cottage he came to know of the said Shepherd that the Name of the Place was Tarentum or Terentum as well as the City scituate in the Promontory of Iapyx He gave God Thanks for this good News caused the Water of the Tiber to be warmed upon the Fire he had lighted and no sooner gave it his Children to drink but they fell asleep and when they awoke found themselves well They told their Father that while they were asleep a Man of an extraordinary Size appeared to them who had an Air all Divine and commanded them to offer black Victims to Pluto and Proserpina and to spend Three Nights successively in singing and dancing to the Honour of those Deities in a Place in Campus Matrius appointed for the exercising of Horses Vaicsius going about to lay the Foundations of an Altar there had not dug very far but he found one to his Hand with this Inscription TO PLUTO AND PROSERPINA And having then his Doubts fully cleared to him he sacrificed black Victims on the said Altar and spent Three Nights in this Place as 't was ordered him to do Now this â—ar had been erected for those Gods upon a remarkable Occasion during the War of the Romans against the Albans whea their Armies were just going to engage all on a sudden there appeared a Man with a monstrous Aspect and clad in black Skins crying out with a loud Voice That Fluto and Proserpina commanded them before they engaged to sacrifice to them under Ground after which he vanished The Romans being astonished at this Apparition immediately built an Altar 20 Foot deep under Ground and after having sacrificed according to Order they covered it to the end no Body but themselves might have Knowledge of it Valesius having found it after he had offered Victims thereon and spent the Nights in the Rejoycings prescribed by the Gods he was called Manius Valerius Terentinus Manius in Commemoration of the Infernal Gods called Manes by the Latins Valerius from the Word valeo which signifies to be in Health and Terentinus in respect to the Place where he had offered Sacrifices Sometime after this Adventure that is
what is said concerning Nestor that he lived Three some believe an Age was Thirty Years others with more Reason take it to be an Hundred Ovid was of this Opinion when he made Nestor say Vixi annos bis centum nuneteria vivitur atas The same Poet in another place seigned that Sybilla Cumaea was 700 Years old when Aeneas came to consult her and that she was to live 300 Years longer Nam jam mihi secula septem Acta vides superest numeros ut pulveris aquem Tercentum messes tercentum musta videre It was a Request she had made and obtained that she should live as many Years as she held Grains of Sand in her Hand We do not know from whence Ovid had this Fable but he allows her above 1000 Years to live In the Argonauticon attributed to Orpheus we have an Account given of a People called Macrobii that comes near unto that of our Age of Innocence and Terrestrial Paradice The Length of their Lives from which they derive their Names is no less than 1000 Years Omnique exparte beatos Macrobios facilem qui vitam in longa trabentes Secula millenos implent feliciter annos Horace attributes the shortening of Men's Lives only to Prometheus his stealing Fire from Heaven and the Vengeance of God that has poured an Infinity of Evil upon us Post ignem athereâ domo Subductum macies nova febrium Terris incubuit cohors Semotique priùs tarda necessitas Lethi corripuit gradum Silius Italicus tells us of an ancient King of Spain called Arganthonius who lived 300 Years Herodotus speaks of the Aethiopians of Africa who were called Macrobii and says they commonly lived 120 Years and 't was believed the Length of their Lives proceeded from the Water they drank which was lighter than Wood it self Lucian gives the Title of Macrobii that is of Long livers to one of his Dialogues He does not only make an Enumeration of particular Persons but also of Nations famous for their being long-lived he says it was reported that some People in the Country of Seres that is China lived 300 Years Diodorus Siculus relates the Account given by the Egyptians of their Gods or rather Kings some of whom had reigned 300 Years and others 112 but 't is believed their Years were lunar and no more than a Month Others are of Opinion that they confounded their History with Astronomy and attributed to their Kings the Names of the Stars and the Length of their Revolutions and so that they are rather Astronomical Computations which they have made than the Dynasties and historical Successions of their Kings Eusebius relates a Passage out of Josephus which shews that prophane Authors have in their Writings acknowledged and bore Testimony to the Truth of the Length of Mens Lives in the first Ages Josephus says that the first Men were permitted to live thus so extraordinarily long not only upon the Account of their Piety but out of a Necessity that the Earth should be peopled in a short time and Arts invented especially Astronomy which required the Observations of several Ages to make it perfect These Two Reasons discover the Falsity of their Opinion who thought that the Years which made up the first Mens long Lives consisted of no more than One Month or at the most Three but the most convincing Proof of any is that the Year of the Deluge is so well circumstanciated in the Book of Genesis that the 12 Months and 365 Days are there exprest Neither would Moses in Five or Six Chapters successively have given such different Significations to this Term Year St. Augustine has very vigorously pushed on this Argument concerning the Year of the Deluge Lactantius tells us that Varro was so confident that Men in ancient Days lived even to be a Tousand Years old that in order to facilitate the Understanding of a Truth that was so universally received he instanced in the lunar Years that consisted of one Month only in which time the Moon ran thro' the Twelve Signs of the the Zodiac VITELLIUS a Roman Emperor that succeeded Otho Johannes Baptista Porta in his Treatise of Physiognomy observes he had an Owl's Face His thick short Neck reddish Complexion and a great Belly as Suetonius describes him threatned him with an Apoplexy if a violent Death had not shortened his Life as well as his continual Debaucheries Of the most sumptuous Feasts where with he was treated that which his Brother Lucius made for him is taken Notice of where there were 2000 Fishes and 7000 Fowls served to the Table He made one Feast wherein he was not so profuse but more dainty and wherein one Course consisted of the Livers of a sort of rare Fishes called Seari Pheasants and Peacocks Brains the Tongues of Phoenicopteri which are very rare Birds and the Rows of Lamprey's All these Dainties were brought from the Carpatbian Sea Straights of Gibraltar and other remote Parts of the World In short his whole Reign was but one continued Debauch and Profuseness which made Vibius Crispus say who had the good Fortune to fall sick at that Time and so to avoid those Excesses that had it no been for his Illness he must infallibly have burst Vitellius was slain by the Soldiers who advanced Vespasian to the Throne and after he had been dragged through the Streets of Rome with a Rope about his Neck and his Body run through in several Parts he was with his Brother and Son thrown into the Tiber having reigned but Eight Months VITRUM Glass The Invention of Glass is very ancient and 't is long ago since they have made very fine Things of it nevertheless the Art of making Glass for Windows did not come in use till a long time after and the same may be looked upon as an Invention of latter Ages Indeed Marcus Scaurus in Pompey's Time made part of the Scene of that stately Theater which was built at Rome for the People's Diversion of Glass but in the mean time they had then no Glass Windows to their Houses and if any great Men and of the richest sort had a mind to have 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in their Houses and to which the Light might come they closed up the Passage with Transparent Stones such as Agates Alabaster and Marble finely polished but when they came afterwards to know the Use of Glass for that Purpose they used it instead of these sorts of Stones ULYSSES Prince of Ithaca and the Son of Laertes and Anticlea he had Penelope to Wife whom he loved so entirely that to the end he might not leave her and not be obliged to go to the Trojan War he pretended himself mad and tied his Plough the wrong way to Two Animals of a different Kind with which he ploughed but Palamedes making a Shew as if he went about to kill his Son or rather laying him in the Furrow that so the Coulter of the Plough might kill him as 't was drawn along Vlysses that knew the Danger
the Horn of Plenty He therefore being confounded with this Defeat for shame hid his Head that had lost a Horn under the Waters of the River Thoas which ever since bear his Name Strabo lib. 10. interprets this Fable allegorically and says That Achclous is said to be changed into a Serpent upon the account of the Course of that River which is winding like a Serpent and into a Bull because the Noise which the Waters make resembles the Bellowing of a Bull. And because this River destroy'd all the Country round about by its frequent Inundations Hercules confin'd it within its Channel by cutting a Stream from it which is the Horn that he pluck'd off and that became the Horn of Plenty by reason of the Fertility of that Earth which was enrich'd for a long time after by the fat slime it left behind Virgil takes the Waters of the River Achelous for Water in general in this Verse in the first Book of his Georgicks Poculaque inventis Acheloia miscuit uvis Which gives sufficient ground to suppose that Scaliger did not without reason affirm That the Latin word Aqua came from a word like it in the antient Greek Language from which the River Achelous took its name viz. Aqua and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lavare Maximus Tyrius the Philosopher mentions also a Contest between this River and Hercules who pluck'd off from it one Horn whereof the Nymphs made the Horn of Plenty having fill'd it with Fruits and Flowers Servius explaining this Verse of Virgil Corniger Hesperidum fluvius regnator aquarum says That the Floods were painted with Horns because of their winding Course which twines about the Land like a Serpent Thus the River Achelous was represented with Horns as well as the Po whereof Virgil speaks Diodorus Siculus gives an account how this River falling down at first from Mount Pindus ran over the Rocks and made a great Devastation in the Country whereupon Hercules opened a more large and united Channel and so well water'd one Field with it that it became very fruitful This is the Meaning of the Fable and what Ovid has express'd in describing the Horn of Plenty Dum tenet infregit truncâque à fronte revellit Naïades hoc pomis odore flore repletum Sacrarunt divesque meo bona copia cornu est Metamorph. lib. 9. ACHERON or ACHERUNS according to Plautus a River of Hell which Homer places in the Country of the Cimmerians thinking that Country to be Hell being a day's Journey from Circe which is a Mountain in the Country of the Latins Circe speaking to Ulysses when he embark'd in the Country of the Cimmerians Navem quidem illic sistito in Oceano profundorum vorticum Ipse autem in Plutonis eas domum obscuram ubi in Acherontem fluunt Cocytus qui Stygiae aquae est emanatio Servius explaining these words of Virgil Tenebrosa palus Acheronte refuso seems to confirm what Homer says and to place these dark Cavities and Rivers of Hell in the Country of Italy All Geographers place the River Acheron in Epirus which joins to Arcadia Diodorus Siculus shews that the Hell of the Greeks was nothing but an Imitation of the Funerals of the Egyptians For thus he discourses about them Pratum verò habitationem Defunctorum confictam esse locum juxta paludem Acherusiam Plcrasque enim maximas Aegyptiorum funerationes istic peragi dum cadavera per amnem Acherusiam paludem deportata in cryptis illic siti◠deponunt The Field which the Souls of the dead inhabit is a place joining to the Morass of Acherusa near the City of Memphis whither the Egyptians carry the Bodies of the dead to inter them Which gave occasion to the Fable that the Souls of the dead pass'd the River Acheron in a Boat This River is encompass'd on all sides with high Mountains so that the Sun never shines upon it and this gave occasion to the Name of Acheron which is deriv'd from the Greek words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. the River of Auguish and Pain or at least 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be deprived to Joy and Pleasure for asmuch as the Sun which is the Father of Nature never shines there The Poets make this River the Son of Titan and the Earth and say that he was banished to Hell by Jupiter for furnishing the Titans with Water in the War against the Gods ACHILLES the Son of Peleus and Thetis he was a very magnanimous Grecian Prince whom his Mother dipt in the Waters of Styx while he was very young and by this means made him invulnerable in all parts of his Body but his Heel by which she held him when she dipt him She caused him to be educated by Chiron the Centaur a Man very skilful in the Noble Arts as in Medicine Musick and Drawing the Bow who instructed him in these Sciences and Exercises with great Care and fed him only with Honey and the Marrow of Lyons and Boats to make him the more stout and formidable Themis whom his Mother consulted about the Destiny of young Achilles having foretold that he should be kill'd in the War which the Greeks were to undertake against the Trojans to revenge the Rape of Helen by Paris the Son of King Priam she address'd her self to Neptune conjuring him to sink the Boat that carried that Princess but this being deny'd because the Decree of Destiny was inviolable she resolv'd to send him under the Disguise of a Girl into the Isle of Scyro to the Court of King Lycomedes that he might there be educated with his Daughters and by this means be stoln away from the Greeks and hindred from going to that Fatal War While he sojourn'd there he became very intimate with the young Deidama the King's Daughter insomuch that she became big with child and was brought to bed of a Son who was call'd Pyrrhus from the disguised Name of Achilles who was called Pyrrha by reason of his Hair which was of a shining red colour Nevertheless he was discover'd by Ulysses and Diomedes who landed on the Isle of Scyro in the habit of Merchants and having exposed the Merchandize they had brought with them to Sale at the King's Court which were nothing but Trinkets for Women with some Arms Achilles tho under his Disguise never concern'd himself about the Trinkets but presently seized upon the Arms and thereby discover'd himself and follow'd Ulysses to the War of Troy Thetis his Mother seeing this fatal Necessity obtain'd of Vulcan a Suit of Armour for him so excellently temper'd that it was impenetrable He signalized himself at the Siege of Troy by many brave Exploits but out of indignation against Agamemnon for robbing him of his Mistress Briseis he retir'd from the Grecian Camp and laid down his Arms which he would never take up again till the Death of his Friend Patroclus who was kill'd by Hector which did so sensibly touch him
Julius or July under Jupiter's Protection JULIUS viz. MENSIS July This Month was called in the Calender of Romulus Quintilis because it was the fifth Month of the Year according to this King's Calender who made up the Year of Ten Months only beginning the Year with the Month of March But afterwards this name was changed by the orders of Marc. Antony and it was called Julius in honour of Julius Caesar who had reformed the Calender of Romulus The first of this Month was a time appointed for removing Lodgings and paying Houses Rents as we learn by this Epigram of Mâ—â—tial l. 12. Epigr. 32. O Juliarum dedecus Calendarum Vidi Vacerra sarcinas tuas vidi Quas non retentas pensione pro bimâ Portabat uxor rufa crinibus septem He means that his House Goods were so inconsiderable that the owner of the House refused to keep them for payment of Two Years Rent due to him The fifth of this Month or the third before the Nones was a Holy Day called Poplifugia the flight of the People when Romulus was killed and a dreadful storm put them to flight The seventh or the day of the Nones was called Caprotinae Nonae from the Latin Word Caprificus a wild Fig-Tree in remembrance of a Servant Maid called Tutola or Philotis who got upon a wild Fig-Tree holding a burning Torch in her hand as a token to the Romans to surprize the Army of the Latins The next Day after this Feast they kept another rejoycing Day called Vitulatio in honour of the Goddess Vitula because the following Day after the Victory obtain'd over the Latins there were publick Rejoycings all over the City The 12th was Julius Caesar his Birth-day kept holy The Games called Apollinarii Circenses and Minervalus were represented in this Month. And a Temple was Dedicated to Female Fortune in acknowledgment of the great Service that Veturia and Volumnia the Mother and the Wife of Coriolanus had done to the Commonwealth by hindering him to take revenge of the affront of his Banishment At the Ides of the Month they made a general Muster of the Roman Knights called Transvectio Crowned with Branches of Olive Tree and riding their own Horses from the Temple of Honour to the Capitol The Censors were present at this Ceremony to see if their Horses were in good case and if they march'd in good order The same Day the Feast of Castor and Pollux was kept in their Temple built by the Son of Aulus Posthumius in the great place of Rome because they had fought for the Romans against the Latins who attempted to restore Tarquinius Supurbus to Rome The 18th was accounted fatal because upon that Day the Romans were defeated near the River Allia and put to flight by the Gauls The 23d Women with Child offered a Sacrifice to the Goddess Opigena and carried small Wax Figures into her Temple and prayed to her to grant them a happy Deliverance The 24th the Feasts of the Pontifs were kept The 25th they went in Processions about the Fields which were called Ambervalia The 28th a Sacrifice of Wine and Honey was offered to Ceres and the remainder of the Month was bestowed to Sacrifice reddish Dogs to the Dog-star to moderate the excessive heat of that Season JULUS The Son of Aeneas and Creusa sirnamed Ascanius who came with his Father into Italy and Reigned there after him He built a City called Alba Longa in a place where he had found a wild Sow with her young ones JUNIUS June the sixth Month of the Year wherein the Sun enters the Sign Cancer which makes the Summer Solstice This Word comes from the Latin Junius which some derive à Junone as Ovid in the 5th of his Fast introduces this Goddess saying Junius a nostro nomine nomen habet Others take the Etymology of this word a Junioribus from young people Junius-est Juvenum Ovid. And some others from Junius Brutus who expelled the King of Rome and settled the government upon the people This month was under the protection of Mercury The first day of the month they solemnized four feasts one dedicated to Mars out of the City because upon the like day F Quintius Duumvir of the Sacrifices had dedicated a Temple to him out of the gate Capena on the via Appia by the title of Mars Extra-Muranus The other feast was kept in honor of Carna in remembrance of the Temple that Junius Brutus consecrated to him upon mount Celius after he had driven away Tarquinius The common opinion was that this Divinity presided over the heart of children and inclined them which way she pleased They offerd Pap Bacon and Beans to her in Sacrifice The third feast was celebrated in honor of Juno Moneta to perform the vow that Camillus had made to build her a Temple The fourth feast was solemnized in honor of Tempest and instituted in the time of the second Punick war The fourth or the day before the Nones the feast of Bellona was kept whereof I have spoken under the word Bellona This same day a feast was celebrated in honor of Hercules and the Senate dedicated him a Temple in the Circus by Sylla's Order who gave stately entertainments to the people and presented Hercules with the tenth part of his wealth The 5th or the day of the Nones they offered a sacrifice to God Fidius to whom the Romans built a Temple on mount Quirinal after the peace was concluded with the Sabins and they honoured this God because the oaths taken in his name were inviolably kept Upon the 7th day happened the Fishermens Feast which was solemnized in the field of Mars with games mirth and banquetting The 8th or the 6th day of the Ides a solemn sacrifice was offered to the Goddess Mens in the Capitol to whom Attilius Crassus vowed a Temple after the defeat of the Consul C. Flaminins at the lake of Trasimenes praying her to remove out of the mind of the Romans the fear occasioned by the rout of the Consul The 9th or the 5th of the Ides was kept the great feast of the Goddess Vesta whereof I shall speak in its place The 11th or 3d of the Ides was solemnized the feast of the Goddess Matuta which shall be mentioned afterwards Upon the Ides of June fell out the feasts of Jupiter sirnamed Invictus or Invincible to whom Augustus dedicated a Temple for the victories he had obtained And this same day was kept the feast of Minerva called Quinquatrus minores the Fiddlers feasts mentioned in this book according to its order The 19th a sacrifice was offered to Pallas on mount Aventinus The 20th another was offered to Summanus to whom a Temple was dedicated upon such a day during the war of Pyrrhus The 22d was reckoned a fatal day because that day F. Flaminius was overcome by the Carthagimans The 23 Syphax was vanquished by Masinissa and the same day was called Dies Fortis Fortunae because King Servius dedicated her a Temple out of the
City beyond Tiber where Workmen and Slaves crowned with flowers went by water to divert themselves and be merry as inhabitants of great Cities commonly do upon holy days The 27th was the feast of the Lares or houshold God 's ' The 28th the feast of Quirinus was celebrated on the mount of the same name and the 30th the feast of Hercules and the Muses were kept in a Temple dedicated to them both JUNO The daughter of Saturn and Rhea and Sister to Jupiter 'T is reported that she was born at Argos a Town of Greece whereupon she was sirnamed by Poets Argiva Juna Others assure us that she was born at Samos and have called her Samia She Married her Brother Jupiter who got into her bosom according to the Fable under the shape of a Cuckow and then re-assuming his own form enjoyed her upon condition he should marry her which he performed The truth is that in that time Brothers and Sisters married together after the custom of the Persians and Assyrians Wherefore Juno is represented by the Figure of a Goddess setting on a Throne holding a Scepter in her hand with a Cuckow on the top of it Poets don't agree among themselves neither about the number of Children she had of Jupiter nor the way she conceived them Pausanius reports that she had Mars Ilithyia and Hebe by him Lucian asserts in one of his Dialogues that she was brought to Bed of Vulcan without having lain with her Husband and that she was big with Hebe for having eaten too much Lettice Dionysius Halicarnasseus writes that King Tullus ordered that a Piece of Money should be brought into her Temple at Rome for every one that was born as they were obliged to bring one to the Temple of Venus Libitina for all those who died and another to the Temple of Youth for those who put on the Viril Gown And thus they kept in their Records a very exact account of all those who were born or died at Rome or were at an Age fit to bear Arms. This Juno who presided over the birth of Men was named by the Romans Lucina and by the Greeks Ilithyia Statuit quanti pretii nummos pro singulis inferre deberent cognati In aerarium Ilithyiae Romani Junonem Lucinam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vocant pro nascentibus in Veneris ararium in Luco situm quam Libitinam vocant pro defunctis in Juventutis pro togam virilem sumentibus Some Writers report That Lucina is either Diana or another Goddess than Juno but the Pagans confound often the Goddesses with Juno Here is what Lucian says about this matter in his Deo Syria In Syria not far from Euphrates stands a Town called the Holy City because 't is Dedicated to Juno of Assyria Within are the Golden Statues of Jupiter and Juno both in a sitting posture but the one is carried upon Oxen and the other upon Lions That of Juno has something of several other Goddesses for she holds a Scepter in one hand and a Distaff in another Her Head is Crowned with Rays and Dressed with Turrets and her Waste girt with a Scarf like the Celestial Venus She is adorned with Gold and Jewels of divers Colours that are brought from all parts But what is most marvellous is a precious Stone she has upon her Head which casts so much light that by Night it illuminates all the Temple for which reason they have given it the name of Lamp but by day it has hardly any light and only seems like Fire And indeed as some Men have confounded all the Gods with Jupiter those who made the Image of Juno mentioned by Lucian had the like design to Incorporate all the Goddesses in Juno's Person Lactantius tells us that Tully derives the names of Juno and Jupiter from the help and sucour that Men receive of them à Juvando Juno presided over Weddings and Womens Labours and was called upon in these Exigencies as we see in Terence where Glyceria being in Labour has recourse to her Juno Lucina far opem When the Roman Matrons were barren they went into her Temple where having pulled off their Cloaths and lying on the Ground they were lashed by a Lupercal Priest with Thongs made of a Goat's Skin and thus became fruitful wherefore Juno was represented holding a Whip in one hand and a Scepter in the other with this Inscription JUNONI LUCINAE Poets have given many Epithets to Juno calling her Lucina Opigena Juga Domeduca Cinxia Unxia Fluonia She was called Lucina à Luce because she helped Women to bring forth Children and show them the Light and for the same reason she was also named Opigena and Obstetrix because she helped Women in Labour Juga Juno was called because she presided at the Yoke of Matrimony and consequently over the Union of Husband and Wife and because of that Qualification she had an Altar erected to her in one of the Streets of Rome therefore called Vicus Jugarius the Street of Yokes Domiduca because she brought the Bride to the House of her Bridegroom Unxia because of the Bride's anointing the side Posts of the Door of her Husband going in thereat Cinxia because she helped the Bridegroom to unite the Girdle the Bride was girded with in fine she was called Fluonia because she stopp'd the flux of Blood in Womens Labours In one word Juno was like a Guardian Angel to Women in the like manner that God Genius was the keeper of Men for according to the Opinion of the Antients the Genius's of Men were Males and those of Women Females Wherefore Women swore by Juno and Men by Jupiter The Romans gave her several other names and called her sometimes Juno Caprotina Meneta Sospita and sometimes Regina and Calcadaris She was sirnamed Caprotina because as Plutarch reports in the Life of Romulus the Gauls having taken the City of Rome the Sabins and several other Nations of Italy fancying that the Romans were weakened thereby took this opportunity to destroy them Wherefore they raised a considerable Army and proclaimed War against them unless they would send them their Virgins to sport with them The Romans unwilling to comply with their demand accepted the Proposal of Philotis a Maid-Slave who offered herself to go over to them with her Companions promising withal that she would give warning to the Romans when their Enemy should be deeply ingaged in Debaucheries Which she performed thus She got up into a wild Fig-Tree from whence she gave a Signal to the Roman Army who thoroughly routed the Enemy In remembrance of this Victory the Romans ordered a Feast to be kept every Year at Nonae Caprotinae in honour of Juno called also Caprotina from the wild Fig-Tree à caprifico at which time the Maid Slvaes diverted themselves played the Ladies and entertained their Mistresses JUNO MONETA Juno was called Moneta à monendo i. e. to advise or because when the Gauls took Rome she advised the Romans to Sacrifice to her a Sow great
some to the Girls to drink but reserves the best Part for her self wherewith she makes her self drunk and so sends them Home saying She has stopt the Mouths of Slanderers Fast 2. V. 571. Ecce anus in mediis residens annosa puellis Sacra facit Tacitae vix tamen ipsa tacet Et digitis tria tura tribus sub limine ponit Quà brevis occultum mus sibi fecititer Tum cantata tenet cum rhombo liciafusco Et septem nigras versat in ore fabas Quodque pice astringit quod acu trajecit abenâ Obsutum menthâ torret in igne caput Vina quoque instillat vini quodcunque relictum est Aut ipsa aut comites plus temen ipsa bibit Hostiles linguas inimicaque vinximus ora Dicit discedens ebriaque exit anus MYAGROS otherwise called Achor and Beelzebuth by the Hebrews the God of Flies to whom the Elaans offered Sacrifice that he might drive away the Flies See Achor MYODES see Achor MYRINUS an Epithet given to Apollo and taken from the City of Myrina in Eolia where he was worshipped MYRMIDONES the Myrmidons a People of Thessaly who followed Achilles to the Trojan War The Poets feigned that they were Ants which at the Request of King Eacus were changed by Jupiter into Men because the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies an Ant. MYRON an excellent Statuary who amongst others of his Pieces made a Cow of Copper so like unto the Life that the Bulls took her to be so and this has rendered him famous among the Poets and all the Ancients MYRRHA the Daughter of Cinirus King of Cyprus who falling in Love with her Father deceived him by the Artifice of her Nurse to gratifie her Lust Cinirus coming to know it endeavoured to kill her but she fled into Arabia where she was transformed into that Tree which bears Myrrh She was the Mother of Adonis MYSTRUM a kind of Measure among the Greeks that held about a Spoonful N. N Is the Thirteenth Letter of the Alphabet and a Liquid Consonant which is called Iinniens because of its having a clearer and plainer Sound than others the same sounding against the Roof of the Mouth And this appears in that it has the same Pronunciation in Manlius as in the Word An a Year in Menses as in en Tho' sometimes it loses much of its Strength in particular Words and forms a midling Sound between it self and the G which gave the Greeks Occasion to change the N into P before these Greek Letters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tho' many are of Opinion that this was the Transcriber's Faults in lengthning out the v too much and making a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of it The Latins had also somewhat of the like Nature in their Language for they put Two gg together as the Greeks did writing Aggulus for Angulus c. The Greeks often changed this Letter into an L in the Midst of Words as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was put for Manlius or else they left it out altother as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for Hortensius which made Lambinus falsly believe that the true Name of that Roman Orator was Hortesius contrary to the Authority of Ancient Books and Inscriptions besides which we find by a great many Examples that it was usual with the Greeks to leave out the N. when it came not in the End of Words This Letter was also sometimes lost in the Latin as when from Abscindo they made the Preterperfect Tense abscidi The N moreover had an Affinity with the R from whence we find Aeneus put for Aereus Cancer for Carcer Carmen from Cano Germen for Genimen according to Joseph Scaliger upon Varro And N was put for S whence it is that Cessores was found for Censores in Varro and Sanguis for Sanguen N among the Ancients was a Numeral Letter signifying 900 and when a Line was drawn above it it implied 90000. N and L being put together with the Lawyers signified as much as non liquet the Cause did not yet appear clear enough for Sentence to pass NAIADES they were false Goddesses which the Heathens believed did preside over Fountains and Rivers The Poets often make mention of them It 's a Word that comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to flow NAPAEAE were false Goddesses which the Pagans believed did preside over Forests and Hills In the mean while Servius in explaining this Verse in Virgil Faciles venerare Napaeas says That the Napaeae or the Naiades were the Nymphs of Fountains It s plain that the Word is derived from the Hebrew Nouph or Noup And the said Servius upon another Line in Virgil says That the Napaeae were the Nymphs of Fountains and the Nereides of the Seas In the mean time if the Greek Etymology 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 be given this Word we must say that the Napaeae are the Nymphs of Forests NARCISSUS the Son of Cephisus a River in Boeotia and of Lyriope the Daughter of Oceanus who was exceeding beautiful His Parents having one Day consulted the Prophet Tiresias concerning the Fate of their Son he answered That if he lived he ought not to see his own Face which they did not at first understand He was courted by all the Nymphs of the Country because of his handsome and good Mein but he slighted them all and even made the Nymph Eccho languish and die for Love of him insomuch that she had nothing left her but a weak Voice her Body being transformed into a Rock The Gods were not willing to let such disdainful Arrogance go unpunished and therefore one Day as he returned weary and faint from Hunting he stopt upon the Brink of a Well to quench his Thirst and seeing his own Face in the Water he grew so desparately in Love therewith that he wasted away upon the Place with Love and Languishment but the Gods in Compassion to him changed him into a Flower of his Name Pausanias in his Boeotica contradicts this Fable and says That Narcissus was in Love with his Sister that was born after him and that when she died he also pined away and perish'd NAVIS a Ship it s a Vessel built with high Sides in order to sail upon the Sea Many are of Opinion that Janus was the first Inventer of Shipping because the Figure of one was impressed upon the Reverse of the most ancient Coins of the Greeks of Sicily and Italy according to Atheneus And Phaedrus L. 4. F. 6. speaks of the first Ship in this manner I wish to God the Thessalian Ax had never hewn down the lofty Pines growing on the Sides of the Forest of Peleon and that subtil Argus who was desirous to trace out a bold Course and such as was exposed to the Dangers of apparent Death upon the Waters had not built a Ship by the Art and Direction of Pallas This Ship I say first opened the Passage
of the Sea which till then had continued inaccessible and has been fatal to the Greeks and Barbarians What think you of this short Relation Doubtless you will tell me that the same is impertinent and falsly grounded because Minos long before the Argonants had surmounted the Violence of the Egaean Sea covering the same with a great Fleet. The most famous Ships of old are reckoned that of Ptolomy Philopator that was 280 Cubits long 38 broad and 48 high and 54 from the Top of the Poop down to the Water She carried 400 Rowers 400 Seamen and 3000 Soldiers That which he built to sail upon the Nile was Half a Furlong long and 30 Cubits broad But this was nothing to Hiero's Ship that was built by the Direction of Archimedes There was as much Timber used in it as was designed for 60 Gallies and the same was so well contrived on the Inside that every Rower Seaman Soldier and Passenger had a Cabin for himself There were in it moreover several Halls to eat in Rooms Walks Galleries Gardens Fish-ponds Stables Kitchins Mills a Temple for Venus Baths and Council-Chambers Besides which it had an Iron Rampart and Towers Two at the Head and as many in the Stern the other being on the Sides with Walls and Bastions whereon might be seen several Warlike Engines and among the rest one that threw a Stone of 300 Pound Weight or an Arrow of 12 Cubits long to the Distance of 600 Paces with many other strange Things of which Atheneus makes mention NAEVIUS surnamed Accius was a famous Augur who lived in the Time of Tarquinius Priscus it s said of him that being minded in the King's Presence to give Authority to his Predictions he cut a Stone in two with a Razor See Accius NAULUM this was Money put into the Mouth of a Person deceased at Rome to pay Charon the Ferryman for his Passage and this Piece was to be of the current Coin of the Emperor that then reigned which gave People afterwards an Opportunity to know when such an one died NAUMACHIA Sea-fights which were the finest Shews the Ancients had for Nature and the Elements gave way to the Art and Inventions of Men Julius Caesar having found out a convenient Place on the Banks of the Tiber and near enough to the City called Codetta as Suetonius says caused the same to be cleansed and excavated wherein he presented the People with the Diversion of a Sea-fight There Tyrian and Egyptian Ships fought and this kind of Shew was so new that it drew Spectators thither from all Parts of the World Among these Sea-fights may be comprehended the fantastical Actions of Caligula who built a Bridge upon Two Rows of Ships joined and fastned together that reached from Baiae as far as Puteoli insomuch that those Two Towns in the Territories of Rome which by Sea and Nature were separated from each other 3600 Paces were hereby joined together the Emperor mounted upon a charging Horse and richly accoutred rid several Times backwards and forwards upon the said Bridge the first Day having a Crown on his Head an Ax upon his Saddle-bow his Shield on his Arm and a Sword by his Side Next Day he appear'd in an Habit that was less Warlike and rode to and fro a few Times in a Chariot drawn by Two stately Horses being followed by a great many Persons of Quality who are named in the History As for his Successor he undertook a real Sea-fight upon the Lake Fucinus he made a Line of a Dozen Ships to fight against as many of the opposite Side the one being Rbodians and the other Tyrians They were animated to fight by the Trumpets of a Triton who by the Help of an Engine arose out of the Water with his Company He had the Curiosity to make the Combatants pass before him who saluted him with these Words Sir cried they receive the Salutation of those who come to die for your Diversion Ave Imperator morituri te salutant To whom he gave no other Answer than Avete vos Nero also diverted the People with a Naval-fight after he had first divided the Mountain which separates the Lake Fucinus from the River Lyra He fitted out Gallies in Three or Four Lines and put 19000 Men aboard them to fight But the most remarkable of all the Sea-fights and which is most extolled by Historians and Poets is that of Titus and Domitian For here were 3000 Fighting Men on both Sides one of whom they called Athenians and the other Party Syracusians NEBO it s a Deity mentioned in Isaiah the Prophet which presides over Prophesie according to St. Jerom who has no other Proof for it but the Signification of the Word The Chalâ—ems were much given to Divination and Grotius says with great Likelihood of Truth that he was some Wizzard or Astrologer of whom they had made a God NECESSITAS Necessity was a Heathen Deity which accompanied Man from his very Birth Plato makes her to be the Mother of the Destinies NECROMANTIA Negromancy an Art by which Communication is held with the Devil and the Dead The Pythonissa or Witch of Eudor in the Scripture made Samuel appear unto Saul by the Art of Negromancy NECTAR the Drink of the Gods according to the Fable NEMBROD Nimrod Vossius thinks him to be the Mars of the Pagans and Diodorus Siculus represents Mars in such a manner as is not very disagreeable to what the Scripture says concerning Nimrod For he was the first Inventer of War and of an Empire established by Force of Arms Thus Nimrod's Hunting ended in War and the Effect thereof proved the Foundation of the first Empire in the World that began at Babylon which makes the Description given of Nimrod to be very like unto that of Mars It was Belus according to all our prophane Authors that laid the first Foundation of the Assyrian Empire and 't was Nimrod that did it according to a plain Text in Genesis from whence it follows that Nimrod must be the same with Belus In short Mars being no other according to Diodorus Siculus than he who first began Wars and Battles it s very probable that Belus or Nimrod was the Person whom the Heathens worshipped by the Name of Mars and if the Chronicle of Alexandria says that Nimrod the Founder of Babylon was transformed into the Constellation called Orion its likely the Reason might be because Orion was formerly an Hunter as well as Nimrod Bochartus is of Opinion That Nimrod was rather the Bacchus of the Babylonians Nimrod was the Son of Chus Bar-Chus has the same Import as the Son of Chus in Hebrew The Letter R being often omitted by the Hebrews in the middle of Words Bacchus might have been formed of Barchus Nimrod comes near to the Word Aimra in Chaldee which signifies a Tiger whence it was that Bacchus was covered with a Tiger's Skin and had Tigers to draw his Chariot Bacchus his Victories in the Indies may represent those of