Selected quad for the lemma: water_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
water_n	call_v	earth_n	sea_n	3,957	5	6.9260	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A26664	A short account, of the nature and use of maps as also some short discourses of the properties of the earth, and of the several inhabitants thereof : to which is subjoin'd, A catalogue of the factories and places now in possession of the English, French, Dutch, Spaniards, Portegueze and Danes, both in the East and West-Indies.	Alingham, William, fl. 1694-1710.	1698 (1698)	Wing A930; ESTC R19265	18,438	64

A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE Nature and Use OF MAPS AS ALSO Some short Discourses of the Properties of the Earth and of the several Inhabitants thereof To which is Subjoin'd A Catalogue of the Factories and places now in possession of the English French Dutch Spaniards Portegueze and Danes both in the East and West-Indies LONDON Printed and are to be Sold by Mr. Mount at the Postern on Tower-Hill Mr. Lea at the Atlas and Hercules in Cheapside Mr. Worgan Mathematical Instrument maker under St. Dunstan's Church Fleet street and William Alingham Mathematick-Teacher in 〈…〉 nel-Row Westminster 1698. TO THE READER Reader THE design of the Ensuing Treatise is a short Account of the Nature and Vse of Maps a knowledge of great advantage to several sorts of People and the principal branch of that noble Science of Geography which informs you in the Nature Property and Magnitude not only of the whole Earth but also of each distinct and particular part thereof For by this Science the Divine Merchant Souldier and Traveller may without danger of those apparent hazards they are like to fall under take a particular View of those vast and pleasant Countries they have occasion to visit or mention in their several Vocations Such with many other are the advantages of this Excellent Science But leaving this I shall give you a short account of the ensuing Treatise which as the Title informs you is the Nature and use of Maps in which I have incerted such Discourses as is requisite to give you a clear understanding of the Nature and Reason of their projection Next I proceed to their Vse in knowing how to find out any place by the most practical and Common Methods yet known and also how to Measure the Distance betwixt two places when found in any Map with other pleasant Accounts of the Distinction and Division of the Earth into Zones Climates and Parallels Lastly I have added a Catalogue of the Places and Factories now in posession of the English French Dutch Spanniards Portugueze and Danes both in the East and West-Indies as they were Collected by an Ingenious Author all which is humbly presented to those whose Genious leads them to the consideration of such Excellent Inquiries A NEW MAPP OF ALL THE EARTH OF THE EARTH THE Earth was in the Beginning by Command of the Most High created out of a Chaos or a confused Heap which before had no Form and was made a Habitation for Man to dwell upon that for a time he might Contemplate upon the inferiour Works of his Creator The Description of this Earth is termed Geography and the Figure that the Earth and Water do together Constitute is by many Observations and Experiments prov'd to be round or in form of a Globe hanging by nothing in the Air and by the most Accurate Observations its Circumference is found near 24971 English Miles and consequently its Diameter 7291 of the said Miles as has been found by the late Experiments of several Nations The greatest part of this Globe is covered with Water for ought we yet know which at the Creation by the Almighty Decree was gathered into one place call'd the Sea This Ball or Globe of Earth and Water is covered with a thin subtile matter call'd Air by which it is rendred Habitable in the Center of this Globe is an Actractive Power by vertue whereof all heavy Bodies though loosed from it will again return and cling to it by which faculty 't is defended from Dissolution in not permiting the least part thereof to be seperated from it This Globe by its or the Suns twofold motion enjoys the grateful Vicissitudes of Day and Night Winter and Summer the first by turning upon its own Axis once in 24 Hours and the second by having the said Axis carried about the Sun in the space of one Year by some unknown principle of Nature during the time of its other Revolution and this Axis not being perpendicular to the plain in which the said Annual Motion is performed causeth one Hemisphere to have more of the Sun 's Light for one half Year and the other Hemisphere for the other Arguments for proving the Spherick or Globular form of the Earth A Globe or Sphere is a perfect round solid Body contained under one Surface in the midst of which is a point call'd the Center from whence all Lines drawn to the out-side are equal these Lines are termed Semidiameters Of this Form and Figure is the whole Earth and Sea as we have reason to conclude from several undoubted Observations and Experiments the principal of which follows First Eclipses of the Moon which are caused by the Earths coming betwixt the Sun and Her for the Moon having no light but what she receives from the Sun is hindred of it by the Opaque Body of the Earth who interposing betwixt the Sun and Moon casts her shaddow upon the Moon which to us appears Circular thereon and therefore according to Optick Principles the Earth from whence it proceeds is a Spherick or Globular Body Secondly Eclipses of the Sun which are caused by the Moon 's passing betwixt him and those places where he appears Eclipsed for unless the Earth were Globular as Astronomers have assumed it the time when and place where Solar Eclipses should happen could not be determin'd but seeing both time and place is nicely limited their supposition of the Earth's roundess must needs be true Thirdly Because all the Phenomenae do Rise Culminate and Set sooner to the Eastern then to Western Inhabitants as has been observed by those who have carried correct Time-keepers to Sea and this proportionally according to the roundness of the Earth Fourthly Viewing from the shoar a Ship a good distance from you at first you shall only perceive her Top-sails but as she approaches nearer you shall see her Lower-sails and at last her Hull which I think is an Evident Proof of the Earth's Sphericity for did not the Globosity of the Water interpose betwixt our sight and the Ship we might more easily see her Hull than her Top-sails at first Fifthly Our Modern Navigators in their Voyages especially those that have been made round the World by Drake and Cavendish make it very apparent for sailing Eastward they have without turning back arived to the place from whence they first set Sail only they came short home by one Day and Night that is they were absent 24 Hours more by their own reckoning than by the account of them kept at Home which thing further Confirms the Earth's Sphericity Sixthly It is found by daily Practice that the Degrees of every parallel upon Earth have the same proportion to the Degrees of the Equinoctial as the Degrees of the like parallel of an Artificial Globe has to a Degree of the Equinoctial thereon described Seventhly and Lastly Common Experience shows us That sailing or going towards the North we raise the North-Pole and Northern Stars and on the contrary do depress the South-Pole and

Southern Stars the North Elevation encreasing equally with the South Depression and both proportional according to the distance sailed the like happens in sailing Southwards besides the Oblique Ascention Descentions Amplitude of riseing and seting of the Sun Moon and Stars would be the same in all places were not the Earth Globular And it may further be observable that was not the Earth Globular but a long Round-flat as some have foolishly imagined then these absurdities would follow viz. The Elevation of the Pole and Height of the Stars would be the same in all places The same appearance of the Heavens would be to all Inhabitants The Sun Moon and Stars would Rise Culminate and Set to all places at the same time Eclipses would appear to all People at the same time The Days and Nights would be of the same length to all parts neither would there be Day in one place when there is Night in another Shadows would be alike in all places that is all of them would be one way neither would one Country be Hotter or Colder than another But though we thus endeavour to prove the Earth round yet it must not strickly be taken as if there were no inequalities of its Surface for the Mountains Hills and Vallies which are so common in most parts of it cause some Irregularities and Cragginess in the Surface yet because the greatness of these inequalities have scarce any sensible proportion to the whole the height of the highest Mountain being not 1 6000 part of its Diameter which is inconsiderable and therefore notwithstanding these small Irregularities we may affirm the Earth to be round or in form of a Globe or Sphere Of the Measure of the Earth THE Earth and Water being of this Form we shall in the next place enquire into its Extent for the effecting of which several Essays have been made to find either its Circumference or Diameter for when one of them is gotten the other is easily known and by having them both its Surface and Solidity may be nicely Discovered Now as their Conclusions has been different so has the ways by which they have endeavoured to attain them Eratosthenes's way was by the Sun-beams and Shade of a Stile vid. Deschale's use of 29. 1 Euc. Maurolycus Abbot of Messuva his way was by finding the Quantity of the Angle made by two lines drawn from the Surface of the Earth to the top of any high Hill vid. Deschale's use of the 6. 2. Euc. A third way was by Eclipses which is very uncertain for a small mistake in the times of Observation at one or both of the places will cause a very great and sensible Error in the distances of the said places A Fourth and surest way which has been try'd by most Nations is that of measuring North and South under one Meridian some good large Distance viz. one or two Hundred Miles for in those Observations of small Distances there can be no certain Conclusion The method of doing this is either with an Instrument and Chain or else with a Perambulator or measuring Wheel which after 't is actually taken must with great care be plotted down upon Paper but not without allowing for the Variation of the Needle and all notable Ascents and Descents with other turnings and windings that will of necessity be met with in the way and so by this means we shall come to know how many Miles on the Earth will answer to a Degree in the Heavens provided an exact Observation by a large Quadrant or other Instrument be made to find the Latitude of the place we begin to measure from and the Latitude of the place we measure to According to this Method did Mr. Richard Norwood a good Mathematician and an able Sea-man in the Year 1635. make an Experiment in measuring the Distance betwixt London and York by which he found one Degree upon Earth that is the 1 360 part of the Circumference of the Earth to contain 69 4 11 English Miles each English Mile containing 5280 Feet and consequently the whole Circumference of the Earth 24971 English Miles and its Diameter 7291 of the same From these Dimensions will the Area of the Surface of the whole Globe of Earth and Water be found to be 197795291 square English Miles and its solid Content 261089784120 Cubical English Miles which account doth likewise nearly agree with the Dutch and French Definitions THE Earth being in the Form before Described Astronomers have form'd an Artificial one in representation thereof on which they have Pictured both Sea and Land in all their parts and according to their Scituation so far as is known a type of which is here delineated where the straight Line 90. 90. 90 in one Hemisphere is the Axis of the World the Arches 80. 80 70. 70 c. encreasing in bigness are parallels of Latitude and the Arches 90. 80. 90 90. 70. 90 c. are hour Circles or Meridians among which is one that is the outermost which is as it were the Land-mark of the whole Sphere being the bounds from whence the Longitude of any particular place is accounted qu●●● round the Globe Now this Meridian from whence we begin to reckon the Longitude has been differently assigned by several Nations for the Arabian and Nubian Geographers place it at the utmost Extremity of the Western shoar Ortelius in his Sheet-Map of Europe makes London to lie in 28 Degrees but in his Sheet-Map of France and Belgia it lies but in 21 Degrees of Longitude so that where he begins his Longitude is not exactly known The Spaniards since the West-Indies Conquest begins at Toledo and contrary to all other Accounts reckon their Longitude is from East to West Blaew the Dutch Geographer begins his at Teneriff the most Noted of the Canary Islands though on his large Map of the World he makes it pass through Tercera one of the Azores Sansoon the French Geographer begins his at Ferro one of the Canaries Our late Geographers especially the English place it in the Azores some beginning at Tercera others at Corvo a third at Gratiosia though upon our new sort of Globes and some late Maps it is made to pass through the Westermost part of St. Michaels So that Longitude is the distance of a place reckoned in the Equator from the Meridian which passes through that place you begin your Longitude from Latitude is the nearest distance of a place from the Equator or the height of Pole above the Horizon Continent is a great part of the Habitable Earth that lies together not being divided by the Sea such is the whole Continent of Europe Asia and Africa as likewise America Island is a piece of Land Environ'd quite round with Water as Great Britain Ireland c. An Isthmus is that little Neck of Land that joins a piece of Land to the Continent such is that of Sues which ties Asia to Africa and that of Corinth which ties Morea to Greece Peninsula is almost

an Island being that which is so tied to the Continent by an Isthmus such is Affrica and Morea A Promontory or Cape is a high Land bending or running out into the Sea such is the Cape of St. Vincent's Cape of Good Hope c. Mountain is a part of the Earth higher than the rest such is the Alps the Cheviat Hills Of the Water THE Ocean or Main Sea is that vast body of the Water that environs or surrounds the Continent Gulph is an Arm of the Ocean running in between Lands such is the Gulph of Persia Arabia c. Straight is a narrow Channel that joyns one Sea to another or Gulph to the Ocean such is that of Gibralter which joins the Mediteranean to the Western Ocean Lake is that which continually keeps standing Water in it such is that of Nicaragua in America and Zair in Affrica River is a fresh running Water that looses its Streams in the Sea such is Thames Severn c. Port or Harbour is a small portion of the Sea of such Depth and so hemn'd in by the Land that Ships may there Ride in Safety Bay is likewise an Arm of the Ocean but the Entrance thereof is much wider than that of a Gulph Shelf is either a heap of Sand or else a Rock that lies near the Surface of the Water Archipelago is a Sea where many Islands are A short Description of the making and projecting of Circular Maps MAPS are only the Pictures or Representations of any part or parts of the Globe in Plano that is they are a Perspective Draught either of the whole or else some particular place or part of the Earth For suppose the Earth was Transparent and the Eye to be placed some where in the Equator and that at Right Angles to the Line passing from the Eye to the opposite part of the Earth a Plain be conceived to be placed cuting the Earth into two equal Parts that is passing through the Earth's Center then I say if from the Eye Rays be imagined to pass thro' the said Plain to every Physical Point in the obverse Hemisphere of the Earth these Lines shall project Points upon the said Plain which if join'd will give the true Picture of one half of the places on the Earth's Surface And because but one half of a Globe is to be seen at one time therefore if you desire a Representation of the whole Terraqueous Globe it must be done in two Hemispheres According to this Representation there is Geometrick Rules laid down for Projecting and Delineating the Circles and Lines as they thus appear to the Eye whether 't is upon the plain of a Meridian which makes the common Hemispheres or else upon the Equator which is that we call the Polar Projection because the Eye is supposed in the Pole And this Projection is almost as frequent as the other As for the Geometrick Directions for teaching how to draw these Circles and Lines as they thus appear to the Eye either upon the plain of the Meridian or Equator I shall not here show because it properly belongs to the Projection of the Sphere How to lay down places upon the Hemispheres BUT supposing it done I shall direct you how to lay down places upon the Hemispheres having therefore compleated a Projection of the Imaginary Circles viz. Equator Meridian Parrallels c. as in the annexed Map of the World may be seen consider that the Longitude and Latitude of any place is determined by the Meridian and Parallel of that place so that having the Longitude and Latitude of any place we may incert it in the Map thus Count from the Meridian or outermost Circle on the Equator the Longitude of the place you desire to Express so shall you thereby find the Meridian of that place Then among the Parallels find the Latitude of that place and in the point where the Meridian and Parallel intersect is the place to be put in the Hemisphere By this Artifice may the one half of the Earth's Surface by taking several points be delineated in Plano just as it appears to the Eye in the aforesaid Position and after the like manner is the other Hemisphere to be projected If you would make a Map but of some large part of the Earth such as Europe Asia Germany Spain France c. the method and manner of doing it is the same with the preceding only in this case the projection is made much larger and then cut off in a square form to such Latitude and Longitude as will contain the extream Latitudes and Longitudes of that portion of the Earth you design a Map off After the same manner may you divide it if it be a Map of Europe Asia c. into its Empires Kingdoms and Provinces by laying down the Latitudes and Longitudes thereof Of the making of right lin'd Maps MAPS that are Projected after this way ought to be but of small places that is such which have scarce a sensible proportion to the whole Surface of the Earth else they will be very Erronious because the least portion of the Earth's Surface is Spherical which if we consider and take for plain as we do in this Case must needs be false but for small places lying either upon the Equator or within few Degrees of it they may without much Error be thus Represented their Surface being very little differing from a true Plain In order therefore to make a Map of some such place consider both the difference of Longitude and Latitude of the extream parts thereof As suppose I would make a Map of a place whose difference of Longitude is 4 Degrees and the difference of Latitudes if they were both North or South else the sum of them 6 Degrees draw a blind Line then take any length for a Degree which let be as large as you please for the larger the better This length prick off 4 times on the said Line for your Degrees of Longitude after which raise a Perpendicular and take the same distance as before and run off 6 times upon it this done compleat the Parallelogram whose sides in this Case will be as 6 to 4 that is the Latitude is 6 Degrees and the Longitude 4 and this finishes the Limits of your Map It will be necessary also to subdivide each Degree into 6. 10. or more equal parts as the largeness of the Degree will permit after which prefix both to Top Bottom and each side the Numbers Corresponding to the Latitudes and Longitudes How to lay down Places on this Plan. THE Plan being thus prepared and a Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of all the boundary parts of the place you would make a Map off if laid down before you which Latitudes are actually and nicely found by some large Quadrant or other Instrument and the Longitudes calculated from the bearings of Places observed by the Needle Distances measured c. Proceed as follows Suppose one point of the place you design