wiend Of Ships that sayle wel by the Bowlyne to be harde pulled or also to sayle well a hed the Sea Of ships that ryde well or yll at ancor Of Ships that â—ere well and doe heare a good Sayle A thing to bee noted The cause that a Ship doth beare a good sayle Note Of things that doo swymme Of things that synke Al water is not of lyke waight Salt water is the heauiest water Howe to measure the mould of a Shippe An easyer waye to knowe the waight of a Shippe The ensample of the knowing the waight of a shyppe Another way to know the waight of a ship with al her furniture A ensample Another ensample howe to knowe the waight of any shippe Al thing in the water is lighter then his owne proper waâ—ght by the quantity of the water in waight that it occupieth and out of the water it waigheth his owne proper waight Some kynde of goods is of that nature that it wayeth no waight in the water Some sort of goodes must haue kintledge or ballast How to vse the lighters to make them lift or waygh their owne proper burthen you must make your ropes fast at a low water the flood being in hand How to knowe in how many Tides you may waigh a shyp An ensample of the wâ—â—ght of a Shyppe As touching the waighing of shyps whereas it doth not ebbe and flowe Notâ—thâ— poynt Of the soyle of the Countrey How Marish groude is ingendred Marish grouÌ„d is fertyle if the salt water come not at it How land hath been sea and sea hath been land Of Cliffes by Sea Coast In foure yeres the great stormes are in one quarter of the world and an other yeare in an other quarter The shingle beach or the bolder stone is of the substance of the nature of the Cliffes nere vnto them The cause or reason that the beach and the great bolder stone is rounde without any sharp edges The force of the Sea Nauigation not much vsed in the West Occian Now Englishmen are as suffâ—tient to trauaile a long voyage as any other nation The cause of Rocks in the Sea The waters are drawne by the power of the Moone The Moone doth gouerne the ebbing and flowing of the water in two great and notable causes The varâ—etie of being a full sea in one Ryuer A ful sea and a lowe water act at one instant in the Ryuer of Thames The cause of the ebbing flowing in Hauens and Riuers The câ—â—â— that the water doth rise and flowe higher in one place then it doth in another 3. sortes of CurraÌ„tes The principall and chiefe Currant of the sea The reuersing backe of the currant The seconde sort of currants or streames The cause that it doth not ebbe and flowe in some seas The thirde sort of streames or currantes The sea is salt very farre to y e Froâ—th partes Salt is made of the sea water in Scotland in Rosey Fresh water in seas or pooles vnder the Equinoctiall Salt mines The sea made salt by the substance of the grounde Of the great Ilande called Atlantica that sunke WheÌ„ god doth plague the earth he dooth punish both good bad The cause of the sinking â— the grounde Of Earthquakes Water cannot dâ—part from any place vntil the ayre or some other substance doth occupy the rounde The cause of Earthquakes Of the shaking of the earth How all the new founde Countries became peopled as all America and all other Ilandes All the great Iland called Atlantâ—da dyd not synk but part remained Olde sea men being gone the other did neuer attempt to seeke any thing The Indians had Boates asoone as we here in these partes
needes draw it for that it is able to beare sayle and then the winde must needes force it to goe c. And fyrste thus as touchinge the cause that any Ship doth stere wel is this that the quicke water of the way of the Shippe doth come vnto the Ruther being put eyther the one way or the other way that must needes cause the Ship to cast or turne accordingly and the faster that the shippe goeth the nimbler or quicker the ship steereth or turneâ—h Therefore when soeuer that they doe builde or make anye Shyppes then it is good for to lette them make the moulde of a Shyppe to haue a sufficient tucke or runne whiche tucke or runne must bee in length the thyrde parte of the length of the Reele and in height by the stearne post three quarters of that depth that the Shyppe goeth into the Water and so to growe narrower and narrower forwardes for it is the sufficientnesse of the tucke or runne that maketh a Shyppe to stere well For if that bee not well made then it requireth to haue the broder Ruther and that is euell in two respectes the one is this the Helme beynge putte ouer and yf that the Shyppe wyll not feele the Ruther quicklye then the Ruther lyeth crosse the Stearne of the Shyppe and the Ruther beynge broade then it must needes hynder or lette the goynge or way of the Shyppe verye muche Whereas a Shyppe that hath but a narrowe Ruther and yet is yare or quicke of sterrage then the Ruther cannot hynder the goynge or way of the Ship c. And also it is euill in an other respecte to haue a broade Ruther and that is this for a Shyppe beinge at Sea in foule weather a broade Ruther the Sea doth beate it one waye and an other way by the meanes of the labouring of the Shyp to and fro that it is apte to breake the tyller or the head of the Ruther Ruther Irons and besydes that it is vneasye for the Shyppe in lyke manner c. And thus I doe omitte the rest of the proportion of the moulde of the Shippe vnto the discretion of the Naupeger or Shyppe Carpenter as touchinge the fore waye and the flowringe of the Shyppe and the leadyng of all the rest of the woorke c. And furthermore as touching this poynte to cause a Shyppe to haue a stiffe syde to beare a good sayle then this must be consydered in the buildinge or makynge thereof and fyrste thus that commonly those Shippes that haue a sufficient breadth accordynge vnto their biggnesse and length wil beare a resonable good saile for that the breadth doth beare it vp But commonly those be not the best and fynest Saylers neyther are they of the best qualities in diuers respects Yet notwithstanding in my opinion this is the principallest poynt to obserue in the building of ships to haue them to beare a good sayle and that is this for to lay the breadth of the Shippe aboue the water a foote or a foot and a halfe more or lesse according vnto the bignesse of the shippe and to hange wel of that is to say to be 4. or 6. ynches on a syde broder then it is iuste at the edge of the water and to be more or lesse according vnto the bignesse of the Shippe and then vpwardes the worke may be housed inwardes that is too saye narrower and narrower vpwardes which wyll doo well both for the ease of the Shyppe in the Sea and lesse charge of Tymber bathe in wayght and otherwyse and in so dooing the Shyppe wyll beare a good Sayle what lengthe so euer it haue howe fine so euer the mould is so that it haue quarters proportionally vntoo it c. And the cause thereof is this the breadth of the Shyppe being aboue the water in such sorte as if the Shyppe come vnto heelding that the same broder place dooth come into the water then the Nadry or Reele of the shippe dooth growe the further of by the meanes of the hanging ofwardes of the syde or worke of the Shyppe And for that the ballast or the lading of the Shippe the waightiest part lyeth downewardes towardes the Reele therfore it maketh the shippe the lother to helde a tosyde for that the syde hangeth outwardes and then the water doth supporte it vp for that the bigger or broder parte is out of the water as the reason thereof more playnelye shall appeare in the fourth Booke of the propertie of Water in waight called Statick wherein you shal see the reason thereof more manifestly c. Whereas those Shyppes that haue an vpright syde must needes helde much the sooner for that the Water doth not supporte the syde not vntyll it doe helde very much Wherefore thus much I haue sayde as touchinge the moulde of Shippes as concerning theyr qualyties as thus a Shippe that hath Tucke or Runne ynough wyl steare well a Shippe that doth hange well of on the nayle aboue the water wyll beare a good sayle a Shippe that doth draw a reasonable good drafte of Water and well wayed forwardes wyll sayle well by the winde and beinge well bowed and not to fatte buttocked wyll goe well a head the sea and also ryde well at rode and also wyll hold well at the Sea loose and floty Shippes that sâ—eere well and wyll beare a good sayle wyll sayle well the â—ynde beyng large c. And thus I doe ende this thyrde Booke c. FINIS ⧠A Table of the Contentes of the Chapters of the thirde booke called a rteasure for Trauailers The first Chapter of the thyrde Booke sheweth you howe to caste the contentes of lande by Arithmeticke and also by the husbande mans rule which is by the accounte of money c. The seconde Chapter sheweth how to measure board and Glasse and too caste the contentes thereof with other necessary thinges belonging therunto The thirde Chapter dooth shewe howe for too measure Tymber and to bring it too a square aswell without Artihmetike as otherwyse and also howe for too knowe the true contentes of any peece of Tymber The fourth Chapter sheweth howe for to measure all manner of bodies as Tymber or stone Cubes or Globes and too knowe what proportion of measure or waight the one hath vnto the other The fyfthe Chapter sheweth howe for to measure Globes and to know their contents in ynches or feete The syxt Chapter sheweth howe for too builde Shyppes by proportion that is to saye if that you haue one Shippe for an ensample if you woulde haue an other as bigge agayne more or lesse this Chapter doth shewe vnto you howe you may doe it keeping that moulde and proportion in all poyntes that is too saye by extractynge of the Cubicke roote The seuenth Chapter dooth shewe in lyke manner the making of shippes by proportion sauing that the Cubike roote is extracted already with an easye way howe to make them of what tonnage or burthen you liste and
Englande is inuironed rounde about with the Sea so that no other Nation or Countrye can come vnto vs neither we vnto them but only by sea Scotlande only excepted Therfore it standeth vs most principally in hande too bee moste skilfull in shipping for that it is our most principall force and for that it is a very necessary matter for to know how to cauke a Shyppe or to stop a leake and to make her thight downe vnto the Keel of the Shippe in such places whereas it dooth not ebbe and flow water in for to grounde any shyp then they must vse such means as those doo that are in the leuaÌ„t sea that is the sea called Mare Mediterraneum as the Genewayes Vemsians Rogosones with a number of other that haue shipping in that Sea that I do omyt that haue great ships and yet neuer doo grounde them but only doo bring them ouer on the one syde which is called carriyng of them and many people that haue hearde therof haue thought that they haue wound them ouer by force and some haue iudged one way and some an other way but few or none of them haue iudged the truth of the matter although that diuers Englishmen haue been there and haue seene the thing done yet as farre as euer I coulde perceaue at their handes they coulde neuer vnderstande the trueth of the matter and the cause thereof was that they were neuer in the Shippe where she was a karrenyng and yet for to karren a ship it is a great deale more ease for the Ship then it is to be grounded in diuers respectes and also they shall haue more time and leasure both to searche the Shyppe and caulke her and to marke her thight then they shall haue in the grounding of a Shyppe and also they shall the better perceaue where any leake is in the karrenyng of them then in the grounding of them And as touching the karrenyng of a Shyppe this is too bee done fyrst thus Cauke the sydes of the Shippe thight aboue the water and especially that syde that you doo meane to bryng her ouer on and also caulke the decke and portes and the sperkettes thight and that done then prepare labourers ynowe and bryng the Shippe resonable light that she may haue litle more ballast then she may beare her selfe well And that done her ordinaunce and euery loose thing taken out of the Shippe then let the labourers heaue the ballast ouer vnto that syde that you doo meane to bring her ouer vpon and so heauing the ballast ouer the Shyppe wyll goe ouer vnto what proportion you lyst and by that meanes you may come vnto the Keel of any ship and marke her thight at your pleasure But diuers people haue made argument and saide that the ship wyll not ryse vpright agayne and some haue sayde that lying a toâ—e syde it woulde ouerthrow and other would think that the ballast would slyp but the trueth is this as soone as euer the ballast is throwne or heaued backwards agayne the ship wyll beginne to ryse and so in the ende become to bee vpright agayne Wherfore it is a straunge matter to see the straunge opinion of some people in the worlde that seemeth to be wyse and for that generally the most part of men haue thought that in the karrening of Ships that they haue beene wounde downe with caxslienes and gearres tackles by great force and therfore they haue made fast the ballast by some prouisioÌ„ also haue made raftes of masts to the ende that they might lay the syde of the Shyp vpon them to help to beare vp the shyppe And see the simple opinion of them that should bee wyse to thinke that the same should doo any good for Mastes being massy and not hollow are but litle lighter then water so that .20 tunnes waight of them wyll not support vp two tunnes therfore that can doo no great good at al. And what a vayne folly is it for them to make fast the ballast that it should not slyppe for .20 tunnes of ballast being made fast at the bottome of the Shippe must require the force of 20. tuns to wynde it downe ouer and then the ballast for that it is made fast and the Shippe wounde downe by force the Shyppe is forced downe with more then fortie Tunnes for that the Ballast dooth hang ouer one waye towardes the Keelwardes and the Shippe is wounde downe the contrarye waye on the one syde whiche must of force be in such sort as a thing that lyeth in a colepresse and doth charge the Shippe with a double waight or burthen to preasse it into the waterwardes and then what can the quantitie of the supporting of any thing that cannot lift a tunne or two tunne waight therof doo them any pleasure besydes the great cumber that they shall haue in those causes to get such a number of Mastes and also to make them fast or to frappe them together and also in deede the ballast woulde slyppe the Shyppe being wounde downe by force for when that the shyppe hath her Ballast into the end to make her to swym vpright and then to bee wounde downe by force then the ballast dooth hang towards the Keele and the ship beyng wounde downe to the syde then it must needes slyppe as before is sayde except that it bee made fast for that the Ballast dooth hang ouer one way and the Shyppe is wounde downe the other waye and then it is not possible to come vnto the keele so well as they shall doo when the Ballast is but throwne or heaued ouer vnto the one syde for that it hath then no more then hys owne proper wayght where as otherwyse the Shippe is charged with double wayght for yf shee shoulde haue but forte tunnes of Ballast the Shyppe is charged with more then eyghtie tunnes in wayght and also it is very hurtfull and vneasy for the shippe c. And furthermore as before is declared in this fourth booke called Staticke that no kynde of thyng doth enter no further into the water then the quantitie or body or any thing that waigheth so much in waight as the proportion in bygnesse of so much water Therefore any thyng that is in the water howe lyght soeuer it is can enter no further into the water then the proportion of suche a magnitude of water For if the thyng be not the .xx. part of the waight of the water then the one of twenty part of the body dooth enter into the water and 19. of .20 partes shal be aboue the superficies of the water c. And furthermore for that the water is an Element ponderous or heauye and yet thynne therefore it is the nature and qualitie of water to support or beare vp a thyng that is lighter then it selfe and yet it dooth geue any thyng place or leaue to turne it selfe in the water so that it shall swymme with the heauyest part downewarde as by experience is
are to be seene on the Sea and the Sea Coastes and the cause of Rockes and sandes in the Sea and the cause of the ebbyng and flowyng of the water and the cause of currantes in the Sea with such other like matters c. Being very necessary for al sortes of Trauaylers either by Sea or by lande to knowe c. Wrytten by William Bourne To the Reader GEntle Reader it is possible that some wyll thinke that I haue taken vpon mee to meddle with those causes that are past my capacity for that this fyfth and last boke is as concerning the naturall causes of Sands in the Sea and riuers and the cause of marish ground and Cliffes by the sea Coasts and rockes in the Sea and also the cause that the sea dooth ebbe and flow and the cause that the water in the Sea is salt and the cause of Earth quakes with other matters And for that my opinion dooth differ from some of the auncient writers in naturall Phylosophy it is possible that it may be vtterly dislyked of and condemned to be no trueth But yet notwithstanding they may geue such credit vnto it as the sequell of the reasons shall support vnto them for that they bee but my simple opinions wherfore they may beleeue them as they lift Therfore gentle Readers I desyre you to beare with me for that I am so bolde to shew my simple opinion vnto the world for it is possible that some people may mallice me for that I am so bolde to deale in these causes consydering what a great number of so excellent learned menne there are in Englande bothe in the Vniuersyties and in diuers other places in this Lande The fifth Booke of the treasure for trauailers The fyrst Chapter of the fyfth Booke sheweth the naturall causes how Sandes and Bankes are ingendered or made both in the Sea and Riuers NOw beginneth the fifth Booke which is concerning the naturall causes of sundry things that are to bee seene in traueilyng vppon the face of the earth And although there bee nothing that happeneth but the prouidence of almightye God dooth bring it to passe yet notwithstanding it hath a naturall cause why it is so although it seemeth supernaturall or vnpossible for that God dooth woorke all thinges by a meanes and yet doth come to passe by some naturall cause And fyrst of the naturall cause of Sandes and Bankes in the Sea and ryuers my opinion is this that whereas a great number of Sandes and Banks are many times seene at the mouthes and entraunce of many great riuers both into the Sea and also vp into the riuer that it happneth by this meanes by the shalownesse of those seas and the great indraft of the Ryuer And then by the meanes of the soyle of the Countrye in the riuers beyng a good distaunce from the sea and especially after any great raine dooth bring downe the soyle for all the lande water dooth alwaies runne downe towardes the sea where as it dooth ebbe and flow and sometime the water ouerfloweth the banks and then the swiftnes of the running of the water dooth fret away the bankes and sometime it happeneth in the winter after a great frost And such other lyke causes sometyme from sandye grounde sometime from clay grounde sometime stony grounde other good moulde dooth fall into the Ryuer and so is myxed and tumbled too and fro with the water and is alwayes caried towardes the sea by the violence of the streame for that alwaies where it doth not ebbe flow the streame runneth towards the sea wheras it doth ebbe flow there the ebbe doth runne both swifter longer then the floods doo so by that meanes it is alwayes caried towardes the sea also any thyng is apter to rolle or runne down the hyll rather then agaynst the hyll And thus the soyle of the countrey beyng tumbled too fro in the water is washed and soked in such sorte that the water is made thycke therewith and the fat or clammye substance become owes but the greety or sandy or grauelly substāce doth alwaies keepe towards the bottome for that it is more pōderous or heauier then the fatty or clammy substance and then this grauelly or sandye substance beyng dryuen downe towardes the sea by the violence of the streame goyng by the bottome then where it dooth find any place to staye at by the way there it resteth and so groweth more and more and so becommeth a sande and then the Tyde by the meanes of ebbing and flowyng dooth make or scoure out a chanel or pasadge betweene one sande or bancke and another And alwayes thys happeneth whereas the Sea is but shalowe and the Ryuer or hauen hath a great indraught that is to say to run a great distāce into the lande whereby there is much soyle brought downe by the meanes afore rehearsed And then the Sea beyng but shallowe it hath no great descent to runne downe the hyll And then by the meanes of the floods the bellowes of the Sea dooth cause it to be stayed although that sometyme it happeneth that one sande or bancke doth decrease and weare away and another dooth increase and waxe bigger and many tymes the chanels doo alter sometymes deeper and sometymes shallower and sometymes whereas a chanel was becommeth a sande sometyme whereas a sande was is become a chanel as experience hath many tymes shewed which happeneth manye tymes by some stormes or great wyndes sometymes from one quarter of the world and sometyme from another quarter And by that meanes the greatnesse of the bellowes of the Sea dooth beat or washe awaye the sande from one place and so dooth rest vppon another place and then the Tyde or streame doth scoure or frette a newe Chanell betweene one sande and another c. As we maye see by experience in dyuers places as the mould of the Ryuer of Thames and Humber and the Ryuer of Roane and suche other lyke places whiche I doo omitte at this tyme. The seconde Chapter sheweth the natural cause of Marish ground and other plaine meadowes or ground by the sydes of Ryuers c. AND furthermore as touching the naturall cause of Maryshes or Marish grounde and other playne and leuell grounde that is by the sydes of great Ryuers c. and in such other lyke places mine opinion is this as in the Chapter before is expressed by the bringing downe of the soyle of the countrey which is ground or earth of al kinde of sorts whiche is fallen into the water and brought downe by the streame And as before is rehearsed the grauelly or sandye substance dooth dryue with the streame by the bottome but the fatty or clammy substance is mingled with the water for although you shoulde take any earth or substance and washe it and tumble it in water neuer so much yet notwithstanding it cannot be consumed all away but if you doo let it stande styll then it
some Ilande long agone by the often soussing of the bellowes or waues of the Sea that neuer standeth styll the other substaunce or stuffe is beaten and consumed away through the great deepenesse of the sea the other substaunce or stuffe is tumbled to the bottome and is no more seene And as the mynerals in the ground be of diuers kinds of substaunces as some earth and some sande and some stones to conclude of a hundred seuerall sortes so that all those loose substaunces that woulde be mollysted with the water are beaten and washed away so that there dooth remayne nothing but the harde myne of stone and so he dooth stande in the sea as a pynacle or Rock as by experience is seene in a number of places to the west Occian as the West part of Englande and the West part of Brittayne on the Coast of Fraunce and such other lyke places whereas there be innumerable companyes of Rocks some being of a gret height aboue the water other some do shew thēselues iust with the water and other some are sunken Rockes being rounded with the water some deeper then other some which would not bee knowne but onely by the breaking of the sea ouer them c. And this is my opinion as concerning Rocks in the sea that haue beene of long time agone parcell of the mayne lande though they be now Rockes in the sea Then it may be sayde that the lande is much lesser then it hath beene before time and so it is And yet it is but a trifle in respect of any great quantytie or bignes as it may be compared vnto the ragged edges of a peece of cloth and yet the ragged edges thereof being pared away the thing hath not much chaunged his fashion or forme neither in respect is become litle the worse c. The syxt Chapter sheweth the naturall cause of the ebbing and flowing of the Sea and the ebbyng and the flowing of the Hauens and Ryuers AND furthermore as concerning the ebbing and flowing of the sea and other riuers we do see by common experience that the Moone dooth alwayes gouerne the same Wherefore it may bee supposed that the waters doo seeke and repaire or most speciallye are drawne by the power of the Moone that when the Moone is in the midst of the skie that is to say vpon the Meridian then the waters are deepest or thickest and also in lyke manner in the opposite part or els it would ebbe and flow but once in .24 houres and 4 ◠partes accordyng vnto the dayly motion of the Moone which we do se by experiēce that it doth ebbe flow but once in 12. houres ⅖ part of an houre and then by this reason it shoulde flow or be a full sea in all places at a South Moone and a North Moone so as the Moone passeth vnto the Westwardes to be a ful sea in those partes and so to goe with the diurnall or dayly motion of the heauens which we see by experience is contrary for we doo see by dayly experyence that vpon the Coast of Spayne and all those partes that are vpon the West Occian Seas that the Moone in the Southwest dooth make a full sea which is 3. houres after the Moone is vppon the Meridian and yet notwithstanding it woulde bee a full sea alwayes where as the Moone is vpon their Meridian and so to folow the daily motiō of the moone as the moone is caried with primū Mobile so that it were not let by this gret accidēce that this West Occian Sea is shot in betweene the firme lande of Ameryca on the West part and the mayne lande of Afryca and Europe on the East side by which meanes the waters cannot folow to bee a full Sea accordyng vnto the Moones course as she doth goe in her dayly motion accordyng vnto the Moones commyng vnto the Meridian Wherefore it is to bee supposed that yf there were no suche accidence in the Sea to be let by the lande that then it would follow orderly that the waters in the Sea woulde goe rounde accordyng vnto the Moones course in .24 houres and so the streme or currant to goe from the East into the West and so rounde about c. But nowe wee see that the waters in the ebbing and flowyng are let by this great impediment for Ameryca dooth inclose the West part and Europe and Afryca the East part and yet we doo see by experience that the Moone dooth gouerne the ebbyng the flowyng of the waters of the Sea in two great and notable respectes The one is this as it is daylye seene in euery place wheras it dooth ebbe and flow that the Moone in one quarter of the Skye dooth make a full sea for euer in that place or hauen or harborow And the other great effect of the Moone is this as it is alwayes seene that at the full of the Moone and also at the chaunge of the Moone how that the waters are quickened and doo rayse or lyft them selues muche higher then they doo at any other times and also dooth descend much lower where by it maketh the tyde or streme to runne much the swifter as it is seene by dayly experience in such places whereas it dooth ebbe flow at which times it is called in the time of the full Moone and the chaunge of the Moone spring tydes or spring stremes in the quarters of the Moone it is called Nepe tydes or Nepe stremes for that the waters doo not lyft them selues or flowe so high as they doo at any other time neyther doo they descende or ebbe so low as they doo at any other times of the Moone and by that meanes the streme doth not runne so swift as it doth at other times for as in spring tydes it dooth flowe or lift it selfe higher and descende or ebbe lower then of custome So in neape Tides it doth lift or flow lesse in height also ebbe or descende lesse in deepenesse then it dooth of custome as it is seene dayly by common experience c. But yet furthermore as touching the ebbyng and flowing of the water both in the Sea and also in Hauens and Ryuers and although that it dooth keepe an order or methode in anye one assigned place yet is there great varietye in places harde by yea in one Ryuer it shal be a full Sea in one parte of the Ryuer and in that Ryuer and at that instant a lowe water as the proofe thereof maye be manyfestly seene here in the Ryuer of Thames as it is not vnknowen that the Moone in the South dooth make a full Sea on the landes end at the entraunce of the Ryuer of Thames and the Moone in the Southwest dooth make a full Sea at London and then it is halfe ebbed on the landes ende But in Rychmonde aboue London there the Moone in the West dooth make a ful Sea and then on the landes end there it is a lowe
water as it is manifestly to be seene c. And furthermore as touching the ebbyng and flowyng vpppon the Coast of the Occient Sea for that it floweth generally a Southwest Moone so mine opinion is this by the meanes of the shuttyng or inclosyng of the Sea betweene America and Europe and Africa that it commeth to passe thus for the water cannot followe the course of the Moone for after that the Moone is past the Meridian in the Bay of America commonly called the Bay of Mexico that then the waters can no longer followe the course of the Moone for that it is letten by the mayne lande And then when the Moone dooth come rounde about vnto the Southeast then the powers of the Moone doo tracte or draw the waters vnto the Eastwardes by whiche meanes the waters hauing a great course or swaye vnto the Eastwardes are drawen so vehementlye by the powers of the Moone vntyll suche tyme as the Moone dooth come vnto the Meridian that it cannot sodaynely reuerse although the Moone bee paste the Meridian to the Westwarde as we maye see manye tymes by common experience that any thing forced to moue violentlye is not presently stayed but that it must haue a tyme in the staying as the force of the dryfte dooth decay which must be by litle and litle c. And so by that meanes the Mone is in the Southwest before the waters wylbe descended and for proofe thereof if that you doo put water in any broade or long vessell and sturre the water in such sort that it may swaye from one ende vnto the other and after that it hath begunne to sway from ende vnto end it wyll be a long tyme before it wyll stande styll for you cannot make it to staye vppon the sodayne but it wyll sway too and fro vntil that it dooth stay it selfe by litle and litle c. And furthermore as touching the ebbyng and flowyng in the other inferior Seas and Hauens and Ryuers that happeneth by this meanes as it is a full Sea in all the places vppon the West parte towardes the Occian Sea so that when it door finde the water of our inferior Sea lower then that which dooth come out of the Occian Sea then it runneth in vntil that it commeth to be leuel For the propertie of water is alwayes to runne vnto the lower partes and so by that meanes and also the sway that it hath it runneth and floweth into al Hauens and Harbours and Riuers as long as it fyndeth any place lower or inferior in hight vnto it selfe And then as soone as it fyndeth the water behynde it lower then it is before it then it stayeth and beginneth to runne backe agayne for as is sayde before the propertie of waters is alwayes to runne to the lower partes and by this meanes it floweth into al ryuers Hauens and Crickes vppon the Sea coast and in some place it dooth hygher flowe more water vpryght and dooth ebbe more water in lyke manner downe right then that it dooth in some other places and that happeneth by this meanes and if any place haue a wyde enterance and then afterwardes is shut vp into a narow roume hauing some distance to reuerse backe agayne then the water dooth ryse and flowe very hygh for that thâ— water commeth in with a great sway and will not vppon the sodayne reuerse backe agayne as by ensample it may be seen in Seuern that commeth vp to Bristow and as before is sayde by the Ryuer of Thames that it is not a ful Sea in all places at one instant For when that it is entred in at the mouth and hath taken his sway withal then it runneth in by the meanes that the water is lower within then it is with out at the Sea for that it is a quarter flood and more at the Sea before that the flood entreth into the Ryuer and so floweth vpwardes for it must haue a tyme before that it can hygh so much water at the mouth or enterance to be hygher then it is within vp into the Ryuer for it is three parts flood vpon the landes end before that it be anye flood at London for that the distance is a great way in the Ryuer very crooked and narrow and many poynts and Naases that doo let and stay the Tyde but afterwardes when it is in and hath taken his sway then it cannot so soone reuerse backe vntyll that the water is well descended or ebbed behynde it too the Seawardes as it dooth manifestly appeare by experience And by this order it floweth into all Hauens and Ryuers accordyng vnto the indraught The seuenth Chapter sheweth the cause of Currantes or streames that runneth in the Sea in such places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe and of Currantes or streames in the Sea there are three seuerall sortes as in the Chapter it dooth appeare c. AND furthermore as touchyng the Currantes or the streame in many places in the Sea whereas it dooth not ebbe and flowe as that is perceyued in manye places as by experience is seene and knowen in the Sea And to let you vnderstande what those Currantes or Strames bee that it is a continuall runnyng of the water in the Sea alwayes one way and not reuersyng or commyng backe wardes to and fro as it dooth in such places where it doth ebbe and flow but that the water alwayes in those Seas or partes doth â—unne continually one waye or els at the least a long tyme according vnto the naturall cause of that currant And of these currantes I doo fynde three seuerall sortes that doo come of three seuerall causes and the cause of euery one of them is contrary vnto the nature of the other And fyrst concerning the naturall cause of the principallest Currantes as by experience of them is seene in diuers places by those that haue trauayled into those partes by the Sea as thus The currant ruÌ„neth forceably and continually from the East vnto the West at the Cappe bone speraunce the Southermost Cappe of Africa or Ethiopia and so reboundeth vpon the Coast of America which is drawen by the powers of the Moone by ber dayly motion as in the Chapter next before is rehearsed as it dooth appeare by the ensample of ebbyng and flowing and so rebounding vppon the Coast of America by that impediment that it cannot get passage that way accordyng vnto the dayly motion then it is forced to seeke other passages so that parte thereof dooth seeke and dooth goe thorowe the strayghtes of Magelenâ—s into the South Sea and there the currant dooth go continually from the East into the West But that strayght or passage beyng vnsufficient for that it is so narrowe the currant is forced to seeke some other waye Wherefore partly it dooth deuide it selfe and so dooth runne vp vnto the Coaste of Brasyll towardes the Equinoctiall by Cappe Crucis and Saint Dâ—myngs and so into the great Bay of
Amerrica or Bay of Mexico and so reuerseth backe agayne and so thorowe the Cannel or Chanell of Bayhaina between the Cappe of Terra Florriday the great Ilande of Coba goyng from the West into the East which is the cause that those that doo go into the West Indies doo fyrst goe to the Cannaries and so to the Westwardes to the intent to haue the currant to the Westwardes into the Bay of Mexico and then when they doo returne home then they doo go by the North part of the Bay of Mexico through the chanel of Baphamea for that the currant dooth reuerse backe from the West into the East so that they haue the currant or streame to help them backe home agayne c. And theÌ„ in lyke maner partlye the currant that commeth about Cape bone sperance being beaten by the mayne lande of America as is sayde before part runneth or goeth thorowe the strayght of Magalenus and partly thorowe the great Golfe or Bay of Mexico as before is rehearsed and part dooth reuerse or goe backe alongest the coast of the South land that lyeth on the South side of the straightes of Magalenus where the South pole or pole Anterticke is raysed more theÌ„ .50 degrees and so goeth backe from the West into the East alongest the South Coast vntyl it dooth come into the East Occian sea agayne c. And this is the principallest currant as those that doo occupie those partes by sea doo knowe and these currantes are wel knowen to runne continually alwayes one way c. The seconde sort of currantes or streames is this as it is seene in dyuers places that they shall haue a currant or streame where it dooth not ebbe flow that alwayes doth goe vnto the windewards But that neuer happeneth but in the tyme of great wind and the cause thereof is this that the sea beyng wrought or troubled with great stormes of wynd dooth rayse great bellowes or waues or great knottes in the sea and that runneth rollyng with the wynde and dooth cause the water too bee vnleuell or vneuen as it is the nature of water to seeke to the lower partes tyll that it doth come vnto his leuel so by that meanes as the wind beareth the water in the sea with great waues or bellowes so the currant in the water dooth goe agaynst the wynd to come vnto his leuel againe as the experience thereof is seene in dyuers places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe as in the myddle earth sea or leuant seas and within the SouÌ„d that is to say within Elson Nore that hath narrowe enterances and yet is great seas within which dooth take away the effect of ebbing and flowing for that the straight is not sufficient to let in water yeâ—â—ugh for to cause it too ebbe and flowe And this effecte in lyke manner is many tymes seene sometyme on the coast of Barbary and in such other lyke places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe c. The thirde sort of currants or streames that runneth in the Sea where it dooth not ebbe and flowe as by experience is seene in diuers places is caused by the sailyng into the Sea of some great and myghty Ryuer that the lande water commyng forceably downe the Ryuer and so emptyeth or runneth into the Sea dooth cause a currant to goe in the sea agaynst the mouth of the Ryuer as it is seene in the middle earth Sea agaynst the mouth of Nilus and also it is many tymes seene in the North partes at the spryng of the yeare when the Snowe and the Ise is melted or consumed into water And then agaynst the mouthes of such Ryuers as doo emptye them into those seas dooth cause a great currant to runne a great distance from the lande in such places as this effect happeneth in those seas c. The eyght Chapter sheweth the cause that the waters of the Sea are salt c. AND furthermore as touchyng the naturall cause that the water of the Sea is salt whereas the opinion of some Authors is as Aristotle other that it is made salte by the powers of the Sunne by the drawing of the fyne substance of the water vp into the ayre the Sea is made salt by that meanes Then if that were the whole cause theÌ„ the water of the Sea shoulde be most saltest vnder or neare the Equinoctiall For that the Sunne hath a greater force by the meanes of the direction of the shadow of the Sunne whereby the Sunne shoulde drawe or distil it more faster then it dooth in any of the other Clymates Yet notwithstandyng it is seene by experience that the water of the Sea is as salte in the Latitude of .60 degrees in the Occian Sea as it is vnder the Equinoctiall And as some haue sayde it is as salte in Iselande and at the North Cappe which is within the Polle or Cyrcle neare fyue degrees And there the Sunne cannot haue any great power for that the Sunne hath but a very glaunsyng shadowe in Iune And in the Wynter part of the yeare the Sunne wyll not appeare or ryse vnto them in the space of tenne Weekes And furthermore if the water of the sea were made salte onely by the powers of the Sunne then those seas must needes become freshe by another great cause and that is this For in the Spring of the yeare in the meltyng of the Snowe and the Ise there falleth such abundance of freshe water that it would make it freshe and yet the water is verye salt insomuch that in dyuers places in the North parte they doo make salt of the sea water although that it is not made by the heate or powers of the Sunne as it is made in Spayne and in Fraunce for that they doo make it in Scotlande with the heate of the fyre so as some haue sayde it is made in Rosey not farre from Sainct Nicolas And furthermore as it may be prooued the water is not made salt by the power of the Sunne for that the heade of the great Ryuer Nylus that commeth from the Mountaynes of the Moone hath Latitude beyond the Equinoctial twelue degrees And so in sundry places standeth in sundry great pooles not farre from the Equinoctial and so passeth from vnder the Equinoctiall vnto the Northwards and dooth empty it selfe in the middle earth sea and yet that water is fresh and not salt So that it is manifest that the powers of the Sun are not altogether the cause that the water of the sea is salt Wherfore in mine opinion the water of the sea is become salt by the Minerals or substance of the nature of the ground which is salt properly of it self and so mollified or soked that it turneth vnto water hauing anye moysture or lyquor to come vnto it As for an ensample that in sundrie places it is knowen that there is Salt found and dygged out of the ground and is perfect Salt and
occupied for Salt after they haue made it cleane and beate it smal And as it hath been credybly reported vnto me there is a hyll or Mountayne in Barbary in Africa that Salt is digged out thereof and is a great distance from the sea And the like is reported to be in the kingdoÌ„e of Hungary here in Europ that there is salt digged out thereof and is solde and bought into dyuers places as into Polonia and into some places of Germanye Then it is a playne case that there be such wynes or mineralles in the grounde which maketh the thyng to be most manifest that the Sea is made Salt by the mineralles or substance of salt in the grounde And yet for further proofe therof here in England at the Wyches in Chesseshyre there is in sundrye places a water or Bryne that they doo make Salt of and is a good distance from any Sea And some haue made argument that it may come from the Sea thorowe the Vaynes or Coues in the grounde which is moste contrarye by thys meanes for if that it come from the Sea thorowe the grounde then it coulde not be salter then the water of the Sea for that at the Wyches is much salter then the Sea water For if that it come from the Sea then it must be somewhat fresher then the Sea water by the meanes of the scouring it selfe thorowe the earth and by meeting of some fresh waters as the earth is not without fresh water c. And furthermore as concernyng the saying of the Philosopher Plato in his Dialogues of Tymeus and Crecia and also is written by Marcellius Ficius that in the olde time there was an Ilande in the Sea ouer agaynst Africa bygger then Africa and Asia which Ilande was called Atlantyda and that the Kynges of this Ilande did gouerne a great parte of Africa and Europa and as Marcellius Ficius and Plato say by the meanes of a great earthqake and a great rayne thys Ilande sunke and the people thereof were drowned and after the sinkyng of thys great Ilande the Sea Atlanticus was so full of mudde by the meanes of the sinckng therof that the sea Atlanticus could not be sayled with shippes in a great time after Now if this be true that there was any such Ilande that dyd so sincke that the Sea was so full of mudde then after that the mudde is setled vnto the bottome as it wyll doo in processe of time then the sea must needs be a very shallow sea for such a great masse of earthy substance being sunck with water must needes make a very shallow Sea and yet it is seene and knowen almost generallye vnto all meÌ„ that it is a depe sea yea no man can tel of what depth for that they cannot finde any grounde for that sea is greatlye occupied with Shippes and that Ilande lay â—ast from Spayne and Barbary which is most occupyed with Ships of any sea for all the great trade of shipping is now in these daies vsed out of Europe And then what place can be greater occupied then into our west Occian sea called in olde time the sea Atlanticus as it is the whole trade from Englande Fraunce and the lowe Countrey and Denmarke and such lyke places of Europe into Spayne and Portugall and Barbary and into the myddle earth Sea and into Ginny and into the Carnarie Ilandes the Madera Ilandes and the Ilandes called the Syrtes and to the West Indyes so that it is the greatest occupyed sea with shipping in the whole world so that the same sea is not vnknowne but that it is a great deepe sea therefore it is to bee supposed that the fundamentall nature or stubstaunce or ground therof was of Salt and so soked or moyllfied with the water that the superficies thereof might be sunck vnder the water and so in processe of time to soke the minerall of the Salt that the stony and earthye substaunce is nowe setled downe so low that it seemeth vnto the simple people that it hath no bottome for otherwise such a huge masse of earthy substaunce coulde not be so lost as it dooth appeare by that great Iland called Atlantida that Maccellius Ficius Plato and Proclus with other Authors doth make mention of c. The nienth Chapter is as touching the cause of Earthquakes AND furthermore as touchyng Earthquakes and the synking both of the mayne Lande and also of Ilandes in the Sea and also of the drying vp of Waters as great Pooles Riuers and also of the casting vp of Grounde both in the sea as well as vppon the mayne Lande although it bee the prouidence of almyghtye God to bryng it so to passe for the punishment of the people that are vppon the face of the Earthe and as well the godlye doo perishe as the wicked when these thinges happen whiche are the scourge of the wrathe of God for that hee wyll haue his diuine glory knowne yet hee dooth nothing but that it is done by a meane hath a naturall cause of the commyng of it so to passe although the thing it selfe bee supernaturall And furthermore although I am symple and vtterly vnlearned neyther to the iudgement of the people to haue any great experyence in these causes yet notwithstandyng being as one more bolde then wyse to shewe myne opynion vnto the Worlde and also it is possible that in some poyntes my opynion dooth not agree with some of the ancient Writers that haue written of sundry thinges in their Bookes of naturall Philosophye Yet notwithstandyng I am so bolde to shewe my opinion although it be possible that it may dyffer from the trueth Wherefore they may vse such credit vnto the matter as the reasons in these matters shall support vnto them for yf that by reason my opinyon be not to bee lyked then they may the lesse regarde it c. And this first as concerning the sincking of grounde as experience hath shewed that it hath happened in sundry places and in sundrye ages of the worlde my opinion is this as in the Chapter before is shewed that in those places that it hath happened that the substaunce of the grounde in that place is Salte vnderneath and so beyng soked or mollyfyed with water in processe of tyme it is turned vnto water and then the earthy substance that is a loofe vppon it beyng ponderous and heauie and not supported or borne vp wyth any harde thing then it must needes settell it selfe downe and sincke into the water and so by that meanes the water standeth aboue the superfycies thereof as it is shewed in the Chapter goyng before by the sincking of the great Iland called Atlantyda c. And furthermore as concerning some kinde of earthquakes that happeneth in such sort that it renteth and lyfteth and shaketh the grounde and possible lyfteth the grounde hygher then that it was before and so remayneth and standeth styll afterwardes wyth out any setling afterwardes c. My
opinion is this by the meanes before rehearsed that there may be some vaynes in the grounde that may be of the substance of salt as before is rehearsed and yet may be inclosed with other mynes rounde about it as we may see by experience howe often that the vaines of the ground may alter and in a smal circuite as in some place may be hard stone and in another place chalke and in another place claye or sande or the oure of diuers kyndes of mettalles with a number of sundry sortes of substances that I doo emyt c. Now this myne or substance of salt being inclosed round aboute with other substances or stuffe as before is sayde and the springes of water in the grounde comming vnto it both soke it molifyeth it that it is turned vnto water then being water it is apt to runne in the vaynes of the ground yet it can not depart to go from that place vntyl that it doth draw ayre thither And looke as the aire doth fynd â—ent thorow the powers in the ground doth repaire vnto that place so the water doth decrease ruÌ„neth in the vaines of the grouÌ„d vnto other places thus in proces of tyme the substaÌ„ce of salt being turned vnto water shal be diminished or gon and the roome thereof fylled full of ayre and yet the grounde aloft shall stande fyrme and fast for that it is borne vp or supported by rocky or stony substaunce c. Now it is possible that some will make argument and say how shoulde ayre come thither for that it is so low in the ground and that there is no place open vnto the ayre wherby it may come thyther But they doo not consyder this that no place can bee vacant but that it is furnished with somwhat either with earthy substance or water or ayre or Fyre euery one of theÌ„ is finer in substaunce then the other as the earthy substance is grosse and harde so the watry substaunce is thinner and yet ponderous and heauy so that there can be no place hollow or concaue in the earth but it is filled with water or ayre For the water by his ponderousnes dooth descend and seeke to the lower parts And then looke where as the water is not sufficient to fyll the hollow place then ayre dooth repayre thyther to fulfyll the rest takyng his place next aboue hym as we may see by experyence that if wee doo dygge in the grounde wee shall meete with Sprynges of water as by the ensample of the digging of Wels in the grounde that when they haue dygged so low and haue founde but a small spryng then letting it stande a certayne time thither wyl repayre a great quaÌ„titie of Water afterwardes And then this being true that the water dooth fynde passage through the vaynes in the grounde then it is a playne case that ayre must the rather fynde passage for that it is an Element more thinner and subtyller then water and wyll soke through any small thing sooner For the nature of ayre is to descende very deepe into the earth if it bee not fylled with other substaunces So in lyke manner water although it be ponderous and heauy wyll ascende vpwardes yf the ayre cannot come thyther by the meanes of the closenesse or thightnesse of the thing that the water is inclosed aloft or ouer it and also the water wyll not descende or fall downe sodaynlye although the ayre be vnder it being inclosed in it that the water by his â—underousnesse or waight dooth cause the ayre to seeke through the water which wyll be a long time except the water and the ayre bee be styred by some accidentall cause And now to returne to the cause of Earthquakes my simple opinion is this The ayre being inclosed in the bowels of the earth which hath happened by the meanes before rehearsed or by diuers other meanes which I am not able to rehearse that the ayre may bee inclosed in the grounde or earth and then when it shal please almighty God to bring it so to passe for God is the worker of all thinges either by one meane or another that the waters may arise and encrease in the grounde and especially after any great and continuall rayne and the water being ponderous and heauy dooth seeke into the earth expelling or thrusting out the ayre that is neare the superficiall part of the earth and so by his ponderousnesse setleth it selfe lower and lower and then the great and continuall rayne dooth lode the superficiall face of the earth with water and dooth cause the earth to swel and shutte it selfe close aloft on the vpper part of the earth and that water in the earth by setlyng it selfe lower and lower and the earth by his closenesse wyll not suffer the ayre to depart out of the earth so that there is no roome in the earth to holde or contayne both the Ayre and the water but that the ayre in the earth is forced to rent the earth to haue roome sufficient And also at that time the earth is more apter to seperate it selfe then it is at any other time for that the earth is soked and made soft by the great moysture that is in it And by this meanes in such places whereas this cause dooth happen that the grounde dooth quake and tremble and the buildings that are neare thereabout vntill such time as the ayre doth fynde passage to get out of the ground and if that it cannot fynde passage then it dooth split and rent the grounde casting al things that are ouer it or in the way of the ayre that breaketh so out of the ground ouer it and possible to turne the buildings vnderneath the earth or grounde to the great and maruaylous destruction both of the people and buildinges where this happeneth c. And by this meanes those places that haue beene Lande may become Water being neare vnto the Sea or any great Ryuer And in lyke manner whereas there haue bene any Pooles or Ryuers may be dryed vp as cleane as though there had neuer beene any Poole or Ryuer or water there by this meanes for after that the ayre in the earth hath rent the earth to seeke passage out then this thing happening there or neare vnto the water may run or descende into that place wheras the ayre was before and also in the turning vp or splitting of the grounde there may bee some hilles or cliffes standyng vp much higher then the grounde was before And so by this meanes the places that haue bene dry land may become sea and water and in lyke manner that place that hath beene water may become dry lande c. And furthermore in lyke manner there may by this meanes before rehearsed be Ilandes cast vp in the sea by the meanes of the ayre breaking out of the earth c. for that is the propertie of ayre to runne and to seeke into all places that is not
maâ—ing of the Crosse staffe How to vse the Crosse staffe to take the widnes and the distance of any thing An other ensample Ensample To know the distaunce vnto any two marks by the extracting of the square roote To knowe the distance vnto any marke with y e Crosse staffe without the extracting of the roote An ensample As touching the taking of heightes with the crossestaffe As touching the knowing the height of any shippes toppe How to know the dâ—stance vnto any ship An ensample Another ensample The second obseruation To know the distaunce vnto any place An Ensample How to make a tronck or Skal of measure to know the distance froÌ„ any one towne vnto another An ensample how to reply a payre of compasses to know the distance vnto any town assygned in any carde or Map The vinyard myll How to make a carde or plâ—â— Tipographâ—e and to place the longitude and the latitude in it How to take the latitude of any place How to know the longitude How to know the longitude the latitude in a Carde or Mappe How to place the riuers or waters in a Carde or Map The nearest way ouer the Sea and Land is not by any one poynt of the compasse An ensample The greatest compasse of the earth 21600 myles Al the points of the compasse wil bring you vnto the pole of the world except the East or West You cannot passe the nearest way for it is thorow the frosen zones A confused matter to say a place dooth stand by diuers poyntes of the compasse To know the distance of any towne from you if that both the places are in one Paralel An ensamplâ— To know the distance if that both the places are in one Merydian An ensample Howe to know the distance if that both the places doth differ both in longitude and in latitude that is to say y t is neither vnder your parallel nor Meridian An Ensample by Hierusalem and the Citie of London From Hierusâ—lem vnto London 2352. myles and 25 26. A second Ensample by Venice and London North or South East or West Note 360. degrees is the Compasse of the earth What Antipedies are that goe foote vnto foote â–ª In the Southwest quarter In the Southeast quartes In the Northeast quarter In the Northwest quarter An ensample by Rome and London London is the principallest and the most famous place of England The diuersitie aspect at London The length of the day London the assigned place S Michaelmount in Cornwall Doner in Kent Barwick The citie of Yorke Carlell Edenborowe in Scotland Catnes poynt The Southwest part of Ireland The North-part of Irelande The citie of Deuelinge Sainct Patrikes porcatorye The I le of Man The Ilandes called Silley Lyshborne in Portugall Cape Sainct Vincent Cape Sainct Mary Cape Finester Bayone S. Iames. Bylbow S. Sebastins in Byskey Tolledo in Castell The Citie of Ciuell Gibaraltarre Granmaliga Granado Burdeux in Fraunce Paris in Fraunce Roane Calice Bridgeâ— in Flaunders Gaunt Midleborow Antwerpe in Braband Amsterdam in Holland Lucke Gulder Cleue Collyne The Citie of Mentz Spiers Strawsbrow Francfordâ— Prage Hambrough Elson in Denmark Iseland The Citie of Rome Florance Pisa â—â—nice Millayne The Citie of Naples Philippos in the kingdome of Macedonia Constantinople that is the seate of the Turkâ— Athens Danswick The kingdome of Swethen The Citie of Muscouia in Rosey Morocus in Barbary S. Cruce rode Fesse Tangie Abilles Argeyll Alexandria in Egipt The mouth of Nilus The North ende of the Red Sea Cape Deuaâ—â— in Ginney The Castle Demine The mouth of the Ryuer of Bynney Cappe boon Sperance Goia Garma The great Ilande of S Laurence The Iland of S. Thomas The Ilandes of Cappe Deuade The Canary Ilandes The Madera Ilandes Claudiopoles Nicea Troy Ephesus Tralus Philadelphia Olimpus Pompeiopolis Olbia Pargamus Cesaria Nicopolis Antiochia Geldia Bola Alexandria in Siria Tripolis in Phenicia Barut Antiochia Damascus Port Iassa The Lake of Sodom Bethsaida Nicopolis Hierusalem Charan in Mesopotamia Babilon Erupa in Arabia The Red Sea Mount Synai or Mount Oreb Michia The Citie of Niniuie Asia Arima The Caspian Sea Arges Hecatompilon Harcan Sena Chomara Prepsa Aspabora Issedon Isadon Alexandria maria· Asta Cuni. Bardaxima Calicute Polibotra Pentapolis Thagora Ciamfa Quinsay Gâ—iten Ciamfa Tangury Thebet Ciamba Barnia Nar. Malaqua Lace The Streighte of Magellenos the southermost part of all America The great Riuer of Platte Cappe Crusos the Eastermost part of America Cappe de Planco Cappe Sainct Marthae Carthagena Nomber de Deus The Citie of Mexico The riuer of Palme in Floryda The Cape of terra Florida Perru The porte of Pannama Tumbes Baculaius or new founde Land The land of Labrador The Iland of Cicilia The Iland of Corsica The Iland of Sardinia The Iland of Maiorica The Iland of Minorica The Iland of Candy The Ilands of Nigropant The IlaÌ„ds called Cyclades The Ilande of Ciprus The Ilande of Scoyra The Ilande of Ormosa The great Iland of Tabrobannu The Iland of great Iaua The Iland of the lesser Iaua The Ilande of Berno The Ilands of Molucke The Iland of Gelilo Gelilo is nearâ— Antipodeâ— vnto London The Iland of Iapan The Iland of Stipango The Iland of Cuba The Iland called Hispaniola Saint Iohns Ilande The Ilande of Iamica The Ilands of the Surres If that you doo desire to know the shortest distance vnto any place then you must do it with a Globe How to know the true distance vnto any place by the Globe The whole compasse of the earth is 28600 myles no place can be no further distance from you thâ—â— 10800. myles To know the coÌ„tentes of account of any peece of grouÌ„d by Arithmetike To know howe many acres there is in any peece of ground by the account of money A note of measure An ensample in Circles An ensample of long squareâ— How to knowe 〈◊〉 many ynches long in Tymber wyll make a foote what square sâ—â—nes that it hath by Arithmetike The length of a foote of Timber according vnto the square How to measure any thing that lacketh parte of hiâ— forme Ensample of large Tymber To know the proportion of Cubes or Globes the one by the other An ensample of Globes The seconde ensample The measuring of Globes 19008 To measure the playne of a Circle Of the bending of Shâ—ps How to alter the bignes of a ship and â—eâ— to keepe the proportion mould and fashion An ensample of the altering of the burthen of a ship and to keepe the moulde and proportion Of Cubes To make a cube a quarter bigger To double a Cube or globe To make a Cube 3. times so bigge If a Cube or Globe be double measure theÌ„ that is 8. times â—o bigge An easy way to make ships by proportion How to aâ—â—eâ— the bignes of ropes how to double the syse Of doubling of the bignesse of of ropes Howe to double any rope or mast by extractioÌ„ of the square roote Ensample Of Ships that sayle well with the
A booke called the Treasure for traueilers deuided into fiue Bookes or partes contaynyng very necessary matters for all sortes of Trauailers eyther by Sea or by Lande written by William Bourne ¶ Imprinted at London for Thomas Woodcocke dwelling in Paules Churchyarde at the sygne of the blacke Beare 1578. VIRTVS IN ACTA ¶ To the Right worshipfull syr William Winter Knight Maister of the Queenes Maiesties Ordinaunce by Sea Suruaior of her highnesse marine causes c. William Bourne wisheth increase of woorship vnto the state of honour and true felicitie WHat great commoditie and profit Right worthy worshipfull Knight hath alwaies redownded vnto the common weale and gouern ours of the same which in martial affaires and warlike discipline haue chiefely delighted and taken great paines and care in the same and vnto what excellent fame and renowme it hath alwayes brought and exalted vnto high dignitie those that haue taken vpon them for their Prince and Countries prosperitie great exploytes rather putting them selues in daunger of their liues then their Prince and Country shoulde bee dishonoured Then I may say without any obiection or doubt that your woorship is one For I my selfe can witnesse and of my owne knowledge know that no person in this Land hath such great iudgement and knowledge in martial affaires by Sea both touching the shipping for that purpose and also the prouision for the same as your woorship hath and as for your courage valiantnesse and wisdome which is not vnknowne vnto the worlde whereas I being most symple haue written this base and rude volume whiche I doo call a Treasure for Trauaylers am so bolde to dedicate it vnto your worship not for that the Booke is worthy to be preferred vnto so worthy a person but for my bounden duetyes sake to acknowledge my good wyll towardes your worship for that I haue most largelye tasted of your beneuolence towards mee being as a poore Gunner seruing vnder your worthinesse hoping that your woorship will take this simple woorke in good part the which woorke is deuided into fiue Bookes the fyrst is Geometrie perspectiue the second Booke is appertainyng vnto Cosmographie the thirde Booke is Geometrie general the fourth Booke is Statick and the fyfth and last Booke is appertayning vnto natural Philosophie as the contentes of the matter doo appeare in the Tables of the Bookes hoping that your worship wil take this simple thing as a true token of my good will towardes you although the thing it selfe be but rude simple And thus I ceasse to trouble your worship any longer at this time beseeching the liuing God to prosper you in al your affayres in perfect health with all your children and familie Amen By your worships at commaundement William Bourne The Preface to the Reader COnsideryng with my selfe gentle Reader with howe infinite paynes and labour dyuers heretofore men of most excellent wittes and of passing knowledge haue compiled their Bookes and with what heede and circumspectnesse they haue examined and perused theyr trauayles and with what feare and warynesse they haue published the same and not without good cause why for thereby they haue opened them selues theyr name and fame to no small daungers and harzardes namely to the veiwe iudgement and report of all menne For which cause nowe seeyng I haue taken vpon me at this time a harde enterprise a burthen too heauy for mee to beare or sustaine who haue at length shewed my selfe so hardly as to publish this litle Treatise I being altogether vnlearned and hauing no helpe of any other learned persons being of my selfe altogether destitute both of knowledge and learning Wherefore I desyre thee gentle Reader to beare with my rudenesse and consider that it is the good wyll which I beare vnto my natyue Countrey for to profyte the common wealth as much as lyeth in me although that it be not learned lyke yet I pray thee holde me excused beyng altogeather ignorant lacking the capacâ—â—e both of knowledge and eperience who hauyng taken vppon me to publyshe this to the scannyng and trying of so many touchestones and daungerous crimes that I beyng so simple should enterpryse so farre to take vpon me to open any Science But notwithstanding I doo see that it is so needful a matter to be knowen vnto a number of persons that doo desyre for to haue instructions in those causes that are conteyned in this symple volume the which booke I doo call A Treasure vnto Trauaylers and is diuided intoo fyue Bookes And the fyrst booke conteyneth the particuler conclusions of the Skall Quardrant or Astrolobe and in the like maner the particuler conclusion of the Crosse staffe c. Also the vse of the Horizontall or flatte Sphere whereby to drawe or take the platte of any countrey c. The Seconde booke dooth shewe vnto you if that you doo knowe the Longitude and the Latitude of any place truly then howe to knowe the distance in myles from you or any place assygned and by what poynt of the Compasse that it is from you And because that London is the most famous and the most principall place here in Englande I haue haue named certayne principal places here in Europe and also in Africa and in Asia and also in America with some of the principallest Ilandes in the worlde both their Longitude and Latitude and their distance from the citye of London and by what poynt of the Compasse that it is from London and also how much that the Moone doth chaunge rather or later then it doth at the citie of London and what length their longest day is of c. The third booke is as touching the measuring of Superficials and sollid bodies and howe to augment them or diminish them vnto what proportion or bignes you list whether that it be the tonnage of any shyppe or the bignesse of any kaske c. The fourth boke is as touching the Art Statical as to know the waight of any shyp swimmyng on the water and such other like c. The fifth or the last boke is as touching the natural causes of sand and rockes in the Sea and diuers such other like causes as it doth appeare in the table of the contentes of the Bookes c. The which things in my opinion are very necessarie for al maner of persons and especially vnto such as be Trauaylers which causeth me to geue the booke vnto name A Treasure vnto Trauaylers For what thing can there bee more better vnto a Trauayler either by Sea or by Lande Golde Siluer onely excepted then to know the distances from place to place and to haue capacity to know the height and the lownes of any thing how to make a Plat or Carde for any countrey c. which is declared in the first booke And also how necessary a thing it is for a Trauailer to know vnto what quarter of the worlde any place dooth beare from him what the distauÌ„ce is
thither what length the day is of wheÌ„ he is theâ—e as I haue knowne a great number of persons that haue trauayled vnto sundry places wheÌ„ they haue come home they haue had no iudgement at all as touching that place that they haue trauayled vnto for that they haue not knowne vnto what quarter of the worlde the place is that they haue beene at neither in respect what the distance is thither And these matters are shewed in the second booke And also it is not hurtfull but necessary for a Trauayler to know how to measure al manner of Superficalles as land pauementes bourd and Glasse and solid bodies as Tymber and Stone and the burthen or tonnage of shyps and the bignesse of any thing And furthermore it is necessary for a Trauailer in like maner to haue a way to get the true waight of any thing that swimmerh on the water in like maner to know the waight of any thing that synketh into the water what it waigheth in the water to be lifted froÌ„ the bottome vnto the superficiall part of the water as it is declared in the fourth boke And furthermore it is very necessary conuenient for Trauaylers either by Sea or by land to haue knowledge in the natural causes of sundry things that are to be seene in trauayling as the cause of sands bankes as well in riuers as in the sea and the cause of Marish ground and meddowes the cause of cliffes on the sides of riuers on the sea coast with such other like matters as is declared in the fifth and last Booke And now it is possible that some persons wyll marueyle that I being so simple and not learned shoulde take vppon me to be a medler in these causes for that they be matters that doo appertayne vnto learned men And it is possible that it wil be dislyked of a nuÌ„ber of people as enuie dwelleth generally in the hartes of most men for that is the propertie of many people to dislyke all things that are not doone by them selues vsing to reade Bookes to no other ende but to fynde faultes in them And yet it is possible that they will do nothing theÌ„ selues which were a cause of discouragyng vnto any person that dooth write yet notwithstanding it shal not discourage me for that I am vtterly vnlearned and therefore it shall not dislyke me if any learned man dooth fynde any faulte therein for I beyng simple and vnlearned it is no discredite for me eyther to be taught or to haue the faultes shewed vnto me For by that meanes I may refourme the faultes either by them or my selfe And furthermore I doo not intende to make any booke to teach them that are cunning learned But the only cause of my writing of this booke is to instruct or teach them that are simple and vnlearned And therefore notwithstandyng I shal the better lyke of it if any learned man should write or set out any booke as touching these causes to refourme this And my opinion is this if that any Booke be set foorth vnto the common people in the world that then it is to the ende to teach the symplest sort of people that are not instructed in learned causes But if that it be any high poynt in learned causes then it is not for the common sort of people but to be in learned mens Libraries and therfore as it is not written by a learned man so in lyke manner you must not looke for fyne or eloquent schole termes but euen to take the substance of the matter rudely as it is and more to regarde the necessarinesse of the matter whether it may doe any good in the common wealth c. And yet notwithstanding my opinion is this that no person is to be disliked of that doth his good wil and endeuour to doo good in the common wealth howesoeuer that it prooueth But those persons are vtterly to be dyslyked of that doo hurt willyngly in the common wealth as extortioners and vsurers and conuayers of Corne and Vitayles and other necessaries and commodityes that his countrey dooth lacke or hath neede of And al those persons are not to be thought well of that doo desyre to lyue easily abusing the good benefytes that God dooth blesse the earth with as al licentious lyuers as drunkardes banketters whoores and whooremaysters and such as doo vse an excesse in apparell much aboue their degree And also those people are to be abhorred of al men who doo annoy the earth that vse quarrellyng and fyghtyng robbyng and stealyng caryng not howe they come by it so that they may haue it with which this our countrey of England floweth at this day the more is the pytie for what wickednesse is there that can be deuysed but that it is vsed here in England amongst al degrees which must needes procure the wrath of God to lyght vppon vs. And there is as great abuse amongest the Clergie which should be as Lanternes to geue vs lyght to leade vs vnto vertue But now in these dayes they be as Lanternes to leade vs vnto vice So that al degrees of people are geuen vnto wickednesse although that we haue the Gospel of Iesus Christ preached dayly vnto vs yet wickednes doth abound for what synne or wickednesse is there but that it is suffered and vsed as wichcraft and sorcery and magical Inchantment and coungering which is the greatest and most abominable dishonouring of God that may be For in theyr magicall Inchantment and coungeryng doo they not obserue houres in the making of Carecters set vp pickturs of the Roode and Agnus Dei and the Doome and a number of such other pickturs paynted and gilded vppon Virgin Parchment as they cal it And then in like maner their cirkles must be perfumed inbalmed with sweete odours and they must haue a knaue priest made by the Popes lawe to hallowe a certayne portion with a number of such vayne Ceremonies And when that they haue the diuel whom they doe serue doo geue him in some cases some thing for a sacrifice and when that they doo geue the diuel a charge to tel them any question that they would knowe then are vsed a number of superstitious wordes as in the name of the virginitie of the Virgin Mary and the head of Iohn Baptist and a number of vaine Saintes more besides a number of such detestable Ceremonies to the great dishonouring of God c. And who is the cause and the procurement of these most odious and detestable matters but a number of vaine wicked people yea some of theÌ„ be of no smal wealth nor calling that do procure these matters For if that they haue lost any thing theÌ„ they must repaire vnto a Coniurer to know where that is againe And furthermore there are some vaine foolish Gentlemen which seeke to liue pleasantly and idlely that must
he may do good either to defend the common weale or els to profyt it some otherway and not to be idle and to seeke to liue easily whereby the common weale may be the better mayntayned the Prince the better serued and our Countrye the better furnished with such persons as are able to defende the Prince Crowne and dignytie as well in their good counsel and also in their acts and deeds And also in my opinion they are very necessary members in the common weale in diuers respectes that are Trauaylers into other Countries and they are able to profyt theyr owne Countrie in diuers respectes for that hee is able to geue iudgement by his owne Countrie of other whether it bee as touching the gouernement of the common weale in the executing of their lawes of the manner of traffick and in the vsage and nature of the people bothe in their Cities and Townes and in their Countrie and what manner of commodities they haue and of the situation of their Townes and in their fortifycation and also of what strength and force other Princes and states are of and of the order and manner of vsyng them selues in martial affayres in the warres and what their Artillerie is and how they are weaponed and armed and furnished in euery respect which is very necessarie to bee knowne vnto the nobilitie for that they may prouide them selues and their Countrie for their better safetie and also they shall knowe what thing shall annoy their enemies most Then it is a playne case that Trauailers into other Countreies doo much profyte the common weale For suppose this that if we or any Country dyd liue in that order that we did trauaile into no place or Countrie neither no nation vnto vs then in processe of time wee should beecome barbarous and sauage Therfore the Trauaylers are much to bee commended in diuers respectes Wherefore I wyll shewe you my opinion what manner of people are meetest to bee trauaylers For a number of people haue trauayled and when they haue come home they haue had no iudgement of their trauayle but haue beene vtterly ignoraunt of suche thinges as were most meetest of a Trauailer to be noted and partlye some of them were not capable in those causes and some of them many times their heades are occupied with other vaine and foolish causes c. as this fyrst those people that are able to benefyt their country by their trauaile when they are come home ought not to bee to young for commonlye a young man his head is occupyed with euery vaine and light cause as with banketting and play and game daunsing and dalying with women and gazing vpon vaine toyes c. So that his head is occupyed with no other thing but all pleasaunt matters Therefore he that is sent to be a Trauailer to the ende to profyt his Country ought to be a man that hath a stayed a modest head and such a one as is capable and hath a good witte with him and learned And if hee bee seene in the Mathematical Science it is all the better For then hee shall the sooner conceaue any matter And also he ought not to be either to young nor to olde but betweene the age of .40 and 56. or 57. yeares c. And these bee the principallest poyntes that a trauailer should consider of First to consider what maner of Nation he is entred into whether they bee politicke or wise or Ciuill people or whether they be a rude or barbarous nation and so in his trauailing to frame his vsage accordingly as neare as he can that the people may like well of him â–ª for in so doing he should vnderstande the better of the state and commoditie of the Country Citie Towne or place and when that you do come into any Citie or Towne view of what maner of grounde it standeth vpon and what it may be or is subiect vnto and in like maner how it is fortifyed and prouided and how it is maintayned and whether it standeth vpon any hauen or riuer that hath vent vnto the Sea or any water that hath no vent or passage vnto the Sea but thorow or by some other Citie or Towne before it commeth vnto the Sea And also vnder whom it is and howe it is gouerned and what theyr Lawes and Ordinaunces bee And what notable Monuments of buildyngs there be and any other rare and notable thing that is not common And also to learne what nation Country Citie or Towne that may most annoy them and also what Countrye Citie or Towne dooth most pleasure them and what trade or Marchaundize they are principallest maintayned by and what commodities are most plentiest and what commodities or things necessariest are most scantest and what the nature of the soyle or ground is thereabouts that is to say what the ground is most aptest to bring foorth or most vnapt as touching Corne Trees and such other lyke whatsoeuer it bee And alâ—o what maner of Money and coyne is vsed both in Siluer and Golde and other base Money in Copper if they haue any And also what the people hath most pleasure in and what they do most abhorre or hate and whether the Countrye bee a playne and champion Countrie or Hils and Mountaynes or lowe marsh or marishe grounde and whether it be full of Riuers or not and also how the Princes or the other Gouernours doo leuey their Souldiours in the time of their warres how they doo arme them and weapon them and furnish them in euery respect and what duties or customes or tolles or suche lyke charges are payd whether it be of them selues or vpon strangers or any other kinde of goodes or marchandize and what thing it is they make most store of that they wyll not haue passe out of their Countries with all such other lykenes that for breuitie I doo omit And now such persons as haue noted these causes at their returne home are able to profyt much the common weale in diuers respects and are persons of great valure vnto theyr Countrye for that they are able to profyt the state and the common weale of their Countrye in diuers respectes For all those persons are of great valure and price and are as special Iewels vnto their Country and in the common weale that are politick cunning and valyaunt in marâ—hall affayres for thereby their Countrye is defended and preserued from the forrayne enemies For looke what Country is riche and welthye then other Princes are desyrous therof for to haue the spoyles and the benifyts of it wherfore by polycie and manlynesse they must be defended Therefore men expert in marshall affayres are very necessary in a common wealth And furthermore all those persons that are wise and sober and discreet in the good gouernemeÌ„t of the common weale such as doo maintayne vertue and suppresse vice are persons of great valure to their Countrie and also those persons are able by their wisdome
and knowledge to benefyt or profyte their Countrie whether it be in the teaching of good artes and Sciences or by any other meanes so that the common weale be the better mayntayned are persons of great valure and are as Iewels vnto their country and their country is beholding vnto them But contrariwise all those persons that are not able to profyt the common weale in any respect and also desyre to liue pleasauntly and wantonly and haue great liuynges and riches and doo no good therewith all those persons are more beholding vnto their Countrie then their Countrye is vnto them But if they haue great store of ryches and doo couet to heape more caryng not how they doo come by it so they may haue it such persons are the destruction and are as Caterpillers to the common weale of their Countrye for that they doo annoy and hurt the prosperity and the state of their Country for that they catch and heape vp into their custodie more then dooth suffice themselues by great quantities whereas thowsandes doo lacke to serue their turnes that are better members in the Common weale then they are And all such persons the Common weale hath a good turne when they are deliuered of such a one For by that meanes is dispearsed that heape of store vnto a number of persons handes besydes that whiche he would haue heaped vp more if that hee had continued longer So that some of the richest sort of people are not the best members in the common weale but the worste and yet it behoueth some persons to bee rich and by their riches the common weale is the better maintained as thus The Prince of any Countrye being godlye and vertuous the Common Weale dooth the better flourishe and is continually kept the safer from the forrayne enemyes and the Noble men and Gentlemen that are vertuous and giuen to practise the good gouernment the preseruement of them selues and the state of their Country So then their riches doo good and also if the Marchaunte bee rich so that he doo not hurt his owne Country but winneth his ryches out of other forraine Countries or any other good and vertuous Subiect by his riches he may doo good if hee doo vse that hee hath to the furtheraunce of the common weale So that it is necessarye that there should bee rich persons in the common weale for a number of causes so that those rich persons be vertuously bent but otherwise they may do hurt And thus gentle Reader I doo make an ende desyring you that you wyll take this simple Booke in good part and if there be any faults committed by me either by ignoraunce or negligence I pray you let mee gentlye vnderstand thereof for man cannot bee so precise but that hee may erre And thus I betake you vnto almightie God the Creator of all thinges By yours William Bourne ¶ A briefe note taken out of M. Dees Mathematical Preface that goeth before Euclides Elementes nowe extant in our Inglish tongue as touching what the Mathematical Sciences are that is to say all those Artes that order number measure or wayght and tyme without the which in respect we can doo nothing For what can bee doone in any respect but we must vse number which is Arithmeticke or what can be doone but we must vse measure or wayght which is Geometrie or what can there be doone but that we must vse tyme which dooth appertayne vnto Astronomie for by number we knowe howe many or fewe there are and by measure we knowe whether it be ynches feete yardes scores myles leagues poundes ounces galloes quartes or tunnes and by tyme we knowe whether it be minutes howres dayes weekes monethes yeeres c. Whereof two are pryncipal Arithmeticke and Geometrie wherof al these compounded scientes are sprong of these two Simples ☞ Thinges done by hand Geometricall 1 Mecometrie Is the measuring of the length anything whatsoeuer 2 Embadometrie Is the measuring the contentes of all flat things as Land Boorde Glasse 3 Stereometrie Is the measuring of all solid bodies as Timber Stone Kaske such lyke ☞ Thinges measured that haue distaunce from you 4 Apomecometrie Is how farre any thing is frō you whether it be on lande or on water 5 Hipsomettie Is how high or deepe any thing seene is from the leuell whether it bee on Lande or water c. 6 Platometrie How broade any thing is c. 7 Geodesie Is the suruaying or measuring of landes woods or water hauing distaunce from you by instrument or otherwise 8 Geographie Is the description of Countries or Kingdomes 9 Cherographie or Typographie Is the description of a part of a Country or kingdome c. 10 Hydrographie Is the discription of the Seas with the Ilandes and rockes and dangers and lynes and Courses c. 11 Stratarithmetrie Is the view or measuring of a battel of men to know the number of them not comming neare them c. 12 Perspectiue Demonstrateth the manner and propertie of all radiations directe broken and reflected 13 Astronomie Is the mouing of the lightes and Planets c. 14 Musike Teacheth the diuersyty of sounds c. 15 Cosmographie Is the descriptiō of the whole earth and the Paralell of the heauens answering thereunto c. 16 Astrologie Is to geue iudgment by y e signes lights and planets c. 17 Statick Is an art that doth order and deale with heuines and lightnesse c. 18 Anthropographie Is of thinges appertaynyng to the body of man to shew them c. 19 Trochilike Doth appertaine vnto the turning of wheels this art is necessary for Clockmakers Crane makers and Mylles al other sciences that doo deale with wheeles 20 Helicosophie Is an art to drawe hylical or Spheral or winding lines and is very necessary for Skrewe makers diuers other things 21 Pneumatithmie This art is necessary for all them that doo make Pumpes or great Bellows for y t it teacheth al those thinges that goe by wynde and water c. 22 Menadrie Is an art that teacheth the making of al ingenes as things to pull to or thrust fro or lyfting vp or pressing downe c. 23 Hypogeiodie Is that arte that dooth appertayne vnto myners in the grounde c. 24 Hydrogogie Is that art to bring water vnto any place assigned c. 25 Horometrie or Horologiographie Is the making of Dyals of al sortes c. 26 Zographie Is the art of a cunning Painter c. 27 Althalmasat The art of Grauing 28 Archetectur Is a cunning Mason or Carpenter c. 29 Nauigation Is sayling on the Sea c. 30 Thauruaturaike Is that which dooth make strange workes as those that made the brasen head seeme to speake the brasen Serpēt to hisse the Doue of wood to flye the Eagle made by art to flye c. 31 Archemastrie This art teacheth to bryng to actual experience sensible al worthy conclusions by al the artes Mathematical c. FINIS To the Reader of
dystance that is .24 foote whether that it be any marke vpon a Hyll or valley or the height of any Towre or Steeple c. Yf that it be .2 degrees higher or lower then the marke shall be higher or lower then the grounde that you doo stand vpon by the .30 part of the distaunce and the distaunce being .28 score the Marke shall bee higher or lower by .48 foote And Furthermore if that the marke bee higher or lower by 3. degrees then the thynge shall be higher or lower then the grounde that you doe stande vpon by the .20 part of the distance that is .72 foote And Furthermore if that the marke be higher or lower by .4 degrees then the thing shall be higher or lower by the .5 part of the dystance that is .96 foote And further more if the thinge be higher or lower by .5 degrees then the thing so taken shall bee higher or lower then the grounde that you stande vpon by the .12 part of the distance that is .120 foote c. And furthermore by this meanes or order you may knowe the distance vnto any shyppe vpon the sea or Ryding in any Hauen or Harborowe you knowing the hight of any Towre or Clyffe or any Hyll vpon the sea Coste howe many foote that is higher then the water and you may knowe it eyther by the partes of the Skall or els by the degrees as for an ensample the Towre or Hil or Clyffe to be .60 foote higher then the superficiall of the water and the .60 foote is one score And if you do se the shipe at one degree lower then the horizon then it shall be .60 score vnto the ship and if at .2 degrees then it shall be .30 score vnto the ship if at .3 degrees then it shal be .20 score vnto the ship if at .4 degrees then it shall be .15 score vnto the ship if .5 degrees then it shal be .12 score vnto the shippe if .6 degrees then it shall be .10 score vnto the shyppe but if the shyppe be nearer the degrees wyll serue no turne but wyll be erronious Wherefore you must vse the partes of the Scall as .5 degrees and the part one is all of lyke dystance for the hyght of the Towre Clyffe or hyll beeing .60 foote in hyght aboue the shippe that is iust one score at .5 degrees the dystance vnto the shyppe is .12 score And also at the parte one the distance is .12 score in lyke maner c. and at the parte .2 the dystance vnto the shyppe is .6 score and at the part .3 the dystance vnto the shyppe shal be .4 score and at the part .6 but .2 score and at the part .12 the dystance from the foote of the Clyffe or Towre vnto the shyppe shal be but one score that is iust the heyght of the Towre or Clyffe c. Furthermore you may knowe if that you be on the sea whither that one shyppe be hygher or lower of borde then the other shyppe and howe much and also whither the one shyppe dooeth ouertoppe the other shyppe you may knowe howe much so that shee bee not aboue a myle from you as thys by the lyne of the horizon lacke what place so euer that you doo see iust with the horizon is equall in height with your eye neyther higher nor lower whither that you bee one the Sea or vpon the lande and then you being in a shippe on the Sea and you do desier for too knowe whither that the other shyppe be higher or lower of borde then that shippe that you are in then looke Vppon the other shpppe at what place that the horizon quoteth and if you doo see the horizon ouer the other shyppe then your shippe is higher of borde then the other ship and if that you woulde knowe howe muche then goe too a lower place in your owne shyppe vntill suche time that you doo see the Horizon iust with that part that you doo desire to knowe the heigth of and then standing styl looke what part of your owne ship that the Horizon quoateth that part of the ship is iust equal with the other shyp neither higher nor lower then to knowe whether that the other shippes top of her Mast be higher or lower then your ships then goe vp or sende one to the top and if that the other ships top be higher then the Horizon then the other ships top is higher by so muche as you doo see aboue the Horizon but if that you doo see the Horizon ouer the top of the other ship then your ship is the higher and then to knowe howe much come downe lower vntyll you doo bring the other ships top vnto the Horizon then at the iust heigth of your eye is the true heigth of the other ships top neither higher nor lower and then looke howe much it is higher then your eye vnto the top so much your top is higher then the other ships top c. And also you being on the lande you may knowe whether one ship be higher of boorde then the other and also whether the one ship dooth ouertop the other ship as this by the quoting of the Horizon vpon both the ships as this If you be either in a Towre or any high house neare the sea coast or els at the foote of any hyl eyther Then if that you desyre for to know which of the shyppes be the higher of boord or els the hygher topped then ascende or descend vntil that you doo see the horizon iust with the hygher part of the ship and then looke vpon the other shippe and then if that the other ship be hygher then the Horizon then that ship is so much hygher of borde from the quotyng of the Horizon vpwards and then if that you would know how many foote then ascend vpwards vntil that you doo see the vpper part of the ship iuste with the horizon then looke how many foote and ynches that you were hygher then you were before and so many foote the Ship is higher then the other ship iust And by this order you maye knowe howe muche one ship is higher topped then the other And by thys order you maye knowe whether one Towre is higher then another or one house higher then an other And also whether that one hyl be higher then another c. And furthermore by this meanes you doo knowe whether that one shyp dooth ouertop the other then you may knowe how many foote it is from the top of any ship vnto the water by the heigth of your owne shippes top and the heigth being knowen then you may knowe the distance vnto any ship sailing on the sea so that shee be not too farre of by the partes of the Skal and also by the degrees as before is rehearsed going so lowe as you can in your owne ship and then to consider howe muche that you are aboue the water c. And thus I doo ende the conclusion
the Sunnes declination in all poyntes And then if that they bee Northern Starres you muâ—t knowe the distaunce from the pole and then if that the starre be aboue the pole then you must pull that suÌ„me away with degrees and minutes And if the starres at the time of your taking of them be vnder the North pole then put to that which is the distance of the starre from the pole vnto the height of the starre and that in lyke manner shall shew vnto you the true height of the North pole Artick aboue the Horizon And then in the margine of the mappe of the East syde and of the weast side you may write the latitude directly in that East and west lyne of that place which you haue obserued the latitude of the North pole and then that being truly knowen you may knowe the true latitude of all the townes in a whole countrie or Region knowing the distance to euery towne or place as thus Euery .60 myles going directly South and North doth answere vnto one degree And then further if that you would place the longitude and that you cannot get without a globe or else a Carde Cosmographye or else you must followe some author who hath written thereof and bycause you cannot get the longitude with no instrument for that the whole frame of the firmament with all the lightes therof be caryed round about in 24. houres so that there remaineth no marke nor lyght that standeth still but onely the two poles of the worlde therefore I will shew vnto you how that you may get the longitude with a globe or Carde Cosmographye so that it be truely placed in it First you must measure the longitude from the Meridian of the Canarie Ilands or other wise called the fortunate Ilands and so take the number of degrees from that place vnto any other that hath that same Meridian that your Towne or place hath and that shal be the number of the degrees for your place And then you hauing one place true you may finde the iust longitude in a whole region or countrye But there is one speciall thing to be noted and that is this The degrees of longitude be not so many myles in length as the degrees of latitude For as those places that be to the south partes of thys syde or vnder the Equinoctiall be as longe as the degrees of latitude so that to any of the 2. poles shorter shorter as I haue declared in the .16 Chapter of my booke called the Regement for the Sea as by this Ensample it doth appeare by the Realme of Englande Nowe whensoeuer that you doo desire to knowe the longitude and the latitude of any towne or place in a carde after that the Mappe or Carde is drawne then doo this First by the ensample afore made holde a lyne or a string the Map lying flat playne vpon a table before you And first for the latitude holde the lyne East and West ryght ouer the towne and place then by the ensample afore made you doo see the latitudes be vpon the East side and vpon the West side then by the lyne you shall know how many degrees and partes of degrees the Pole is raysed aboue the Horizon And then in like manner for to knowe the longitude of any towne in a Mappe or Carde then hold the lyne due South and North right ouer the towne or place whose longitude you doo desire for to know and for to hold it due South and North which is called your Meridian lyne you must doo this For that the degrees be shorter to the North partes then they be to the Southe side or partes of the Mappe or Carde therefore you must seeke the number of degrees both at the South side and at the Northe side all at one time holding the lyne proportionable right ouer the towne that is to say halfe degree for halfe degree and quarter for quarter and so forth to the least part of a degree The eighteenth Chapter sheweth vnto you how you may place all the principall riuers or waters truely in anye Carde or Mappe NOw furthermore as it is sufficiently declared before how for to describe or draw a Map or Card for a whole region or Country and also how to fynde the distaunce from one Towne to an other therfore for that it is one of the speciall matters in lyke maner to drawe or describe the principall ryuers or waters within a Region or Countrye into a Mappe or Carde therefore after that you haue obserued all the notable Townes and places worthy of memory then yf you canne take a Boate and so go all the whole length of the water or riuer in the very midle betweene both the landes and then with a Maryners Compasse you may see how that the riuer doeth trent or turne then you hauyng the obseruation about you then you may knowe how long that the water doth trent by that poynt or winde by the markes of the lande whiche you haue afore obserued and then so often as the water doth turne or Compasse about you shall see by your Sea mans Compasse and howe muche and still you shall know the length by the marke vpon the shore And then you must draw a crooked lyne into the Paper that you haue noted those Townes and places in the Region where that the pryncipall places be according to the crossing of the 2. lynes in euerye place the crooked Lyne to bee made accordinge to the trentinge of the Riuer or Water and euery treminge to bee according vnto that poynt or Wynde that the Compasse dyd shewe to you and this being done you may knowe the wydenesse of the Water by the obseruation afore taken and then you may draw your Plates and so bewtifye it at your pleasure takinge the crooked Lyne from the verye middle of the Water ⧠A Table of the Contents of the first part of this Booke called a treasure for Trauailers FIrst to the Reader of thys first part The firste Chapter of the first parte conteyning the makyng of the Quadrant with the Skall whereby you may knowe the height or lownesse of any thinge The Seconde Chapter is of vpright shadow that is to saye to knowe the heighte of all thinges taken within the length of the thinge The Thirde Chapter sheweth howe for too knowe the heighte of anye thinge with the Skall by contrarye shadowe that is to saye without the length of any thinge so taken The Fourth Chapter sheweth howe to take the part of any height as the length of a window or such lyke The fyfth Chapter sheweth howe for to knowe the distaunce of manye thinges that is from you and also whether any other Towre be higher or lower then the Tower that you be vpon The Sixte Chapter sheweth howe for to knowe the height of a Hill and also the distaunce vnto the top of any hyll with the Skall The Seuenthe Chapter sheweth you by the Skall
of the bigger and so shal you know how many pounde that a fadome of the lesser rope waieth As for Ensample thus by the cable afore mentioned of 10. ynches compas and a fadome dyd weigh .16 pounde what shall a fadome of a rope of 8. ynches in compasse waigh Nowe as before is declared .10 tymes .10 is .100 and .8 times .8 is 64. therefore multiplye 64. by 16. and that maketh 1024. and then deuide that by 100. and then there wyll stande in the quantitye Lyne 10. and 24. wyll remayne ouer so that you may conclude that the rope of 8 ynches that euery fadome doth way 10. pounde and neare a quarter and this is true without any fayle and by this order you may know the waight of all manner of ropes c. The ninthe Chapter is as touching the mould of Shippes to haue good qualities ANd furthermore in as much as I haue shewed how for â—o double or alter the tonnage or the burthen of Shippes too what bignesse you lyst at your discretion and also to keepe that moulde and proportion in all poyntes therfore I doe thinke it necessary and conuenient to say somewhat in this poynt that is to say what manner of forme or fashion that the mould of a Ship should be that shoulde goe or fayle wel and to haue good qualyties in the Sea And although that it is possible that some wyll think that I doe meddle with those matters that I haue no skyl in for that I am neither Naupager or ship carpeÌ„ter neither vsuall Sea man therfore it is posible thaâ— I maye be dislyked for that I doe meddle in this matter or causes Yet not with standing you that do reade this vse not to condemne any thing before that you haue perused it well and so wayinge it in a payre of indifferent ballances that affection doth not leade you it is possible that it is not altogether vntrue but that there is some matter in it that is good to bee consydered of in the buildinge or the makyng of ships and those matters that you doe knowe by experience to be vntrue theÌ„ you neede not make any account thereof c. And fyrst thus as concerning the making of the moulde of any ships this is to be noted that those ships that are of easye draft that is to say not to goe to deepe in the Sea or water and wyll beare a good sayle and doth stere well that is to say that it wyll feele the Ruther as soone as the Helme or Tyller is put to or fro and those ships doe goe or sayle well beeringe or afore the winde that is to say the winde to be large or to come right after them all those ships doe sayle well and close by the winde that is to say the Bowline to be haled harde or close and the ship to stande or come as neare the winde as may be those Shippes must draw a reasonable draft of water and also to be a reasonable good length and these ships wyll goe well a head the sea that is to say the Ship to stande close by the winde in such places as the grating of the tyde doth cause the sea to come agaynst the head or bowes of the Ship Then those ships that haue a reasonable length and well brested or bowed and not the buttockes or sterne of the ship to be to bigge or to full quartered behinde but to bee reasonable lancke at the Sterne those shippes do goe or sayle well a hed the Sea so that they wyll beare a good sayle and not ouer helde that is to say not to goe to muche on the one syde but if that any ship be too fat buttocked or brode behind at the sterne the bowes or brest of the ship before be to slender or narrowe those Ships wyll neuer goe or sayle well a hedde the sea but wyll fall or beate into the sea that it wyll let or hynder the way or goyng of the Shippe And also those Shippes wyll ryde very yll at rode or ancor in the Sea for that the broadnesse of the buttockes of the Shippe dooth so thruste downe the head of the Shippe into the Sea and especially if that the bowes of the Ship he to narrow or slender that the Sea shall flye into the ship or quite ouer her as well at an ancor or sayling or goyng a hedde the sea which is a very yll propertie in a ship in a number of causes And all those ships that doth draw or go a good deepenes into the water as before is saide doe saile wel by the wind also wil ly a holde wel in the sea that is to say the ship hauing no sayle abrode wyl not seele in rolle so much neither in lyke maner it wil not go so much vnto lewards that is to say that the wind nor the sea shall not driue it so fast back agayne as it wyll doe a Shyppe that doth draw or go but a litle way into the Water and also those Shippes that doe drawe but a lytle water bee very yll in two causes if that they doe lye a holde in the sea that is to saye to haue no sayle abrode for they wyll seel or rolle in such sorte that it wyll put al in daunger besydes the driuinge to lewardes with the sea winde Therefore these Ships must haue alwayes sayles abroade if they be loose at the sea and also those kynde of Shyps wyl ryde yll at an ancker at such time as the tyde doth goe vnto the wyndewardes for lying thwart it wyll seel or rolle so much But the wynde and tyde to bee al one that the Ships head to bee right vppon the Sea and as before is sayde the Ship wel bowed and the Sterne not to full quartered then it wyll ryde very well at an anker at that time c. And now furthermore as touching the building or makyng of Shippes for to stere well and also to beare a good sayle which is two of the best qualyties that is or may be in a Ship and except that it be a very chance those Ships doo alwayes sayle very wel if that the moulde of them be any thing well ordered in the forme thereof c. And although that the moulde of a Shippe be neuer so finely made and if it doe not stere well then it can neuer sayle wel And also if the mould of the Ship be neuer so well made and yf it wyll beare no saile but ouer heeld that is to say to lay downe the syde in the water then it can neuer goe well how fyne so euer the moulde is for it is yll shapen to goe when al the one syde is downe in the water and the other syde all out of the water and then it cannot abide the force of the wynde to driue it whereas the Ship that is able to beare a good sayle must needes goe wel for that the force of the winde must
of that moulde and proportion in al poyntes The eight Chapter sheweth howe much that one rope is bigger then another and if that you haue a rope of anye syse that you may know how for to haue another of what syse that you liste and also if that you doo knowe the waight of one rope you may know the waight of any rope by proportion c. The nynth Chapter is as touching the moulde of Shippes to haue good qualities FINIS ⧠The fourth Booke of the treasure for trauaylers Wherein is touched the arte of Staticke or waight shewing vnto you howe you may knowe the waight of any Shyppe that swymmeth vppon the water with al her ladyng and al the rest of her furniture And also howe you may know the waight of any mettal that is sunke in the water to knowe what it wayeth in the water and also how you may measure any strange forme suche as Geometrie cannot geue you any order for the measuring thereof and also howe for too lyfte or way any thing sinâ—â—e into the water with other necessarie matters belonging therunto very necessary for al land men and seamâ—n c. Written by William Bourne To the Reader of this fourth Booke GEntle Readers it is possible that you wyll maruayle that I shoulde take vppon mee too deale in these causes that is to say to teache any newe Art and Science that hath not been as hytheretoo written in any language or tongue the which Art or Science called Staticke dooth shewe the heauinesse or lightnesse of any thing Wherefore there is conteyned in this fourth Booke howe too knowe the waight of any thing swymmyng in the water as the waight of any shyppe with all her lodyng and all her furniture as Ordinaunce Ankers Cabels Mastes Sailes with al other Implementes in them and also it doth shew the waight of any thing sunke into the water what it wayeth to be lifted from the bottome tyl the appearing of it aboue the superficies of the water with dyuers other necessarye matters that are conteyned in this fourth Booke and not before this tyme mentioned by any other but onely by that famous and learned man Mayster Iohn Dee who hath made mention thereof in his Mathematicall preface wherein I haue hadde my principall instructions as touching that Arte or Science Wherefore Gentle Reader beare with my rudenesse that I being vtterly vnlearned shoulde enterpryse too take vppon mee too bee so bolde too geue the fyrst attempt to imploye that Art or Science vnto any purpose for I do knowe the nature of most people is to dislyke al thinges that are not done by them selues whether it be good or euyll and as I haue knowen many tymes by experience that those persons that haue learned anye thing at any mans hande when he dooth vnderstande it then he wyll not be knowen where he learned it but that he knew that before or euer he shewed it vnto him which is a manifest robbery of any man to learn any thing at any mans hande then afterwards to deny it to say that he knewe it before he tolde it hym as I do knowe a number of persons that when they are ignorant in matters then they wyl vse diligence tyl they haue atteyned it and then when they haue a little instructions to serue their turnes then they wil seeme too bee verye cunnyng and that they neuer learned anye thyng at any mannes hande which is a great poynt of ingratitude too offer that person that he hath learned of such a greate iniury but yet notwithstanding the earth is greatly infected with such maner of persons The fourth booke of the treasure for trauailers The fyrst Chapter of the fourth Booke sheweth you by the proportion of a Shyp swimming in the water for to knowe the true waight of any Shippe with all hir tackle ordinance and lading c. FOR that I haue sayde somewhat heretofore as touchinge the makyng of Ships by proportion and otherwise Therefore I doe thinke it necessary and conuenient to treate partly of this as touching the nature and qualytie of water for the sinkinge or swimming of thinges in it and accordyng vnto the simple opinion of the common people who thinke that things in the water do swimme or syncke for that it is Woode Iron or Stone but the onely cause of thinges that doo swimme is this that it is lyghter then the proportion in quantitie then the water is For this is generall for euer Looke how much of any Tymber or any other thinge that is hydde or in lownes euen with the water as iust of waight as of so much water as the true quantity of that parte that is from the edge of the water downewardes into the water neyther heauier nor lighter and then that parte that is aboue the water doth shew iustly what diuersytie of waight is betweene the water and the woode or any other stuffe that is putte into the water For any thing swimming in the water the halfe being aboue the water and the other halfe vnderneath the water that thing that swimmeth in that forme is iust halfe the waight of so much water and if in the swimming .3 quarters be buryed in the water that thinge is iuste 3. quarters of the waight of so much water and so foorth to any other proportion and then adding so much in wait to make it of the iust waight of the water then that thinge being in the water shall swimme euen with the edge of the water neither hygher nor lower But if it bee any thing heauier then the proportion of so muche water then it sinketh vnto the bottome and then looke how much in waight it is heuier theÌ„ the proportioÌ„ of so much water so much it waieth in the water the lighter as the waight of the water coÌ„meth vnto For if ani thing in the water be double the waight of the water proportioÌ„ for proportioÌ„ then shal that thing waigh iust half the quantytie of that waight til it be lyfted from the bottome vnto the very edge of the water and then if that the thinge doe waigh but halfe the waight more then the quantitie of so much water then shall that thing in the water to be waighed waigh but one thyrde part of his waight that it would waigh if that it were out of the water and so foorth to any other waight or waightes hauing proportion in bignesse according to the quantitie of the water whether it bee Brasse Stone or Iron or any other stuffe what soeuer it be And also things that do swimme as wood or any other stuffe Wherfore this is to be noted by the way the perfect waight of any ship with all her ladyng Ordinaunce Mastes Sayles and Tackle with all other implementes in her may be easyly knowen by her onely swimming as thus Looke what quantitie of the Ship is buryed in the water that is to say from the edge of the water downwards then if there
were a vessell or great thing made of the proportion of the moulde of a Shyppe as much as is buried in the water if that were filled with that water that the ship were in the water shoulde be of iust equall waight that the Ship were of with all her tackle and implements in her And now this being true as it is most certayne then the waight of the water being knowne any vessel or body is to bee measured by Geometrycall meanes c. And furthermore here is one speciall thinge to be noted and that is this all waters are not of lyke waight for the finest water is lightest therfore if that any Ship be in the lightest water then dooth shee swimme the deeper according vnto the waight of the Shyp and the waight of the water quantitie for quantitie and in lyke manner any Shyp being in the heauier water then shal not the Shyp swimme so deepe for that the water of his owne force wyll lyft the Ship out of the water vntill there be that iust quantitie and proportion according vnto the iust wayght of the water and waight of the Shippe for this is seene dayly by common experyence amongst Sea men and maryners that if you doo lade any Shippe in a fresh water or ryuer very deepe then when shee is in the Sea and specially in the Occient Sea that the Shippe shal be lifted vp hygher by .3 or .4 ynches out of the water wards And then when the Shippe is come agayne into a freshe water ryuer then she shal be as low laden as she was before Wherfore in the buildyng of Ships the one of the principal poyntâ—s is this the flowring and quarteryng of them for there may .2 ships be made both of one length and of one breadth and of one deepenesse in the water and yet the one may bee â—eare as bigge agayne as the other for if that the one bee full quartered and a broade flat flowre as the Hulks bee commonly it must needs be of a greater burthen then a sharpe Shippe that hath neyther flowre nor quarters as commonlye the Spanish building is for the water cannot beare it before it be deepe yenough into the water therfore these kinds of Shyps drawe very much water bee but of small burthen for a sharpe Shippe must haue very muche ballast or els shee wyll beare no sayle and especiallye if they bee verye highe builded or larged aboue the water c. The seconde Chapter sheweth how for to measure the proportion of the mould of any Shyp wherby is knowne the waight of any Shyppe with all hir ladynge and furniture FOR to knowe howe to measure the proportion of the moulde of a Shippe whereby may be knowne hir waight with all hir ladinge it is somewhat tedious and asketh long woorke and must be precisely handeled for that it keepeth no forme long together therfore it must bee measured in manye parts And for to measure the moulde of a Shyppe the Shippe must bee brought a grounde and then beginne at the broadest place of the Shippe in this manner Fyrste measure the breadthe of the Shyppe from outsyde vnto outsyde at that very place of the vpper edge that the Shippe dooth swimme in deepenesse into the water then that beinge knowne measure the true deepenesse that the Shippe dooth swimme into the water at that place of the broadest parte of the Shyppe then that beinge knowne take the true contentes of halfe the breadth of the Shippe and then with a rodde or pole lay the ende of the rod or pole that is iust the length of halfe the breadth of the Shippe vnto iust the halfe Keele in breadth at that place before spoken of and then with an other rod or pole of the iust length that the Shppe doth swimme in deepenesse into the water laye the ende of that rodde or pole at that place that the vpper edge of the water dooth touche and then let both the other endes of the two rods or poles touch iust together and so wil they make a square Angle and then measuring or trying betweene the Ship and the 2. roddes or poles as you doe in the measuringe of superficiall or plat formes so shall you knowe the contentes of that parte that is within the insyde of the Shippe by subtractynge or takinge away of that measure betweene the two roddes or poles with the outsyde of the Shyp for that you must consyder that it is a square inclosed from the middle of the insyde of the Shyppe vnto the deepenesse that the Shyp doth swimme in the water and vnto the two roddes or poles and hath foure square or righte Angles or corners and then if that you doe multyply it according vnto the breadth of the shippe and the deepenesse that the Shyp doth goe into the water as you woulde doe yf that it were a plat forme then pulling away the contentes of that same being doubled that the measure is betweene the Shyppe syde and the two roddes or poles then that which doth remayne shall be the true contentes of that parte which is within the insyde of the Shyp as though it were a plat forme and then looke how manye foote longe it runneth in that forme and proportion in breadth and roundenesse of the syde then accordynge vnto the length multytiply the one by the other â—hat is to say the contentes of the measure before taken of the insyde of the Shippe and the length that the moulde doth keepe in one proportion and then cast the conteÌ„ts therof And that being done do as before is rehearsed accordyng vnto the breadth of the Ship in an other place then accordyng vnto the deepenes that the Ship dooth swimme in the water and then doyng with the two roddes or poles as before is rehearsed and so trying betweene the Shyps syde and the two roddes or poles and castynge the contentes in all poyntes as before is rehearsed and thus you muste doe in as many places and as often times as the proportion of the moulde dooth alter and then addyng them altogether you must see howe many foote that the Shypp doth contayne if it were all one whole peece of Timber and not hollow within And now this being done exactly as it may be done with precise diligence you knowing the true contentes howe many foote the soaled body of the moulde of the Shyppe doth contayne as much as is buryed into the water you maye knowe iustlye the whole waight of that ship that you haue so mesured with al her ladyng ordinance tackle anker and cables with al other implementes in her as thus Take of that water that the ship swimmeth in and make a cube of mettall or wood of iust .12 ynches square and deepe for that 12. ynches square euery way maketh a foote and then waigh the water iustly howe many poundes and parte of a pounde the water dooth contayne in waight and that shal shewe you iustly how many pounde and partes of a pounde
haue founde before by powring the water into the square vessel and then for euerye ynche the Shyppe is a foote and so by that number multiplyed by the number of the wayght of the pounds and partes of poundes the true wayght of the Shyp shal appeare and if you doe committe any errour the fault shal bee in not waying and measuring of it trulye And for your better vnderstanding hereof you shall haue an ensample of that matter before rehearsed by a ship of .100 tonnes and the length of the moulde of the Shyppe to be 50. foote long and the broadest place of the moulde to be .20 foote broade and the deepenesse that the Shyppe goeth into the water to bee .12 foote and I first caused the Carpenter to take the true moulde of the Shyppe and also to catte the moulde in woode according vnto the length breadth and deepenesse that is to say for the .50 foote long to be 50. ynches and for the 20. foote broade to bee 20. ynches and for the 12. foote deepe to be 12. ynches with al the other proportion of the moulde of the Shyp to be one ynch for a foote And that doone there was caused too bee made a moulde in Lead agreable in all poyntes to the moulde of the shp as Lead wil marke easily yenough and then there was made the other vessel in Leade of 12. ynches square and .48 ynches deepe and then the moulde for the Shyp was fylled with water and that being iustly and equally fylled the water was put into the square vessell and then the deepnes of the water was exactly measured was fouÌ„d to be 42. ynches in deepnes theÌ„ for that the vessel was 12. ynches square 12. times 12. is 144. so many ynches there is at 1. ynche deepe and then for that it is .42 ynches in deepenesse multiply .144 by .42 that maketh .6048 so that you may conclude that the moulde of the Shyp as much as is vnder the water if that it were not hollowe within that it woulde conteyne .6048 foote of Tymber And nowe suppose that the water was of our water here at Grauesende and that is not of the lightest sort neyther of the heauiest sort and a foote square of that water wayeth .55 pounde most commonly although that it may waygh sometime lesse and sometymes more it wayeth lesse after much rayne and neape Tydes it wayeth more in spring Tydes at a ful Sea vpon some cause of winds but it altereth no great matter within a pounde vnder or ouer Wherfore multiply 6048. by .55 and that maketh .332640 so then you maye conclude that the shyp waigheth .332640 pounde And then as is declared in the Chapter going before for to knowe howe many tonnes that the shyp dooth waygh deuide that by .2240 and then there wil stand in the quantitie line .148 and there wyl remayne ouer .11209 so that you may conclude that the whole shyp with all her ladyng and al other furniture and implementes in her dooth waygh .148 tonnes and a halfe of a tonne And by this order you maye knowe the true wayght of any shyppe howe graat or small soeuer that it bee or Boate or any other thyng that swymmeth And furthermore you may knowe by thys Arte Statical the true waight of any shippe without puttyng of water into the square vessel although that you doo not knowe the contentes howe manye foote square that there is in the Shyppe as thus the moulde of the Shyppe beeing taken as before is declared and the proportion of the moulde made in mettal hollowe as before is rehearsed And furthermore you may make the moulde lesser then before is rehearsed that is to saye you may make the proportion of the moulde for euery foote that the Shyppe is in length breadth and deepenesse you may make it but halfe an ynche or but a quarter of an ynche at your descretion and then fylling that with water and then wayghyng the water trulye looke howe many tymes the length of that moulde that is fylled with water is in the length of the Shyppe multiply the wayght of the water with that number Cubickely and that shall shewe vnto you the true wayght of the Shyppe with al her ladyng As for ensample by that shyppe before rehearsed that was .50 foote long and 20. foote broade and .12 foote in deepenesse And nowe I caused the moulde too bee made for euery foote but a quarter of an ynche so that for the .50 foote long the mould was made .12 ynches and a halfe and for .20 foote broade but 5. ynches and for .12 foote deepe but .3 ynches that beyng filled with water the water being wayghed did conteyne in wayght 3. pounde 2. of .73 partes of a pounde and that is scante halfe an ounce and the true contentes of the wayght of the water and then for that you doo see that the proportion of the length of the moulde is but twelue ynches and one of 2. parte that is but the .48 parte of the length of the Shyppe therfore multiply it in this maner 48. times 48. and that maketh 2304. and then to multiply it by 48. agayne and then it maketh 110592. wherefore nowe multiply .110592 by the wayght of the water that is too say 110592. tymes 3. and 2. of 73. parts and that maketh 334620. so that you maye conclude that the Shyp wayeth 334640. poundes And nowe to knowe howe manye tuâ—nes that the Shyp doeth way as before is declared by deuyding that number by 2240. and so further as before is rehearsed And furthermore you maye cause in the proportion of the mould of Leade or Tynne to be certaine Parallel lynes to be made but a quarter of an ynche asunder as many as you lyste and then you may knowe by those lynes what wayght that the Shyp is of when that shee is not laden And also if that you list you may knowe howe manye tunnes more in waight wil loade the Shyppe as often tymes as you doe knowe howe many foote or ynches the Shyppe dooth lacke of her loade marke And yet furthermore you may knowe howe for too knowe the wayght of anye Shyppe with all her loadyng although that you haue not made the hollowe moulde of the Shyppe as thus by that moulde that the Shyp Carpenter hath made the woode beyng not so heauye as the water then make certayne holes in the moulde metall then at those holes put in Leade vntyl such tyme as the moulde is heauier then the water and then stop the holes agayne that no water may goe into them and cutte of that parte that there is more then the moulde of the Shyppe and that doone then in some smal thyng or vessell put in water vnto some certayne marke and then put into that water the moulde for that Shyp whiche you doo desyre for too knowe the waight of and bee sure that the water dooth couer al the moulde and then
ende and also it is not good to haue your square vessel too broade for the narower that it is the more certayne and also you may not shifte your water into to many thinges and especially if it be wood for that same water wyll hang vpon it and also wood wyll receiue or drynk water And al these may be causes that may hinder the exact truth and also this order of measuring is very good to know if any thing be made in golde for that it is a very heauy mettall and no other mettall so heauy as it is if there were made any vessell in golde and any deceipt in it then putting that vessell into water then marke how high the water dooth ryse than take out of that water the vessell agayne then take that waight of golde and put it into the water and yf the vessell dyd rayse the water higher then the golde then there is deceipt in the vessel but if the water be at both the times of one lyke height then there is no deceipt in it as this was the very way that Archimedes found the deceipt of the Crowne of gold also this art or order of mesuring doth not altogether shew the contents of ynches or feete but also you may know the diuersitie of waight of euery seueral sortes of mettal how much the â—ne sort is heauier then the other as thus you hauing of 2 sortes of mettal the water being fyrst marked then waighing the mettal before you do put it into the water theÌ„ mark the water how hie it ryseth and then marke it there agayne then take that mettal out of the water and then put in of the other mettall so much in quantitie tyll that it rayse the water vnto that iust height that it was before and it maketh no matter although it be of many peeces so that it be al of one sorte of mettall and then take out the mettal and waigh it iustly and so shal you see certaynly how much in waight it dooth differ quantitie for quantitie or otherwyse you may know the diuersitie of the waight of mettals by wayghing two sortes of mettal and let them be both of one waight iust and then the water being marked put in the one sort of mettall fyrst and then take out that water as much as is rysen by the meanes of the mettall vnto the fyrst marked place and put that into the hollow Cube as before is rehearsed and then cast the contentes how many ynches it contayneth iustly and that doone then take that mettall out of the water and put in the water that is in the hollow Cube or square agayne into the vessell that the water may stande at the fyrst appoynted marke iustly agayne and then put in the other sort of mettall that is of the iust waight the other was before and then take all that water out and put it into the Cube and if that the water in the Cube bee fewer number of ynches then it was before then that mettall is heauier then the fyrst mettal as the proportion of the number of ynches wil shew you iustly and if there be more water at the later time then there was at the fyrst time then that mettall is lighter then the fyrst mettall and the number of ynches wyll shew you the true quantitie by multiplying them as before is rehearsed And if the water at both the times bee of one height or measure in the litle cube then both the mettals are of one waight And by this meanes or Art Statical you may know the diuersitie betweene the waight of Stone and mettall or the diuersitie of waight of one kinde of Stone and an other for that all sortes of Stone is not of one kynde of weight as all sortes of mettals are not of one waight And also by this Arte Staticall you may know the diuersytie of the waight of woode and stone or any other kynde of mettall although the one sorte dooth swimme and the other sort sinketh and that you must doo in this manner All those kynde of woodes that doo swimme and if theyr forme be such that you may measure them then the matter is of no oportunitie to know the contents thereof for that it requireth no other thing but to measure the contents in ynches to waigh them how many pound they doo both contayne and if the forme in woode be such that you cannot easely measure it by such order as afore is declared you may know the contents of the woode by putting it downe into the water by some slight although it would swimme to synke it you waighing it before it commeth into the water to know how many pounde it contayneth And as touching all these matters before rehearsed it is a very easye matter to know how many ynches and partes of an ynche wyll make a pounde waight of any kynde or sortes of mettall or water or woode as thus You knowing how many ynches that any stuffe doth containe whether it be Golde Siluer Copper Lead Tinne Iron stone wood or water the waight being knownâ— then deuide the contentes of the number of ynches by the number of poundes and that wyll shew you the true contentes how many ynches and partes of an ynch wyll make a pounde waight The syxt Chapter sheweth by Arte Staticall to know the waight of any Shyppe that is sunke into the Sea or any other riuer too know how many tunne wyll waigh her vp agayne AND furthermore insomuch as I haue declared heretofore how to know the true waight of any kinde of mettall that is sunke into the Water â–ª nowe I thinke it conuenient too shew vnto you how too geue a neare gesse or an estimation yf any Shyppe by any misfortune should be sunke eyther in the Sea or in a hauen or ryuer to know how many tunnes would waigh her vp agayne that is to say to know how many tunne in waight she dooth waigh in the water being sunke which is to be done in this maner fyrst they must knowe what kynde of goodes the Ship is laden withal that is sunke and to set downe a remembrance or note of euery sorte how much of euery sort of the sayd goods also to set downe a remeÌ„brance or note of the conteÌ„ts of the waight of her ordinance ankors also if it be such goods as do require knitlege or ballast you must know how many tuns there may be therof also what kind of ballast it is whether it be sand or stones or earth al these being knowne then according as the kinde of goodes is then trye how many tunnes euery sort of that goods may weigh in the water as thus if it be Copper Lead Tinne Iron Steele or stone or such other lyke that doo not penetrate or doo not drynke or suck in any lyquor or water and the waight therof knowne then for al those matters by the rules before rehersed do shew vnto you the trueth
and yet notwithstanding they wyll waygh or lift the lesser if they doo vse that matter as I haue seene for that they doo make fast theyr Cables ropes some vnto the side of the Shyppes Hoyes or Lyters and some vnto the head and so foorth And nowe the Shyppes Hoyes or Lyters are not able to waygh or lyft not one quarter of theyr proper burthen and they lift or waigh much the les for that they haue no lading within for if they doo make fast theyr Cables or Ropes vnto the syde then it wil not lyft the .10 part of theyr proper burthen for that the side wyl soone goe downe And if they doo make fast theyr Cables and Ropes vnto the heade for there it wil waygh or lyft most yet it wyll not waygh or lyft one thirde parte of theyr burthen for hauyng no lodyng the heade wyll soone goe downe into the water Wherefore whensoeuer they doo meane for to waygh any Shyp that is sunke then they must prepare long strong and great Timber or strong Mastes and let them be layde crosse the Shyppes Hoyes or Lyters ouer both the sydes and to match .2 and .2 togeather of equal burthen as neare as you can and let the long Tymber or Mastes lye crosse both the Shyps Hoyes or Lyghters and ouer both the sides and then bring your Cables or ropes that are fast vnto the sunke Ship ouer the long Timber or masts and then make the ropes fast within the Shyppes or Lyghters and this doone then the shippes Hoyes or Lyghters wyl waigh or lyft their owne proper burthen otherwyse they wyl not And then it standeth you in hande to gette such Timber that wil not breake for that burthen for if the Tymber dooth breake it wyll put al in hassard of synking agayne Also it is very good to waigh a shyppe with kaske and euery hogeshead pype or butte wyll waygh or lyfte as much in waight as it woulde waygh if it were ful of that water excepting the proper wayght of the vessell or kaske so that the Kaske be made thight that no water may come into it And then when you doo meane for to waygh or lyfte vp anye Shyppe that is sunke your Ropes or Cables being fast vnto the sunken Shyp then you hauing al your things in a readinesse your Shyppes Hoyes or Lyghters and the great Tymber or Mastes layde crosse ouer both the sydes of them and two and two of them and also your kaske then make fast your ropes and Cables vnto the Shippes or Lighters at a lowe water the flood beyng in hand Prouided alwayes that you bring the ropes or cables ouer the Tymber that lyeth crosse the Hoyes or Lyghters and also then to make fast the Kaske vnto your ropes or Cables And then as the flood ryseth so shall the sunken Shyppe ryse from the bottome and then as the water dooth ryse or hygh so goe towardes the lande or shoare tyll it be a ful Sea and then the sunken Shyp wyll rest vppon the grounde agayne And then at the next lowe water they shortenyng or making fast their cables or ropes agayne then the next full Sea they may bring the sunken Shyppe nearer vnto the lande or shoare And thus they may bring the sunken Shyppe vnto the lande or shoare vntyll such tyme as the sunken Shyppe shal be layde vppon dry grounde at a lowe water For you may knowe in howe many Tydes that you may waygh her and lay her vppon drye grounde at a lowe water as thus Sounde or looke howe many fadome the sunken Shyppe lyeth in at a lowe water and then looke how manye fadome the water hygheth or floweth till it bee a full Sea and then consider howe deepe that your Shyps Hoyes or Lyghters wyll goe into the water before they are able to lifte the sunken Shyppe from the bottome and then consider howe much or howe manye fadome or feete the water wyll ryse afterwardes and so shall you see in howe many Tydes that you shall bring her to bee drye at a lowe water As for ensample thus Suppose that any Shyppe or Hoye is sunke at eyght fadome at a lowe water and the water dooth ryse or hygh two fadome and a halfe from the lowe water vnto a ful sea and then the Hoyes or Lyters wyll not be able to lyfte or waygh the sunken Shyppe from the bottome not vntyl they be laden downe two foote and better So that you may conclude that the water wyll not ryse or high lytle more then two fadome after that the sunken Shyppe is lyfted or wayghed from the bottome and then goyng vntoo the Lande or Shoare tyll that it was a ful Sea And then the sunken Shyppe dyd rest vppon the grounde againe at .6 fadome at a lowe water and then at the next lowe water the Cables and Ropes were made fast agayne and when it was flowed two foote and better the sunke Shyp was lyfted from the grounde agayne And then goyng vnto the lande or shoare tyll it was a full Sea then the sunken Shyppe dyd rest at .4 fadome at a lowe water then at the next lowe water the Cables and ropes being made fast agayne when it was flowed .2 foote and better the sunke Shyppe was lifted from the bottome and so going in vnto the lande or shoare til it was a full Sea then the sunke Shyppe dyd rest agayne at .2 fadome at a lowe water and then the Cables or ropes being shortned and made fast agayne then going vnto the lande or shoare vntyl that it was a ful Sea and then restyng the sunke Shyppe shal be drye at a lowe water so that you maye conclude that the Shyppe that was sunke at .8 fadome at a lowe water and the water ryse or dyd flowe .2 fadome and a halfe from the lowe water vnto the ful Sea and the Hoyes and Lyters woulde waygh or lyft the sunke Shyppe from the bottome by that tyme they were title more then .2 foote buryed or setled into the water and then in foure Tydes the sunke Shyppe wylbe layed vpon drye grounde at a lowe water And by this order you may knowe in howe many Tydes that any Shyppemaye he wayghed and layde on drye grounde at a lowe water you knowing howe deepe that the Shyppe lyeth at a lowe water and howe much it dooth flowe in anye place where it doth ebbe or flowe The eyght Chapter sheweth howe to waygh a Shyppe where it dooth not ebbe and flowe ANd furthermore if that any Shyp or anye other vessell be sunke in such places where that it dooth neyther ebbe nor flowe that is too saye where the water dooth not hygh and lowe there is some matter and asketh great charges and labour for to waygh or lyfte anye great wayghte from the bottome yet this way it is to bee doone the wayght of the sunken Shyppe or vessell being knowne what that it dooth waygh in the water as before is rehearsed Then the number of
seene of any thyng that is put into the water as thus Take a Raske as a Pype or Hogshead or a Barrel and put it into the water the thyng beyng thyght the tenth part of the bygnesse or magnitude dooth not goe into the water for that it is so lyght And yet notwithstandyng if any one part of the kaske be heauyer then the other that same part wil turne downewards And if you doo turne it vpwardes as soone as euer you doo let it goe it presently turneth of it selfe downewardes agayne So that experience dooth shewe this to be true that the heauyest part of any thyng that is in the water dooth alwayes turne and seeketh downewardes Therfore we may perfectly conclude thus of any shyp if the ballast be cast or heaued ouer vnto the syde of any shyp that the shyp dooth turne ouer accordyngly alwayes to haue the heauyest part downewardes Wherfore contrary vnto the vayne opinions of a number of persons that shoulde be wyse that if the ballast be throwen ouer vnto the syde that the shyp shal swymme vpon the side and yet the ballast shal neuer slyppe for that alwayes the shyp dooth turne of itselfe to bryng it vnto the leuel except it be let by some cause whiche is eyther by makyng it fast or els by some other accidental matter or els it wyl followe accordyngly c. And some people haue bene of that opinion that no Shyp dooth swimme vpright but that there is as much waight or more belowe in the water as is aboue the water but that is vntrue as before it dooth appeare by the ensample of a Raske or Barrel For you doo see that it wyll swymme and the heaâ—yest part wyll turne downwards if that it be not one quarter of a pound heauier on the one syde then it is on the other that part wyll turne downewardes and yet for all that that part that is in the water wyll not waygh the .10 part of that which is aboue the water Therefore you may conclude that if the ballast doo lye all vppon the one syde of the Shippe the Ship shal swimme vpon that syde and the Keel shall come out of the water And if that the ship syde be â—hight there is no more daunger in her swimming on the one syde than if she were vpright in the water And also the Ship dooth not swim so deepe into the water lying on the one syde as she dooth swim when shee is vpright for that the Shippe is more lancker or slenderer or sharper that is to saye not so full and rounde by the means of her Tuck and Runne and the Foreway as the syde is rounde and full Therfore it cannot go so deepe into the water for as before is sayde that nothing can goe no further into the water then the proportion of so much water in waight Wherfore the syde being rounde and full it is the more boyenter a great deale c. And also it is very good to bring a Shippe in ouer a barre or shulde for lying vpon the syde it dooth draw much lesse water then when it dooth swimme vpright c. But notwithstandyng it is not so good for to Karrene the Queenes maiesties Shippes as it is the Marchants Shippes for two speciall caues and the fyrst is this the Queenes highnesse Shippes haue alwayes as muche ballast in them as they doo vsually goe to the Sea withall to be fast to beare a sayle which is no small quantitie in her bigger sorte of Shippes and then what a charge is it to take the greatest part of the ballast out of them and too take it in agayne for they must take more then .3 quarters of the Ballast out when they doo Karren them whereas the Marchauntes Shippes doo delyuer all the ballast out when they do lade their ships therfore the Marchants shal not occupy the 20. part of the charges that the Queenes Shippes must And the seconde cause is this that in the Queenes Shippes the ballast is alwayes fyrme and harde by the meanes that it is seeldome or neuer styrred and also the Cooke roome is made vp with bricke vppon the ballast and also there is set vp in the Cooke roome with Brycke worke the furnases to boyle theyr beefe and other prouision that is made for the dressing of mens vittailes as Quens and hatches c. which were no smal charge to remoue and make vp agayne whereas in the grounding of them all these two great charges are saued that Marchauntes shyps in theyr karrening shall not neede to bee at c. And thus I ende the fourth Booke ⧠A Table of the Contentes of the Chapters of the fourth booke called a Treasure for Trauailers The fyrst Chapter of the fourth Booke sheweth you by the proportion of a Shyppe swimming in the water for to knowe the true waight of any Shippe with al her tackle ordinaunce furniture and lading c. The seconde Chapter sheweth how for to measure the proportion of the mould of any Shyp wherby is knowen the waight of any Shyppe with all her ladynge and furniture The thyrde Chapter sheweth you an easyer waye then before rehearsed by the Arte Statical to knowe the true waight of any Shyppe with al her lading and all the reste of her furniture The fourth Chapter sheweth by the Arte Statical the wayght of anye mettall or stone howe much or what wayght that it dooth waygh in the water to bee lyfted or waighed from the bottome vnto the brimme of the water The fyfth Chapter sheweth howe too knowe the true measure in ynches or feete of any straunge forme such as Geometrie can giue no order for the measuring thereof as to measure a braunche in mettal or a piller that is enbowed and ful of hollownesse in diuers places and boyles out in some places and also how to know the diuersitie of the waight of mettall or the diuersity between the waight of Stone and mettall The syxt Chapter sheweth by the Art Statical to knowe the waight of any ship that is sunke into the Sea or anye riuer too knowe howe many tunne wyll waigh her vp agayne The seuenth Chapter sheweth how to waigh a Shyp that is sunke where it dooth ebbe and flowe c. The eyght Chapter sheweth howe to waigh a Shyppe where it dooth not ebbe and flowe c. The nynth Chapter sheweth howe to bring in any ship ouer a shulde or barre and to make the Shyp beare Saile when al the ballast is out and also if neede shoulde requyre how to lyft the shyppe higher out of the waterwards to the intent to bring her in c. The tenth Chapter dooth shewe vnto you howe for to come vnto the Keele of anye Shyppe without the groundyng of her wherby you may collect any Shyppe and make her thight vnto the Keele which is called carenning of them c. FINIS ⧠The fyfth Booke of the treasure for Trauaylers Wherein is shewed the cause of dyuers thynges that
wyl settle it selfe vnto the bottome and you shall fynde the substance agayne So although the earth is mingled with water by the meanes of the fretting of the streame and the Tide and also the soussyngs of the bellows in great winds tossyng it to fro in stormy weather yet notwithstanding in fayre and calme weather in such places whersas there dooth not runne a great Tyde or streame then that earthye substance doth settle it selfe agayne on such places as are defended by some Naase or poynt and in some Bay or place that the grating of the Tyde or streame dooth not greatly trouble it is then called Owes or as the common people that be not neare dwellers vnto such Ryuers doo call it Durt Myre or Mud. And then in such places where it dooth ebbe or stowe being setled nowe a litle and then a litle the winde and the Sunne doo somethyng harden it vntyll at the last through the setling nowe some and then some and styll dryed with the wynde and the Sunne that it is as high as the common foule Seas and then it will beginne to beare some greene thyng and so it wyl become Marishe ground in tyme and so is ouerflowed in the spring tides but in the Neape Tydes it is bare at a full Sea And then many tymes it happeneth that those that are the dwellers there aboutes or els the Lordes of those soyles doo Inne that same grounde and make the walles for the defence thereof And in processe of tyme it becommeth maine lande and by this meanes commeth all your playne and leuelled groundes neare vnto Riuers sides And this kinde of grounde must needes be verye fertyle and riche so that it be not ouerflowed with salt water for that all the stonye and sandy substance is washt out thereof and it must needes bee playne and leuell for that it is braught to be leuell with the water at a ful Sea c. And furthermore it happeneth diuers times as in the Chapter before is rehearsed by great wyndes and stormes in sundrie ages of the worlde that the Channel◠doo alter by the washyng or fretting away of some poynt or firme lande or Naase and then that which hath been many yeeres before mayne grounde may be fretted awaye and be ouerflowen agayne And the substance of the grounde maye be landed in some other place as by experience in manye places hath beene seene so that that place that hath beene before meayne grounde hath become Sea and water and that place that hath beene before sea and water hath become drye lande And these things haue happened in pracesse of tyme by the meanes of the chaunging of the chanels which doo alter the setting of the Tydes in Ryuers and Hauens whose principal cause hath happened as before is rehearsed by frettyng awaye some Naase or poynt and then some Naase or poynt hath turned the Tyde some other waye and so worne or fretted a newe chanell so that whereas the Tyde or streame hath runne most swiftest hath become an eady and so in processe of tyme grounde in lyke manner c. The thyrde Chapter sheweth the naturall causes of the hyghe clyffes by the Sea coastes c. AND furthermore as touchyng the naturall causes of clyffes that are by the Sea coastes as wee maye see some of harde stone and some of Chaulke and of a monstrous height and some of Claye and other of earth c. My opinion is thys as the age of the worlde is of no small tyme so in processe of tyme the often sufferynges of the bellowes of the Seas haue beaten away the feete of those hilles that are by the sea coastes And so vndermyning it although it were of harde stone yet the wayght of that which was vndermined hanging ouer in rayny wether or after great frost must needes fall downe into the Sea And then that sayle or substaunce that fell downe in processe of time was beaten or washed away agayne by the often soussing of the bellowes of the sea in the time of great wyndes and stormes And then the stuffe so fallen down being washed and consumed away the sea doth begin to vndermine it agayne by litle and lytle tyll at the length by the meanes before rehearsed there falleth downe an other portion of the sayde substaunce or stuffe from the hyll so that in the ende they become such monsterous Cliffes as wee may see by experience are on the sea coastes in a number of places And thus they do were away by litle and lytle vntil that an other place is become aforelande without that lande that is to say an other Naase or head land to stande further out into the sea then that dooth and then that Clyffe wyl stay without fallyng downe any more of the substaunce or stuffe of long time by the meanes of some beache or shingle or sande or stones that shall be brought thither by the cossing to and fro of the bellowes of the sea and that shall lye there and defende the foote of the sande cliffe as by experiēce we may see in a nūber of places by the sea coasts and then doth we are away an other Cliffe in some other place of the sea coastes for it happeneth many times in sundrye ages that at one time one place dooth were awaye and an other dooth increase agayne and in an other age agayne that whiche dyd increase shal weare away and the other shal stay or perhaps increase agayne by the meanes there is some head land or Naase without that which dooth breake away the fretting or gratyng of the tyde For many times it happeneth vpon the sea Coastes through some great and huge storme that maketh a breache by the monstrousnesse of the great bellowes that teareth away some great quantitie of ground from some one place in short time and the bellowes of the sea shall dryue or bring it or lande it in some other place yea euen in a short space as experyence hath many tymes shewed it and as it many tymes hapneth that in one age of the world that the great huge windes or stormed doo happen sometime in one quarter of the Worlde and at an other time in an other quarter For as we may see that in some yeares the most great winds and stormes doo blow in the East quarter of the worlde and in other yeares in the West quarter of the world and in other yeres in the South quarter of the worlde and in other yeares in the North quarter of the worlde c. By which meanes it fretteth at one time away the substaunce or stuffe from one place and then the bellowes of the sea doo driue or force it to lande in an other place and so it continueth for a certayne time vntill such tyme that the great windes or stormes doo blowe in a contrary quarter of the world and then the stuffe or subtaunce is beaten by the bellowes of the Sea and dryuen and
sheweth the natural cause of the ebbing and flowing of the sea and the ebbyng and flowing of hauens and riuers c. The seuenth chapter sheweth the cause of currantes and streames that runne in the sea in such places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe of currantes or streames in the sea there are three seueral sortes in the chapter it doth appeare c. The eight chapter sheweth the natural cause that the water in the Sea is salt c. The ninth chapter is as touching the cause of earthquakes The tenth chapter sheweth the reason howe America and all the Ilandes and newe founde landes and countries became peopled and of what posteriritie that they be come of c. FINIS Faultes escaped in printing The fyrst Booke fol. pa lyâ—e faultes Correction 3 1 20 set the situate 3 2 8 marking making 3 2 24 make marke 4 1 9 of that or that are 5 1 11 for lyne for the line 5 1 12 other side â—thelida 5 1 13 ridge ring 5 1 last the heigth 0 5 1 last measure of the that measure 7 1 12 and the and at the 8 2 13 standinges places 9 1 20 as is 10 2 8 lye by 12 1 11 there then 12 1 20 the line should the line y e shoulde 13 1 1 there though 14 2 3 thence there 14 2 23 12 into 12. 15 2 12 28 24 15 2 19 5 15 16 1 23 lacke looke 17 1 1 doo mays 17 2 4 staffe transuastorie 18 2 many transytorie transuastorie 18 2 many ringes wynges 19 1 many transytorie transuastorie 20 1 32 that their 22 2 16 part put 27 2 22 by too 28 1 7 52 32 29 2 10 and halfe of 29 2 22 the chapter the .8 Chapter The second Booke fo pa. line faultes Correction 1 1 22 vnto and vnto 3 1 8 90 60 7 1 13 Southwest South Southwest 9 1 10 32. put put 10 1 11 30. degr 49. 50. degrees .12 9 2 20 â—ondon land 11 1 2 54 16 12 1 13 36 360 13 1 30 Eison More â—â—on Nore 15 1 7 Cappe hyll Ape hyll 15 1 13 18 25 15 1 15 London London .10 mi. 15 1  the longest day the day .14 hours .35 mi.   15  15 1  minuts southeast minuts â—nd is Southeast   24 vnder the tropick of Cancer 16 1 25 0 19 1 11 East and South East by south 19 1 30 7 98 19 2 30 Maria in Aria 21 2 11 25 52 22 1 33 20 4 22 2 2 12 4 The thirde Booke fo pa line faultes Correction 3 1 28.29 that that that 3 2 12 of a boord of boord 5 1 2 be corner be from corner 5 1 3 22 32 7 1 4 leuel beuel 7 1 11 leuel beuel 14 2 9 with the within the 15 1 12 30 3. quarters 15 1 19 racking raking 15 1 32 whole holde 16 2 15 would haue haue 19 1 22 13. ynches 10. ynches The fourth Booke fol. pa. lin faultes Correction 3  24 as is 4 1 last targed karged 5 1 27 maâ— may 7 1 30 with which 7 1 53 multiply by multiply that by 8 2 23 in the mould of mettall in the mould of wood  2 31 8 2 5 led raysed or highed 11 1 1 neare as needes 12 2 18 30. 36. 12 2 32 waight the waight that the 12 1 23 one kind of one kynde 14 2 6 by the proportioÌ„ oâ— the by proportioÌ„ the 17 1 19 hang chaunge 18 1 22 hâ—eâ— heeâ—d 18 1 3 to hold to heeld 19 1 18 collect calke 19 1 â— in yenough 19 1 24 carying carenyng 19 2 30 cartienes Capâ—tynes The fyfth Booke fol. pa. lin faultes Correction 5 2 6 mould mouth 6 1 2 so assynges suffâ—ngâ—s 8 1 8 suites sortes 8 2 5 suâ—fâ—â—nges suffâ—nges 8 2 22 sea it sea as it 9 1 3 Ireland England 9 2 4 souâ—â—inges suffinges 9 2 19 rounded couered 11 1 15 in at 13 1 6 beaten leâ—ten 15 1 12 wast West 6 2 3 meayne mayne 11 1 30 traâ—t attract 11  26 hygher hygh or ¶ Imprinted at London for Thomas Woodcocke dwelling in Paules Churchyarde at the sygne of the blacke Beare 1578. The fyrst booke The seconde booke The thirde booke The fourth booke The fyfth booke Geometric perspectiue Cosmographia Geometric general Staticke Naturall Philosophie Discouragement Bookes are written to the intent to teach the vnlearned No person is to be disliked that doth his good wyll to doe good Persons that are to be dislyked Abuses of Englande Magical Inchauntment is a great dishonoring of God What maner of christian is he that desyreth to be familiar with the diuell The vertuousnesse of the Queenes maiestie is our preseruation The abuses of al degrees Couetousnes is called good husbandrie Pride is clenlinesse swearing lustinesse drunkennesse good fellowshyppe Whoredome friendship 〈◊〉 a tricke of youth The first cause that man is borne for is to serue God The seconde cause that man is borne is to serue his countrey Thirdly man is borne to labour to lyue The causes of al degrees The fyrst cause The second cause Good members in a coÌ„mon weale What maner of persons are the meetest to be Trauailers What a Trauailer should consider of What persons are of valure in the common weale A Circle A Centre A Circumference A Diametre A Foote A Yarde A pase Geometrical A simple stop of yarde A rase is two steppâ—s 12. pases is a score that is 20. yardes A myle is a 1000. pases that is .5000 foote or 1666. yardes and 3. A Rod is .16 foote .2 of land measure and 18. foote is a Rod of woode measure .6 foote is a fadome and .833 fadome is a myle The maâ—â—ng of the Quadrant with the Skal The vse of the degrees What to obserue in taking of height with the Skall Vpright shadow at on station Ensample Ensamples of two fashions or standinges Ensample oâ— contrary shadow Ensâ—mple in the taking of the poynt of a height How to know distance by the shadowe An ensample To know how much the one Towre is higher or lower than another Ensamples To know how much any Tower is lower then that you be on Ensamplâ— â–ª To knowe the height of a hill To know the length of the Hipothenusall Lyne by the extracting of the roote To knowe the widenesse of waters An ensample To knowe the length of the slope lyne by the extract of the Roote To know howe much any place is higher or lower then the placeth it you are on whether that it be on Towre Steeple â—l Clyffe of valley c. An ensample To know howe much any place is hygher or lower by degrees An ensample of shyps on the water An ensample An ensample of shyps on the water To know whether my shyp be higher or lower of boord then another and whether the one dooth ouertop the other and howe To know howe much one house ship towre or hyl is higher then the other The