Selected quad for the lemma: water_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
water_n	call_v	earth_n	sea_n	3,957	5	6.9260	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A09258	A briefe introduction to geography containing a description of the grounds, and generall part thereof, very necessary for young students in that science. VVritten by that learned man, Mr William Pemble, Master of Arts, of Magdalen Hall in Oxford.	Pemble, William, 1592?-1623.	1630 (1630)	STC 19571; ESTC S114325	20,167	42

it naturally or violently as clouds birds stones hurled vp or downe arrowes bullets and such like things violently shott forth as may appeare in the figure The fourth rule 4 The earth though it bee of exceeding greate quantity being considered in itselfe yet being compared to the Heauens especially the higher sphaeres is of noe notable bignes but may be accounted as a point or pricke in the middest of the world That the earth is noe bigger then a point or pinns head in comparison of the highest heauens will easily appeare vnto vs by these reasons 1 The starres which are many times bigger then the earth seeme yet to vs to bee noe bigger then a greate pinns head or such like quantity therefore much lesse shall the earth appeare to bee of any sensible magnitude 2 Wee alwaies beholde halfe the heauens aboue vs which could not bee if the earth had any sensible proportion to the heauen 3 All obseruations of hights and distances of the coelestiall bodies which are made on the superficies of the earth are as exact and true as if they were made in the very centre of the earth Which were impossible vnlesse the thicknes of the earth were insensible in regard of the Heauens 4 All Sunn Dialls which stand on the superficies of the earth doe as truely cast the shadowes of the houres as if they stood in the Center As for example The starre S appeares like a point or pricke to them that dwell in A wherefore the earth O X will appeare much lesse to the sight of him that should behold it from S nay it would not bee seene at all Againe halfe the Heauens B F E are alwayes seene to thē that dwell in A wanting some two minutes betweene E D and B C which difference is alltogether insensible Againe if wee obserue the height of the starre S aboue the Horizon B E it will bee all one namely B S whether wee obserue it in the topp of the earth in A or in the middle in O. For A and O are so little distant one from another that A S and O S will bee paralell lines and bee esteemed but 〈◊〉 one line The fourth reason concerning Dialls is cleare by the framing and constructio● of them wherein either the lower end of the Cocke or Gnomon whereat all the houre lines meet or the vpperend and knobb as in many Dialls is supposed to bee the Center of the earth CAP. 3. Of the parts of the terrestriall Globe THe properties of the earthly Globe haue beene handled in the former chapter wee come now to the parts which are two in generall Earth Water Both containe vnder them more particular parts to be knowne The more notable parts of the Earth are these 1 A Continent or maine Land or as some call it firme Land which is not parted by the Sea running betweene 2 An Iland a land compassed about with waters 3 A Peninsula a land almost surrounded by waters saue at one place where it ioynes by anarrow necke of land to the Continent this is also called Chersonesus 4 An Isthmus a streight necke of land which ioynes two countreys together and keepes the Sea from compassing the one 5 A Promontorie or head land running farre out into the Sea like a wedge All easie to bee knowne without any definition 6 A Mountaine 7 A Valley 8 A Champion plain 9 A Wood The more notable parts of the Water are these 1 Mare the Sea or Ocean which is the gathering together of all waters 2. Fretum a streight or narrow sea running betweene two lands 3 S●nu● a Creeke Gulfe or Bay when the sea runnes vp into the bosome of the land by a narrow enterance but openeth it broader when it is within if it bee very litell it is called a Hauen Portus 4 Lacus a Lake a little sea with in the land hauing riuers running into it or out of it or both If it hath neither it is calldd Staguum a standing Poole also Palus a senne 5 Fluvius a Riuer which from the pleasantnesse is also called Amnis from the smalnesse of it Rivus CAP. 4. Of the circles of the earth IN a round body as the earth is there can be no distinction of parts places without the helpe of some lines drawen or imagined to be drawen vpon it Now though there are not no● can be any circles truly drawen vpon the earth yet because there is a good ground in nature and reason of things for them we must imagine them to be drawen vpon the earth as truly as we see them described vpon a Globe or in a plaine paper Further this must be noted that all circles on the earth haue the like opposite vnto them conc●aved to be the Heavenes vnder which they are directly scituated Thus knowen the circles that wee are to take the speciall notice of are of two sorts Greater and Lesser The greater circles are those which devide this earthly globe into equall halfes or Haemispheres The lesser are those which devide it into two vnequall parts one bigger another lesse Of the former sort there are foure the 1 Aequator 2 Meridian 3 Horizon 4 Zodiack or Eclipticke 1 The Aequitor or Aequonoctiall li●e is a li●e dra●●● iust in the midst of the earth from East to West which compasseth it as a girdle doth a mans body and devideth it into two equall parts one 〈◊〉 the North side the other on the South The two points in the earth that are every way fa●hest distant from it North South are called the Poles of the earth which doe directly stand vnder the two like points in the Heaven so called because the Heaven turnes about vpon them as the Earth doth in a Globe that 's set in a frame This circle is of the first principall note and vse in Geography because all measurings for distances of places and quarters of the Earth are reckoned in it or from it It is called the Aequinoctiall because when the Sunne in the Heavens co 〈…〉 es to be directly over that circle in the earth the daies nights are of equall length in all parts of the world Marriners call it by a kind of excellency The line Vpon the Globe it is easily discerned being drawen bigger then any other circles from East to West and with small divisions 2 The Meridian is a line that is drawen quite crosse the Aequinoctiall and passeth through the Poles of the Earth going directly North and South It is called the Meridian because when the Sunne stands just over that circle it is Meridies i. d. noone day It may be conceaued thus at noone day when it is just twelue a clocke turne your face towards the South and then imagine with your selfe two circles drawen one in the Heavens passing from the North iust over your head through the body of the Sunne downe to the South and so round vnder the earth vp againe to the North Pole Another vpon the surface of the

BRIEFE INTRODVCTION TO GEOGRAPHY CONTAINING A DESCRIPTION OF THE GROVNDS AND GENERALL PART THEREOF VERY NEcessary for young students in that science WRITTEN BY THAT LEARNED man M r WILLIAM PEMBLE Master of Arts of Magdalen Hall in Oxford AC OX OXFORD Printed by IOHN LICHFIELD Printer to the Famous Vniversity for EDWARD FORREST Ann. Dom. 1630. To the Reader GEntle Reader I here present vnto thy view these few sheets written by that learned man M r William Pemble I doubt not to call him the father the childe fauours him so much It hath long lay bid from thy sight but now at length emboldned vpon thy curteous acceptance of his former labours it lookes abroad into the world It 's but little let not that detract any thing from it there may lie much though pent vp in a narrow roome when thou reades then iudge of it Thus much may bee sayd Though many haue writ of this subiect yet this inferiour to none thou may'st obserue in it an admirable mixture of Art and delight so that for younger Students it may bee their introduction for others a Remembrancer for any not vnworthy the perusall only let it finde kinde entertaynment at thy hands Farewell A BRIEFE INTRODVCTION TO GEOGRAPHIE CHAP. 1. A generall description and division of Geography TOpographie is a particular description of some small quantity of Land such as Land measurers sett out in their plots Chorographie is a particular description of some Country as of England France or any shire or prouince in them as in the Vsuall and ordinary mappe Geography is an art of science teaching vs the generall description of the whole earth of this especially wee are now to speake of and also Chorography as a part vnder it conteyned both excellent parts of knowledge in them selues and affoording much profit and helpe in the vnderstanding of history other things The parts of Geography are two Generall which treateth of the nature qualities measure with other generall properties of the earth Speciall wherein the seuerall countrys and coasts of the earth are deuided and described Of the generall in the first place and more at large then of the other because it is more difficult and hard to bee vnderstood and yet of necessary vse for the vnderstanding of the other This generall tract may bee parted into fiue particular heads 1 of the properties and affections of the earth 2 of the parts of it in generall 3 of the Circles of it 4 of the distinction and diuision of it accordinge to some generall conditions and qualities of it 5 of the measuringe of it These in theire order CAP. 2. Of certaine generall properties of the earth IN Geography when wee name the earth wee meane not the earth taken seuerally by it selfe without the seas and waters But vnder one name both are comprised as they are now mingled one with another and doe both together make vp one entire and round body Neither doe wee diue into the bowels of the earth and ente● into consideration of the naturall qualities which are in the substance of Earth and water as coldnes drinesse moisture heauines and the like but wee looke only vpon the out side contemplating the greatnesse scituation distances measuringe and other such affections which appeare in the superficies of it to the eyes of our bodies and mindes These then of the earth and water together rules are to bee knowne 1 The earth and the water doe make one globe i. e one round or sphericall body The naturall place of the water is to bee aboue the earth and soe it was in the first creation of it compassing the earth round aboute as appeares Genes 1. 9. But for the vse of 〈◊〉 and all other liuing creatures God made a separation of them caussing the waters to sinke downe into huge hollow channells prepared to receaue it that so the drie land might appeare aboue it Notwithstanding which separation they doe both still remaine together not couering one another as 〈◊〉 first but intermingled one with another and that soe exactly as they now make but one round body whereas at first they made two Here therfore are two poynts to be proued 1. That they are one globe 2. that this one is round 1 They are one globe hauing the same Center or middle pointe and the same surface or conuexe superficies which will appeare by these reasons 1 Common experience Take a lumpe of earth and any quantity of water and let them both fall downe together vpon the earth from some high place wee see that in the descēt they doe not seuer but keepe still together in on streight line which could not bee if the earth and water were two seuerall round bodies hauing seuerall centers As for example suppose them to bee two globes and let a bee the Center of the earth and b the center of the water● frō c some high place aboue the earth hurle downe earth and water I say the earth will part from the water in going downe and the earth will fall downe vpon d the water vpon e but this is contrary to experience ergo the supposition is false 2 The shadow which in Eclipses is cast vpon the Moone by the earth and the water is but one and not two therefore the body is so likewise This will appeare in the proofe of the next point v. 2. 2 That both earth and water are one round body 〈◊〉 square long hollow or of any other figure This is proued by diuerse reasons 1 By Eclipses when the earth stands iust betweene the Sunne and the Moone then doth the shadow of the earth falling vpon the Moone darken it wholy or in part Now as is the fashion of the shadow such is the figure of the body whence it falls but the shadow of the earth and water cast vpon the Moone is round and also one therefore they are round and also one body 2 By the orderly and successiue appearing of the starres as men trauile from North to South or from South to North by sea or land For as they goe by degrees they discouer ne● starres which they saw not before and loose the sight of them they did which could not bee if the earth were not round As for example let X. O. R. the inward Circle bee the earth Q. S. P. the outward the Heauen they cannot see the starre S which dwell vpon the earth in X but if they goe Northward vnto O they may see it If they goe farther to R they may see the starre P but then they loose the sight of the starre Q which being at X and O they might haue seene Because as it appeares in the figure the earth riseth vp round betweene R and X 3 By the orderly and successiue rising of the Sunne and starres and settinge of the same Which appeare not at the same time to all countryes but vnto one after another As for example let F. C. B. be the Circle of

earth passing through your feete just vnder the Sunne and so compassing the earth round till it meete at your feete againe and these are Meridians answering one to another Now the Meridian is not one only as was the Aequinoctiall but many still varying according to the place wherein you are as for example At London there is one Meridian at Oxford another at Bristow another so along Eastward or Westward For it is noone at London sooner then at Oxford and at Oxford sooner then at Bristow Vpon the globe there are many drawen all which passe through the poles and goe North and South but there is one more remarkeable then the rest drawen broad with small divisions which runneth through the Canary Ilands or through the Ilands of Azores Westward of Spaine which is counted the first Meridian in regard of reckoning and measuring of distances of places O●● from another for otherwise there is neither first nor last in the round earth But some place must bee appointed where to beginne the account and those Ilands haue beene thought fittest because no part of the World that lay westward was knowne to the Ancients further then that and as they began to reckon there we follow them This circle is called in greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3 The Horizon is twofold Sensible or appearing Intelligible or true The Sensible or appearing Horizon is the space of the earth so farre as in an ope● plaine or vpon some Hill a man may see round about him The brim or edge of the earth further then which you cannot see that is the Horizon or as some call it the Finitor Because finet or terminat visum it setts the limits or bounds to your sight beyond which nothing can bee seene vpon the earth This is greater or lesser according as the height of the eye aboue the plaine superficies of the earth is more or lesse The most exact triall hereof is at Sea where there are no mountaines nor any vnequall risings of the water to hinder the sight as there are at land For example let  B A F be the superficies of the Sea and let a mans eye bee placed in X aboue the Sea as the eye stands higher or lower so will the distance seene be more or lesse as if the hight of X A be 6 foot which is ordinary the height of a man the eye looking from X to B shall see 2 miles and 3 quarters if X be 20 foote high B A will bee fiue miles if 40 foote 7 miles if 50 foote 8 miles So that from the mast of a ship 50 foote high a man may see round about at sea 8 miles every way toward B G and F So farre may the water it selfe be seene but any high thing on the water may be seene farther 16 or 20 miles according as the height is as the ship at C may be seene from X as far more as it is from A to B There can be therefore no certaine quantity and space set downe for this sensible Horizon which continually varies according to the height of the eye aboue the plaine ground or sea This Horrizon is not at all painted on the globe nor can be The intelligible or true Horizon is a line which girts the earth round in the midst and divides it into two equall parts or Hemispheares the vppermost vpon the the top middle point Whereof wee dwell and that which is vnder vs. Opposite to this in the Heavens is another Horizon which likewise cuts the Heaven into two Hemispheres the vpper and the lower Aboue which circle when any starre or the Sunne is moued it then riseth vnto vs and setteth vnto those that dwell opposite vnto vs and so on the contrary you may conceiue it best thus if standing vpon a hill or some open place where you may perfectly see the setting of the Sunne you marke when the Sun is halfe gone out of your sight you may perceiue the body of the S●nne cut in two as it were by a line going along through it the halfe aboue is yet seene that vnderneath is gone out of your sight This line is but a p●ece of the Horrizon which if you conceiue to be drawen vpward about the World from the West to the North and so by East and South to West againe you haue the whole Horrizon described This circle is not drawen vpon the body of the globe because it is variable but stands one the outside of it beeing a broad circle of wood couered with paper on which are sett the moneths and days of the yeare both in the old and new Calender and also the 12 signes and the points of the compasse All which are easily discerned by the beholdinge The vse of this Horizon is not so much in Geographie as in Astronomie The Zodiake is a circle which compasseth the earth like a ●●lt crossing the ●quator slopewise no● streight as the Meridians doe Opposite to it in the Heauens is another circle of the same name wherein are the 12. signes and in which the Sunne keepes his owne proper course all the yeare long neuer d●●lining from ●t on the one side or other The vse hereof in Geography is but litle only to shew what people they are ouer whose heads the Sunne comes to bee once or twice a yeare who are all those that dwell with in 23. degrees of the Aequator for so much is the declination or sloping of the Zodiacke This circle is also called the Eclipticke line because when the Sunne and Moone stand both in this circle opposite each to other then there happens an Eclipse of the Sunne or Mone vpon a globe it is easily discerned by the sloping of it from the Aequator and the diuisions of it into 12. parts and euery of those 12. into 30. degrees These are the greater circles the lesser follow which are all of one nature and are called by one generall name sc. Parallels because they are so drawen on each side of the Aequator as they are ●quidistant vnto it euery way Many of this kinde are drawne vpon the globe as is easie to ●e● seene and may bee conceaued to bee drawne vpon the earth but there are only two sorts cheifely to bee marked namely the Tropickes and the Polar circles The tropickes are two parallel circles distant on each side of the Aequator 23. degrees shewing the farthest bounds of the Sunns declination North or South from the Aequator or the midest of heauen And therefore they are called tropickes a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●ertendo because when the Sunne comes ouer these lines hee either turnes away from vs as in the Summer or turnes toward vs againe as in the winter There are then two of them vid. 1 The Tropicke of Cancer which lies on the North side of the Aequator to which when the Sunne comes it makes the longest day in Summer 2 The Tropicke of Capricorne lying Southward of the Aequator to which when the