Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
water_n	boil_v	let_v	little_a	6,333	5	5.4008	4	true

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A08347	The gunner shevving the vvhole practise of artillerie: vvith all the appurtenances therevnto belonging. Together with the making of extra-ordinary artificiall fireworkes, as well for pleasure and triumphes, as for warre and seruice. VVritten by Robert Norton, one of his Maiesties gunners and enginiers.	Norton, Robert, d. 1635.; Bry, Theodor de, 1528-1598, engraver.	1628 (1628)	STC 18673; ESTC S115254	149,353	214

found in so many places as in Loame-Floores Mud-walls Sellers Doue coates Stales Sta les and such like places whereas the rayne cannot come to dissolue nor the Sunne to dissolue the Ayre substance fixing and growing therein that with labour and industry with Arts helpe to cause aboundant procreation sufficient store may be prouided and Artificially made thereby in this manner First for choyse of the Earth for finding it whether sufficient quantity of Petre be therein or not obserue this Pare the Floores and digge 3 or 4 inches deepe therein if you finde the Earth full of white and yellow specks and that hauing put a little thereof vpon the top of your tongue if it yeeld an Ayrie biting or sharpe tindge thereon the Earth is good and will be rich and yeeld store according to the more biting or tindging taste thereof Then digge that Floore so deepe as you finde the Earth to be good which in some places will be a yard and in others not a foote deepe vnder the vpper Floore make the Earth somewhat small And put it into halfe Tubs loose hauing a Taphole in the bottome of each which stop with a staffe and couer with a wispe that the Earth runne not out when the liquor drayneth Then fill the said halfe Tubbs with water a handfull higher then the Earth and so let it stand in soke 24 houres and then draw out the staffe or pegge a little that the water may drop and drayne out thereby into another halfe Tub that must be set vnder it of purpose to receiue the liquor which Liquor keepe and lay the Earth vpon the Floore which in six or seauen yeares will againe breed as much more Petre therein and in some floores especially with helpe in farre lesse space When you haue collected a sufficient quantity of such Salpetre liquor vnlesse you haue Mother liquor you must of some of it make the Mothers thus boyle your Salpetre liquor in a Caldron and scumme it which scumme reserue vntill the liquor being proued with a knife be found ready to congeale then take off or else put 8 or 9 times as much Salpetre liquor thereunto and hauing made the scum rise and taken it off and reserue it let it boyle a fret vntill the liquor be againe able to congeale which if it prooue too tender it is a signe it is no boyled enough and if it be too hard then that it is burnt too much and must for the first be more boyled and for the latter recouered with more Salpetre liquor and renew the Worke but being found indifferently betweene both take it from the fire and put it into halfe Tubs wherein good wood ashes are placed vpon a laying of Strawe vpon faggot stick or Lathes in the bottome thereof and let the liquor drayne through the same and put it into coolers or brasse shallow pannes to congeale and let it stand in a coole roome where in two or 3 dayes it will shoote out like yee sickles and keepe that for Roch Petre and the liquor that will not congeale keepe for Mothers to worke a new for more as before And this is the order to make Artificiall Salpetre And the scumme that rose in the boyling mixed with water and sprinkled vpon Floores will exceedingly procreate Salpetre in short time To collect Salpetre that naturally breedes on Walls on Caues in t e Ground or in Vaults GAther the Petre together and adde thereto Â¼ of quick Lyme and ashes and put them into a halfe Tub with a hole to drayne out water then put in warmed water and let it so stand vntill the Petre be dissolued then let it drayne out at the hole by little and little and filtre it if neede bee if it come not cleare enough and then boyle it vntill it will congeale as aforesaid To Refine Salpette wet TAke what quantity of Salpetre you please and put the same into a cleane Caldron and put thereto a little faire water and boyle them together vntill it raise the scumme which take off and keepe and let it congeale and shoote in coolers as at first it did and what remaines boyle againe with more cleare water vntill it congeale To know if Salpetre be well refined TAke of it lay it on a boord and put a coale to it if it raise an Azure scum it is yet greasie if it leaue pearles it is yet earthie But if it burne into the boord and leaue nothing but a blacke colour and rise with a long flamed ventosity and exhalation it is well refined Of Gunpowder and to make the vsuall sorts thereof FOrasmuch as Powder is the Base and foundation of all Fire-Engins therefore I will shew his preparations There are ordinarily three sorts of Powder made whereof one serues for Birding and Fowling which is quickest being 7 or 8 of Petre for one of coale and of Brimstone The second for Muskets and Pistolls called fine Powder which is 5 or 6 of Petre for one of Coale and one of Brimstone The third called Ordnance Powder is of 4 or 5 of Petre for one of Coale and sulpher But for seruice there is but two namely Ordnance Powder and fine Powder There are infinite receipts for making of Powder but most States haue enioyned a certaine proportion amongst themselues although much different one from another wherefore no certainty can bee herein generally concluded but euery man must practise for his experience onely a word or two I will say thereof namely that before the Receipt assigned be compounded it is requisite for making of good Powder to refine the Petre to purge the Sulpher and to chuse good coales made either of Hazle Alder Willow or Birch Wood without Barke or Knotts therein being well burned And then to worke those three Materialls well together for therein consisteth a greater difference of force by the difference in working of them then is credible without experience It is to be wrought together by a Horse-Mill or Water-Mill or in a Mortar with Pestles the Materialls kept moyst The Compositions of Corne-Powder FIue pound of Salpetre one pound of Coales and one pound of Brimstone fiue pound of Salpetre very well refined as afore is shewed 1 l. of Willow or Alder Coales wel burned and of Sulpher well purged 12 ounces Or of sixe l. of Salpetre Sulpher and Coale of each one l. Or of Salpetre 7 l. Sulpher prepared with Quicksiluer as wee haue also shewed before Or Floores of Sulpher one pound coales of Hazle halfe a l. Or if you mingle as much quick Lyme in powder as Sulpher you shall make powder that the moysture shall not impeach taking of fire Now seeing that it will be to little purpose to shew the Compositions vnlesse we also shew the manner of making thereof which though the varieties both in composing and making are many tending all to one same end we will therefore shew one reasonable way for small quantity First put your Composition into a brasen Morter or of

wood with a brasse bottome And take also a brasse pestle and beat it so well together for the space of sixe seauen or eight houres that in cutting the same with a knife there can none of the Materialls be discerned a part but all well incorporated into one body alwayes moystning the same with a little cleare water strong Vinegar or Aqua-vitae so much that the coales dust not and so little that the composition in working become not paste But if you would haue your powder very subtill moysten the same with the distilled water of the outer rynes of Oranges and let your sulpher be cleare Sulpher vine which in the melting had Â¼ of Quicksiluer put therein and incorporated finely beaten and searsed with coales quenched with cleare water wherein quickely me hath beene slaked and either let it stand to cleare or else be filtered and this moystning will make the cornes thereof become hard and not yeeld to moysture sodainly After the composition is thus well beaten and wrought together the more the better take a Syue with a Velome or Parchment or Leather bottome made full of holes of the bignesse you desire your cornes and put the Receipt or composition therein with 2 or 3 short Rowlers a little moystening it that the pousier or dust thereof flye not away And sifting them vpon a long Rowler ouer a halfe Tub so will the short Rowlers driuing the composition through the holes make the cornes come out round yet of seuerall syzes which to bring to haue all the cornes of one bignesse you must passe through seuerall siues as they vse to syze Hayleshott So shall your Cornes of euery syze bee equall And looke what in searcing and dusting rests vncorned must bee seperated from the rest and new moystned and beaten and then againe fifted as before whereof some dust called Ponsier will still remaine vncorned which may serue excellent well to make Rockets with And these cornes may be dried in the Sunne or in a warme place safe from fire The powder being dried must be dusted againe to seperate the Pousier from the cornes And to the end the powder become not moyst it should be kept also in a dry warme place Moysture and Age being both enemies to powder Moysture by making the Petre descend or else vapour whereby one end of a barrell of powder that hath stood long will be better then the other and Age by breaking the proportion and incorporating by the Petres growing and encrease and by the coales corrupting together with the Sulphers decaying by age in quicknesse to take fire And so both through moysture and also by Age powder will decay Next it must be considered whether it be moyst or dry or wholly or but in part decayed and so accordingly to vse reason with diligence to renue the same Seuerall wayes to know if Powder be decayed or no whether by moysture or age and are decayed in part IT is the reall practick part of a Gunner to know his powder and whether it be decayed or not by mutation or corruption And there are especially three ready wayes to finde the same The first is by the sight the second by the feeling and the third and surest is by firing it By sight if it be not blacke and darke but bright and enclining to a tawny blewish colour By feeling grasping it in the fist if it runne through the fingers quickly and auoydeth the handling and cling not together By fire if fired it rise quick and spread in a moment smoake little but riseth in a cleare flash vnto which adde further if it leaue no feces but carrie all away the powder is good or else the contrary is to be iudged To reuiue or renew powder which is in part thereof OFten times in Forts but vsually at Sea powder cannot be kept so farre from humid vapours but that it decayeth the same and maketh it of little and sometimes of no vse without renewing it And sometimes it may decay by age as we haue said Let therefore the Gunner first proue the powder by fire and if it make a flame with a long tayle that is if it sleepe in its burning more or lesse then for euery 100 l. aside 4 l. or 6 l. as need requires of refined Salpetre thereunto mixing them well together and put them to be beat and wrought by the space of 3 houres together and then moysting corning and drying the same as aforesaid prouing it in meale dryed how it will rise by firing and so doing the powder may be made seruiceable if the coale be not corrupted Another proofe of powder to be renewed decayed in part TAke a pynt or quart or any other measure of good powder prooned and dryed well Then take of decayed powder well dryed the like measure and waigh them both and looke how much the equall measure of good powder waighed more then the decayed powder adde so much Salpetre refined as the difference of their waights was vnto euery time so much of the decayed powder and moysten beate corne and dry it aforesaid and it may being proued be found seruiceable and good powder for the Salpetre onely wasteth by dissolution which neither the coale nor brimston doth wherefore by the rule of 3 you may finde how much Petre any assigned quantity of decayed powder will require to renew the same To renew powder totally decayed BVt if the powder bee wholly decayed lay a Raysin frayle or Matt in a bottome topped bucking Tubb vpon Fagots or Lath set on edge to keepe the Matt from the bottome and put in straw layed crosse-wise vpon which powre the decayed powder then warme water and put thereon and let it stand and soke 10 or 12 houres that all the Salpetre may be assuredly dissolued then let out the liquor at the bottome top which filter and congeale into Petre and adde thereto a due proportion of coales and Sulpher and make it into powder as is formerly taught For the coales and Sulpher dissoluing will remaine behinde in the Straw Frayle or Matt Or else if you put the decayed powder in a bagge and boyle or soke it in warme water the Petre will soke out but some will bee soked into the cloath of the bagge and with more labour must be soked out Another manner to renew powder without new making it TAke 3 l. of the decayed powder and diuide it into 3 equall parts which spread thinne vpon 3 Tables or smooth boords Then dissolue one ounce of refined Salpetre in a little warme water by it selfe and with a hayre ouer-sprinkle it vpon one of the third parts Likewise dissolue 2 z and sprinkle it vpon one other of the third parts And lastly so dissolue 3 ounces of Salpetre and sprinkle vpon the third part of the 3 l. of decayed powder Then dry the said 3 parts or pounds of powder seuerally and proue by fire whether ther that which had 1 z or that which had 3 z. of Salpetre sprinkled vpon it is

best you may thereby know how much Salpetre will renew all the whole quantity of decayed powder in the same manner without new making the same To make powder that shall not decay with time TAke what quantity of powder you will and mixe it well with Aqua-vitae and make it vp in Balles and dry them well in the Sunne or in a warme place and keepe them in an earthen pot well glazed vntill you haue cause to vse them Cateneo saith this powder will neither decay nor waste by age CHAP. LXXIII Of the making of ordinary and extraordinary Matches to giue fire with vnto Ordnance or Artificiall Fire-workes and such like TAke Ropes made of Towe about the bignesse of a Mans little finger being twisted loosely and Taw and beate them with a Mallet vpon a stone till they be soft and opening Then put them into a Caldron full of strong Lee made with ashes and quick Lyme wherein also a quantity of Salpetre or Mothers being put and when they haue boyled well â…” of the liquour of the Lee consumed Then draw out the Match and twist it harder while it is moyst and afterward dry it vpon Lynes but first draw them through a hole as Wyre-drawers doe their Wyre to make it euen To make extraordinary Match of Cotton Yarne made Bobbinwise of a finger thicknesse TAke as many threds of grosse Cotton yarne that hath not taken Salt-water by transportation or other ill Accident and worke them Bobbinwise of a competent bignesse and boyle them in salpetre-Salpetre-water and squeese them and rowle them on a Table whereon Mealed-Petre and Sulpher is spread then draw them through the palme of your hand and then dry them well To make Match that will resist fire and water TAke Salpetre refined one part Sulpher part and put them into a Pot with Â½ part of Camphere mealed with the Sulpher and one part of fine mealed quick Lyme with so much Lynseed oyle oyle of Petre a little Vernish liquid to temper them well together Then take of Cotton bobbin Match as bigge as your little finger and put it into the mixture to soke ouer a sire vntill it be well imbybed and haue soked vp the liquor Then take the Feces or remainder and put them in the palme of your left hand and with your right draw the Match through it twice or thrice clasping close your fist that the Match may receiue the substance of it thereinto Then dry it vpon a line and keepe it for speciall vses for Vaults Mynes and moyst weather To make a very violent Match TAke two ounces of Powder 4 z. of Petre two ounces of Aqua vitae dissolue them ouer fire and put in your Cotton Match to soke it vp if you imbibe the Ficelles for your Rockets therein it will bee very proper you may rowle and rub them in Meale Powder vpon a Table dry them and keepe them in a dry place which let suffice at this time OF ARTIFICIALL FIRE WORKES FOR Tryumph and Seruice ALthough Gunpowder with the soule Petre and the life Sulpher and the body thereof Coale be indeed the chiefe bases and foundations vpon which the practise of Artillery and making of all artificiall Fire-workes either for seruice in the Warres or for Triumph after Victory or for delight and pleasure dependeth whereof wee haue already spoken sufficiently yet Fire being the Primarie cause for performing their sequent effects we will first briefly define what Fire is and then shew who were the inuenters of it according as Antiquity hath diuersly left vs their Testimonie Fire is an element hot and dry the most rare light and piersing either detayned here below by Art or constrained by Accident It ingenders and feedes vpon that which by Nature it alwayes affecteth and it striueth to get aloft as vnto the naturall place and repose thereof as our first Theorem plainly manifesteth The Poets fained that Promethius first stole the Fire from Heauen But Vitruuius saith it was accidently found and happened by the violent agitation of the Windes and Tempest among the Armes and Branches of Trees robustly rubbing one against another which made them kindle fire burne Plynie said that it was found by Souldiers because they vsually giue violent strokes vpon solid things oft times striking sparkes of fire Lucretius said it was ingendred from the lightning and that Vulcan the King of Egypt was the first that perceiued that fire to make vse of it amongst humane creatures wherfore the making of Ioues Thunderbolts was attributed to him And Orpheus making little or no distinction betweene Vulcan and fire in his Himne singeth Braue valtant Vulcans liuing flames on earth remaine as yet Where in bright shining firie Roabes his Maiestie doth sit c. Fire being also a thing necessary for mans life consisting of heate and humidity simbolizeth generation so neerely that sage Antiquity therefore faigne the marriage betweene Vulcan and Venus and attibute the cariage of Nuptiall Torches vnto him at such times as the Louers would embrace each other Many more were the ancient fictions opinions concerning this element of fire but those I leaue for breuities sake concluding it as I begun Fire to be a more rare subtle and light element of Nature then the ayre which is but his Nurse seeing that if ayre become compact and fixed in a straight place and fire chance to burne such an Ayerie body that would either eate or drinke or consume it and thereby leaue the place voyd which nature abhorreth as appeareth by our 4 or 5 Theorems or else that rarifieth and encreaseth the body thereof by the third and 6 Theorem and so 2 bodies should be in one place contrary to the 7 Theorem hereof which let suffice and so I will proceede to the matter for contriuing and composing of some Fire-workes both for Seruice and Triumph and conclude this Treatise for this time Of Rockets and their structures Tract 3. cap. 26. fig. 5. So then the Rocket N will be 10 Calibres 9 for the powder and 1 for the bindings aboue the bond and fucill below And the Pearcer O must be at least Â½ of the length of the Rocket whereof by the figure you may see both the forme and proportion And also although some would haue a pin reach so high from the breech of the Rocket and of the Drifts fitted with a hollownesse to receiue it in the driuing yet that fashion being very vncertaine and requiring much skill handinesse and practised experience to bring it to rise well I haue rather left it to be pearced after the driuing For the Receipts they must be according to their grandures to be filled by a little and a little at once and giuing 4 or 5 strokes vpon the Drift with a waighty Mallet continuing so vntill it be full within a finger or twos breadth of the top and it must bee made of strong paper or parchment well rowled about the Former or else it will be worth nothing and

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