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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
water_n	boil_v	lay_v	put_v	3,983	5	5.5005	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A52587	The art of gunnery Wherein is described the true way to make all sorts of gunpowder, guu-match [sic], the art of shooting in great and small ordnance: excellent ways to take heights, depths, distances, accessible, or inaccessible, either single or divers distances at one operation: to draw the map or plot of any city, town, castle, or other fortified place. To make divers sorts of artificiall fire-works, both for war and recreation, also to cure all such wounds that are curable, which may chance to happen by gunpowder or fire-works. This treatise is composed for the help of all such gunners and others, that have charge of artillery, and are not well versed in arithmetick and geometry : all the rules and directions in this book, being framed both with and without the help of arithmetick. By Nathanael Nye mathematician, master gunner of the city of Worcester.	Nye, Nathaniel, b. 1624.	1647 (1647)	Wing N1481; ESTC R223771	65,085	215

the Saltpeter clear like to a piece of Marble for the Brimstone will burn up the gross victiousness of the Saltpeter CHAP. 9. How Saltpeter meal is made and how Peter meal without any beating will serve to make Gunpowder with his materials HAng a Kettle over the fire and put Salt-peter therein when it shall begin to boil fry and smoke stir it about with a wooden Ladle cease not to mingle the Saltpeter well together until it wax dry for by so doing you shall take away the grease and salt that was in it then pouring so much water into the Kettle as will cover the Peter you must melt the Peter again over the fire continually stirring it until it become dry as before and be like meal CHAP. 10. How the makers of Gunpowder do mingle together the materials of which they do make Gunpowder And also how to corn the Powder PUt all the Saltpeter together that you will use into a Cauldron for if it be to make Canon powder you must take four parts of Peter one part Brimstone and one part Cole if Musket powder 5 1 1 if Pistol powder 6 1 1 boil the Salt-peter in a Cauldron with so much water as will serve to dissolve it which being so dissolved ought to be washed and laid upon a clean place this done beat into dust the quantity of Cole that is to be added to this mixture and then put this dust or fine beaten Cole unto the dissolved Peter incorporate them very well together and as you are blending them put in by little and little the Sulpher very well beaten when this mixture of Saltpeter Brimstone and Cole are well incorporated lay it forth to dry a little when the same mixture is somewhat dryed by beating the Cole until it is subtile and in palpable and is made a very well mixed substance sift it well through a sive then casting water or vineger upon it corn it and when you have so done dry it against the fire and Gunpowder is made There are divers ways to grinde Gunpowder the best way is to stamp it in Morters with a Horse-mill or Water-mill for the powder is thereby most finely beaten and with least labor with a knife cut in pieces some of this composition and if it appear all black it is well done but if any of the Brimstone or Peter is seen it is not incorporated enough Now I will shew you how to corn Gunpowder First prepare a sive with a bottom of thick parchment made full of round holes then moisten the powder which shall be corned with water put the same and also a little bowl into the sive when you have so done sift the powder so as the bowl rowling up and down in the sive may break the clods of powder and make it by running through the little holes to corn You may also make Gunpowder by sifting every one of the three materials by it self through a very fine sive and then moisten them with strong vineger and incorporate them together for through that moistness the powder will be made more stronger and beaten more finer then corn it as before is taught Note That if you cannot sift it through the sive beat that again into powder which will not through until it will go through also when you have sifted these materials two or three times severally then blend them well together and sift them also together when you have done this then moisten them with vineger and proceed as before Remember also That Charcole made of the lightest wood is best CHAP. 11. To make Powder of divers colours and first to make White Powder TAke of Saltpeter twelve parts of Brimstone two parts and of Camphir one part beat sift and incorporate all these things together as before you have been taught to mix other materials together after you have so done beat these things so again and so oft until you are sure they are well incorporated then mosten it with Aquavitae when you have thus done corn the powder To make Red Powder Take of Saltpeter twelve parts of Brimstone two parts and of Camphir one part beat sift and incorporate all these things together as I taught just now then beat them again until they are perfectly incorporated whereas before you moistned them with good Aquavitae now you must moisten this with Vineger sod with a good quantity of Brasil until the third part be boiled away this Vineger being red as blood will make the powder likewise so it being moistned with it and then corned as before is taught To make any other coloured Powder Boil the Vineger in such transparent colours as you would have the powder to be of as if green with a little Verdigreace if blue with blue Bice and the like always taking care That the colour be not thick but very thin otherwise it will weaken the powder that you do make CHAP. 12. To renew and make good again any sort of Gunpowder that hath lost its strength by moisture long lying or by any other means HAving moistened the said Gunpowder with Vineger or fair water beat it well in a Morter and then sift it through a sive or fine searse with every pound of Gunpowder mingle one ounce of Salt-peter that hath been mealed and when you have so done beat and moisten this mixture again until you see by breaking or cutting with a knife that there is no sign of Saltpeter or Brimstone in it Moreover corn this powder when it is incorporated with the Peter as it ought to be and you have done CHAP. 13. Another way to renew Gunpowder or rather to unmake Gunpowder to make it good in the making it again PUt so much thereof as you will refine or new make again into a linen bag and then tie a string or rather small cord about the mouth of the said bag then put it into a clean Kettle and pour so much water therein as will cover the bag this done make the water to boil till a drop of it laid upon iron or stone will congeal and while the water boileth remember to scum it if need require when it will congeal take it from the fire and set the Kettle aslope when the water is as clear as it will be pour it out into some vessel where it will congeal into Saltpeter when you have taken the Saltpeter out of the said vessel that water as remains boil again until it will by dropping a drop thereof 〈◊〉 iron congeal then put it again into the same ves●el and thus do with all such 〈◊〉 as is last after you have taken out 〈◊〉 Peter The Saltpeter and Brimstone which were within the said bag did dissolve and soke into the boiling water yea the dissolved Peter turned into water and the Brimstone sunk down to the bottom of the water where you may finde it but the Coles which were formerly compounded with the Peter and Brimstone they remain in the bag amongst the lies and dregs of the

out of the higher vessel into the Tub that stands under take all the earth out of the upper vessel and fill it with more of the said earth then pour upon this earth in the vessel the water as you made first called water of Foot and wash of earth suffering it to drop through the same into the undermost Tub standing under the earth Tub so often until it be so salt as to bite your tongue and that an egg will swim on the top of the water The first water being brought to this perfection pour the second water upon the said earth or other earth that it may by often passing through be of as biting a taste as the former as also able to bear up an egg Now this second water being very strong must be boiled in a Cauldron and after it hath well boiled abate the fire under the Cauldron until you have taken off it all the scum which must be saved in a Pot then presently make a good fire to cause it to boil again with speed and as the water in the Cauldron diminisheth scum the said water and keep the said scum When the scum shall be thick hard and of a French Russet colour take some water out of the Cauldron and let it drop upon a piece of Iron for if the water be boiled enough the drops of water will congeal upon the same Iron but if they do not congeal it is a sign it may abide the fire longer when it s boiled as you may perceive by the aforenamed signs take it from the fire and preserve it because it is the peter-Peter-water Now when you have made an end of boiling the second water you must boil and scum the first water named water of Foot or wash of earth till it shall cast up a scum of a French Russet colour unto which if it should happen to cleave to the sides of the Cauldron you may put in the other Russet scum that was made and saved by you before to boil with it until the drops of this water falling upon Iron will congeal if this congealed water be very soft you must boil it longer but if hard it is a sign it is burned to amend this fault put some clear water thereunto to amend it then taking the Cauldron from off the fire and setting it a stoop so that the lies and drugs which being congealed are the very salt whereof Saltpeter is made may not with any water run over the brims of the vessel You must if you will make good Peter suffer the said water to settle in the same vessel and congeal in a darkish room and the water which after two or three days will not congeal hath dropped into some other Tub take the Saltpeter out and preserve the water that dropped because it is Master water and shall afterwards be used as I shall give you directions CHAP. 6. To make another excellent sort of Saltpeter of Flower that groweth on walls How Salt-peter water must be boiled and how you may know when it is boiled enough TAke of flower or plaster that groweth on walls four parts of unslact lime one part this one part of lime must be well boiled in water over a fire and after it hath boiled enough it must be taken from the fire and suffered to settle then it must be strained into another vessel then put the four parts of flower into such a vessel as I in the last Chapter ordered for earth pour upon the said flower so much of the strained water which I call lie or lime water as will dissolve the flower when the flower is dissolved let the water drop out of the said vessel into an under vessel then boil those said drops of lime water over the fire till they being put upon Iron will congeal and be of a temperate hardnesse for if they are very hard the water is burned but if soft not enough when it is well boiled that is to have the drops thereof on Iron neither too hard nor too soft take it from the fire and scum it with a scummer and do unto it all that hath been taught in the last Chapter to be done with Peter-water CHAP. 7. To make a third sort of Saltpeter very excellent and with more ease and less cost then the two former ways TAke Quicklime and pour warm water upon it and let it stand six days stirring it once or twice a day take the clear of this water set it in the Sun until it be wasted and the Saltpeter will remain in the bottom CHAP. 8. How to refine Saltpeter to make it fit for use PUt Saltpeter with well slacked lime into a clean Cauldron and pour upon it so much lime water or fair water as will lie four fingers in height above the Peter and lime and make a good fire under the Cauldron that they may quickly boil and be you ready as scum shall rise to take it away with a scummer when you perceive that no more scum will rise take the Kettle from the fire and setting it somewhat aslope let the boiled water cool settle and clear in the Sun if the boiled water will not wax clean by this means put ashes into it and boil the same again a little while This done take the Cauldron again from the fire and set it aslope sprinkle on the boiled water some fair water cold for by so doing you shall make the said water clear this water being clear must by little and little be poured out into some other vessel so that the dregs or grounds may not go out with the same for the water which lieth above in the vessel Saltpeter is made and in the water below at the bottom of the vessel which are the lies or dregs of Saltpeter after you have in this sort poured out the said water into other vessels and have suffered the same for two days or more if need be to congeal in the same vessels you must take the said congealed water which is Salt-peter out of the vessels and dry the same with the heat of the Sun or by the fire After you have taken the said Saltpeter out of the vessels the water which remains boil over a good fire and when it casts up any scum take the scum off then try whether it be enough by dropping some on Iron if it congeal in a temperate way take it from the fire this being done as it cooleth you shall see a thin skin to lie upon the water which also scum off this water will then congeal into Peter as did the other but it is not so good To refine Saltpeter with fire do thus Take an Iron Skellet and fill it with Peter set it on the fire and cover it close with some Iron cover on the top or with a Tyle when the Saltpeter is melted take Brimstone most finely beaten and cast some thereon kindle it and let it burn till all the upper part be burned which when effected will leave

them not all together but three or four which will in the firing of them be distinguished from the rest with great variety CHAH. 19. How to make Fire-lances THe use of these Lances is much required in all great Fire-Works and I taught you before to use them in the Fire-Wheels the manner of their making is thus you must make Cartouches or cases just like the cases for Rockets onely these for a need may be made of pastboard and glued as they are a rouling of them if for great ones but it is best to make little ones of paper the case being provided let them be filled with the dry composition for Stars in the thirteenth Chapter of this Book prime them with wet Gunpowder the lower end of the case is stopped with a piece of wood to the end they may be nailed and stuck when and where they shall be used the wood being about three fingers breadth long out of the Cartouch CHAP. 20. How to make a Rocket which firing it out of your hand shall continually be in agitation either on the earth or in the aire HAving prepared a rocket with a report in the head such as I taught you first to make tye it to a bladder so that the end of the rocket may come to the mouth of the said bladder and binde it over very strongly then firing it out of your hand cast it away from you it matters not which way so it wil come to the ground there by reason of the bladder it cannot stay but presently rebounds upwards moving to and fro untill all be spent there is another sort and that is a small rocket put into bladder and so blown up round about it and tyed about the neck thereof which will have delightfull motions CHAP. 21. The manner how to make Balloones for the Morter-peece FIrst you must provide a wooden rowler twice so long as in diameter you must have it of such bignesse as you desire to make the inside of your Balloone upon which rouler let there be rouled so many pastbords as you shall thinke sufficient for strength being well glued together then choak this Cartouch at the one end leaving a little hole for a port-fire as shall follow and glue it in this por-tfire shall be made just like a Rocket of the bignesse of the hole you leave open for it and filled with composition for Rockets of that size not pricking it with a bodkin as you are taught to prick other Rockets and to know of what length this port-fire ought to be it will not be amisse to try one Balloon filled with earth and your port-fire fastned thereunto Now to fill the Balloon place all your Serpents within it together with Stars Rockets and Crackers in such a convenient manner that there may be very little void room within the Cartouch it being thus filled put in as much powder dust as you can that it may run every where thorow the chinks between the Serpents Rockets and Stars that they may all fire and that the said powder dust may break the Balloon these things being thus disposed choak up the other end close and charge it in the morter as I have taught you to do the canvass Granade and you may shoot it when you please Such Balloons I have at this present and doe assure the Reader that this description is in every part proved and practized by my self to the knowledge of divers spectators who have seen these experimented I do also signifie to the ingenious Reader that it is not good to use so many ingredients in Fire works as the Ancient nor so few as some Modern CHAP. 22. A most pretious Unguent for any burning BEcause that divers men in their practising Fire-works one time or other chance to be burned by them and also by the blowing up of Gunpowder many are burned in the face or elswhere I will shew you such salves which I have cured my self withall I having them out of Master Malthus his Fire-works and experimented them upon my selfe to my great good when I was burned The Unguent TAke fresh Hogs-grease or Lard as much as you please and boyle it taking off the skin untill there arise no more skin then set the Lard three or four nights abroad after which it must be washed in running water to take away the saltish nature and also to clense it white then melt it and keep it for your use Otherwise THe white of an Egge and fresh butter being mingled together and well beaten into an ointment is excellent Another sort most excellent TAke a stone of quick Lime and let it dissolve in cleer water and when the water is setled poure it gently out from the Lime thorow a linnen cloth then put as much sallet oile as you take water together and beating it all to an oile you shall have a most excellent Unguent for all manner of burning FINIS

at a ship sayling in a river he ought to plant his peece towards a cloud or some evident marke on the other side the river and give fire to his peece when the fore part of the Ship shall begin to be between the mouth of the peece and the marke CHAP. 49. How to cause that the same quantity both of pouder and shot discharged out of the same Peece shall carry close or more scattering MAster John Bate in his Booke of Extravagants sayth Take the quantity of a pease of Opium and charge it amongst the case shot and it will make the said case shot fly closer together then otherwise it would this Master Bate sayth he learned of a Sea man who had made triall hereof as he sayes and unto whom Master Bate sold some for that purpose it is very probable for Opium is of a congealing and fixative nature CHAP. 50. How a shot which sticketh fast within the concavity of a Peece that it cannot be driven home unto the powder may be shot out without danger to the Gunner or hurt to the Peece WHen a peece of Artillery is charged with such a Shot as will not be driven home unto the powder then the Gunner to save this peece from breaking must so imbase the mouth thereof that faire water for two or three dayes being put in at the touch hole at severall times may run out into a vessell set under the mouth of the Gun to save all the Salt Peeter that was in the powder when these things are done the Gunner must prime the peece and put so much in at the touch-hole as will serve to drive out the shot But when a rusty shot hath for a long time stuck fast within the peece put strong Vineger in the mouth of the peece and with the rammer strike the shot till it doe move then poure the Vineger out again if it have soaked through the powder then prime with a little fresh powder and give fire if the Vineger could not passe by the shot amongst the powder then moysten the said powder with some water or Vineger when it is yet danke and moyst prime the touch-hole with good powder and give fire CHAP. 51. A merry conceit how to charge a Peeece of Ordnance without Gun-powder This may be done with aire and water onely having put cold water into the concavity of the peece filling one quarter of the Cylinder put in after it a Tampion of wood as long as broad perfectly made to fit the peece with an oyled cloath about it doubled either more or lesse that it might be two mens strength to put it home this done put in the shot elevate the peece a little and make a fire under the hinder part thereof the touch-hole being very close stopped then put the spunge of the peece in oyle and wet all the Cylinder of the peece with oyle that it may passe out the glibber for when the fire hath rarified the water it will burst out suddenly The experiment which we have in long Trunks shooting out pellats with aire onely proveth this also CHAP. 52. A Peece of Ordnance at one selfe same elevation and towards one selfe same place with the like quantity of powder and shot discharged severall times what ranges it will make I Have discharged a peece seven times in the space of 50 minutes with the like weight of powder shot and elevation and have found their ranges as following the first shot was conveyed 416 paces the second 436 the third 440 the fourth 432 the fifth 425 the sixth 410 the seventh 394 so that the greatest difference from the first shot was 24 paces these things must be kept in perfect memory by every one that learneth to shoot at randon or he shall be never good at that practice The reason of these things is this at the first shot the bullet found the aire quiet and at the second shoot it did not onely finde the aire stirred with the first shoot but also moving or tending towards the place at which it shot and because it is more easie to move and penetrate that which is already moved and open then that which is close and quiet it followeth that the second shot finding in his range a lesse resistance then the first did will out-fly the first A second reason is at the first shot the pouder being put in the peece doth often times finde the same somwhat moyst especially when it hath not been shot in for certain dayes before through which the pouder will not fire quickly as it doth when the peece is dry and temperately warme for this warmth or heat will somwhat dry up the moysture which is in the powder and cause it to fire sooner wherefore the powder doth not worke so forcibly in the first shoot as it doth in the second the third shoot and fourth will be much like the second now I will give you the reason why as the peece grows hotter one shot wil not out-shoot the last before it but every time come shorter and shorter The peece waxing hotter and by how much the more hotter by so much the more attractive is the concavity of the peece made and because the shot is driven forth or expelled with no other thing then by the airy exhalation or winde caused through the Salt peeter therefore by making such a peece the more attractive with the more heate which suppeth and reteineth continually more and more of that winde which should serve to expell the bullet the vertue expulsive in that peece doth continually more and more decrease and the shot flyeth not with that swiftnesse as it did before although the two first things that is the breaking of the aire and the drying of the powder every time more and more doth help much the range of the shot which aide and help as it is to be beleeved that somtimes it supplyeth and perchance gives advantage by that expulsive vertue which continually the peece doth diminish or sup in according as it heateth so that the third and fourth shoots will not be much differing from the second shoot neverthelesse in continuance of time the said two accidents that is the opening of the aire and drying the powder by the heat of the peece cannot supply the third accident that is the vertue attractive by reason the attraction is augmented as the peece heateth This caused my sixth and seventh shoots to convey the bullet 22 paces shorter then my first It is reported by Nicholas Tartaglia that many shoots being made at a battery by a peece it chanced by some occasion that the peece rose up in such sort that the mouth touched the ground a little dog passing by did smell unto the peeces mouth and by so doing was fast joyned to the peeces mouth and immediately after drawn into the said peece which thing when the standers by had seen some of them ran to helpe the said dog and although they found him to be drawn almost to the

then a rouler to roule the paper upon for such I use to make having all other devises that are taught by the aforesaid learned men but make little use of them to make Rockets my way do thus cause a Rowler to be turned in a lathe what thicknesse you please onely let the rouler be 8 times the diameter therof in length if it be three quarters of an inch in thicknesse the length will be three inches roule your paper hard on the rouler till it make an inch and one quarter the whole thicknesse rouler and all then glue the uppermost paper and the case is made onely choaking or contracting the paper together within one diameter of the bore of the end except one little hole about one quarter the Diameter of the bore thereof to contract these cases on this manner doe thus wet the end about one inch in water then put the rouler in again and tye a great packthrid about the wet within three quarters of an inch of the end put another thing almost of the same diameter of the rouler in at the wet end about halfe an inch hold it there get some other body to draw the packthrid together you holding the rouler and rammer one put downe to the end within one inch and the rammer which must be a little lesse in diameter to meet with that end within halfe an inch in which place the contract or choaking must be the packthrid having drawn it together tye it fast on that place take out the former let it dry and it is done when the hole is contracted together make it so wide as is before taught with a round Bodkin which you must provide for that purpose B A A The mouth of the Rocket B so far must the Bodkin be thrust up the middle You must have a smaller Bodkin which when your Rockets are filled with composition and tyed to the rod you must thrust this Bodkin in at the mouth straight up to the midst of the Rocket having a care of thrusting it neerer one side then the other CHAP. 11. How to make the Composition for Rockets of any Size THese wayes which I will teach you I take them not upon trust out of Authors to that purpose but have experimented what I teach and first for Rockets of one ounce you must use onely Cannon-powder dust being beaten in a morter and finely scarsed which riseth very swift making a great noyse but carries no taile those of most beauty in their operation are made with putting one ounce of charcole dust to eight ounces of powder this composition will hold for Rockets of one two and three ounces but for those of foure take three ounces of charcole to one pound of Cannon-powder dust continuing that rule untill you come to Rockets of ten ounces and from thence to Rockets of a pound one pound powder dust and foure ounces of charcole dust bigger then these I have no experience of To fill the Rockets with this composition Place the mouth downwards where it was choaked and with a knife put in so much as you can of the receits provided for that size at one time then put down your rammer which must be longer and narrower then the former or Rouler upon which you made the cases and with a hammer of a pound weight give three or foure indifferent knocks then put in more composition with your knife untill it be full at every time knocking the like as before with the rammer untill the composition come within one diameter of the bore of the top there put down a peece of pastbord and knock it in hard prick three or foure little holes therein then put fine pistoll powder in almost to the top and upon that another cap of paper upon which put a peece of leather that it may be tyed on the top of the Rocket and fast glued on then get a streight twigge and binde it upon the Rocket with strong packthrid it must be no heavier then being put upon your finger two or three fingers breadths from the mouth of the same it may just ballast the Rocket then it is prepared for use CHAP. 12. How to give fire to one or more Rockets SEt your Rockets mouth upon the edge of a●y peece of timber battlement of a wall top of the Gunners carriage wheele or any dry place whatsoever where the rod or twigge may hang perpendicular from it then lay a train of powder that may come under the mouth thereof give fire thereunto and you have done But if you would fire more Rockets then one that as one descendeth the other may ascend by degrees make this composition following of Roch peeter 8 ounces Quick Brimstone 4 ounces and fine Powder dust 2 ounces which lay in a line from one rocket to another they being placed ten inches or a foot one from another give fire to this composition and it will worke your desire by causing one to mount into the aire when the other is spent but before you place your Rockets remember to prick them with the bodkin as I have taught you in the tenth Chapter at the latter end thereof CHAP. 13. Divers and sundry Compositions for Stars A Composition for Stars of a blew colour mixed with red Take of Powder mealed 8 ounces Take of Salt-peeter 4 ounces Take of Quick Brimstone 12 ounces Meale all these very fine and mix them together with two ounces of Aquavitae and halfe an ounce of oile of Spike which let be very dry before you use it Another Composition which maketh a white and beautifull fire Take Powder 8 Ounces Take Salt-peeter 24 Ounces Take Quick Brimstone 12 Ounces Take Camphire 1 Ounces Meale these Ingredients and incorporate them Now to meale your Camphire take a brasse pestle and morter wet the end of the pestle in a little of the oyle of Almonds and it will meale to powder then keepe it close from the aire else it will become of no use Another white fire which lasteth long Take Powder 4 Ounces Take Salt-peeter 16 Ounces Take Brimstone 8 Ounces Take Camphire 1 Ounces Take Oile of Peeter 2 Ounces Meale those that are to be mealed and mixe them according to the former directions CHAP. 14. The manner of making Stars and to use them TAke litle four squar pieces of brown paper which fill with the composition you approve of best of the three last taught so double it down rouling it untill you make it round about the bignesse of a nut or bigger according to the size of your Rocket that you intend them for prime them with drawing thorow them Cotton-week and they are prepared You may also make them after this manner you must have a rouler which must be as big as an ordinary arrow which shall be to roule a length of paper about it and with a little glue past it round when it is dry draw out the rouler and fill it by little and little with a thimble still thrusting it down