the Heart or at least to the Skin and other parts of the Body Truly by observation after what manner these parts which supply the place of the Liver and Messentery in some Fishes and Insects are made something may be thence gathered concerning the uses of the Liver and of the Vessels both Miseraick and Milky in bloody Brutes In the Male Lobster above the beginnings of the aforesaid parts on either side from the sides of the Oesophagus the spermatick Bodies begin which being sent down towards the bottom of the Trunk and there being more compacted and made smoother after the likeness of the Epididimis or thin covering of the Testicles are terminated in two Yards the Tops of which have their going out thorow holes forged in the last little feet but one In like manner in the Female Lobster two nests of Eggs on either side of the sides of the Oesophagus and Ventricle are placed and pass into two Wombs planted in the lowest Trunk of the Body and into those thorow the holes forged in the last little Feet but one there lyes a passage to the genital Members also a passage from the Womb for the laying of Eggs so that it appears how these living Creatures are most fruitful with a multiplyed Issue when as nature seems to be careful and industrious about their genital parts being double and greater than in many other Brutes to wit that as they being both at once double they might produce both by the works of Generation Conception and bringing forth not only always Twynns but almost Miriads of Twynns Below the Ventricle yea and lower also then the beginnings of the other Viscera the Pericardium in which the beating heart is included is placed in the bottom of the Back the Systole and Diastole of the heart are strong and swift as in Creatures of Blood this appearing of a whitish Colour is indeed a Conick Muscle whose Cavity being sufficiently large is framed with Fibres or Columns also with many strong and various little Furrows The Aorta going forth from its top is cleft presently into two Branches which go towards the Gills The venae cavae one ascending the other descending meet together from the bottom of the Heart and there enter into its little ear The Heart whilst it is relaxed receives the vital humour from the vein and by and by when it is contracted drives it forward into the Aorta The crusty Fishes even as the shelly altho without Blood are indued with numerous and large Gills which are instead of Lungs to which that all the Vital humour may be frequently carried therefore not as in earthy Insects are they dispersed thorow the whole Body but on either side under the brim of the armed coat and being gathered together in one place are made into certain little bundles The inferiour and utmost part of the Gills which are broad and obtuse is fixed to the Sternon or meeting of the Breast with hanging little feet the upper part ascending under the Coat is loose and free and by degrees grows sharp otherwise than in Fishes with Blood whose Gills are tyed together being solid at either end In all the Gills of the Lobster Three Bosoms are found of which two seem to be made for the carrying in and out of the vital humour because a black Liquor being injected into the heart passes to the Gills and there passing first thorow one Bosom returns by and by thorow the other We will speak by and by of the third from these Bosoms appear productions of small Vessels as if it were feathery arising on every side thick set and short like jagged welts or fringes which being spongy sup up the Waters continually flowing to them at every turn of the Diastole and press them forth by Systole to wit for the end that whilst it is there unfolded within the small passages the food for the vital humour may be inspired The Third Bosom being carried from the top of every Gill to its Basis ends in the common Channel in all the Gills of the same side which nigh to the insertion of the highest Gill which beats perpetually gapes with a large gap Any one may easily perceive this in a live Lobster whilst it breathes out of the water for in every Systole or pulse of this supream Gill one may see a bubble of water break forth out of that hole Further if into that hole a black Liquor be injected by and by entring under that Common passage it passes thorow from thence both into all the Gills and the small and feathery Bosoms of them and also into the Arms and all the little feet the Cavities of which the Muscles do not fully stuff yea and into the Cavity of the Body In like manner wind being blown into that hole all the aforesaid parts will be inflated or blown up From hence we may guess that hole with the common channel and the three bosomes of Gills to be a certain Trachea or Wind-pipe into which plenty of water entring at every Diastole is returned back at the next Systole In the mean time these waters in this passage do not only Communicate with the Vital Humour abounding between the Gills but besides are laid up between the Cavities of the Members and the Trunk that they may supply these Fishes whilst they are kept dry with matter for respiration and therefore they not only longer subsist in the open air but also live for some time in a place void of all air In Crusty Fishes for that for the agitating the Gills as it were with Lungs the Ribs belonging to the Sides the Muscles of the Breast and other things are either wanting or by reason of the stiffness of the neighbouring parts are made unable it is performed by an admirable artifice as whilst the Gills for the most part being loose and are left easily moveable the several little bundles of them about the basis of the bony little Foot being included with the Muscles within their Cavities as it were so many hanging Ribs are fixed being drawn forth far beyond the Trunk of the Body which as so many distinct Pendulums by the help of the Muscles which they include being almost continually shaken cause also continual Systoles and Diastoles for the inspiring and exspiring of the Gills But it may well be doubted whether we ought to assign Souls of the nature of fire to these bloodless Creatures inhabiting the waters because they rejoyce in an Element that is deadly to fire it self and to the Lives of more perfect Brutes But this Problem shall be satisfied by and by when we have first discours'd of the Use of the Gills in Bloody Fishes as also concerning the Praecordia of these and others of a more frigid blood In the mean time the Third Table shews the Figures representing to the Life the parts of the Lobster Secondly After the bloodless Brutes their
Divers or such as dive under the waters and he shews the manner whereby some men may be made able to dive to wit if whilst they are Infants they be provoked often to Cry they are suffered a long time to restrain the spirit from hence there will be a necessity of casting forth the Blood thorow the oval hole or navil and for that reason will hinder its Coalition or Closing up But indeed in these Brutes as to such a Conformation of the Praecordia the most skilful Anatomist Doctor Walter Needham did doubt and desired to have found it in some of them by an ocular search after many dissections However it is we are to suppose these living Creatures do not breath whilst they are under the Waters and from thence the Course of their Blood is by and by made more flow and smaller In which Condition it matters little whether it so growing torpid or sluggish creeps from the hollow vein into the Aorta by the navil hole or whether lying quiet it creeps forward by a gentle or slow pulse of the Heart for either way there will be a necessity that the Vital fire for defect of aerial food would be presently diminished and as it were depressed into a halituous or breathy substance Notwithstanding in the mean time that it may not wholly Expire or be Extinguished these two things are done viz. First Because in these Animals and as in all Fishes the Vital fire together with a certain Sulphureous and also Nitrous food within as we have shewed is injoy'd therefore it is able a long time to want its external supplement from the Air. Then Secondly in some of them the Hypostasis it self or Constitution of the Soul consisting of less subtle Particles is not so suddenly dissolved but that its parts stick together more strictly among themselves nor are they wont to be dissipated presently by any force as in more hot Animals Further as their Souls as to the greater part by much subsist in the Brain and Nervous stock more than in the Blood it comes to pass that however this fire being diminished and almost suppressed the Animal faculties remain still lively enough and indeed far otherways than in hot Living Creatures whose blood being obstructed about the Praecordia presently there follows an Ecclipse of the Animal faculties Notwithstanding Frogs Eeles and Serpents after their Hearts are taken forth will live for some time and leap about yea by reason of the animal spirits being intangled with a viscous matter and not easily dissipable retain for a little while motion and sense after their Bodies are cut in pieces and the several portions divided and lay'd apart as we have shew'd before The Third and highest Form of Animals Is that of Creatures of an hot Blood all which are framed with a two-Belly'd Heart and Lungs The Anatomy of these being already so accurately performed by many and commonly known there needs not any description of the History and Uses of the Vital or Animal parts in these kind of Creatures or Brutes The chief Species of this Kind are Fowls and Four-footed Beasts and in the same Class or Rank we place with the Souls of the later also the Inferior or Corporeal Soul of Man and that rightly because there is the same Conformity in either of their Praecordia of their Brain and also of their nervous Appendixes which notwithstanding differs from that of Fowls or Birds What kind of difference this is between those and these as to their Animal parts we have formerly declared at large and now we shall notifie what difference happens between them as to their Vital parts The Lungs of Men and Four-footed Beasts are every where shut in the outmost superficies that the Air entring by the Trachea or Wind-Pipe and by and by entring into its Chanels quickly blows up all the Lobes of the Lungs and distends them but it goes no further But in Fowls the Lungs being full of holes admit the inbreathed Air into the whole Cavity of the Belly which by the Muscles of the Abdomen or lower part of the Belly is exploded thence The reason of this I suppose to be in some part that there may be a greater plenty for singing and in some for the longer tuning of the Voyce or for the more strong or longer breathing forth of the Air. Besides for that all are not singing Birds it is so provided for in these Brutes that by reason of the Trunk of the Body being filled and as it were extended with Air they may the more easily fly and are more easily held up by the outward Air by reason of that within Indeed Fishes that they may the more lightly swim in the Waters have in their Bellyes Bladders blown up with Air. In like manner Fowls by reason of the Trunk of their Body being full and as it were blown up with Air whilst they rely on the open Air become less heavy and so fly more lightly and faster Hence it comes to pass that men being in danger of drowning whilst they swim receive great help by restraining the spirit and inflating the Breast as much as may be yea Dead Carcasses being drowned after the breath or fumes begotten by the inward putrefaction and shut up within blow up the fallen Cavities of the Viscera and extend them more rise up again and swim on the surface of the Water If we inquire into the Souls of the more hot Brutes without doubt it was at first in respect of these that the Ancients did declare the Soul to be Fire and the more modern Fire or Flame these placing it in the Heart those making it to be inkindled in the Blood And indeed since we have granted Souls as it were fiery to Bloodless Creatures and those of a more cold Blood which also the Lord Bacon grants to Plants it is not for us to deny the same dignity in Creatures of a more hot Blood For besides that the Souls of those like Flame require absolutely either sort of Food viz. the Sulphureous and the Nitrous and cannot be a minute without them the very hot Blood also is seen by mere accension for as much as we cannot shew how it can become so hot after any other way to boyl up yea and the Lungs hanging to the two-bellyed Heart to be the fire-place chimny or breathing hole of the Flame cherished within them Therefore as the Soul of the Brute of a more hot Blood being the perfectest in its Kind is as it were a Rule or Square by which others more inferior ought to be measured and as the same actuating and vivifying the humane body is sabordinate to the Animal and is the immediate substance of it as shall be more fully shown it remains now that we inquire into its Nature and Essence and first of all that we search into what parts powers and affections she has which shall be the chief Members of our Psycheology or Discourse
are eaten which may open the Pores of the Tongue and clear away the sticking Viscousness As to the Nerves which serve to the Fibres of the Tongue thickly interwoven with it and which carry the Impressions of Savours to the chief Sensory it seems that they are of a double Kind for as Nerves are inserted in the Tongue from both the Fifth and the Ninth pair and are every where distributed thorow its whole frame with a most thick Series of shoots it is very likely that they are both Sensitive Concerning the Nerves sent hither from the Fifth pair the thing is out of doubt and as from the same pair other shoots are sent into the Nostrils hence we may say the reason is of that Consent which is between both these Sensories but indeed as to the Nerves bestowed also on the Tongue from the Ninth pair it may be something doubted because it is commonly believed that the Office of these serve to the Motion of the Tongue and to Speech wherefore from the same pair are sent certain branches into the Muscles of the Tongue and of the Bone called Hyoides which without doubt are destinated for their Motion Nevertheless thâ— it be granted that the Nerves of the Tongue and its Appendix inserted from the Ninth pair do bestow on them the moving Power which indeed is necessary to this Part as well for Tastings as for speaking to wit as the Tongue is very versatile it takes in with delight the Savours from every corner or recess of the Mouth yet what hinders that however the same Nerves should not serve for both to wit Motion and Sense For it appears that many Nerves which serve for the Sense of Feeling do in like manner serve for the performing of the Motions of those Parts to which they belong Wherefore as Tasting is a certain Species of Feeling it is probable that it enters in some measure through the moving Nerves of the Tongue it self neither does it appear otherwayes for what end Branches of the Nerves derived from the Ninth pair into the Tongue disperse such thick-set shoots into its whole frame unless they should serve for the receiving of the Particles of Savours coming from every Part. But for as much as after this manner two Nerves of a distinct Original belong to the Tongue and one of them arises from the Parts of the Brain and the other from the Cerebel Hence a Sension being carried inwards by the same it is stay'd from either at the Common Sensory and so according to the diverse Nature of the Object a pleasant and delectable fruition or an ingrateful and sad Aversion at once in either Government the Imagination and the Praecordia are affected There is a sufficient indulgement to the Taste for a reward of its necessary work to wit Eating therefore its Objects are sought far and near through the Regions of the whole World yea and all the Elements are imployed Further as to its Ministry all the rest of the Senses serve to this for nothing pleases the Palate unless the Sight and Hearing Smell and Touch approve it 'T is fit it should be so for this Sensory by which Food is conveyed for Humane Life and that it might enjoy great variety for the shunning of nauseous things and use a guard upon the rest for Discrimination lest instead of Food it might unawares take Poison The Speculation of Savours which are the next Object of Taste contains in it self very many Pleasant and no less Profitable things wherefore I think it will not be from the Matter to turn aside here a little into this Theory and as we shall divide all Savours into Simple and Compound First we shall rehearse what Nature suggests of that Kind particularly according to their several differences both of themselves and of the Subjects in which they are Then secondly we shall add the Parallels by what means and by what service of Art the same Savours in Subjects are produced anew in which they are not by Nature Thirdly After what manner Savours both Natural and Artificial are any way altered and changed in their Subjects or wholly perish It will be worth our while to discourse briefly concerning these and lastly somewhat of Compounded Savours Savours called Simple are commonly counted to be Nine viz. Sharp Bitter Salt Acid or Tart Astringent or Biting Sowre Sweet Oyly insipid or without Taste The first is sharp or biting Savour such as is felt in Pepper or Pellitory being chewed which probably arises as often as the Particles of any Body are smooth and sharpned and after that manner figured like the stings of Nettles that they may prick and very much dig into the Sensory In Subjects indued with a sharp biting Savour a volatile Salt or an Alchalisat or suffering a Flux from Fire very much exceeds other Elements First Concretes which have by Nature Particles so figured are accounted among Vegetables Hearts-ease or Trinity-Herb Pepper Aron Country-Mustard Sea-Lettice or Milk-thistle Mustardseed Pellitory Ranunculus c. Of Minerals Arsneck Sandaraâ—h c. Among Animals it is scarcely met with nor among their Parts a savour of this Kind unless perhaps some Insects as Cantharides c. Secondly Sharp biting Bodies produced by the help of Art are Mercury Sublimate Butter of Antimony strong-Strong-Waters and Causticks the fixed Salts of Herbs made by burning to Ashes Calcined Vitriol the Rust of Brass c. The oftner things suffer Calcination and Fusion in the Fire the more biting sharp they are made because by this means the Pricks and Spears of the Particles are sharpned An Example is in the fixed Salts of Herbs calcined Vitriol the Infernal Stone c. Bodies which are biting sharp and Corrosives mixt together and committed to the Fire acquire a most sharp force of burning An example is in Mercury Sublimate and Stygian Waters the reason of which is because Salts of a like Kind being mixed together joyn their forces or edges and are at the same time very much sharp'ned by the fire It happens otherwise to Salts of a divers Kind as are Spirits of Vitriol and Salt of Tartar mixed together Sugar and Honey subjected to distillation exhale a Caustick Water also the Spirit of Wine highly rectified becomes biting sharp and burning because the Saline or Spirituous Particles in both Substances being deprived of the sweetness of the others put forth their Spears and Pricks Thirdly Which was the Third Proposition the biting sharpness in Bodies both Natural and Artificial is put away or altered after various wayes Mercury Sublimate highly Corrosive if another quantity of live Mercury be added and sublimed it takes away all acritude or biting sharpness and it becomes insipid or without taste The reason of which is that when the Particles of the added Mercury do grow to the little Spears of the Salts they do thereby become more thick and obtuse The Spirit of Vitriol and Salt of Tartar being
The Spirit of Vinegar being poured upon Salt of Tartar and drawn off by distillation becomes insipid Spirit of Vitriol poured upon Quick-silver and drawn off by distillation putting away its acidity acquires a taste like Allum and if we may believe Helmont passes by Coagulation into true Alum Distilled Vinegar impregnated with the solution of Minium or red Lead grows wonderfully sweet 5. The Sower austere or binding or astringent Savour arises in Bodies whose Particles are stuffed with very many little Spears and Hooks which in chewing being rolled upon the Sensory are fixed to it and greatly draw together and pull its Fibres not much unlike as if a Comb which Cards Wool should be drawn up and down upon the hands In substances indued with an austere savour a fixed Salt enwrapped with the Particles of the earthy Element predominates First Bodies naturally austere among Vegetables are the Fruit of the Medlar-Tree of the Dog-Bryer of the Cypress-Tree Flowers of Pomegranat Galls Slows Sumach c. Among Minerals Alum Iron Vitriol Among living Creatures or among their Parts there is not as I remember any austere savour to be met with Secondly Bodies Artificially produced which have an austere sower or rough savour are all made Vitriols to wit the Vitriol of Silver of Steel of Tin of Copper c. The reason of which is because in these Minerals the Saline Particles are very much intangled with Terrene and they continue in the same state when they are drawn forth from their Substances by the soluted Mixtion Spirit of Vitriol being drawn from Mercury by frequent Cohobations acquires a Pontick or Aluminous Savour Thirdly As to the Instances by which an austere sower or rough taste may be taken away out of all Substances it is to be observed that Vitriol of every Kind by long distillation and circulation with the Spirit made of Wine grows sweet and loses its astringent force If waters impregnated with Vitriol be poured into Oil of Tartar there will be precipitated a certain thickish Matter wonderfully sweet Steel Tin or Lead being dissolved in Vinegar and Coagulated by Evaporation go into sweet Salts Further it is a common Experiment If having before tasted Vitriol you take the fume of Tobacco at your Mouth the austere taste at first impressed on the Sense is changed into a plainly honied sweetness the reason of which is because the Sea-salt Particles such as are in Vitriol being mingled with the Sulphureous out of the burnt Tobacco create a sweet Savour from whence also we may Collect that Sugar and Honey are of a Sulphureous-saline Nature which also clearly appears by their distillation for as much as they like Salt Minerals yield an Acid and very Corrosive Stagma 6. Of Kin to be the austere is the acerb or sower taste the Particles of whose subject are indued with little Tenters or Hooks or Claws but which are more dull and blunt and with which they strike the Sensory and stop up its little Pores and being once fixed they are not easily removed whence a stupor or numness in the Teeth and Palat is caused not unlike Burdocks which being fixed to the Skin become troublesome and are not easily shaken off In acerb or sower biting Bodies a fluid Salt implicated with an earthy Matter excells First Bodies naturally sower among Vegetables are unripe Fruits as Grapes Pears and Apples and most of all Wildings Crabs or wild Apples thô kept till they are mellow also sower Herbs Among Minerals or Animals there is nothing easily to be met with that has a sower Taste Secondly Bodies that are made sower anew are chiefly Wine and Beer degenerating into a deadness through Age or Thunder also Leaven or Bread too much leavened Broths and Milk-meats if they Contract a settlement and hoariness become sower because in all those Concretes disposed to Corruption the Saline Particles being exalted and tending towards a Flux carry forth also earthy Particles involved with themselves Thirdly As to the taking away of this Taste we have observed That sower Fruits do grow sweet either by the goodness of the Air and Sun in sower Fruits brought to maturity or by the goodness of the Ground or Soil as when wild Apples translated to a good Soil grow sweet the reason of either is because the Spirituous and Sulphureous Particles before subjugated at length Predominate over the Saline If Wine degenerated into deadness is impregnated with new Lees of Tartar it shall recover its Vigor The like happens if a Can of good Wine be poured into a Vessel of sower Beer or Ale Wine growing dead if it be distilled often yields a sweet Spirits and in no less quantity that if the Wine had been in its full strength because the Spirits before subjugated in that Mixture recover their Dominion by distillation Seventhly The sweet savour seems to be made for as much as the Particles of any Body are so figured into soft prickles that they tickle the Sensory with a soft rubbing and from thence stir up a delightful Sense of Pleasure like as if feathers were applyed to the Sides or the Soles of the Feet In these the Saline Principle seems to be associated with Sulphureous and Spirituous and when they are in like manner are carried forth First Those which are naturally sweet are among Vegetables first Sugar and Manna then Cassia ripe Fruits Grapes Raisons some Roots as Parsnips c. Among Animals some ascribe Honey but others more rightly say that is swet out of Plants and gathered by Bees Among Minerals nothing that I know hath naturally a sweet Savour Secondly The things which have a sweet Taste and are made by Art are the Sugar of Lead Salt of Steel Lythargites yea and out of many other Bodies Vinegar extracts a sweet Salt Tasting Vitriol before-hand as was said and then taking a Pipe of Tobacco the smoke grows sweet like Honey In this and in the former instances whil'st the Saline little darts grow to the Sulphureous Particles or Saline of another Kind both of them become more blunt An Alchalisat Spirit and the fixed Salt of any Body being mixed and circulated by a long digestion acquire a sweetness Barley soaked in Water when it begins to sprout and dried with a gentle fire grows exceeding sweet And Wheat in like manner also if being wet it sprouts yields a wonderfully sweet Meal the reason of which is because by that Artifice the Sulphureous and Spirituous Particles overthrown by the Earthy get their Liberty Thirdly There are many Instances by which sweetness is abolished for all sweet things too much boiled grow bitter Sugar or Honey by distillation yield at first an insipid Phlegm then sharp and burning Spirits In the dead Head remaining after distillation is a burning Salt and an insipid Earth and whatever is sweet perishes Further Sugar or Honey being mixed with a great quantity of Common Water and distilled through a Bladder yield a
burning Water like the Lees of Wine distilled after the same fashion In both these and in the following Instance the additional sweetnesses are bruised by the saline little darts Sugar of Lead being fused by the fire melts into meer Lead if it be distilled in a Retort if we may believe Beguinus it will produce a burning and sweet smelling Spirit 8. The unctuous or oyly savour seems to be produced when the Particles of any Body are very Spherical and round which neither hawl prick nor tickle the Sensory but only stroke it with a gentle and soft coming to it In these the Sulphureous Principle predominates First Bodies naturally Unctuous or oyly among Vegetables are ripe Olives the Turpentine-Tree The Larix and some sweet smelling Gums naturally sweating forth Among Minerals Asphaltum Bitumen Amber Sperma Ceti and some fat Earths and Ochers Of Animals and their Parts the Sewet Marrow and Fat. Secondly Unctuous things prepared by Art are Butter Cream Oyls press'd out of Fruits and Seeds as Oyl of Nuts of sweet Almonds also Oyls drawn out of Seeds Woods Gums and Refines by distillation Thirdly Althô unctuosity is most difficulty taken away from the Subjects yet it is wont to be lessen'd for so Unctuous Bodies if they grow stale or are too much boiled or otherways grow hot by shaking losing their smoothness become rank and prick and dig the Sensory Further Sewet and Fat if they be long exposed to a moist Air contract a settlement and become hoary and then are resolved into Water or a corrupt Earth In this and in the former instance whil'st the mixture of the Body is resolved some Sulphureous Particles fly away in the mean time the remaining lose their Dominion 9. An insipid Savour or Taste seems to be made when the Particles of any Body are indued with superficial little Darts not at all sharp but smooth and discharged which enter not into the Pores of the Sensory and no ways dig or hawl it In these the Principle either of Water or Earth predominate over the rest First Bodies naturally insipid or tastless are Common Water especially Rain Water some cold Herbs the raw white of an Egg c. Althô in the whole world there is nothing insipid simply yet Speech is wont to apply it to them things in which some one of those Savours are not eminently which we have before recounted Secondly That Savory things may become Unsavory the more acute Particles ought wholly to fly away or be very much broken Herbs long kept also many more things if they be distilled by a moderate heat yield almost an insipid Liquor Thirdly Insipidness it self sometimes is taken away for insipid Water if it stand long that it putrifie acquires a stink and mouldy Savour The white of an Egg boiled hard has something a sharp taste In these kind of Instances some active Elements being before subjugated get strength Besides these Kinds of simple Savours which are as it were the Elements of the rest there remain yet many Complications of these simple ones as the Savours rehearsed are conjoyned one among another And for as much as by the Wisdom of Nature to satisfie all Palates and by the Luxury of Art that she might please the Throats of some manifold mixtures of Savours have been produced that almost nothing to be eaten is found simple and without Sawce or Condiment The several Compositions of these is a thing almost impossible to enumerate it shall suffice for the present that we note some of the more noted Conjugations and their Affections as they are grateful or ingrateful to the Palate The first Conjugation and that most grateful to the Palate is of acid and sweet of which sort are generous Wine Confections prepared out of Citron Wood-Sorrel Berberries c. Sugar'd things and sharp things pickl'd with Sugar Secondly Sweet and Astringent as also sweet and sower are well Consociated as in Marmalade of Quinces Candied Bulloes Cyder drunk with Sugar c. Thirdly Sweet and oyly yield a grateful Savour to the Palate but that brings a nauseousness to the Stomach as in Milk-meats Sugar'd-meats and Pasty-crust c. Fourthly Sweet agrees not with biting bitter or salt Savour Fifthly nor doth a bitter Savour of it self agree with any other it is grateful to the Palate well-tempered with the sweet Sixthly Salt-savour best agrees with the biting sharp as in flesh seasoned with Salt and Pepper it is an ingrateful Sawce with the oyly Seventhly The Acid Astringent and Sower are well associated with the sweet not with the rest There are more Kinds of some other Compounded Savours which we have no time now to recount But there are in respect of the Taste as the Compounded Tunes of Harmony in respect of Hearing in both sensible not simple Species of one Kind but are carried manifold and variously Complicated to the Sensory It now remains for us to pass from the Taste the Object of which we have largely handled to the other Species of the Senses CHAP. XIII Of the Sense of Smelling IT seems that the Smell is a more Excellent and a little more Sublime Faculty than either Tasting or Touching to wit because its Object is more subtle and comes to the Sensory with a thinner Consistency for there is no need to put upon the Organ the more thick substance of the mixture but it suffices that the Effluvia's or Breath sent from odorous Bodies thô at something a remote distance be inspired into the Nostrils together with the Air. Living Creatures are furnished with the Sense of Smelling for this end to wit that agreeable and wholesom Aliments may be known and discerned from disagreeable and hurtful for because it were an incongruous and dangerous thing to take in presently into the Mouth all things offered to be eaten and to be examined by the Taste lest perchance Venomous and Stinking things carelesly taken in by the Palate should bring loathing or hurt to it the Smell examines first the thing at a distance and refuses those rotten things or guilty of any other very infestous quality without receiving any hurt by the Contagion This Kind of Primary use is seen more excellently in brute Animals than in Man for they by this Index only most certainly know the Virtues of Herbs and of other Bodies before unknown yea hunt out and easily find their absent Food thô hidden from them by the Smell But that the Noses of Men are less quick or sagacious it ought not as some would have it to be ascribed to the abuse of the Faculty but the Cause lyes in the defect of the Organ it self for this is not so accurately required for the distinction of Humane Food where Reason and the Intellect are present For that Reason the inferior Powers in Man exist less perfect by Nature that there might be a place left for the exercise and dressing of the more superior As to what
Blood or Thirdly of a more perfect or hot Blood And to this partition as the more Known insisting here we shall run thorow the several members of it in Order and briefly Notifie in them the Fabricks of the chief Vital parts of the Body and the Constitutions of the Souls Inhabiting them First Bloodless Creatures are either belonging to the Earth in which number are very many Insects or belonging to the water of which Kind besides some certain Kinds of Insects are also found various Fishes which are wont to be divided into Soft of which sort are the Cuttle Fish the Sea Woolf c. Shelly as Oysters and Cockles c. And Pargated or other thinner shell'd Creatures as the Lobster and Crab We will examine in either sort some chief Species of these Bloodless Creatures as to the States of their vital Parts and their Souls First Therefore in earthly Insects altho indued with a small bulk that they have great Souls their Actions testifie which indeed are performed by some of them as the Silk-worm the Bee the Ant or Emmet the Spider to admiration Further That the Souls of these are of a certain fiery nature no less than those of the more hot and perfect Brutes we from hence deservedly suspect because they stand in need of a Copious Food after the manner of an inkindled Flame and of the access of much Air. The first appears by common Observation for as much as Insects often devour all the Corn and Leaves of Plants and so take away the grateful greenness of the Summer Besides it appears from hence that their Lives require a constant afflux of Air because as it hath been experienced by our noble Mr. Boyle Insects being put into a glassy Globe quickly dye after the Air is suckt out This the Learned Malpigius hath more fully declared in his most ingenious Tract of the Silk-Worm where he Observes That Insects have not only Lungs but so abound in them that every little ring or section of them is indued with two yea and that every part also of the Viscera or Inwards delight in the derived Lungs For as in the sides of Insects the whole length of the Body on both sides black spots or pricks appear he hath found that these were indeed tunnels or breathing holes leading from so many Wind-pipes or asper Arteries which by and by being branched forth into the Heart Ventricle Spinal Marrow and all the other Inwards and Internal parts carry in and out air to and from them all Moreover if these orifices be all smeared over with Oyl or Hony the Worm presently dyes but if only a part of those breathing holes be so stopped the neighbouring parts being by Convulsed and then resolv'd or loosned sink down or flag the rest keeping their motion But if the orifices of the Trachea or Wind-pipe be untouched and that the Head Mouth Belly or any other parts be sprinkled with Oyl neither death nor any trouble of the Sense will be induced and what is yet more wonderful the Insects that have oyl or the like poured into their Wind-pipes so suddenly dye that tho the Heart keep a motion for some space yet they can never be revived These Phaenomena happen alike not only in the Silk-Worm but in Wasps Bees Grass-hoppers Locusts Caterpillers and other the like Insects which certainly I believe gives very much Light concerning the use of Lungs in every Animal But first let us inspect some other Parts of Insects described by a most accurate Anatomy Therefore he says in the Silk-Worm and the like in others That the heart is placed all along the Back between the Muscles and the Lungs here and there appending and that it is stretched forth from the top of the Head to the extreme part of the Body This consisting of their Membranes as appears as it were one Tube or Pipe but unequal to wit sometimes broader sometimes narrower continuing from the Tail to the Head so that for their inequalities they seem as so many Eggs or little Hearts one laid by another and continued by one passage These little Hearts or the aforesaid parts of the Heart do gently drive forward not at once but successively and slowly after the manner of their membranes being bound and dilated from heart to heart sometimes upward sometimes downward the contained vital humour which is limpid or clear and so as we may believe a certain portion of the vital humour being squeezed forth into the Arteries which are so small and few that they cannot be seen is agitated by the Circulation of the rest contained almost only within the oblong Cavity of the Heart As to the head this most diligent searcher observed that Insects had no Brain within the Skull its Cavity being filled with the Muscles of the Eyes and some others but its spinal Marrow sufficiently large and divaricated in many places for the going out of the Nerves and as it were protuberated with knots is extended from the Head to the Tail and what is worthy to be noted in the whole passage branches of the Trachaea or Lungs were superinduced to this spinal Rope and inserted to it in very many places I omit what he most learnedly discourses of the members ventricle and other Inwards of Insects lest it should seem impertinent or too much Plagiarism But that the discourses may be the better understood concerning the vital parts of Insects it will be convenient here to borrow the draughts of the heart of the Silk-Worm and of the Trachaea or Wind-Pipes both of that and of the Grass-hopper and Locust in which the Trachaea or Wind-pipes are like to other Insects most diligently delineated by Malpigius which shall be added at the end of this Chapter with other Figures of other Animals but these the first Table shews Further as to what belongs to the Doctrine of the Soul we may with the Authors lieve Philosophize or at least conjecture concerning the Phaenomena of the Heart and Lungs by him described Therefore for that Insects first having such copious Lungs dispersed thorow all the Viscera or Inwards Heart and spinal Marrow to which that each might come distinctly they have many distinct Trachaeas or Wind-pipes with so many gaping orifices on the superficies of the Body it appears from hence that the use of the Lungs in these little Animals is not for the refrigeration of the Blood or its exact mistion nor for the suscitating the motion of the Heart because neither the Vessels carrying the Blood or Vital Humour accompany the Trachaea or Wind-Pipes nor is such a humour to be rapidly Circulated but seems to be only carryed and placed gently into all the parts But that the orifices of the Wind-pipes being stopped presently Life is extinguished in these as also in a glassy Globe empty of Air what can one imagine else but that this access of Air is required for the sustaining of the Vital Flame as it is wont
to be for that of the Chimney Wherefore because the vital humour which is not at all or only slowly Circulated cannot be carried all quickly to one Fire-place of accension as in more perfect Creatures therefore very many Lungs gaping every where outwardly and dispersed every where inwardly are framed for the bringing of Air to the several portions of the vital humour planted on all sides for that not only the Heart but also the Ventricle Genitals spinal marrow and all the other parts of the Soul dispersed growing with a kind of silent Fire are inspired with the admitted Air to every one a part Besides when as the vital humour cannot be Circulated into all the other parts and from these into that with a rapid motion therefore instead of a Conick Muscle which receiving the watering juyce may be able to explode it presently and to cast it forth a great way on every side a Tube or as it were a membranaceous Sack or Bag is made to wit which by a long tract stretching it self nigh to all the parts and to which it might by degrees bestow what might suffice and in the mean time gently moving the provision chiefly contained in it self preserves from stagnation or putrefaction Further the little Branches of the Trachaea deeply inserted into the Membranes or Coats of this inspire or rather inkindle the humour contained with vitality As to the aquatick bloodless Creatures of the other kind viz. some soft Fishes also many perhaps all shelly and crusty Fishes I have not yet happened to see the former but Severinus being my Author the Sepia or Cuttle Fish is made with an heart and gills and the Polypus or many feet with it and Lungs what is to be met with that is more curious in the framing of them shall be omitted Concerning the other two Fishes to wit the shelly and crusty we shall add some Anatomical Observations such as we have search'd out in their vital parts and other beginnings truly weighed and what the souls are of these sort of bloodless Creatures Of the testaceous or shelly though it hath been dissected by many we shall make choice of the Oyster The body of this Fish though it seems rude and wholy without shape yet it hath all its Viscera and parts and especially the Praecordia for as it were the hearth and Tunnel of the Vital Fire most curiously framed As we shall describe some of the chief of these we will begin with the shells which are born with them from Eggs and are first soft and as they encrease in bulk they are by degrees hardned A robust Muscle being implanted in the middle of the Oyster grows by its tendons to either shell The moving Fibres of these which seem as it were a little bundle of Chords or Strings ascending rightly whil'st they are drawn together strictly shut up the shells but being relaxed they suffer them to be opened and lifted up to which Office of opening the shells another Muscle adjoyned to this is required Besides these upright Muscles and perpendicular to the planes of the shells there are two Circular stretched forth by the brims of either shell which in the same place comprehending in themselves Gills serve chiefly for their motion as we shall shew by and by On the top of the Oyster the Circular Muscles being united make a thing as it were a Vail for the covering of the head then being a little divided below they include four superiour Gills In the middle of which a gaping chink leads by an oblique process to the mouth of the Oyster From the Mouth there is a short and strait passage to the Ventricle The Cavity of this large enough is endued with little holes leading into darkish bodies fixed on either side of it These bodies seem to be in the stead of the Mesentery and Liver and to perform their offices to wit for that they receive the more pure part of the Chyle by and by from the Ventricle and deliver it being made clear from dreggs to the vital humour The like is in crustaceous Fishes and perhaps in some Brutes to wit in such as a simple and only Intestine without folds and Meseraick or milky Vessels is produced from the Pylorus to the great Gut or Ars-hole For so in the Oyster the Intestine beginning from the bottom of the Ventricle descends with a plain and equal Tube towards the right Angle of the streight Muscle where being rolled and retorted in it self it ascends again towards the Ventricle and Liver being from thence demersed and bending back towards the left side goes towards the border of the strait Muscle till it ends in the great Gut or Ars-hole After this manner in the Oyster a simple and only Intestine is carryed about with a most long compass more than in many other Animals by which indeed they may be able the longer to retain their Dung to wit lest that when they are dry that being more importunely put forth should polute by mixing with it the water for the food of life included in the shell This intestine being dissected and opened longways in the bottom of it arises an hardish and almost round body which ascending from the Arse to the Ventricle arises there and stretches under the Oesophagus towards the Head The like to this is found in a Worm which hollowness in it we think to be in the place of the Mesentery and milky Vessels but otherwise in the Oyster this hard and compacted body being less apt for such an office seems not unlike to the spinal Marrow But we shall shew the Chyliferous passages do supply the darkish bodies hanging to the Ventricle Below the Ventricle the Pericardium is placed including the Heart being whitish with a large black ear which being opened that is beheld to beat and at every Diastole to admit the vital humour our of the hollow vein into the little ear then at every Systole to drive the same forward into the Aorta placed on the contrary side then by tripartite branches of this Vessel a certain part of this humour tends upwards towards the Head Liver and Stomach also a certain portion is reflected into the strait Muscle in the mean time a great part of it being delated from the great Trunk of the Artery to the Branchiae or Gills it is there unfolded within most small and numerous passages as it were little Rivers that it might enjoy according to all its parts little nitrous bodies inspired from the water And that this may be the more plentifully done we observe that the water as in bloody Fishes did not only wash the outward superficies of the Gills but that it every where did enter all the more intimate recesses and deeper passages yea these Gills expansed largely thorow the Hemisphere of the Oyster exceed in bulk all the other Viscera also almost the parts So that in Fishes because they
the Tail even to the Ventricle but in the same place arising up and creeping thorow the walls of the Stomach is stretched forth even to the Head This Vessel is in truth a Tube which being blown up by a Pipe shew'd an ample Cavity and that which Malpigius noted to be stretched forth upon the Ventricle and Intestines of Insects seems answerable to these passages and vessels and we may well suspect it to be in the place of the Liver and Mesenterie In some Earth-Worms about the Tail on either side of the Intestine we found sometimes very many Eggs ready to be lay'd which indeed were seen to have descended thither from the genital parts and were cast out by the Passages lying open into the Arse So much concerning the internal parts of the Earth-Worm opened with its Belly upwards If the same be held down with its Belly downwards on the top of the Back near the brim of every Ringlet little holes are continued almost in the whole Passage from the Head to the Tail into which if you blow with a Pipe presently the underlying parts swell up the dung of the Intestine being driven up and down here and there backward and forward From these holes if they are pressed a white viscous and sometimes a milky Humour drops forth which seems to be muck or stuff besmearing those Cavities and fortifying them against the inclemency of the Air. Without doubt these little holes are so many Wind-Pipes which as in bloodless Insects being numerous and dispersed thorow the whole Body supply the place of Lungs and draw in the nitrous Air for the inspiring the Vital Liquor and by and by sends it forth being spent But against this it may be objected That little and sometimes almost no respiration serves the Earth-Worms Because they sometimes lye hid in the depth of the Earth for above three Months and are able so to ly and to live yea if the holes of the Wind-Pipes be smeared over with Oyl they do not presently dy like the bloodless Insects but being immersed in Oyl they swim in it unhurt and live a long while but if you apply heat to them tho moderate they dy presently The same thing we have observed almost of Fishes and especially of the Shelly and Crusty who bear the defect of Air or Water better than the presence of Fire or Heat The reason of this that we may defend our Hypothesis we shall indeavour to shew we have shewn in a late Tract That altho Fire and Flame necessarily require besides Sulphureous food from the matter of the Subject something nitrous from the Air which being denyed or withdrawn they are suddenly extinguished yet if that the matter be inkindled of Sulphur and Nitre as is wont to be in Gun-Powder together mixed with the Concrete that Fire or Flame will burn in the midst of the Waters or in a place Empty of Air to wit because either food being contained within they do not presently desire supplyes from without In like manner we suppose it may be concerning the Hypostases and accensions of Brutal Souls For altho many of these being inkindled in their vital humour draw in altogether from the ambient Air a Nitrous and from within a Sulphureous Food Yet in the blood of some of them which are destinated to the Waters or to the Earth much of Sulphur thick and Earthy with little of Nitre and very little only of spirit and volatile Salt may be so temper'd that it being inkindled into Life may burn with a silent and almost suppressed fire neither requires from without the access either of much or continued nitrous Food but as it hath a certain intestine task its burning is more securely performed in the Earth or Waters than in the open Air For that indeed from this there is danger of too much inkindling the sulphureous Particles and so quickly of overturning the Crasis or disposition of the Soul Wherefore these kind of Animals greatly abhor fire or external heat which may make the internal Sulphur to work and too much to burn However altho the Souls of these are not contented with fire and it sometimes as it were hid in the Ashes suffers them to be nummed or stiff yet notwithstanding Organs of Respiration are given to them all for the continuing it as long as it pleases and as occasion serves for the increasing or repressing it And indeed the Creatures of a more frigid blood appear to be constituted or imbued with plenty of Sulphur tho sparingly inkindled because Earth-Worms and Fishes quickly putrifying yield a most stinking smell and the putrified flesh of some of these by reason of the very many Effluvia's of Sulphur shine in the dark like a live Coal Moreover it hence appears that the saline Particles which make up the temperament of these are for the most part nitrous and bestowed for the food of Life because from the bodies of these dissolved by Chymical operation you can neither draw a Volatile Salt as out of all Other Animals nor a Fixed The Images of the Earth-Worms shewing their Anatomy are described in the Fourth Table In the next degree of the more frigid bloody Creatures above Earth-Worms Fishes are placed indued with one belly'd Heart and Gills If indeed Lungs be wanting to these the other bosom of the Heart were superfluous But most Fishes want Lungs both for as much as living in the Waters whose medium is not fit for sounds they have neither voyce nor make a noyse and chiefly because the water ought not to be emitted thorow the Wind-pipe into all the Cavities of the Lungs if they had them for that by watering them or overflowing them it would presently overthrow them and fill them to a stiffness But as in Brutes with Lungs the Air being admitted within it slides thorow all the blood-carrying Passages every where that entring the little mouths of the Vessels every where gaping it inspires the Blood with nitrous food so the Gills in Fishes which are substituted as so many Lungs or rather inverted are so placed without the Cavity of the Thorax that the Waters continually flowing to the Passages of the Vessels and their little Mouths being outwardly planted whilst the Gills are inlarged they inspire something nitrous or what is like it to them the remains of which being by and by spent the Gills being contracted is sent away again and so by Continued reciprocations of Inspiration and Expiration as in hot Animals the Life or the Flame of the Blood is Conserved We have not much to say concerning the structure of the Gills they being already sufficiently describ'd by several As to their fabrick they are bony semi-circles planted on both sides of the bottom of the Mouth nigh to the opening of the Gill holes which are made hollow quite thorow with little ditches as it were quilly that they may receive the Vessels sent to them and much branched forth and defend them against
injuries The Vessels belonging to the Gills are Arteries and Veins which in the Sturgion Salmon and Cod are found to be made after this manner The Aorta going forth of the Heart and ascending towards the Chin or end of the lower Jaw sends forth branches to the right and the left some of these presently growing forked accommodate an Artery to two Gills of the same side which by and by being again divided puts thorow two arterous shoots thorow the Bow of every Gill near to the bony Basis then from them others smaller thick set shoots tend into the sides and midst of every Come-like Finn After the Gills being passed thorow all the arterous Branches meet together again and Constitute the same Trunk which being by and by reflected has a prospect to all the other parts The Trunk of the Vena Cava or hollow Vein descending applyes it self and enters near into the Aorta ascending into the Gills Further in the several Finns of the Gills lesser shoots as in the Bows answer the greater passages of the Venous with so many Arterous shoots Besides from the several parts on both sides the Gills a veinous branch is inserted into the descending Trunk This plainly appears because if you open the branches both veinous and arterous lying on the Bows of the Gills there will appear a series or row of holes leading into the Finns Moreover a black Liquor being cast into those Arteries will return by the Veins Yet I have observed part only of that injected Liquor to turn aside thorow the holes into the Finns but another part to pass directly thorow into the Channels and thence to flow into the descending Trunk of the Aorta which the Gilly Branches being at length all united do frame From hence I gather That the Blood in Fishes not as in Brutes with Lungs is carried at every Circuit or passes thorow the Vessels between the organs of respiration not all or whole or is carried from the Arteries into the Veins whereby the hole might be inspired anew of the Air but for that they as we have shewn enjoy in themselves a nitrous food partly intestine therefore it suffices them that the blood only be by parts exposed to the External Nitre flowing to it From these also it seems to appear That Fishes do breath by the Gills or draw what is nitrous from the Waters and do enjoy it as it were the necessary food of Life which also many other Reasons do manifestly declare To wit for that the Waters where Fishes dwell standing still a long time tend to putrefaction or if by too much Heat or Cold or other means by which the nitrous Particles are wont to be driven away or perverted they be affected they Choak their Inhabitants Further if Fishes be shut up in little water or with too strait limits also if more than should be in the same Fish-Pond tho large enough tho they have plenty of food they will dye for want of the nitrous food which also argues the Cause of their death for before they dye they will shoot forth of the waters putting forth their mouths and heads to take in the naked Air so that it may from hence be Concluded That there are also in these Inhabitants of the waters firie Souls to wit the Hypostases of which are an heap of most subtil Atoms which being stirred up into motion by a certain inkindling do require for the Continuing of their substance besides the Sulphureous Aliment within which they feed on another nitrous from the ambient Medium But that Fishes rejoyce in the region of the Water instead of the Air where any one would think that their Flame should be rather extinguished than inkindled we gave the reason of it but now to wit as certain Animals are destinated to these places their Souls were so temper'd that as the matter made up of Sulphur and Nitre mixt together they burn or grow hot under the waters yea they there live more securely to wit for as much as there is in them plenty of Sulphur it is suffer'd to be only sparingly inkindled and to burn forth Further altho some nitrous Particles seem to enter into the intrinsick and ordinary food of the vital fire and lest the flame by the defect of these should expire new suppliments are daily instilled through the Gills yet indeed by reason of the divers Constitutions of Souls living Creatures do respire after a several manner and some require this medium more thick others moderate and others more thin And for this Cause some living Creatures whilst they remain in the same number sometimes change their sphere or ambient medium and sometimes go out of the Waters into the Air and sometimes from this into them A certain Insect called the watry Phryganion in some places in England a Caddis at the first of the Spring is cloathed with a Coat of a sprig or small rind of wood and creeps into the depth of the Rivers in the shape of a Mite or rather a Maggot afterwards when its Soul begins to be sublimed he gets to the tops of the Bulrushes and in the Month of May rising up to the superficies of the water puts off its Coat and having wings flyes into the Air and there lives during Life Who knows not that Frogs live at first in the Waters in the shape of a Tadpole altogether then all the Summer do leap about in the Meadows and that at last in the Autumn returning to the Waters do bury themselves in the Mud After this manner many more Insects do not only change the Region but also vary their Species or Kind and of Reptils become flying Creatures Thirdly A little more superior degree of Creatures of a more frigid or cold blood is those who are gifted with a doubl'd belly'd Heart and with Lungs of which sort are Serpents Lisards and some Amphibious Creatures that is such as live on Water and Land as the Frogs and some Fishes to wit the Polypus the Sea-Calf with many others To these former Lungs are necessary because they oftentimes live in the open Air which always ought to be deeply admitted into the Praecordia themselves Moreover because they put forth a certain sound for which a Wind-pipe is required but for as much as Lungs are granted to them so also a two-fold belly'd Heart without which the blood passes not thorow the Lungs As to what respects the Amphibious Creatures which at their pleasure now live on the Land and now in the Waters tho it appears that these cannot stay always or very long under the water yet it is to be wonder'd at how in the mean time they breath for if they open the Wind-Pipe the Waters rushing presently in would drown the Lungs Bartholinus easily untyes this doubt by asserting That in these Brutes an Oval hole as in Embrio's is kept open all their life-time Cornelius Consentinus affirms it after the same manner to be in
being Medullar are marked with strait Fibres B. The Nates one of them being Derased in which the strait and thickest Medullary streakes are stretched forth towards the Brain C. The Medullary Hedg or Mound dividing the Natiform Prominences from the Optick Chambers and from which one Medullary Process is carried into the Basis of the streaked Body and the other into its Cone D. One Optick Chamber scraped that its straight and most thick-set streakes stretched forth towards the streaked Body may appear E. The hinder Border of the streaked Body receiving the Optick Medullar streakes and other Medullary Processes F. The streaked Body decreased whose little Medullary Nerves and Passages are explained in the 5th Table G. The foremost border of the streaked Body H. The Bosome leading from the Mamillary Process into the Ventricle of the forepart of the Brain I.I. The Hemisphear of the Brain opened and seperated by it self The rest here described are explained in the former Figures CHAP. V. The Beginnings and Increase of the whole Corporeal Soul also some Innate Habits and Inclinations of it are noted FRom what has been said concerning the Hypostasis and Members of the Corporeal Soul or of the more perfect Brutes which is also the inferiour Soul of Man it will be easier to trace out the Original and the Increase of the whole From hence also we may collect its figure and dimensions as also the proportion habits and inclinations of its parts in respect of it self and the members of the Body together with its Various ways of acting and suffering As to the first beginnings or original of the Corporeal Soul this like as a Shell-fish forms and fits its shell to its self exists something a little sooner and so more nobler than the organical Body Because a certain heap of animal Spirits or most subtil Atoms or a little Soul not yet inkindled lies hid in the Seminal humour which having gotten a fit cherishing or Fire-place and at length being inkindled from the Soul of the Parent acting or endeavouring or leaning to it as a flame from a flame begins to shine forth and to unfold it self a little before the Foundations or first ground-work of the body is lay'd This orders the web of the conception agitates and inkindles the applyed matter disposes and by degrees forms the Figure designed by the Archetypal Law of Creation In this stupendious Fabrick together with its bodily bulk being daily increased and Imaged into the due Species of each animal the Soul also takes its increase and still renders it self like to the Body which it forms For when as the more thick particles from matter continually put together are bestowed in the Corporeal Organs in the mean time the more subtil and spirituous being loosned and more rarefied by the burning of the others they dilate the Hypostasis of the Soul and together with the Body unfold and equally extend it But that after this manner the Seeds of the Soul being laid from the beginning together with those of the Body do rise up to a due figure and bulk in either it ought not to be attributed to the fortuitous concourse of Atoms nor to the proper Energie of the Soul it self but the beginning of all things proceeds wholly from divine Providence directing Generations to the Ends and Ideas of Forms according to the original Types primitively ordained by the same Secondly As the Increase of the animated Body and the first marrying together of the Elements proceed from this Soul informing and disposing the matter so the duration and subsistence of the same Soul is the Bond of its Mixture oâ— Concretion For the flame of the Soul being extinct or the inkindling and motion of the subtil particles ceasing presently the frame of the Body it self begins to be dissolved and loosned so that in a short time the Elements being loosned and laxed one from another fly away and by degrees break their Concretion wherefore this Soul as it were salt or pickle preserves the fleshy bulk of the Body from putrefaction yea the â—ame is almost in an animated Body as the Flower or Spirit in Wine which indeed being present and unfolding its spirituous Particles thorow the whole the Liquor continues still generous and flourishing but as soon as this Spirit of the Wine flies away forthwith the remaining water or liquor degenerates into an insipid and dead thing Thirdly So long as this Soul subsists in the Body according to an ancient saying of Hypocrates It is always Born even till Death In which respect also it seems to be most like flame or rather the same thing which is continually renewed almost every moment Some parts of eithers subsistence in like manner are consumed by burning and fly away and others in the mean time are laid up anew from the Food continually laid in For as the more Crass or thick Particles of the nourishing juice wrought in the Viscera fill up the losses of the Corporeal bulk so the more subtil make up the layings forth or wastings of this Soul which as they come to the blood are as it were Oyl to a Lamp and being perpetually inkindled within its bosom restore to the Soul both Flame and Light which would otherways perish For whilst the purer part of the nourishing Liquor cherishes the flame of the Blood and sustains it the most spirituous Particles falling off by its burning are instilled into the concavity of the Head which there propagate and nourish the other part of the Soul to wit the Sensitive So the making of Blood is owing very much to Chylification or the making of the Chyle and Animality or like to this notwithstanding which offices the Animal Function payes back to the Vital and both to the Organs of Chylification for as much as the Animal Spirits bestow a pulsifick force to the Heart and Arteries whereby the Blood may be agitated and carryed about to the places of accensions or inkindlings yea the Viscera of Concoction receive heat which they want from the flame of the Blood and a motive and sensitive virtue which they have need of for their Offices from a Constant afflux or flowing in of the Animal Spirits so the Brain is indebted to the Heart and both of them to the Stomach yea and on the other side this Region to that and both to the third To the end that the Hypostasis of the whole Soul might the longer continue the Tributes of all the Parts are Compensed with mutual Offices one to another and so at once the members both of the Body and of the Soul being conjoyned by a Circular necessity they desire and shew their mutual Labour Fourthly The Soul of the Brute as it is Fire according to Philosophy has these two innate Dispositions by the Law of Creation to wit that it should defend it self or delay its proper inkindling long for whose sake it is still careful of taking of food and also that it might
humidity therefore the Spirituous Effluvias or the lucid part of the Soul which ought to irradiate these Bodies is very much obscured as the beam of the Sun passing thorow a thick Cloud Wherefore at this time the strokes of sensible things being not deeply fixed are presently obliterated and in them local motions hardly follow yea in some Beasts in whom the Blood being continually and habitually thick and who have a less Clear Brain tho through their whole Life some acts of the Exterior Senses and Motions are performed yet few Characters are left of any interiour Knowledg Wherefore we shall here inquire only concerning Brutes that are more docil to wit in whom are besides local motions and the five Exterior Senses Memory and Imagination and in these we may conceive this kind of Introduction or Method of Institution concerning the Exquisite Knowledge by the sense with which they are wont to be imbued Therefore as soon as the Brain in the more pefect Brutes grows Clear and the Constitution of the Animal Spirits becomes sufficiently lucid and defecated the exterior Objects being brought to the Organs of the Senses make Impressions which being from thence transmitted for the continuing the Series or Order of the Animal Spirits inwards towards the streaked Bodies affect the Common Sensory and when as a sensible Impulse of the same like a waving of Waters is carried further into the Callous Body and thence into the Cortex or shelly substance of the Brain a Perception is brought in concerning the Species of the thing admitted by the Sense to which presently succeeds the Imagination and marks or prints of its Type being left constitutes the Memory But in the mean time whilst the sensible Impression being brought to the common Sensory effects there the Perception of the thing felt as some direct Species of it tending further creates the Imagination and Memory so other reflected Species of the same Object as they appear either Congruous or Incongruous produce the Appetite and local motions its Executors that is the Animal Spirits looking inwards for the Act of Sension being struck back leap towards the streaked Bodies and when as these Spirits presently possessing the Beginnings of the Nerves irritate others they make a desire of flying from the thing felt and a motion of this or that member or part to be stirred up Then because this Kind or that Kind of Motion succeeds once or twice to this or to that Sension afterwards for the most part this Motion follows that Sension as the Effect follows the Cause and according to this manner by the admitting the Idea's of sensible things both the Knowledg of several things and the habits of things to be done or of local Motions are by little and little produced For indeed from the beginning almost every Motion of the animated Body is stirred up by the Contact of the outward Object to wit the Animal Spirits residing within the Organ are driven inward being strucken by the Object and so as we have said constitute Sension or Feeling then like as a Flood sliding along the Banks of the shore is at last beaten back so because this waving or inward turning down of the Animal Spirits being partly reflected from the Common Sensory is at last directed outwards and is partly stretched forth even into the inmost part of the Brain presently local Motion succeeds the Sension and at the same time a Character being affixed on the Brain by the sense of the thing perceived it impresses there Marks or Vestigia of the same for the Phantasie and the Memory then affected and afterwards to be affected but afterwards when as the Prints or Marks of very many Acts of this Kind of Sensation and Imagination as so many Tracts or Ways are ingraven in the Brain the Animal Spirits oftentimes of their own accord without any other forewarning and without the presence of an Exterior Object being stirred up into Motion for as much as the Fall into the footsteps before made represent the Image of the former thing with which when the Appetite is affected it desiring the thing objected to the Imagination causes spontaneous Actions and as it were drawn forth from an inward Principle As for Examples sake The Stomach of an Horse feeding in a barren Ground or fallow Land being incited by hunger stirs up and variously agitates the Animal Spirits flowing within the Brain the Spirits being thus moved by accident because they run into the footsteps formerly made they call to mind the former more plentiful Pasture fed on by the Horse and the Meadows at a great distance then the Imagination of this desirable thing which then is cast before it by no outward Sense but only from the Memory stops at the Appetite that is the Spirits implanted in the streaked Bodies are affected by that Motion of the spirits flowing within the middle part or Marrow of the Brain who from thence presently after their former accustomed manner enter the origines of the Nerves and actuating the Nervous System after their wonted manner by the same Series produce local Motions by which the hungry Horse is carried from place to place till he has found out the Imagined Pasture and indeed enjoyes that good the Image of which was painted in his Brain After this manner the sensible Species being intromitted by the benefit of the Exterior Organs in the more perfect Brutes for that they affix their Characters on the Brain and there leave them they constitute the Faculties of Phantasie and Memory as it were Store-houses full of Notions further stirring up the Appetite into local Motions agreeable to the Sensions frequently they produce an habit of Acting so that some Beasts being Taught or Instructed for a long time by the assiduous Incursion of the Objects are able to know and remember many things and further learn manifold works to wit to perform them by a Complicated and Continued series and succession of very many Actions Moreover this Kind of acquired Knowledg of the Brutes and the Practical habits introduced through the Acts of the Senses are wont to be promoted by some other means to a greater degree of perfection For in the third place it happens to these by often Experience that the Beasts are not only made more certain of simple things but it teaches them to form certain Propositions and from thence to draw certain Conclusions Because draught Beasts having sometimes found water to be Cooling they seek it far as a remedy of too much heat wherefore when their Precordia grow hot running to the River they drink of it and if they are hot in their whole Body they fearlesly lye down in the same In truth many Actions which appear admirable in Brutes came to them at first by some accident which being often repeated by Experience pass into Habits which seem to shew very much of Cunning and Sagacity because the sensitive soul is easily accustomed to every Institution or
carry Man not only beyond the Brutes but himself to wit above his Natural State for as much as they subject the Sensitive Soul to the Rational and both to the most high God But yet such a Divine Politie is not erected in Man without great Contention Because whil'st Reason using its proper force and also Institutes and Sacred Ethicks endeavours to draw the Faculties of the Corporeal Soul to its Party she rising against it adheres pertinaciously to the Flesh and is hardly pull'd away from its Blandishments yea what is to be lamented it seduces in us the Mind or Chief Soul and snatches it away with it self to role in the Mud of Sensual Pleasures So that Man becomes like the Beast or rather worse to wit for as much as Reason becoming Brutal leads to all manner of Excess But indeed 't is not always so with the Empire of the Mind but that she returning at length sometimes on her own accord or awakened by some occasion and knowing of its â—all arises up against the Sensitive Soul as against an Enemy or Traitor casting her out of her Throne commands her to Servitude yea sometimes by reason of some wickedness committed it compels it to torment it self and its Lover the Flesh and so to expiate as much as it may its faults by inflicting on it proper Punishments Indeed these kind of Acts and Affections of Conscience near to Man plainly shews that there is in him either two Souls subordinately or at least the Parts of the same are far different to wit when one of which opposâ—s the other and either strives for the obtaining of Proselytes it happens that Man is hurried into contrary Endeavours and is acted little less than like a Daemoniack possess'd with a Legion But having proposed these things concerning the Rational Soul which we have touch'd only by the by as besides our purpose we will return to the Corporeal and as we have illustrated its Essence Hypostasis and Integral Parts we shall now descend to the Explaining of its Affections or Passions But in the mean time as we have shewn by comparing the Corporeal Soul of the Brute with the Rational of Man what vast difference there is between them perhaps it might be to the purpose to compare the Brains of either and to observe their differences But this Anatomy being elsewhere made we have noted little or no difference in the Head of either as to the Figures and Exterior Conformations of the Parts the Bulk only excepted that from hence we concluded the Soul Common to Man with the Brutes to be only Corporeal and immediately to use these Organs But as we have shewn the description of a Sheeps Brain dissected within the Cortex and as it were made bare of Flesh whereby all the Interior Parts might appear we shall here also to Crown the work give you the Figure of an Humane Brain so as all the inward Parts may be laid open The Eighth Table Contains a new Anatomy of the Humane Brain where by a Dissection with an Instrument made thorow the Bill the Callous Body and the Fornix or Arch and their Parts being taken away and separated the streaked Bodies also the Optic and Orbicular Prominences one side erased and the other whole and plain are Exhibited A. A. A. A. The Hemisphear of the Brain divided and separated by themselves B. B. B. B. Portions of the Callous Body with the Fornix cut off and removed apart C. The Basis of the Fornix with its Roots which cohered with its Trunk Y Y divided Portions of which with Cuttings off of the Callous Body are laid apart on the right and left hand D. One streaked Body scraped or Erased that the Medullary streakes or nervous Tracts may appear E. The formost border of this Body sticking to the right Hemisphear of the Callous Body F. G. The Basis and the Cone of the same Body H. The hinder Border of the same in which the Optick streaks yea and other Medullary Processes are sent from the Orbicular Prominences I. The streaked Body of the left-side plain with the Vessels creeping thorow them whose Borders and Ends are made after the same as in the right K. The right Optick Chamber erased whose Medullary streaks being strait and thick set K.K. are stretch'd forth into the Border of the streaked Body L. The right Nati-form Prominence in like manner erased with streaks stretched forth into the Medullary Process M. M. The Medullary Process which proceeding from the Testes and compassing about the Nates sends from thence other Medullary passages into the streaked Body as more plainly appears in the left side being whole N. The Pineal Kirnel in its proper place O. O. The Orbicular Prominences called Testes Marrowy thorow the whole P. The left Nati-form Prominence plain and whole which is smaller in Man and for the most part Marrowy Q. A Medullary Process Compassing the Nates from which is sent one Medullary Pipe or passage R. towards the Cone of the streaked Body and another S. towards its Basis of which by and by a forked branch goes forth one r. to the middle of the streaked Body the other s. to the corner of its Basis. T. A Transvers shoot knitting together the aforesaid Branches V. The hinder Borders of the streaked Bodies joyned together among themselves W. The Gap or Chink leading to the Tunell X. The Gap or Chink leading into the Cavity lying under the Orbicular Prominences Y. A Medullary Process leading from the Oblong Marrow into the Cerebel which seems to be the root of this Z. Z. Separated Portions of the Cerebel cut off that its Tracts both Marrowy and Cortical or Barkie may be seen X. The Cavity or hollowness lying under the Cerebel 〈◊〉 44 Tabula VIII CHAP. VIII Of the Passions of Affections of the Corporeal Soul in General THe whole Corporeal Soul so long as she is quiet and undisturbed she is fittted to her proper Body equally as to a certain Chest or Cabbinet and waters all its Parts gently both with little Rivulets of Blood Circulating and actuates and inspires them every where with a gentle falling down of the Animal Spirits But it sometimes happens that the whole Constitution of this same Soul is so shaken and moved that both the Blood being interrupted in its equal Circule is compelled into irregular Excursions and Recursions and various Fluctuations and also that the Animal Spirits being snatched hither and thither inordinately perform the Acts of their Functions yea the Animal Spirits themselves whil'st being moved irregularly do shake the Praecordia and flow into them in an undue manner cause the Course of the Blood more to be perverted Further from the Corporeal Soul being disturbed not only the Animal Spirits and Rivers of the Blood are driven into disorders but they induce alterations both to the other Humors and to very many Parts and Members of the Body and to the Rational Soul it self in Man
the Sense are not distinctly painted in the Common Sensory as on a Table but every Impression there shown depends on the Motion as it were by a certain waving of some Spirits separate from others and within these or those peculiar Tracts of them Nor is it irrational to affirm that some Spiritual Particles are moved within the Hypostasis of the Sensitive Soul and her the same Portion of it whil'st others lye quiet lying between them for it plainly appears and which afterwards is more largely shown that within the Body of the Air the lucid Particles are agitated whil'st the rest lye at ease yea also that Sonorifick yea and odorous little Bodies and perhaps many others of another Kind are moved by a distinct and peculiar Agitation apart by themselves from the other texture of the Air for both Images pass thorow Sounds are poured out Odors flow warm or cold Effluvia's and other little Bodies are variously carried yet notwithstanding others in the mean time are neither driven by force by some others nor is the Consistency of the whole Air disturbed by some Singulars Yea various Impressions not only pass thorow the Air unchanged but also the Superficies of the Water for we have observed in a River or a Fish-pond when many wavings have been stirr'd up by various and divers strokes together that all of them however they meet one another pass thorow or cut one another continue still distinct and inconfused why then may we not suppose that in the Airy Systasis of the Soul which is also is founded in a Watry Humor there are Particles of a various and unlike make and that manifold Species by their passing thorow may be at once brought to the Common Sensory without Confusion As for Example Suppose that for seeing most Subtil and as it were Aetherial Particles others almost Saline and notably moveable for the Hearing and so for the other Senses Spirits endowed after this or that manner to be interwoven together and every peculiar Sension to be produced by a particular affection of them to which it happens that for the various passing thorow of the Spirits of so diverse a Nature divers Tracts or Paths are produced both in the Organ it self and in the Common Sensory and so when the Animal Spirits are affected which are of this or that Nature apart from others which are of another Nature and as there are beamings forth of several kinds as it were within various Inlets or Passages 't is no wonder if in divers Organs distinct Acts of Sensions are performed and that all of them however different in Kind and coming together from many ways are shewn within the same Common Sensory to wit the streaked Bodies because in this Marrowy Part Spirits of every kind abound and also passages of every sort of Conformation are found therefore every Impression impressed on any Organ from without may be distinctly represented in this same Body That it is so it more clearly appears from hence because both the streaked Bodies and the way leading to these consist of many white Ligatures which seem as so many soft Nerves or marrowy Tracts for the divers ways of receiving the Impressions of sensible Species When a sensible Impression is brought through the Animal Spirits being affected by a continued Series from the Organ to the Common Sensory if it be light it is there terminated and the perception of the External Sense quickly vanishes without any other Affection but if which more often happens the impulse of the Object be stronger the Sense excited from thence like the vehement waving of waters in a Whirl-pool both partly passes thorow the streaked Bodies and going forward to the Callous Body it oftentimes raises up two other Internal Senses to wit the Imagination and Memory either one of both of them and also is partly reflected from them and from thence by a declining of the Spirits leaping into the Nerves local Motions are made For indeed Impressions of sensible things from the beginning furnish both the Imagination with the Memory and Appetite and induce the first attempts of local Motions It is first effected for as much as the sensible Impulse is often propagated beyond the streaked Body into the marrowy part of the Brain or the Cortex or the extream Confines of it But local Motions ordinarily succeed to Sension for as much as the Animal Spirits being struck back from the bolt or stay of the streaked Bodies spring up outwardly and as they enter these or those Nerves by a certain Consequence or by chance they excite fortuitous local Motions or depending on the previous Sense for in the reciprocal exercise of these Faculties to wit of Sense and local Motion before Animals are imbued with Phantasie and Memory almost the whole Animal Function consists because Brutes or Men whil'st they as yet know not things want Spontaneous Appetite So long therefore they being destitute of the Internal Principle of Motion move themselves or Members only as they are excited from the impulse of the External Object and so Sension preceding Motion is in some manner the Cause of it Therefore in every Sension the Animal Spirits are moved and their Motion being excited in the utmost Sensory from the approach of the Object and harmonised according to its Impression turns inwards and as hath been said is conveyed to the first or Common Sensory wherefore it is not to be thought that the little Body 's sent from the Object do penetrate deeply and enter the inward parts of the Brain it self as some have asserted but it suffices that they being cast forth like Darts from the sensible thing do affect the Spirits placed in the fore-front and then they from thence most swiftly pass thorow by their Irradiation the impressed Motion As to the Parts within which the Animal Spirits dwelling do carry thorow as it were by Pipes and Dioptrick Glasses the impressed Species of sensible things they are the Fibres Nerves and the Oblong Marrow and chiefly the tops of it to wit the streaked Bodies The Fibres being stretched forth in every Sensory as it were Nets spread abroad take the Particles of the Object diffused and entring here and there from which whil'st the Spirits implanted in those Fibres are affected and are marked with the type of shaddow of the Objected thing forthwith the same Character being expressed by a continued Series of Spirits passes forward thorow the little Pipes of the Nerves and the Medullary Trunk into the streaked Bodies and is there represented as upon a white well But the Rational Soul easily beholds the Image of the thing there painted or perhaps carried forward beyond into the Callous Body the Imagination and Phantasie being excited But after what manner Brutes perceive themselves to feel and by reason of that Sension they either imprint it in their Memory or draw forth the Acts of the Appetite we have shewn elsewhere Concerning the number
belongs to the Organ of Smelling we have largely enough unfolded it in our Discourse of the Nerves to wit we have shewed that within the Caverns of the Nostrils are placed tubulated Membranes or like Pipes which contain sensible Fibres most thickly interwoven Into these Membranes very many small Nerves are sent from either Mamillary Process passing thorow the holes of the Seive-like Bones but those Mamillary Processes as they are plainly soft Nerves arise in the Medullary Trunk nigh the streaked Bodies wherefore when the odorous steams strike upon the Fibrous and very sensible Membranes forthwith an impression of the sensible thing is carried by the passage of the Nerves into the Mamillary Processes and from thence into the streaked Bodies Further We have formerly declared why the Smelling Nerves divided without the Skull are harder but united within it are not only softer but also tubulated or like Pipes and for the most part in Brutes filled with clear Water There is no need to repeat it here again nor what we have declared there concerning other Nerves coming from the Fifth pair and inserted also into the Organ of Smelling Of which certainly the Office is to cause a certain Sympathy and consent of action between the Smell and Taste and something also between the Sight and it I know some attribute the office of Smelling altogether to these Nerves arising from the Fifth pair denying it to the Mamillary Processes and from hence they render a reason not only of that consent between the Nose and the Palate from whence it comes to pass that the same Objects are embraced or refused but also wherefore it happens that one Sense being lost that oftentimes the other perishes to wit the Cause of this they say is nothing else than that both Sensories do borrow the branches of their Nerves from the same Trunk of the Fifth pair But this Objection is easily overthrown because the Nerves of a twofold Original are bestowed not only on the Sensory of the Smell but also of the Taste For the Tongue receives more and greater Branches from the Ninth pair than from the Maxillary Trunk of the Fifth pair to wit that if the Nerves of one Kind be obstructed the Animal Function may be performed by those of the other Kind Concerning this then we may say that the Principle Nerves serving to the Organ of Smelling are derived from either Mamillary Process also that the Nerves on which the Sense of Tasting chiefly depends are sent from the Ninth pair Nevertheless some secondary Nerves or that are as it were taken in are distributed to either Sensory as also to the Eye far fetch'd from the Fifth pair for this end that there might be an affinity or mutual respect between the Taste and the Smell and between both and the Sight hence therefore the Taste almost admits of no Object unless that the Smell first approves of it but both Faculties do require that sensible things do first stand to the examination of the Eyes But that the loss of one of them oftentimes brings in the defect of the other as it is sometimes observed in a Pose or Stopping of the Head that losing the Smell the Taste is lost also the reason of it is because either Sensory being planted near are both at once overthrown by the same serous Matter poured forth from the Blood and apt to be too much stopped for both the tubulated Membranes of the Nose and the frame or substance of the Tongue it self are made of a very rare and as it were spongy Texture wherefore the Pores and Passages of either Organ are wont to be overflown by the serous flood and the sensible Fibres in both in like manner to be obstructed which happens because when as the Nostrils and Tongue ought to be moistned with a continual Humor either of them are punished more grievously than other Parts by the shower of the Serum issuing forth so both on every light Cause become obnoxious to the same Evil. CHAP. XIV Of the Sense of Hearing AFter the Smell and Taste of which we have already treated we shall next speak of Hearing which as to the use is far more Excellent than the other Senses for as much as by its help chiefly Sciences and Learning are acquired also by whose instinct the Passions are excited yea and are wont to be governed and allayed further as to Activity this Sense is much more Efficacious because having got a larger Sphear perceives its Objects at a great distance and admits not the sensible Species unless brought in a more thin consistency For that it is the Interest of living Creatures to know some remote things by Contact and often placed out of Sight because they may be timely prevented if they should be inimical and disagreeable but if thought amicable that they may be come to and apprehended the Hearing serves for either Intention and by its sign the Marks and Symbols of approaching Bodies are received afar off Because the Hearing is always performed at a distance and a sound comes often farther than the Effluvia's of a sounding Body can be admitted therefore this Sense is supposed to be made even as Sight by reason of a certain activity of the Medium it self or by a Motion and as it were a certain waving of little Bodies which flow in it so as the sounding Body moves by its Vibration or shaking the Particles diffused in the intermediate space and they being moved at length affect the Sensory but they conceive a certain Figure of their carrying forth according to the Particles first agitated and they propagate the same in others and then in others or move forward as it were by undulation and so the sound still retaining the Character or Type of the first Impression is continued even to the Ear. Althô by the consent of all the Air is said to be the Medium that carries the sounds yet this ought not to be understood of the whole Atmosphear of the Air and Breaths for neither is the audible Species poured forth by the Motion of this most fluid Body as it were by a waving of Waters because this much sooner runs thorow than the Body or Consistency of the whole Air is wont to be moved and propagate its Fluctuation as may be discerned plainly by the successive blowing of the Winds and bending of Trees and the tops of Corn which happens because any sound whether great or small whether it comes with or against the wind is carried to a certain place always with an equal time which would be otherwise if it obey'd the waving of the whole Air or should depend upon that Further That the whole frame of the Air doth not wave by reason of the transmission of the sound appears by this because if a Lamp be held in a little Bell whil'st many other Bells being struck together yield a mighty sound its flame will hardly shake much less will it be moved up
and down hither and thither by the moved Air. Hence it follows that some Sonorifick Particles or Causing sounds are diffused thorow the Air and as they are more subtil than the little Bodies of the Air and are indued with a more rapid Motion the Transmission or Propagation of the sound depends upon the peculiar motion and waving of these made apart from the inclination of the whole Air. We have elsewhere shewn in the texture of the Atoms of the Air that there are contained Luminous or Nitrous Particles by the inkindling and by the most swift trajection and reflection of these Light the appearances of Colours and the Images of all things are produced And besides these most thin and moveable Bodies which seem to be of a certain fiery Nature and interwoven with the Air and by the private waving of which the visible Objects are carried to the Organ it is likely that certain other Particles of another Kind and those perhaps Saline are diffused thorow the rare and most fluid Constitution of the Air by which whil'st they are strucken and swiftly moved and apt to be figured according to the Idea's of Sounds the Organ of the Hearing is also affected and by this means receives the Impressions of sensible things For it seems that the Sound-causing little Bodies swimming in the Air and interwoven with a certain Continuity in its Pores and thickly set in its passages are placed after that manner that when a Motion is impressed in any Portion of them by the striking against a solid Body they being agitated according to the Character of the Impressed Motion move or shake others planted round about and they again others which are next to them and so when the same Motion is propagated round on every side by a successive affection of the same Particles as when a Stone being cast into a smooth water many little Circles begining after one another and unfolding themselves create an Impression of the first stroke in every part lesser types of the sound and almost innumerable take the place one of another or fill up the room of the first Prototype sound excited according to the solid Body and from thence on every side waved according to the Symbolical Particles successively moved even after the same manner as when the rayes of Light are reflected from an Opacous or shaddowy Body for as much as they being sent at hand from every part of the Object do meet together in a most thick Series of Cones in every place and so create infinite Images of the same thing visible in all places In like manner also whil'st the Sonorific Particles leap back from a solid Body they cause the audible Species to be every where represented according to the stroke there made upon them in the whole Sphear of Vibration whether by a like Contortion or Gyration or any other ways of Conformation in Motion of the symbolar Particles But althô there are found Sonorific little Bodies something like the luminous they are differenced notwithstanding in many things for first of all their Motion is much more slow than the luminous which clearly appears from a Gun being discharged at a distance for it is sometime after the flash reaches the Sight that the report comes to the Ears But the luminous Particles thô they easily pass thorow the more solid Diaphanous Bodies yet not thorow thick shaddowy or Opacous Bodies thô they are made of a more thin or rare texture or stick in the chinks On the contrary the waving of a sound does not so easily pass thorow Glass but the same is often heard within a Chamber that is impervious of Light or where Light cannot enter Hence it may be conjectur'd that the rayes or beams of Light how subtil and thin soever they be are carried only in strait Lines for whether they at first stream forth or are broken in the altered Medium or are reflected from an objected Body they every where pass forward and observe the Line or direction and pass thorow the oblique and winding passages not with a turning passage or going thorow but the sounding Particles being excited into Motion insinuate themselves within the bending pores and blind holes like the flowing of Waters but these Kind of little Bodies which are the Vehicles of sounds I suspect to be of a Saline Nature for this reason because the Particles of this Element are most of all Moveable and Active next to the fiery and Nitrous Sulphureous for it is seen that Glass and Metallick Bodies which abound with very much Salt being struck yield a sound excelling all others Also it makes for it for as much as in a great Winter Frost when the Atmosphear of the Air abounds with Saline Particles a sound becomes more clear and is carried farther So much concerning the Sonorifick Particles as much as we are able to get by Conjecture concerning their Nature Subsistence and wayes of carrying forth or of waving As to these what at first was propounded concerning the Sense of Hearing it self there remains yet to be unfolded by what means and for what occasions these Particles interwoven with the aerial Body are stirred up by a sounding Body into Act then how the same being moved affect the Sensory As to the former there are infinite ways whereby the aforesaid Particles are stirred up into Act or by which sounds are wont to be produced whatsoever percussion of a solid Body yea and almost every vehement Compulsion of the Air when resisted yields a sound There are very many Varieties of these but the Universal or at least the chief Causes of sounds may be not improperly reduced to two ways of being uâ—deâ— to wit either that a solid Body being struck and so affected with a Vibration or shaking drives together the Air and with it the Sonorific Particles and the â—â—râ—ke being most swiftly repeated causes them to shake or to wave Or secondly the Air and with it the Sonorific Particles being driven into a more narrow space whil'st they go forth by Compression are struck against the solid Body and are driven by it into a vibration or shaking By reason of the former way all solid Bodies struck by solids yea and hollow Metallick Bodies a Drum the strings of an Harp and other Musical Instruments furnished with strings when they are stroke yield a sound in all which a vibration being excited from the stroke and shaking Body and impressed on the Sonorific Particles is the whole Cause of every produced sound or of long Continuance and also thô but of a minutes durance or sounding For both Metals also Stones and Wood and other solids being struck make the Air to tremble and yield vibrations or shakings in some measure like Bells and the strings of an Harp Wherefore when by the Finger or any soft Body being lay'd upon them that shaking is stopt presently the sound is intercepted In the latter Rank to wit where the Air is compelled
lawful to declare the event of the Disease either safe or very dangerous or wholely uncertain Truly if any one enjoying formerly a perfect Health should fall into something a cruel Headach and of some long standing by reason of a more strong Evident Cause as drinking of Wine Surfeit Venus immoderate Exercise or such like forasmuch as the fore leading Morbid Cause is not as yet firmly laid we may pronounce such a Distemper to be safe enough and not pertinacious But if the Morbific disposition should be inveterate so that for many years the fits repeat often of their own accord and upon every light occasion this though not dangerously sick yet we predict it not easie to be Cured Further the Cure will be yet more difficult if Hypochondriack or Hysterical Distempers oftentimes troublesome are oft wont to excite the Headach at every turn or if the taint of an inveterate Venereal Disease be rooted in any distemper'd part If that the pain of the Head shall be not only inveterate but almost continual that we might suspect it to arise from an Inflammation or a Scirrhous Tumour an hot Swelling an Imposthum or Worms there is none or very little hope of Cure especially because the sick will refuse great remedies as Salivation or opening the Skull which if they be made use of perhaps at any time with any fruit or success yet the former and this two for the most part are wont to be tedious to the sick before they can effect any thing worth the trouble and expectation The pain of the Head either Continual or Periodical if it be great and hath joyned with it a Vertigo Vomitting or other Convulsive or Soporiferous Distempers shews a suspicion of great danger even which often passes into a deadly Apoplexie and not seldom into an Epilepsie Palsie Blindness Deafness and other funestous and incurable Diseases The Curatory method of the Headach comprehends many Indications and those of a various kind according to the manifold Species Causes and differences of this Disease which will not be an easie thing here to set down and rehearse in order The accidental Pain of the Head with the remote Evident Cause and its consequences ceases for the most part of its own accord or at least is taken away by letting of Blood Rest and Sweat The habitual Pain by reason of the diversity of Causes viz. both the Procatartick and also the Conjunct suggests also different intentions of Healing we shall here briefly touch upon the chief of these and to which all the rest may be placed In every habitual Headach whether Continual or Intermitting there are two chief scopes or intentions of Cure to be met with to which all the other Curatory intentions ought to be aimed and by which we should provide against either Cause of the Morbid Procatarxis 1. To wit in the first place that all the Tinder or inkindling of the Disease be cut off you must endeavour that both the matter flowing to the distempered places of the Head or those evilly disposed or apt from thence to flow to them be supprest or called from thence to another place then moreover that Convulsions in other places excited and that are wont to be propagated from thence into the Head be prevented 2. Then secondly it must be indeavoured if it may be done that the Disease it self or its Conjunct Cause may be rooted out that the places of the Head predisposed to Headaches whether they be only enfeebled or hurt in their Conformation whilst they are defended from the frequent Excursions of the infestous matter may recover their former state and vigour Which kind of Indication though it be very seldom suddenly or wholely performed yet sometimes the Cure is by degrees laboured out by diligence and care however fixed and rooted the Morbid matter be As to what appertains to the first scope of healing which is first and especially to be regarded we said that the Matter or Humours which are wont to be gathered together about the parts of the Head predisposed to the Headach and to excite the fits of the Disease are either the Blood or the Serum or the nourishing or nervous Juice or Liquor Moreover with every one of these Vapours and Effluvia's as also Recrements sometimes Bilous sometimes Melancholic sometimes Acid Salt Sulphureous and of some others of a various kind taken into the Blood from the Viscera sometimes from those and sometimes from these we have shewed to be transferred by its passages into the Headâ— against the force and incursion of all these Medicinal fortifications are to be instituted 1. And in the first place if the leading cause to pains or a disposition thereto lye about the Membranes of the Head for that the Blood being hot and apt to rise up rushes by heaps into the Membranes of the Head and when it cannot easily pass thorow them distending the Vessels above measure and pulling the nervous Fibres excites the fits of this Disease whose signs are a Sanguine temperament heat and a flushing or redness about the head and face also an high pulse and shaking with veins distended with Blood presently it must be endeavoured both that the Blood be made more sedate that it may not be so readily moved into rage or swelling up as also that it be not incited and boiling up may not be carried with a greater tendency or inclination into the Head than into other parts nor in like manner be compelled to stagnate by reason of the bosomes of the Meninges being too full Wherefore if the fit infests long let blood in the Arm or the Jugular Vein out of the fit sometimes it is expedient to take Blood from the Sedal Veins with Leeches to wit by this means that the Blood by chance boiling up may be brought down towards that place to which it often tends of its own accord Let there be Medicines of Vinegar Rosecakes and Nutmeg or some other Epithems or Medicines of the same nature applyed to the Head Also give to drink Iuleps Emulsions or Decoctions which allay the fervour or madness of the Blood Let the Belly be cooled and kept soluble by the use of Clysters Moreover for prevention use at times Whey or Spaw-waters also drinking of Water a thin and a cooling diet help the shunning of Wine spiced Meats Baths Venus violent motions of the mind or body yea and of all hot things is to be ordered Then for the fixing of the Blood its Effervescencies or growing hot must be prevented for which Distilled Waters Juices of Herbs or Decoctions Electuaries Powders and especially Crystal Mineral are in frequent use There is no need here to add a method or particular forms of Medicines when in this case almost every body labouring is wont to be his own Physician being taught by frequent experience from things hurting or helping 2. It is rarely that the Blood alone or only by it self is
Nature they either pursue their functions or the nervous Fibres every where erect themselves and put forth their utmost endeavours that they might drive forward the Blood flowing in them and Circulate it with a rapid motion I once visited an illustrious Lady who for some time had been miserably afflicted with Colick and Convulsive distempers and quite worn out and at length fell suddenly into a deadly Lethargy When I perceived her Pulse to beat strongly I prescribed that four ounces of Blood should be taken out of the jugular Vein which immediately leap'd from the opened Vessel with such force that I believe if it had been suffered the whole Mass of Blood would have flowed thence for the next day after her dead body being opened I found scarce four ounces more of Blood in her whole Body and yet she dyed thus in a Feavour The reason of the Lethargick Feavour is wholely the same which is seen to arise only from the Vital Organs being very much incited by labouring Nature and therefore vehemently driving about the Blood The prognostick of the Lethargy is shut within a strait limit for the fit of the Disease being for the most part acute is soon terminated either in Death or health and for the most part it is wont to give more of fear than of hope If it comes upon a malignant Feavour or hard to be cured or if it comes upon other Cephalick or Convulsive Diseases as the Headach Phrensie Madness Epilepsie or also upon a long and grievous Colick or Gout the Physician can predict nothing but evil nor is it less to be feared if it happen in a Body full of evil Humors or one long sick or in an old Man In like manner it is an evil omen if the sick being presently overwhelmed with a great Torpor or stupidness and almost Apoplectick cannot be awakened and if he breaths unequally and slowly or with a great snorting then the Disease increasing and the sick troubled with tremblings Cramps leapings of the Tendons and at length with Convulsive Motions it is to be esteemed desperate or without hope But if the Distemper be excited without any great foregoing Cause with an only Evident Cause as a Surfeit Drunkenness or by the use of Narcoticks a blow on the Head or some not deadly stroke we may expect the event to be less deadly or mortal Then if the Distemper arising from such occasions happens to a Body before whole and strong if it does not wholly take away the Sense and Memory at the first assault and after a short time the symptoms begin to remit a little of such a sick person you ought not to despair In every Lethargy if any Cause of the Disease is seen to be cut off and removed so that if by the help of Medicines or the instinct of Nature copious and helpful evacuations by Sweat Urine or by Stool do follow with ease or help or if by applying of Blistering Plasters a great deal of water flows forth if a swelling or great whelks or pustles break out behind the Ears or in the Neck if frequent sneezing happens or water flow from the Eyes or Nose thence a certain hope of health may be expected Hippocrates l. Coac c. 145. mentions a Cure of the Lethargy to be often made by the distemper of the Thorax saying That many Lethargicks that are stuffed with Phlegm have recovered Which words are wonderfully wrested by Interpreters Mercurialis understands by suppuration the putrified matter of the Disease to be evacuated by the Ears and Nostrils Prosper Martianus will have Hippocrates to be understood in the word Lethargy not the disease of the Head but of the Breast But wherefore are all these subterfuges when it often happens that the Morbific matter at first fixed in the Head and stirring up a continual sleepiness or Lethargy the same being thence supped up by the Blood and deposited in the breast doth produce an Empyema or a spitting like those whose Lungs are wasted In the description of a Soporiferous Epidemical Feavour which raged in the year 1661. we noted the same to have happened to many Concerning the Cure of this Disease for that it has no respite or truces it is not to be deliberated on after a sharp Clyster being given let a Vein be opened presently for the Vessels being emptied of Blood they are more apt to sup up the Serum or other Humors deposited in the Brain Further in this case I advise rather to open the Vein in the Neck than that in the Arm. Because by this means the Blood being very much heaped up within the bosoms of the Head and perhaps standing still is more easily reduced to an equal Circulation Letting blood being performed immediately other remedies of every kind are to be made use of Let Vesicatories or blistering Plasters be applied largely to the Neck and Legs anoint the Temples and Face with Oyl of Amber or Cephalick Balsoms lay over all the Feet a Cataplasm or Poultis made of Rue Crowfoot and Pepperwort with black Sope and Bay-salt use hard frictions or rubbings to the Members frequently apply to the Nostrils Salt of Urine or Spirits of Sal Armoniac Then let there be administred Cephalick Remedies Take of the Water of Poeony Flowers of black Cherries Rue and of Walnuts simple each three ounces of the Water of Poeony Compound two ounces of Castor tyed up in a rag and hung in the glass two drams of Sugar three drams mix them and make a Iulep let it be given about four or five sponfuls every three or four hours also with every Dose of this give twelve or fifteen drops of the Spirits of Amber or of Sal Armoniac or a paper of the following Powder Take of the Powder of the Root of Poeony the male of a Mans Skull of the Root of Virginian Serpentworth or Snakeweed of Contrayerva each one dram Bezoar and of Pearl each half a dram of Coral prepared one dram make a Powder and divide it into twelve parts Further here it is to be considered whether an evacuation either by Vomit or Stool should not be made I know that this is variously controverted among Authors and I have also known it performed with various success which being weighed and laid together I shall briefly propose my opinion If the Lethargy should arise upon a Surfeit or a late Drinking or if from taking some disagreeable things or Narcoticks presently let a Vomit be given wherefore you may give Salt of Vitriol with Wine and Oxymel of Squills or in strong bodies an Infusion of Crocus Metallorum or of Mercurius Vitae with black Cherry water Let it be given and if it doth not work of it self provoke Vomiting with a Feather thrust down the Throat But if the fit of the Disease comes upon a Feavour or any other Cephalick Distempers or if it be raised up primarily or of
or shuts up their passages Hence it follows that preternatural Waking or that which is immoderate depends upon these two either on one or both together for either they being grown too outragious and as it were struck with a fury will not lye down of themselves or the nervous Liquor doth not so fill and stop up the Pores of the outward part of the Brain that from thence the Spirits may be compelled inward to rest Examples of both of these are ordinarily to be met withal And first of all we shall take notice that the Animal Spirits sometimes becoming outrageous and so Elastick or shooting forth or otherways enormous that they will not only not lye down and be quieted but scarce be contained within the proper sphere of their emanation wherefore being spread abroad in continual waking so fill the Brain and keep it extended that the nervous Juice though it lyes heaped up at their doors cannot be admitted but if it enters of it self and the Spirits are called back inwards from the Cortex of the Brain presently they being forced thither or tumultuating within the middle part of the Brain raise up many and often most horrid phantasies whereby sleep is driven away or directing thence their declination further into the nervous Stock there stir up great disorders which continually drive away and break off Sleep though it seems ready to creep upon them As to the former of these I have often observed that some being disturbed with waking were afraid to sleep though desiredly coming upon them for as soon as they shut their eyes to sleep presently leaping up they would cry out they should grow mad with a multitude of confused phantasms so that they were necessitated to abstain from sleep Secondly whilst the Spirits become more outrageous and are for sleep sake recalled towards the interior compass of the Brain sometimes they convert their rage into the nervous Stock and then tumultuarily rushing in upon the Nerves destinated for the Precordia or the Inwards raise up inordinations in the respective parts hence in those thus distemper'd as often as they shut their eyes to invite sleep either tremblings leapings and binding up of the heart with loss of Spirits and breathing stopped or inflations and rising up of the Bowels with a sense of choaking and other symptoms commonly called or taken to be Hysterical follow or else secondly the Spirits being recalled from their watches and turning on the nervous Stock transfer their rage sometimes on the spinal Marrow and the Nerves reaching from thence into all the exterior Members Wherefore in some whilst they would indulge sleep in their beds immediately follow leapings up of the Tendons in their Arms and Legs with Cramps and such unquietness and flying about of their members that the sick can no more sleep than those on the Rack Once I was consulted with for a noble Woman who was in the day-time cruelly tormented with the pain about the heart and Vomiting but in the night she was hindred from sleep though it seemed to approach by reason of these kind of Convulsive Distempers invading her with it nor indeed could she sleep all the night unless she had before taken a large Dose of Laudanum wherefore this Medicine at first being permitted her only twice a week afterwards she took it daily for three whole months contracting by it no hurt either in her Brain or about any other function and when in the mean time by the use of other Remedies the Dyscrasies of the Blood and the nervous Juice were amended and the Animal Spirits were made more benign and gentle she having after that wholly left off her Opium could sleep indifferently well These kind of sleep-destroying Distempers stirred up either within the middle part of the Brain or within the nervous Stock either more inward or more outward do depend wholly on the evil constitution of the Animal Spirits for those who ought to be gentle clear and bright and to actuate gently the containing bodies and to influence them with a benign influence become sharp and fierce and like Effluvia's sent from Stygian Waters unable to be restrained do distend them too much and refuse to be governed by the command of the will and to be quieted by sleep yea being restrained in one place they immediately grow tumultuous in another Such a constitution of the Animal Spirits proceeds from the acid and oftentimes as it were Vitriolick Dyscrasies of the Blood begetting it and of the nervous Juice cherishing and increasing it as shall be more fully shewed hereafter when we speak of madness In the mean time as to what belongs to the Cure of thorow or long waking which we but now described because it cannot be long tolerated therefore those things which may bring present ease ought first to be administred for this end those things which sooth the Spirits and gently moderate their disorders are convenient as those commonly called Anodynes viz. Distilled Waters Decoctions Syrups and Conserves of the Flowers of Water-Lilies Cowslips Mallows Violets Hearts-ease of the leaves of Willow Lettice Purslain also Emulsions or Juicy expressions If that the unquiet Spirits will not be allayed by gentle flatteries you must compel them into quietness as it were with bonds and strokes plenty of them ought to be diminished and the places also to be inlarged in which they may expand themselves in freedom and without tumult and quitted from the intanglements of other Humors to wit of the Blood and Serum For which ends sometimes the opening of a Vein is convenient and Blisterings are always to be made use of also Diacodium and Laudanum if it be convenient are frequently given and in the mean time whilst that Opiates give some truce to the Disease the cause of it ought carefully to be rooted out by the use of other Remedies as much as may be wherefore such as take away the sharpness of the Blood and nervous Juice and render a sweetness to them are to be administred day after day in Physical hours In which rank are shelly Powders Apozems and Distilled Waters Alterers made out of temperate Antiscorbuticks the more gentle prepared Chalybeats Spirits of Harts-horn and of Sut and almost before all other things the Tincture of Antimony is much esteemed There remains another sort of thorow or long Waking the cause of which in some if not in the greatest part consists in almost a continual openness or too much gaping of the Pores or passages in the Cortex of the Brain For besides that the Animal Spirits becoming sharp and somewhat outragious refuse to lye down of their own accord and to indulge rest moreover no stop or yoke is imposed upon them from the nervous Liquor entring into the Pores of the Brain but being free and quitted of all burthens they are also expanded within the exterior spaces of the Brain every where open wherefore for this cause those troubled with long Waking
good dyet let her take also Morning and Evening a Dose of Cephalick Powder or Electuary drinking after it a draught of Posset drink with the leaves of Sage or Betony or the Roots or Seeds of Poeony boiled in it Let the Infant take twice a day a spoonful of proper Distilled Water Let him have an Issue made in the nape of the Neck and let it lye sometimes on one side and sometimes on the other and rarely or never on its back If a Neck-lace of Coral or little balls of the Seeds or Roots of the male Poeony be worn about the Neck or at the pit of the Stomach it is not altogether useless if that in sleep being often and grievously shaken they are seen to be more dangerously troubled with this Distemper let Blisters be raised in the hinder part of the Neck or behind the Ears also Evening and Morning let there be daily given a Dose of the Powder of Ammoniacum or other proper Dose in a spoonful of Distilled Water or Iulep CHAP. VII Of the Vertigo or a turning round in the Head HAving viewed the exterior compass of either part of the Head and detected the Diseases which beset the sensitive soul about the first beginnings and last springs of the Animal Spirits we shall next descend to the middle part of the Brain where the phantasie and common sense reside and behold what kind of passions these parts are obnoxious to Concerning this in the first place we shall note that sometimes troops or rather mighty armies of Spirits inhabiting these places are affected and sometimes also small handfuls or bands then again many of them are affected together or else only a few at a time or they become Elastick from an heterogeneous Copula and so are compelled into inordinate motions or as it were explosive or shooting off as in the Epileptick fit or suffering an eclipse as in the Apoplexy are deprived of all motion Concerning the former disposition of the Spirits we have formerly treated largely enough and the astonishing Disease we shall handle afterwards But in this place we shall speak of a certain Passion or distemper belonging to these parts viz. the Vertigo in which a certain band or handful of the Spirits are affected and their motions are seen to be partly perverted and partly suppressed Being but little solicitous about the names by which the Vertigo is wont to be known we shall describe the nature or formal reason of it after this manner viz. The Vertigo is an Affection or Distemper in which the visible objects seem to turn round and the sick feel a perturbation or confusion of the Animal Spirits in the Brain that they do not rightly flow into the Nerves Wherefore the visive and the loco-motive faculties do often in some measure fail that those labouring with it fall and oftentimes are covered with darkness In this fit it is observed that the imagination and the common sense are in a manner deceived whilst they believe the quiet objects to be moved but the rational judgment remains for we understand our error and we presently ascribe this fallacy to the inordination of the Animal Spirits for that we plainly know that the spirits flowing within the Brain do decline from their wonted irradiation or beaming forth and do not rightly perform the offices of motion and sensation during the fit That we may find out the Morbific Cause and the preternatural manner of the Vertigo we shall inquire after what manner this same affection or Distemper how extempory or sudden soever it be is wont to be excited from non-natural things for men ordinarily become Vertiginous or have a turning in their head with a long turning round of the body looking down from an high place passing over Bridges Sailing and by Drunkenness and many other ways It will be worth our while to consider a little further the means of affecting by which these exterior actions stir up this turning or rolling about from whence it will the better appear what kind of intrinsick causes â—ay be able to excite this passion In the first place therefore when men are foâ—â—ome time turned about both in that motion all things seem to be turned about and also they ceasing from turning about that still continues in the phantasie so that the affected oftentimes fall to the ground further though they shut their eyes they still perceive as it were a turning round like the turning about of a Mill in the Brain The reason of these is not that the deception of the sight is first brought to the eyes and afterwards continued for some time because this affection is caused by the turning round of the body whether they look with or shut their eyes But indeed the cause of this apparition wholly depends upon the fluid substance of the animal spirits For that the spirits flowing within the Brain are even like to water or a thick heap of Vapors included in a Phial which being shaken round about together with the Vessel and made so to turn about continues for a time that motion though the Vessel stands still in like manner also when the body of a man is turned round about the spirits inhabiting the Brain from that turning about of the Head like the containing Vessel are agitated into spiral or round motions and when therefore they cannot irradiate the Nerves with their wonted influx and direct beams from hence oftentimes a Scotomy or dizzness and a failing of the feet together with a rotation or whirling about of visible objects are induced The visible Hemisphere seems to turn round because as the sensible impression is received by the means of the recipient so the objects as the spirits seem to be moved round about Secondly looking from on high and passing over Bridges stir up a Vertigo or giddiness in the Head for that there is a terror cast on the imagination from unaccustomed objects as also from the site of the body or going in danger whence that being very solicitous how it should rightly order and more firmly direct the spirits into the bodies of the Nerves calls them back into the middle part of the Brain and so perverts them from their wonted afflux and irradiation and whilst it indeavours to set their battel in better array and to direct them more surely by too great a care drives them into a certain confusion and irregular motion Wherefore 't is observed that drunken men and very bold because they are not careful or solicitous concerning the guiding of the animal spirits suffer no such thing Sailing or riding in a Coach causes a turning in the Head by the like reason as the turning round of the Body because the very fluid spirits being too much agitated like water shaken in a Glass leap hither and thither disorderly Further it is wholly for the same reason why many going by Ship or by Coach are subject also to cruel Vomiting to wit because the spirits being snatched
in the compounded Poeony water and boiled up to the consistency of Lozenges six ounces make Lozenges according to art weighing each half a dram Eat of them three or four twice in a day drinking after every Dose of the liquors before mentioned Take of the Powder of Virginian Snakeweed two drams of the lesseâ— Galingal one dram of the gummed extracts of the remains of the distillation of the Elixir Vitae of Quercitan two drams of the Flowers of Sal Armoniack or the most pure Volatile Salt of Sut or Harts-horn one dram of the Balsom of Peru one scruple of the Balsom of Capivus what will suffice to make a mass let it be made into small Pills involved in the Species Diambre The Dose is half a dram evening or morning Take of the Resine or Gum of Guaicum three drams of the Species Diambre one dram of the Chymical Oyl of Guaicum rightly rectified one dram and a half of liquid Amber what will suffice to make a mass let it be formed into Pills to be taken after the same manner If that the Palsie happens in a Cholerick temper or to a young Man it admits only of milder Medicines and all the more hot things and Elastick do but imbitter the Disease The following forms are in use for the taking away of its foregoing cause Take of the Conserves of the Flowers of Betony of Fumitory of Primroses each two ounces of the Species Diambre one dram of Ivory Crabs Eyes and Claws each four scruples of the Powder of the Flowers of Poeony two drams of Lignum Aloes of yellow Sanders each one dram of the Salt of Wormwood one dram and a half and with the Syrup of the Flowers of Poeony what will suffice make an Electuary The Dose is two drams twice in a day drinking after it either the simple water of the Flowers of Aron or of the following Compounded Water three ounces or of the Decoction of Sage with the leaves of Tea infused in it four or six ounces Take of the Roots of Aron or Cuckopint of the male Poeony Angelica Imperatoria each half a pound of the Flowers of Sage Rosemary Marjoram Brooklime Water-Cresses each four handfuls of the rinds of six Oranges and four Lemons of Primroses Cowslips Marigold flowers each three handfuls let them be all bruised and cut and pour to them of new Milk six pints of Malaga Wine one quart distil them in common Stils and let the whole liquor be mixed together Sometimes instead of the Electuary may be taken between whiles for fourteen or fifteen days of the Syrup of Steel of which let one spoonful be taken in three ounces of the distilled Water It may be made after this manner Take of the whitest Sugar dissolved in black Cherry Water and boil'd up to a consistency eight ounces adding to it of our Steel in Powder three drams let them be stirred together over the fire and then by degrees pour to it of the Water of Rosemary warm twelve ounces let it boil gently for a quarter of an hour scumming it and pouring it forth warm thorow an hair sieve or strainer There may be also made steeled Lozenges after this manner to wit with Sugar sufficiently boiled with Steel adding of the Chymical Oyl of Amber or of Rosemary half a dram and presently let it be poured forth that it may flow into a consistency of Lozenges The Dose is two drams twice in a day drinking after it of distilled Water or of the following Apozem six ounces Take of China Root one ounce of the shavings of Ivory Harts-born each half an ounce of white and yellow Sanders of the Wood of the Mastick-tree each half an ounce let them be infused in warm water and close stopt for a whole night six pints in the morning add to them of the Roots of Chervil of sweet smelling Avens of Broom and Parsley each one ounce and a half of the dryed leaves of ground Ivy Sage Germander Betony each one handful of Coriander seeds three drams let them be boiled till half is consumed then add to it of white Wine half a pint and strain it into a jugg upon the leaves of Water-Cresses bruised two handful Let it infuse warm and close shut for two hours strain it again and keep it in a close Vessel well stopt In the Scorbutick Palsie the Juices and expressions of Herbs do often bring notable help Take of the leaves of Brooklime Water-Cresses and Plantan fresh gathered each four handfuls bruise them together and pour to them of the distilled Water but now described eight ounces squeese the juice strongly forth and keep it in a glass and take of it twice or thrice in a day three or four ounces At the extream Physical hours viz. Morning and Evening may be taken these following Pills Take of Millipedes prepared three drams and a half of Pearls one dram and a half of the Root of the Cretick Dittany one dram Venice Turpentine what will suffice to make a mass let it be formed into small Pills the Dose is half a dram drinking after it a draught of the distilled Water For ordinary drink let there be prescribed either a Bochet of Sarse China yellow Sanders c. or small Ale with the dryed leaves of ground Ivy boiled in it and of Sage with the Wood of Sassafras infused therein 2. Whilst these things are doing for the taking away the foregoing cause of the Disease there is no less a curatory care required for its conjunct cause to wit that all obstructed places being opened they might admit the Animal Spirits free from stupefaction and that they may pass freely thorow There are two chief kinds of Remedies which conduce to those ends viz. one particular and private to be applied to the distemper'd places to wit that by Fomentations Oyntments Plasters and such like outward applications the sleepy Spirits might be awakned and their passages opened the other universal to wit that the Blood and Spirits and the other humors and the active Particles flowing in the whole Body being very much agitated and put into a rapit motion like a torrent they might cast down and remove all impacted heaps or stays by which the Spirits are obstructed The administrations used to the distempered parts are so ordinarily and commonly known that it were superfluous to insist here on the describing them more largely First Liniments made out of Oyls Oyntments and Balsoms are to be applied according to the temper of the Patient more or less hot and with frictions or strong rubbing twice a day Sometimes before these are made use of Fomentations made of Cephalick Herbs or spices boiled in Spring Water adding to it sometimes Strong Waters Wine or Bear or their Lees. Further oftentimes it is convenient to make about the distemper'd places Blisters and to use Cupping-glasses and Medicines to take away the hairs and to raise pimples Little Bags and Plasters often help Moreover
his belly swell'd his breathing was yet more hard and troublesome that he could now scarely draw breath His Pulse was very weak and upon any motion of his Body he had frequent swoonings away and loss of Spirits Hence as there 〈…〉 rce any place left for purging Cordials and Antiparalytick Remedies were only to be insisted on but notwithstanding the use of which this sick man within a fortnights time labouring for many hours under a Dyspnoe or want of breath at length expired The immediate cause of whose Death I suspect to have been the manifold concretions of the blood in the Heart for when the motion of the Praecordia for a long time was very much hindred there seems nothing more probable than that these kind of gobbets as it were fleshy should increase within the Ventricles of the Heart For the illustrating of the Theory of the Palsie a little more and also of the Lethargy and Carus I shall add this other example with Anatomical observations which happened whilst the former were in the Press A little one a little above three years old of a moist or humid Brain as appeared by most grievous sore Eyes and the watry whelks or pustles of the face to which it was sometimes obnoxious falling ill about the beginning of Autumn with a slow Feavour and lost Appetite it became very torpid and sleepy so that it would sleep almost continually day and night but being awake he knew those standing about him and answered very aptly to their Questions To this Child fit Remedies being presently and diligently given viz. Clysters Blistering Plasters Purges also Juleps Spirits of Harts-horn Powders with many others used in these cases they prevailed so much that within six or seven days the sick Child being free from its Feavour waking enough and desiring Food seemed to grow well and to have scarce any more need of a Physician But in a short time after by what occasion uncertain falling into a relapse and again sleepy was presently seised with a most grievous stupefaction so that it was hardly to be awakened and scarce knew any one or what it did it self the next day being plainly stupid though being strongly pulled it did open its Eyes it would roll them about hither and thither and saw nothing but within a day or two a Palsie follow'd in its whole right side The former Remedies were repeated and besides sneezing Medicines chawing Medicines to draw down Rheum by the mouth a taking away of Blood with Poultisses applied to the Feet and all its Head being shaven drawing Plasters were put all over its Head with other Medicines and ways of administrations prescribed in order nothing profited but that this sick Child after its lying so insensible for four or five days at length its breath and Pulse failing dyed It s dead Body being opened we found almost all things sound enough in the lower and middle bellies i. e. in the Belly and Breast unless that in the right Kidney a whitish mattery Humor or as it were a thin Corruption had begun to be heaped together which plentifully flowed forth out of some parts of the Kidney being disfected and squeezed together This did seem to have been the beginning or a certain rudiment of a future Imposthum and perhaps by reason of the Serum not sufficiently separated here it s greater plenty had slowed to the Brain For the top of the Skull being taken away the anterior region of the Head almost to the insertion of the fourth bosom swelled up being covered with clear water shining thorow the Membranes which presently flowed forth when the Meninges were dissected Further in this place portions of the Brain being by pieces cut off appeared too wet and without any red or bloody pricks but in the hinder border of the Brain the Vessels were red with blood and the Cortical substance appeared without tumor or deluge of water more close and firm From these as we have affirmed before it manifestly appeared that the cause of the Lethargy did depend upon the watry flood or as it were Anasarca or Dropsie of the outward part of the Brain The Brain being cut piece-meal and an hole made in the anterior cavity distended by the water the clear water being before as it were penned up within a more narrow space leaped forth a great plenty of which had filled all the Ventricles to the top and as it seems by compressing the Optick chambers as in the other case above described brought in blindness and by entring or pressing together one of the Streaked Bodies or its Pores caused the Palsie The Choroeidal Infoldings appeared as it were half boiled whitish and almost without blood It is probable that the water did flow forth of these Vessels by which the Ventricles of the Brain were overflown all or at least the greatest part of it although in this case if as some think the watry Latex or Humor sliding down lower from the shelly part of the Brain the Brain being at length thorowly passed thorow did rain down into these bosoms we may from thence aptly fetch a reason wherefore the Lethargy at first thought to be cured returned afterwards more cruel accompanied with blindness and the Palsie to wit because at first the stock of the sleepy matter falling down from the shelly part of the Brain into its cavity the animal function was a little cleared but afterwards when new matter sprung up in the Cortex of the Brain and this sliding forward into its bosom was heaped up to a fulness for that reason happened the relapse of the former Disease with those companions of blindness and the Palsie But although the Dropsie of the interior Brain or the inundation of its Ventricles by compressing either the Streaked Bodies or the optick chambers raised up the Palsie or blindness or by pulling the beginnings of the Nerves the Convulsive Distempers yet it appears most evidently by our late Anatomical observation that the Lethargy did not arise from any such cause but only from the exterior part of the Brain being overflowed or pressed together A certain Gentleman a long time unhealthy after he had laboured almost for five months with the Colick or rather with a wandring Scorbutical Gout in which not only the Viscera and Loins were troubled with great torments but moreover the Membranes and Muscles of the whole Body were almost continually tormented and at length he suffered sometimes most horrid Convulsions in his Members sometimes resolutions and sometimes a Phrensie in his Head and sometimes as it were Apoplectical fits or a darkness in his Eyes so that being worn out his strength and spirits wholly exhausted he dyed Almost seven days except the last but one before he dyed being more strong as to his Sense and Intellect he lived almost perpetually without sleep though gentle or the more strong Opiates were given him yet he could not sleep at all A little before this waking from a Vesicatory applied to the hinder
part of his Neck an immense quantity of water flowed and from that time even till he dyed it still flowed forth hence as I suspect he became so waking by reason of the watry humor being so greatly drawn away from the Brain The head of this dead Man being opened the interior cavities of the Brain or all the Ventricles being filled to the top with clear water appeared as if they were distended yea the medullary cord it self about the top of the Back-bone seemed to be drowned and compassed about with water laid up there Without doubt for this reason the Pains and Convulsions so cruelly tormented him in his Loins Members and all over his Body and by reason of the deluge in the Ventricles he became obnoxious to blindness of his sight and to frequent loosenings of his limbs Nevertheless hence no Lethargy but a waking was induced by reason of the waters being so much derived from the compass of the Brain by the Blistering Plasters He had also a Dropsie in his Breast by reason of his Lungs being much vitiated His Liver appeared of a mighty bulk besprinkled every where with white spots and almost without blood so that to these faults of the Viscera the vices of the Blood and nervous juice ought in some measure to be ascribed CHAP. X. Of the Delirium and Phrensie THUS much concerning Cephalick Diseases by which the Animal Functions by themselves and as they are Corporeal without any respect to the Animal Soul are wont to be hindred or perverted In some of which viz. the Vertigo and Palsie the Intellect for the most part remains clear and lively and in the rest like the eye placed in an obscure place it beholds the species either not at all or a few objects only of a more rude appearance but is not easily snatched into any great error or fury which kind of symptoms are ordinarily induced by reason of other Distempers of the Head and of the Spirits inhabiting it of which we are now about to treat For if at any time the Imagination is so disturbed or perverted that it falsly conceives or evilly composes or divides the species and notions brought from the Sense or Memory presently for that reason the intellect beholds or forms conceptions and thoughts only deformed distracted one from another and very confused Which indeed are represented to it from the Brain evilly affected and as it were monsters from a multiplying or distorted Glass As there are many ways by which the Imagination and by consequence the mind and will and the other powers of the superior soul are wont to be perverted or depraved all of them are noted by the common word Foolishness or talking idly But this Distemper is distinguished into shorter which is called a Delirium and into a longer or continual which is either conjoined with a Feavour and termed Phrensie or it happens without a Feavour and then their is joyned with it either raving sadness or stupidity and so it is divided into madness melancholy and morosity or foolishness we shall speak of each of these in order and first of the Delirium and Phrensie Although the Delirium is not a Disease of it self but only a symptom proceeding from other Distempers yet because it happens in some of them that for the most part it is cured by Remedies appropriate to it therefore it will not be amiss for us to inquire a little more strictly into the causes and nature of it This word taken after an especial manner is the same with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or a going crooked or out of the right or straight way and denotes an hurt of the same Animal Function such as ariseth in fits of the Feavour Drunkenness and sometimes in the passions called Hysterical and induces men for a short time to think speak or do absurd things either some of these or all of them together The Delirium is excited forasmuch as the Animal Spirits being either too much irritated or acted into confusion are carried tumultuously into disorders hither and thither within the globous compass of the Brain where the Phantasie and Memory have their seats and so whilst the various images of the imagination and the memory being excited at once are confounded together they object only incongruous and absurd phantasies to the rational Soul and so both the acts of the intellect and the will are only inordinately chosen or drawn forth In like manner it happens by reason that the Animal Spirits being moved within the middle of the Brain or the Callous Body that incongruous conceptions and confused thoughts are objected to the rational Soul as in a long circumgyration or turning about of the body the images of visible things are carried to the common sense whence all things seem to be turned about and sometimes to be lifted up and sometimes to be depressed to the ground that nothing is beheld stable or standing in its due place and position In a Brain rightly disposed the motion of the Animal Spirits are performed as it were in certain numbers ways and measures whilst some Spirits are raised up in these tracts others lye still in those and so they succeed one another in their motions and the several acts of every faculty are made distinct like so many wavings of water in a River but in the Delirium all the Spirits leap forth at once and meeting one another tumultuously or variously laying hold on one another are agitated like mad Bacchanals Further even as these being struck with such a fury within the compass of the Brain do stir up manifold and very much disturbed cogitations so whilst they are carried without its confines into the nervous original they produce incongruous speeches absurd gestures of the body and members and not rarely Convulsive motions But for that such a rage of the spirits otherways than in the Phrensie or Madness presently grows cool and their tumult being over none of their wandring tracts are imprinted in the Brain the Delirium soon passes over and the distemper'd come immediately to themselves again without any marks left of their foolishness or idle raving If it be demanded from whence this short fury is impressed on the spirits inhabiting the Brain that the Reins of the mind being shaken off they turn thus all things upside down in their government we say that they conceive this kind of inordination from a twofold reason to wit this rage or madness is brought immediately to them from the blood washing the frame of the Brain or some Animal Spirits outwardly dwelling in the nervous Stock enter first of all into some disorder then the same being communicated by the nervous passages affecting in like manner the spirits there inhabiting stirs them into a Delirium There are various causes and kinds of either of these the chief of which we shall here touch upon and first shall be shewed how and for what occasions the Blood being either
somewhat but the Spirits themselves are first and chiefly in fault It is observed in Mad men that these three things are almost common to all viz. First That their Phantasies or Imaginations are perpetually busied with a storm of impetuous thoughts so that night and day they are muttering to themselves various things or declare them by crying out or by bauling out aloud Secondly That their notions or conceptions are either incongruous or represented to them under a false or erroneous image Thirdly To their Delirium is most often joyned Audaciousness and Fury contrary to Melancholicks who are always infected with Fear and Sadness These primary symptoms of Madness in the Animal Spirits indued with the nature of Stygian-Water may be thence most aptly deduced as appears clearly by what follows For first the Particles of Stygian-Water are highly active and unquiet and in perpetual motion hence the Effluvia's falling from them continually strike the Nostrils and the Liquor being poured forth from the Vessel meeting with some other bodies grows very hot and penetrates their Pores and Passages the reason of which is because the Saline Particles being conjoyned with the Sulphureous shake one another and will not cohere with any of another kind In like manner we may suppose that the Animal Spirits being stilled forth from the Blood filled as it were with a Nitrous sulphur are indued with a notable mobility or unquietness which for that reason being stretched forth from the middle of the Brain on every side both in its compass and in the nervous System and being from thence perpetually reflected produce unbridled Phantasies and almost never interrupted and also great and perpetual inordinations both of the sensitive and loco-motive function Secondly the Effluvia's exhaling from Nitrous or Stygian Spirits do not so much evaporate from open spaces but being very penetrating cut every where new ones almost in every subject where they are able to break thorow yea most bodies containing these kind of Spirits or the things laid upon the mouths of the Vessels are so bored thorow by them that they are presently rendred friable or brittle and fall into small bits In like manner we believe that the Animal Spirits in the Distemper of Madness becoming very moveable and very much sharpned out of their morbid nature do so likewise leave their former tracts of going and returning to and fro and do cut for themselves every where in the Brain new little spaces or walks and plainâ—y â—â—vious in which whilst they slow they produce unaccustomed notions and very absurd whence there is a necessity that the distemper'd do speak and imagine for the most part incongruous and discomposed things at once confounding things past with things present or to come and contrary or opposite things Thirdly it is observed that the vaporous little bodies falling away from the Nitrosuâ—phureous Spirits of Minerals do not only subsist in the neighbourhood as the breath exhaling from acetous Liquors but are diffused very far and on every side into remote places I have often seen when the Spirit of Nitre has been mixed with the Butter of Antimony that the whole Chamber has been filled with a black smoke ascending from those Stygian Liquors When Aqua fortis or the Spirit of Nitre being poured from the Alembick or drawn forth by a gentle heat a most sharp vapor has pierced the Nostrils and Lungs of those standing afar off which certainly happens by reason of joyning together of the fluid Salt and the ragâ—ng Sulphur the little bodies of either of which mutually incite one another and so being combined together are carried farther Indeed after the same manner it seems to be concerning the Animal Spirits in Mad-men which for that they are of the same nature as Stygian Water quickly passing thorow both the frame of the Brain and its Appendix cause the distemper'd not only to be furious but as it were Demoniacks or possessed with the Devil so that being free from any fear or languishing they enter upon any thing boldly and expose themselves fearless to sword or fire also by reason of the prodigious putting forth of their Spirits with a mighty strength they often break asunder bonds and chains and overthrow at once many strong men resisting and going about to restrain them The comparing of the Animal Spirits with Stygian Water or the Nitro sulphureous Spirit clearly shews what is the conjunct or immediate cause of Madness to wit which seems to consist not so much in an adult bile or humor or black and sharp vapour being suddenly suffused into the Brain and inciting the Spirits inhabiting it into rage and fury for such a vapour or humor either exhales of its own accord or may be soon removed by the help of Remedies and so the madness thence excited would pass away as quickly and as easily as the Fury or Delirium produced by the eating of wild Parsnips but rather raging Mad-men are habitually so made because their Animal Spirits degenerate from a gentle and benigne nature as also a subtil and very active disposition to wit a Spirituous-saline into another more sharp to wit partaking of a fluid Salt an Arsenical Sulphur As to what belongs to the more remote or antecedent causes of Madness viz. by reason of which the Animal Spirits acquire a most sharp disposition before we come to these we ought to shew how and by what reason or means a certain Corrosive Latex or water such as we suppose the Animal Spirits with its Vehicle to be is begotten and is able to subsist in the humane body Truly that most sharp humors are sometimes begotten in our bodies plainly appears by many observations We have elsewhere made mention of a Noble Man grievously obnoxious to distempers of the Brain and Nerves whose sweat when he was in a fit presently eat thorow his shirt or made it so crumbling or friable as if it had been dipt in Aqua fortis It is an usual thing for some to render by Vomit oftentimes as it were a Vitriolick water corroding the coats of the Oesophagus and the Palat Further Cancrous Scrophulous and Pestilential Ulcers shew a most sharp humor by which the flesh and Membranes are eaten as it were with Aqua fortis with a blackness poured on them Further it is observed that Corrosive Stagmas not chiefly brought forth in the Blood are affixed to the musculous flesh or to the Parenchyma of the Viscera but more frequently being procreated in the nervous liquor being laid up with its Latex in the nervous parts or their Emunctories do produce Aposthums and Pockey Septick and other foul and filthy Ulcers For these are most often excited in the Glandulas or near the Tendons or Membranes and when as the humor falling away from them is first thin and watry and afterwards becomes black very stinking and corrosive it is a sign indeed that the nervous Liquor it self is changed into that sort of putrefaction
It easily occurs if the reason of these be inquired into that the Latex watering the Brain and nervous Appendix doth contain in it self together with a subtil Spirit great plenty of volatile Salt Therefore when this is so depraved that the Spirit being depressed the Saline Particles degenerate into a flux and acquire to themselves little Sulphureous bodies it becomes plainly Corrosive and Stygian Wherefore malignant humors and Ulcers chiefly happen in the nervous parts and their Emunctories and there are excited upon any light occasion as when a small hurt happens to the Breast of a Woman a Cancer follows because indeed the nervous humor being hindred somewhere in its passage doth there stagnate presently the Spirit being depressed or flying away the Saline Particles degenerating from a volatile to a four nature get to themselves soon after strange companions and snatching either Eartâ—y or Sulphureous little bodies or of some other kind begin to congeal into Sâ—â—â—hous Strumous or Cancrous Tumors And when after this manner by the stagnating of the nervous Liquor and by its getting an heterogeneous concretion the Mine of a Tumor is blown up in some part and the supplements of the same liquor are continually perverted into the like nature of viciousness to which also happen the Melancholâ—ck impurities poured forth from the Blood and other humors which with their joined forces encrease the rage even as when diverse Salts and Sulphurs are destilled together and constitute in the distemper'd part a Septick matter and like to the Escharotick or crusting up of Stygian Water According to this reasoning or Aetiology the irregularities of these kind of Tumors as also the appearance of the Kings-Evil are most aptly unfolded If that the nervous Liquor so corrosive and made degenerate doth not grow into Tumors flowing into the nervous Fibres it is wont to cause here and there most cruel Pains and Cramps But as this Liquor of the Nerves being depraved after this manner stirs up the aforefaid Distempers in the nervous parts so it is not difficult to conceive that the same water for that it is for a Vehicle of the Animal Spirits flowing in the Brain doth acquire together with those Spirits a Corrosive and as it were a Stygian nature and for that reason excites Madness The depravation of the Animal Spirits together with the juice watering the Brain or the disposition of Madness is wont to arise after various ways and for diverse causes but truly for the most part this Distemper as we have observed of Melancholy begins either from the Spirits themselves or else from the Blood First Madness beginning from the Spirits arises sometimes from an evident solitary cause as a violent Passion sometimes also it proceeds from a foregoing cause lying in the Brain as when it comes upon Melancholy or a Phrensie We shall a little weigh the reasons of either case and the various manner of their being made 1. As to the former when a vehement affection puts any one besides himself that happens to be made thus either because the Animal Spirits are too much overthrown and hurried into confusion or because they are elevated above measure and endeavour to stretch themselves forth beyond their sphere First The Spirits are wont to be cast down by a violent and terrible Passion so it often happens that some being struck with a panick fear by seeing a true or an imaginary Spectre or Ghost afterwards fall into a perpetual Madness Further some by reason of some notable disgrace or repulse others by reason of their hopes of obtaining their Love being suddenly and unthought of frustrated and others by reason of a rash breaking their oaths or vows and violated Conscience being first highly troubled in mind anon become Mad. The reason of which is because the Animal Spirits being driven beyond their orders and wonted passages and put into confusion do make for themselves new and devious ways which entring into immediately they bring forth delirious Phantasms in the mean time the Saline Particles of the nervous juice the spirituous being depressed depart from their volatileness and suffering a flux assume to themselves the Sulphureous little bodies poured forth from the Blood into the then weak and open Brain From whence this Liquor being most sharp like Stygian Water and the Animal Spirits becoming fierce and very much incited become furious Secondly Sometimes the Animal Spirits whilst they are too much elevated almost after the same manner induce both to themselves and the nervous juice the mad disposition Hence Ambition Pride and Emulation have made some mad the reason of which is because whilst the Corporeal Soul swelling up with an opinion and pride of its own excellency lifts up it self and endeavours on every side to expand or stretch it self forth most amply beyond the border or sphere of its body the Animal Spirits being tumultuarily called into the Head will not be contained within their wonted bounds but being there broken and diversly reflected by reason of their too much excretion are compelled into new and plainly devious tracts wherefore both they being thrust forth from the course of their proper emanation and also the nervous Liquor do quickly acquire a sharp and incitative Disposition as was said but now for that reason Madness follows Thus much concerning Madness excited by reason of a solitary evident cause but this Disease doth also arise from a Procatartick cause preexisting in the Brain and chiefly from Melancholy or the Phrensie going before in that the Animal Spirits with the nervous juice being a little more exalted and in this a little more depressed acquire the disposition of Madness As to the former it is a vulgar observation that sudden and great Melancholy is for the most part next to Madness the reason of which is because when the Animal Spirits together with the nervous liquor degenerate into a sourness are perverted there only wants the accession of Sulphur by which they afterwards getting a Stygian nature may induce Madness as when an acid Liquor distilled out of Vitriol or Salt by the addition of Sal Nitrosus becomes Aqua fortis but indeed in a great passion of Melancholy because the Spirits being disturbed the passages of the Brain are too open the Sulphureous Particles carried from the Bilous and Rancid Blood find an easie entrance and so the former sour or acid disposition turns into a Stygian or Maddish Hence it is observed if any one of a more hot temperament falls into a Melancholick Delirium with fear and sadness forasmuch as the Sulphureous Particles in its humors are joyned to the Salts being depressed into a flux that sadness and thinking at the beginning very readily a short time after becomes madness Secondly for that also a Phrensie often ends in Madness the reason is almost the same with the former but inverted to wit because in a Phrensie the Spirits and the nervous Liquor becoming Sulphureous
let there be prepared Carminative Decoctions or such as expel wind or bitter Decoctions in which are dissolved Electuary Diacatholicon Diaphoenicon or of Laurel berries or Species Hierae Also to these Liquors it is usual to add the Infusion of Crocus Metallorum three or four ounces or of the Emollient Decoction one pint add of Venice Treacle dissolved with the yolk of an Egg one ounce or an ounce and a half or Take of sound Vrine one pint of Venice Turpentine dissolved one ounce and a half of Molossus one ounce mix them and make a Clyster I have known this oftentimes to bring great help the reason of which seems to be for that the Balsamick Particles of the Turpentine comfort the Intestines and besides being received by the Blood in the Veins and with it circulated thorow the whole Body moves the Urine so that by such a Clyster plenty of water follows and always is rendred with a smell like Violets Perhaps also the Particles of the Turpentine being every where diffused either move the stagnating Morbific matter or incline the acetous or otherways degenerate to a better disposition Whilst the Intestines are thus washed with Clysters and are cherished within Fomentations are likewise to be applied to the outer parts of the Belly Take of the leaves of both the Mallows of Mercury of Pellitory each four handfuls of the Flowers of Elder Chamomil and Melilot each two handfuls the head of a Sheep cut in pieces Let them be boiled in as much Spring-water as will suffice strain it and use it for a Fomentation with hot linnen stuphes dipt in it and wrung forth and shifting them apply them by turns Repeating them as often as the more strong pains do come upon them In the intervals Pultesses or Oyntments may be administer'd Make a Pultess of bruised Herbs adding to it of oaten meal what will suffice which may be laid to the belly covering it with little square bags made for that purpose Let one of these at a time be made hot in a pan set over hot coals with the Oyl of Earth-worms or of Frogs lay them on warm shifting them as soon as one grows cold Or Take of the Oyl of Earth-worms or of Frogs what will suffice and anoint the pained part after the Fomentation and lay upon it a thin sheet of fine brown paper dipt in it The Caul of a Lamb or the Lungs or the Inwards of any other Beast being laid warm to the Belly and so shifted sometimes wonderfully eases the pain I have observed in some Constitutions and temperaments that Fomentations or Bathings made of hot things and applied hot have rather made the pains worse than eased them wherefore in these cases it will seem good to prescribe Fomentations of the solutions of Nitre or of Sal Armoniack or other Chymical Liquors as in the pains of the Gout and sometimes as Septalius says of pure cold water But if the torments of the Belly do not remit by the use of these Hypnoticks must be used which being given in a just Dose oftentimes give great truces In the mean time that the tired Spirits may be refreshed and strength preserved there must be yet instituted a farther provision against the Disease Take of liquid Landanum Tartarisated from sixteen drops to twenty let it be given going to sleep in a spoonful of the water of Chamomil flowers drinking after it six spoonfuls of the same water Let it be repeated every other or every third night if the pains be very great In a more hot Constitution Take of the water of Chamomil flowers three ounces of the Syrup of Poppies half an ounce of Aqua mirabilis two drams make a draught to be taken at the hour of Sleep In the mean time whilst these things are doing for the allaying the pains evacuating Remedies have their turns for the discussing or at least for the loosning the matter impacted in the morbid nests to wit that both the Colick Mine may be wholly extirpated and also that the supplements or its cherishment be cut off that they may not more increase For these ends a Vomit where it is convenient and a gentle purging ought to be ordered and also in an hot temperament where there is a Feavour or where it is feared letting of Blood Take of the Sulphur of Antimony from five grains to seven or eight of the Conserves of Borrage one Dram let it be given in the Morning with government In this case may be given according to the judgment of the Physician present either an Infusion of Crocus Metallorum or of Mercurius Vitae The Emerick Tartar of Mynsicht the expression of the leaves of Asarum and in more tender Constitutions Salt of Vitriol and Wine and Oxymel of Squills Purges must be given only in a small Dose and such as are choice lest they move a nauseousness in the stomach of the sick Take of the Resine of Ialap of Scammony each five grains of the Cream of Tartar one scruple of Cinnamon powdered four grains make a Powder or let it be reduced into Pills or into a Bolus with the Conserves of the Flowers of Borrage or Damask Roses Take of Scammony sulphurated half a scruple of the Cream of Tartar fifteen grains of Diaphoretick Antimony one scruple make a Powder and let it be given after the same manner If there be not a Feavour a Dose of Stomach Pills cum Gummi may be given or of Amber by it self or with the Resine of Ialap Take of Pill Rudii twenty five Grains or half a dram of Laudamon one grain make four Pills let them be taken at the hour of rest These at first cause sleep and Purge in the morning Or Take of Calomelanos one scruple of the Resine of Ialap six grains of Scammony four grains of Ammoniacum what will suffice make four Pills to be taken going to rest In a long and tedious Colick when all other Remedies help little or nothing I have often known this Medicine being once or twice given to have moved Salivation with the greatest ease to the sick For when the morbific matter being heaped together and thorowly impacted in the nervous Infoldings and other places about the Abdomen could not be moved by any other Medicines the Mercurial Particles every way unfolding themselves easily dissolve it and divide it into small bits and drive it up and down hither and thither and at length wholly dissipate it Wherefore in a long and pertinacious Colick a gentle Salivation sometimes may be very happily administer'd Baths and Sweating Medicines are ordinarily wont to be prescribed in the pains of the Colick but as to our observation very rarely with success For that these by shaking the Blood and nervous humor cause them to lay up still more matter into the Colick Mine yea and that matter there deposited to grow more hot and raging and very rarely wholly shake it off Diureticks are wont
acquired 34. what natural instinct brings to them ibid. some examples and instances of it ibid. Brutes in some things are taught by the impressions of sensible things 35. the direct sensible Species creates in them the Phantasy and memory ibid. the reflected the Appetite 36. by example imitation and institution also 37. how far 't is they are able to know ibid. their Syllogisms 38. their raciocination what and how vile 39 A Burning-Glass placed before a dark Chamber declares how light is made 77 C. CAros how it differs from the Lethargy and Apoplexy 136. its seat a little deeper in the Brain than that of the Lethargy ibid. it s conjunct cause ibid. 't is either a primary Disease or comes upon other distempers ibid. its prognosticks 137. its cure the same with the Lethargy and Apoplexy ibid. its Histories ibid. Cartesius and others their opinions concerning the Souls of Brutes 3 Coma waking its description 141. its causes shown ibid. more often a Symptom than a Disease ibid. V. Caros Colick whence its denomination 225. why counted among the Diseases of the Nervous stock ibid. its description ibid. its seat not always or often in the Gut Colon neither in its Cavity or Coats ibid. it s conjunct cause are not the contents of the intestines nor the humour impacted in the Membranes 226 the Nervous Liquor seems most of all to contribute to its cause ibid. its seat and part affected 227 228. why pains of the Loins often come upon Colick pains ibid. in what the foregoing cause consists ibid. the evident cause 229. the differences of this disease ibid. its prognosticks ibid. its câ—re ibid. to 233. its Histories 233 234 Corporeal Soul the subject of the rational 41. after what manner 't is affected in melancholy and madness 191 Custome its force 89. a notable example thereof ibid. D. DEafness sometimes proceeds from the loosness of the Drum 73 Declination of age disposes some to foolishness 211 Delirium what it is 179 its formal reason ibid. its causes either from the blood or ex teriour Spirits planted in the Nervous Stock 180. by what and how many ways it is caused by the blood ibid. how it proceeds from the irregularities of the exteriour spirits 181. its prognosticks ibid. its cure ibid. the primary Phaenomena of a melancholick Delirium and from what dispositions of the Spirits they proceed 188 Desire and aversion chiefly imploy the Soul 51. how excited c. ibid. to 53 Digby and others their opinion of the Souls of Brutes 3 Dreams what they are 93. sometimes excited by the Spirits inhabiting the Brain sometimes inhabiting other parts viz. the Stomach c. 94. they sometimes stir up local motions ibid. Drunkenness and looking down from high places c. how they cause a Vertigo 146 E. EAR and its uses 71 72 Eating is a certain solution 62 Epicurus and his late followers opinion that the Soul is made of Atoms 2 3 Epilepsy its seat the middle of the Brain which is the seat of the Apoplexy also 161. Eye its description and reason of its diverse conformation inquired into à p. 78 to 86 F. FEar its character c. 53 54 Feeling more thick but most ample of all the senses 60. its kinds c. from 60 to 62. what its proper organ 168 Fire its definition agrees by its causes and essences with the Soul of Brutes 5 Fishes why they rejoice rather in the Water than Air ibid. they breath by the Gills ibid. Flame V Fire part of the Soul 22 31 33. its difference from light 76 Foolishness V. Stupidity G. GAssendus his assertion of the Soul 4 according to him every body is either lâ—cid or illustrated 77 Gometius and Pereira deny the Souls of Brutes to have sense and perception 2 Gout a distemper of the Nervous Stock 214. its subject its appearances rehearsed ibid. parts affected 215. morbiâ—ick matter not any simple humour ibid. in its mine two humours concur and mutually grow hot exemplifyed how ibid. the Blood full of a fixed Salt as it were its feminine the Nervous Liquor being sharp the masculine seed 216. its foregoing causes ibid. 217 218. the evident causes of the goutish fit 218. whence the debility of the Ioints 217. differences of the Gout 219 wont to be complicated with the Scurvy and Stone and the reason of that shewed ibid. its prognostick ibid. cure ib. a notable history of the Stone converted into the Goâ—t and of the Gout into the Stone 224 H. HEad-ach the most common and chiefest affection among diseases 105. its causes so manifold that they can hardly be methodically recited ibid. hence its cure often instituted empirically ibid. what things belong to its pathology ibid. its subject ibid. it s formal reason differences and kinds 106. either within or without the Soul universal or particular ibid. many 〈◊〉 differences noted ibid. an habitual one hath always a more remote cause besides the evident ibid. its causes a p. 107 ad 110. arising from the Nervous Liquor it chiefly infests in the morning 108. how stirred up by many humours meeting together and growing hot ibid. the habitual one chiefly depends on the fault of the Nervous humour 109. its kinds noted at large 112 113. how it seems to arise from the Spleen mesentery or womb ibid. its prognosticks 113. cure from 114 to 125. Histories ibid. a continual headâ—ach not to be accounted incurable 123 Hearing its excellency as to use and activity performed at a distance c. 69. its organ described 71 Heart hardned what it is 47 Histories of head-achs from 121 to 125. of one killed presently by taking too large a dâ—se of Opium 128. of Lethargick 232 c. of continual sleepiness 135 137. of long waking 140. of the Vertigo 151 152. of the Apoplexy 160. of the Palsie 174 175 176 177. of the delâ—rium or Phrensy 187. of Melancholy 197 198. Histories of mad people are to be sought in Hospitals for mad people 208. A notable History of the Stone converted into the Gout and the Gout into the Stone 224. of the Colick 233 234. of a mortal madness from eating the leaves of Wolfs-bane 204 Hope 53 54 I. IMages light and colour are of the same substance 75 Imaginary Metamorphosis of melancholick persons 200 Imagination V. Phantasy Incubus or Night-mare its seat in the cerebel 142. its description ibid. it most often proceeds from natural causes ibid. its seat falsely placed in the Brain ibid. the Praecordia truly labour in this Disease ibid. its cause doth not stick partly in the Brain and partly in the Breast ibid. its next cause is the hindrance of the inflowing of the Spirits to the Praecordia 143. this not in the parts affected nor Nerves themselves but in the cerebel where the first spring of the spirits is ibid. from whence the sense of the weight and loss of motion proceeds ibid. why the fit being so grievous is so often ended without leaving any evil ibid.
by S. Porâ—â—age Student in Physick Printed for T. Dring and C. Harper in Fleetstreet and I. Lâ—igh at Stationers Hall Price Thirty Shillings There is now Published the second Volume of Dr. Nalson's Impartial Collections of the Great Affairs of State from the beginning of the Scotch Rebellion in the Year 1639. to the Murther of King Charles the First wherein the first occasions and the whole series of the late Troubles in England Scotland and Ireland are faithfully represented taken from Authentick Records and methodically digested with a Table Published by his Majesties special Command Sold by Thomas Dring at the Harrow at the Corner of Chancery-Lane in Fleetstreet The Contemplation of the Soul pleasant but difficult It Conduces to the knowing of the Manners of Men and the Diseases of the Soul It distinguishes the Rational Soul of Man from that other of the Brute Some have affirmed the Soul of the Beast to be an Incorporeal Substance to wit the Platonists and the Pythagoreans Cap. 2. de Nat. Hom. Others an Incorporeal form as the Peripateticks Others affirm the Soul to be Corporeal and either something out of the Elements or the Blood c. The Opinion of Epicurus that the Soul is made out of Atoms The late followers of the Philosopher Epicurus have affirmed the Soul to be made of Atoms Others of them deny it to have Sense and Perception as Gometius Pereira Cartesius Digby and Others Others attribute to the Corporeal Souls sence and Perception and further the use of an inferior Reason as Nemesius De Nat. Hom. Cap. 1. Phys. Sect. 3. Membr post Lib. 8. Cap. 4. Who asserts the Soul to be a little flame or a Certain fire Why the Soul of the Beast seems not to be an incorporeal and immortal substance It is shown that it is Material and Coextended with the Body The Suffrages and Reasons of very many Authors perswade that the Soul of the Brute is not only Corporeal but Fiery The more Ancient Philosophers and Physicians have so affirmed Also many Moderns of great Note Hon. Faber Tract de Plantis et gener anim c. Arguments and Reasons perswade the same thing The diffinition of Fire and Flame by its Causes and Essences agrees also with the Soul of the Brute The Souls of all Brutes after the manner of Fire want a two-fold Food to wit a Sulphureous and Nitrous There are three things to be Consider'd of Concerning the Soul of the Brute It s Subsistance or Hypostasis In its Life or Act. In its Offices and Operations Animals are reduced into Classes either according to the Organs of Respiration Or according to the Vital Humour and they are either without Blood or of frigid Blood or hot Blood Bloodless Creatures are either of the Earth or Water It appears that Insects have fiery Souls because they want Sulphurous and Nitrous food Malpigius de Bombyce p. 28. These have Lungs or numerous wind-pipes the Orifices of which if stopped up by Oyl presently death follows The Heart of the Silk-Worm is long unequal and stretch'd forth thorow the whole Body The Brain is wanting the Spinal Marrow being sufficiently large The Vse of the Parts is exposed Why such numerous Wind-pipes Wherefore the Heart is so long Bloodless Creatures belonging to the Water Soft Fishes The Anatomy of the Oyster The Muscles opening and shutting the shells Circular Muscles moving the Gills The Mouth of the Oyster The Ventricle of the Oyster The Liver and Mesentery The Intestine An Intestine in an Intestine Which perhaps is the Spinal Marrow It s Pericardium with the Heart and Vessels The Gills The Description and use of them The motion of the Gills depends upon the Circular Muscles Shelly and crusty Fishes contain waters in their whole bodies to wit whereby they may be able to live out of the Waters The parts and Viscera of Fishes swiming backwards are inversed The Brain of the Lobster The Nerves and spinal Marrow The Oesophagus The Ventricle from which there is a passage into the Liver and Messentery De Bombie p. 40. Things answerable to the Liver and Messentery in Insects Spermatick Bodies Two Yards in the Male. Two Wombs in the Female The Pericardium and Heart The Aorta The Gills The Gills of the Lobster have three Bosoms Two of these carry about the Vital Humour The third receives and casts out the Waters flowing to it Shelly and Crusty Fishes receive the Waters that when they remain dry they may be able to live The Gills of Crusty Fishes hanging from the Sides or Ribs are moved as it were by shaking Pendulums Whether there be fiery souls in bloodless Creatures From whence the vital humour becomes bloody Why the bloody Brutes are some of them more hot Animals others more cold Why some are indued with an heart with a twofold Belly Lungs others with one Belly and Gills or Wind-pipes dispersed Description of an Earth-Worm It s local motion The little Feet It s Snout It 's Brain Oesophagus Pericardium and Heart White Globes which are Spermatick Bodies The like to these in other Insects The Ventricle of which there are three Bellies c. The Intestine An Intestine in an Intestine which is in the place of the Liver and Mesentery The holes in the back of the Earth-Worm which seem to be Wind-Pipes Earth-Worms and Fishes abound in nitrous Salt being almost wholy destitute of a fixed and Volatile Salt In the next degree of the more frigid bloody Creatures are Fishes They are indued with an one Bellyed Heart and Gills The Structure and use of the Gills Not all the Blood but a part only is carryed thorow between the Gills at every Circulation Fishes breath by the Gills wherefore Fishes rejoyce rather in the Waters than in the Air. Certain Animals change the Regions of the Air and Water Brutes of a more cold blood which are framed with a Heart with a two-fold Belly and with Lungs On which the faculty of diving depends In the highest form of Animals are those of an hot Blood They are furnished with a two fold belly'd Heart and Lungs How the Lungs differ in Birds and four footed Beasts For what end the Lungs are perforated in Birds That the Souls of the more hot Brutes is chiefly Fire In Man the Corporeal or fiery Soul is subordinate to the Rational The parts of the Corporeal Soul A double Subject of the brutal Soul The blood or vital Liquor The Nervous juyce or animal Liquor From hence two parts of the Soul Flamy and light To which may be added another the Epiphysis or dependence of the whole Soul viz. the Genital part The parts or Members of the Soul The Flamy part of the Soul in the Blood Which we have shewed to be truly inkindled The sensitive part of the Soul divisible and extensed The Animal Spirits constitute its Hypostasis The Brain and Cerebel two roots of the sensitive Soul The substance of them two-fold viz. Cortical and Medullary To them are
much more profitably to be given by which when the Blood is poured forth and its serosities plentifully precipitated the nourishment of the Disease is cut off and the bloody Mass being emptied receives part of the Morbific matter so that its reliques are more easily shaken off For this end Take of the best Spirit of Tartar rectified half an ounce let half a dram be given twice or thrice in a day in a spoonful or two of the following Iulep drinking after it five spoonfuls of the same Take of the Water of the leaves of Burdock or of Aron or of Arsmart one pint of the Water of the flowers of Elder and of Chamomil each four ounces of the compound water of Gentian of the compound Water of Raddishes each two ounces of Sugar six drams mix them together After the same manner as the Spirit of Tartar may be given in a just Dose sometimes the Tincture of the Salt of Tartar sometimes the simple mixture or the Spirit of Sal Armoniack succinated or impregnated with Amber Take of Millepedes prepared two drams of the flowers of Sal Armoniack Tartarized one dram of the Oyl of Nutmegs half a scruple of Turpentine what will suffice make a Mass and let it be made into Pilâ—s take three or four once or twice in a day drinking after it a Dose of the Iulep or of the following distilled water five or six spoonfuls Take of fresh Millepedes or Hog-Lice cleansed one pint and a half the outer rind of six Oranges and of four Lemons six Nutmegs let them be cut small and add to them one pound of the crumbs of stale white Bread all being bruised together and well mixed pour to them four pints of new Milk and of Sack one quart let them be distilled according to art and the whole liquor mixed together you may sweeten it with Sugar or the Syrup of Violets as you please In a long and pertinacious Colick to those who are of a more cold temperament and Viscera Purging Spaw Waters or Whey with the Syrup of Violets are wont to be given oftentimes with great help for both liquors where they are agreeable being plentifully drunk refrigerate the stomach and the hot Intestines and presently loosen and help them in their painful Cramps and wrinklings or from the Convulsive winds or blasts that extend them besides they chiefly help as I suppose for that they tame and subdue the Saline Particles of another nature insinuating themselves into the Morbific Mine and other Saline and irritative Particles inhabiting it and oftentimes carry them forth by Purging In this Disease as all things are not convenient for all men yea neither the same thing always for the same person there is dayly need of the careful observation of a prudent Physician that by the co-indications from things taken that hurt or help a right method of healing may be instituted and varied as occasion serves 2. The Vital Indication ought to be joyned to the Curatory and that between whiles For when the sick being afflicted with torture watching Vomiting and abstinence almost continual often fall into languishment and sometimes in danger of their lives Remedies which sustain strength refresh the Spirits and procure some truces against the fierceness of the Disease to wit Cardiacks or Cordials and Hypnoticks or such as cause rest have here their turns Take of the Water of the flowers of Chamomil and of Elder each four ounces of Barlyed Cinnamon and of the whole Citron each two ounces of Pearl powdered one dram of Sugar three drams make a Iulep take of it five or six spoonfuls Take of the Powder of Pearl and of Crabs Eyes each one dram let it be divided into four parts let one part be given twice or thrice in a day with the Iulep or with a Decoction of the roots of Contrayerva Take of the Conserve of Clove-Gilliflowers one ounce of the Confection de Hyacintho of Alchermes each two drams of Pearl powdered half a dram of the Syrup of the juice of Citrons what will suffice make a Confection give of it the quantity of a Nutmeg three or four times in a day with the Iulep In less hot Constitutions Spirits of Harts-horn of Sut of Sal Armoniack impregnated with Amber also the Tincture of Antimony or of Coral do oftentimes give notable help Opiates are of necessary use in the Disease of the Colick without which the sick cannot live nor the Physicians nor those who attend them be at quiet or have any leasure time Take of the water of Cowslip flowers three ounces of the Syrup of Poppies half an ounce of Aqua Mirabilis two drams mix them and make a draught to be given going to sleep If the pains be very strong and yield to no such Remedy prepared Opium and its compositions ought to be given The Laudanum of Paracelsus or the London Laudanum Pills of Styrax or of Hounds-tongue are convenient a Solution of Tartarisated Opium from sixteen to twenty grains is much used by me Which Medicine indeed I have given with very good success to some that for a long time have been miserably vexed with this Disease sometimes a great while every night or every other night 3. The Preservatory Indication hath only place in the intervals of the fits and endeavours the taking away the present foregoing cause of the Disease and hindring it for the future so that the fits of the pains may seldom or never afterwards return For which end the Blood and the nervous liquor ought to be purified leâ—t they should beget the morbific matter and conserved in its due temper and the Brain and the nervous Infoldings of the Abdomen corroborated leâ—t they should too readily receive it For these ends a strict dyet being ordered let them enter into a course of Physick Spring and Fall such as we prescribed for the prevention of the Gout Vomiting in this case is never to be omitted if it be agreeable to wit by which the Emunctories of the Viscera being emptied the Recrements of the Blood and the nervous Liquor which otherwise would augment the morbific matter may be received more plentifully besides the nervous Infoldings and all the parts are so shaken that nothing of that which is about to go into the Mine of the Disease is suffered to stagnate or to be heaped up there Let Purging for three or four times with due intervals and also in a hot Constitution Phlebotomy be celebrated moreover let altering Remedies and especially Chalybeats or such as are made out of Steel when they do not Purge be daily taken at medical hours But before all other Remedies whatsoever the drinking of Mineral Waters such as come from Iron for a month in the Summer time is wont to give the greatest help But when these are drunk you must take heed that they be rendred well and quickly by Urine or Stool lest if they should chance to stay long in the body
by running into the Head or Feet as they often do they should cause a Vertigo or the Gout Take of our Tincture of Steel one ounce and let fifteen to twenty drops be taken twice in a day in seven spoonfuls of the following Iulep Take of the Waters of the leaves of Aron and of Burdock each half a pound of the Magisterial of Earth Worms of Gentian compound of Poeony compound each two ounces of Sugar half an ounce mix them After the same manner here deservedly have place the Tincture of Antimony and of Amber yea and many other altering Remedies above prescribed for the Distempers of the Head may also be used for the preservation from the Colick whose foregoing cause proceeds from the Brain As to Charles Piso's Observation by which he endeavours to prove that the cause of the pain of the Colick remains wholly in the Brain because he had found a Serous deluge in the Head of a certain person dead of that Disease I say that this Serum being heaped up in the head was the remote and antecedent cause of this Disease and not the conjunct cause But indeed it is probable that from this first spring a certain portion of this superfluous and sharp Serum did descend by the nervous passage into the nervous Infoldings of the Abdomen and there constitute the Mines of the Colick Distemper Further although the Morbific matter there sliden down because of the tenuity of the parts and the smallness of the nests can rarely be seen with the eyes yet I have plainly seen and handled such a Mine of this Disease become inveterate and very cruel not long since in the Mesentery opening the dead body of a certain Gentlewoman of whom I have elsewhere made mention Being sometimes since consulted with concerning the curing of a Reverend old Man grievously obnoxious for many years to the Disease of the Colick I administer'd to him the same method of healing and the Remedies I but now described by the use of which he found himself much better after a month or two and within half a year he seem'd to be perfectly well so that he lived afterwards wholly freed from any fits of the pains But the Colick disposition had not long ceased and he had omitted the usual course of Medicine but he suffer'd about his throat a resolution or loosning in the Muscles serving for swallowing which troubled him oftentimes so that he was in danger to be choaked by Food and chiefly by liquid things sticking in that place Against this evil receiving help by Antiparalytick Remedies he continued from thence six or seven years in moderate health at last being taken the first time in the midst of a journey with an Apoplexy he dyed It is obvious enough in this case that the Recrements of the nervous liquor that were wont to be deposed about the nervous Infoldings of the Abdomen did at first stir up the Distemper of the Colick then the same being shut forth from that part getting another nest for themselves about the Ganglioform nervous Infoldings of the Throat brought in the resolution or short Palsie of the Oesophagus and lastly by reason of the same matter restagnating in too great a plenty in the middle part of the Brain that deadly senslesness followed A certain cunning and crafty little Lawyer about fifty years of Age was wont to be troubled for many years with a periodical Headach and with a stupor or numness of his Senses and a great weight of his head about the middle of Summer labouring very much with the aforesaid Distempers he perceived a sudden ease from the applying of Topical Remedies but a little after he was taken with a very cruel Colick then being the first time whose fit fell upon him with so much cruelty that his strength suddenly failing he fell into frequent swooning fits with a cold sweat which fit notwithstanding by leasure vanished within twenty four hours without any breaking of wind or going to Stool But after that he suffer'd frequent fits and became obnoxious to the Disease all which as I was carefully informed for the most part were usher'd in with a pain of the Head with a Vertigo and amazedness or stupidity and from hence he was wont to presage the pains of the Colick would very suddenly follow In a certain fit which lasted for twelve days with great cruelty the sick person himself observed and told me that whilst the distemper troubled him in his Belly he felt no trouble in his head but the Colick pains remitting presently the Vertigo returned with the Headach from which reciprocal translation of these Symptoms from the Head into the Belly and so on the contrary from the Belly to the Head we may lawfully argue that the same Morbific matter flowing in the nervous Passages falling down sometimes below brought in the Colick Passion and sometimes above and restagnating caused those distempers of the Head Hither may be referred what Charles Piso hath accurately observed concerning himself being wont to be affected with Cephaâ—ick distempers and the Colick pains by turns and with a mutual dependency Sect. 4. C. 2. p. 355. Not long since a certain studious young Gentleman and living a sedentary life began to complain of a great stupidity of his senses and a dulness as also of a great weight of his Head and almost continual sleepiness further his Ventricle or Stomach was become so slothful and stupid that he wanted all manner of Appetite whilst a Cure was instituted against this evil disposition by Remedies which roused up the Spirits and shook off their burthens this Gentleman fell into a most cruel Colick Passion which he was never obnoxious to before from which a most cruel pain like the boreing of an Auger possessed the middle of the Abdomen his Navil being drawn inwards and notwithstanding the daily use of all kind of Remedies it continued for three weeks with great cruelty that in the time he could take no rest but what he received from Narcoticks nor could he receive any ease from his pains unless by an hot fomentation Certainly in this case it is plain enough to every one that the impurities of the nervous liquor being gathered to a certain fullness was the immediate or conjunct cause of the whole sickness which matter subsisting first in the Head brought in the notable stupidity of the Brain and the oppression of the Animal Function then being fallen down by the passage of the Nerves into the nervous Infoldings of the Abdomen caused that cruel and daily Colick FINIS A TABLE A. AFfections how wont to be iterated and how allayed or obliterated 49. they are more than eleven 54. the two primary affections or gestures of the Soul are pleasure and grief 48 Altering Medicines are of the greatest moment in the cure of melancholy Diseases and not purging Medicines as the Antients thought 196 Anatomy of an Oyster 9. of a Lobster 11 Anger its