Insect I have observ'd to turn into a small yellow Locust with two white wings longer than the body and to skip up and down the Rose-tree-leaves in August and then when she was metamorphos'd into a Locust I could discern no Mouth in the Microscope but onely two pointers like a pair of closed Compasses in her snout which cannot be seen on her till she be winged and then laid on the object-plate with her belly upwards OBSERVAT. XXV Of Cuckow-Spitt and the little Insect bred therein in May. THat spumeous froth or dew which here in the North we call Cuckow Spittle and in the South Woodsear and which is most frequently found in Lavander-Beds Hors mint c. looks like a heap of glass-bubbles or a knob'd drinking-glass in which you shall always find a little Grub or Animal which in the Microscope seems a pretty golden-coloured Insect with three leggs on each side and two horns and two round fair goggle-eyes of a duskish red colour like polish'd Rubies which you may also see latticed and perforated in a clear light Her tayl is all jemmar'd with Annulary divisions which at last end in a stump which she often draws up or thrusts out at her pleasure Muffet cals this Insect Locustellam or a puny-Locust and saith That first it creepeth then leapeth and at last flyeth She has two blackish claws or pounces at the ends of her feet which she can open and shut at her pleasure We could discover no mouth at all but a long reddish Probe between the fore-legs through which perchance she suck'd her froathy nourishment Now what this spumeous matter is and into what Animal this Insect is at last shaped or transpeciated are Doubts that as yet have found no clear and experimental Decision That the Spattle is a froathy kind of dew that falls from the Air I doubt not whatsoever my Lord Bacon say to the contrary For first It is found upon most if not all Plants whatsoever but most copiously amongst our Whinns or prickly Broom and generally about the joynts and ramulous divisions because there it is best secured from the heat of the Sun which licks it off the open leaves or else probably it is imbibed by the full grown and porous leaves of Plants as the Mill-dew and other honey-Dews are Secondly That it is the sole exudation and secrement of Plants I cannot believe First because it is never found upon their Second growth nor in Eddish Secondly How should an excrement of so many several Plants still breed one and the same Animal when as we see that all Vegetables whatsoever produce their several Insects as Muffet in his 19. and 20. Chapters has particularly enumerated I shall not deny but the Effluvium's that continually perspire out of all Plants whatsoever may advantage and promote the nutrition of the little Insect that breeds therein For that all Vegetables have a constant perspiration the continual dispersion of their odour makes out besides an experimental eviction I shall give you by this singular Experiment 23. of Feb. 61. we weighed an Onyon exactly to two ounces two scruples and a half and hanging it up till the 6. of May next following at which time it had sprouted out a long shoot we then upon a re-ponderation of it had lost near two drams of its former weight which was exhaled by insensible Transpiration OBSERVAT. XXVI The Cow-Lady or Spotted Scarabee IT is a very lively and nimble Animal Cut off the head and erect it perpendicular upon the neck which must be fasten'd to a bit of soft Wax and then you shall see those two little small black eyes it hath sett upon a little short neck which is moveable within the former either eye sett between three white plates like polish'd Ivory two little ones on the one side and one great one on the other her eyes are also foraminulous and curiously lattic'd like those in a Fly formerly describ'd If you unsheath her body and take off her spotted short crustaceous wings you shall find under them another pair of filmy Tiffany long wings like those of Flyes which lye folded up and cased within the former of both which pair she makes use in flying which being removed nothing remains to secure the bulk of the body but a thin tender black skin under which you might most lively see the pulsation of her Heart for twelve or fourteen hours after the head and neck was separated OBSERVAT. XXVII The Water-Insect or Water-Spider THere is a black crustaceous Insect with an Annular body and six hairy legs which moves nimbly upon the water the two foremost legs are shorter than the rest by one half and serve instead of hands to reach any thing to the mouth She hath two hairy geniculated horns knotted or joynted at several divisions like Knot-grass or Hors-tayl Her body is like Frost-work in silver Her eyes black globular and foraminulous OBSERVAT. XXVIII The Wasp-like Locust THere is a little small long black Insect which you shall find creeping and leaping amongst Pinks Gillyflours Rose-leaves c. which in the Microscope hath two fair long wings and is bodied just like a Wasp from whence I have given her the name of the Wasp-Locust with six or seven Annulary divisions of jett-black and yellow wings She hath two horns made of five or six white and black internodium's very pretty to behold either of them arising from a black knobb'd root with three black legs on either side and two little black eyes and as I ghessed latticed though what Art can present distinct parts in that eye which is sett in an Animal so small that the whole bulk of it is no bigger then a little bit of black thread or hair They are kill'd with the least touch imaginable I took them with a Pint point dipp'd in spattle and so glew'd them to the object-plate as I do stronger Insects with a touch of Turpentine OBSERVAT. XXIX The Sycomore-Locust THere is a pretty little yellow Insect which is bred and feeds on the Sycomore-leaves which at first hath no wings but six leggs and two horns and runs nimbly up and down In the Glass I could not onely see its eyes which are red globular goggled and prominent but also I could see them very perfectly latticed She had two horns which at the ends were slit and bi-furcated I could near her shoulders see the stumps of her growing wings This at last is transpeciated into a Fly with two long wings or rather a Locust it consists of Annulary Circles and has hairs towards the tayl OBSERVAT. XXX Of the little white Eels or Snigs in Vineger or Aleger THey appear like small Silver-Eels or little Snigs and some of them as long as my little finger constantly wrigling and swimming to and fro with a quick smart and restless motion In which smallest of Animals these things are most remarkable First They are not to be found in all sorts of Vineger nor Aleger but onely in such
yet how many thousand parts of Matter must go to make up this heterogeneous Contexture For besides the parts inservient to Nutrition Sensation and Motion how small and thin must the liquours be that circulate through the pipes and vessels disseminated through those parts nay How incomprehensibly subtil must the Animal-spirits be that run to and fro in Nerves included in such prodigiously little spindle-shank'd leggs OBSERVAT. XIII Mites in Malt-dust and Oatmeal-dust THey seem somewhat different from those of Cheese formerly described yet of the same bulk proportion and colour onely besett with more and longer white bristles especially in the tail they are far more active and quick in motion than those Inhabitants of Case-Bobby some bigger some lesser Some we saw so exceeding little yet perfectly organiz'd and shap'd like the rest that no bristles nor hairs could be discern'd either because they had none or else more probably because the Glass failed in presenting them for how small must that hair be think you which though so excessively augmented in the Glass yet seems as small as any hair imaginable and upon an Animal too whose whole bulk to the bare eye is quite indiscernable If you besprinkle the Object-plate upon which you view them with a pretty quantity of Oatmeal you shall see what working and tugging these poor little Animals make amongst it running and scudding amongst it under it over it and into it like Rabbits into their Burrows and sometimes casting it and heaving it up as Moles or Pioners do earth and trolling to and fro with this mealy dust which seems something diaphanous sticking to them as if it were a little world of Animals busying themselves in running this way and that way and over one anothers backs which is a spectacle very pleasant to behold OBSERVAT. XIV Mites bred amongst Figs. THey are in colour like other Mites but bodyed and shaped like Scarabees with two little short horns at the snout and above them two very long ones you may clearly see three leggs on either side the body they are more sluggish and unweildy then Meal-mites are and not bristled like them Though I have seen some amongst them also full of white bristles and shaped like those in Oatmeal the like common for so I may call them Mites I have also found in Hay in the powder that falls off dryed roots c. OBSERVAT. XV. The Mites in Jujubes and Sebesten's FRom Jejub's and Sebesten's being long kept there falls a brownish kind of powder which being laid upon the Object-plate you shall discover in it small whitish Mites very little ones and all besett with bristles and hairs round over like a Hedghog but not of so quick and lively a motion as the other Mites OBSERVAT. XVI The red Mite found on Spiders THere is a red Mite which you shall often find feeding upon Spiders She is bodied just like a Tortoise with a little head and six long small leggs three on each side About the leggs of the Field-Spider I have found many of these Coral-Mites or Tortoises and this thing I have observed of them That they cling exceeding close to the Animal whilst she is alive but when dead they all fall off and creep away from her as lice do from dying men or other vermin from an old rotten falling house OBSERVAT. XVII The Mites or Lice found on Humble-Bees WIthin that yellow plush or furre of Humble-Bees you shall often find a little whitish very nimbly-running Animal which hath the shape and form of a Mite in the Microscope I remember the Industrious Kircher sayes he hath found by his Glasses Lice upon Fleas Either our Fleas in England are not like theirs in Italy for this property or else I have never taken them in their Lowsie season But I see no reason to the contrary but both Fleas and Lice may have other Lice that feed upon them as they do upon us For since the minutest Animal that comes within the reach of our Microscope is found to have a mouth stomack and gutts for Nutrition and most if not all the Parenchymata for Circulation and Separation of Excrements there can be no doubt but they have also a continual perspiration and exudation through the habit of their body Of which excrement of the third and last Concoction all these Vermin that pester the outside of Animals are generated OBSERVAT. XVIII Pond Mites THere are bred in most restagnant Waters Pools and Fishponds in June and July an innumerable company of little whitish Animals which move up and down the water with jerks and stops in their motion in which Animals we could discover two little horns and leggs but could never get to see it quick in the Microscope for as soon as ever it is taken out of the water it is perfectly dead Neither may it seem strange to find these Animals in restagnant fish-waters since the very Ocean it self in some places in summer time is full of Living creatures For our western Navigators tell us That in summer in the West-Indian Seas about the Coasts of Virginia Hispaniola Jaimaca Cuba c. the Sea swarms with Maggots and Grubs which in a little time will so eat their very ships as far as they draw water that lye there at Anchor that they will be as brittle and as full of holes as a honey-comb or a grater insomuch that we are forced to have them cased either with thin sheets of Lead or with Flax Pitch and Tarr to secure them from that danger Nay not onely the Water but the very Air it self may certainly at some times and seasons be full of Living creatures which must be most probably when great putrefactions reign therein as in the Plague-time especially Now it were well worth the Observation if in such aerial Putrefactions any kind of Living creatures could be discovered which probably may be done by Glasses for I am sure in my long Telescope I can some days see a tremulous Motion and Agitation of rowling fumes and strong Atoms in the air which I cannot see of other days of which I shall perchance more largely discourse in my Telescopical Observations OBSERVAT. XIX Whey-worms call'd by some Wheal-worms or Hand-worms or Barrows THese smallest of Creatures being accounted by Muffet as a Species and kind of Mites bred upon Animals as the former sort are in Cheese Meal Wax rotten Wood c. may very well be the subject of our next Observation In this small Animal you may see an oval reddish head and therein a mouth or prominent snout arm'd with an Appendent Proboscis or Trunk consisting of many villous filaments in figure of a Cone wherewith it perforates our skin and sucks the blood or Aqueous nutriment from the pustules it is bred near Nay you may discover feet laterally ranged on both sides and many hairy tufts on the tayl with asperities rugosities and protuberances in the skin To behold all which varieties of parts and organs in so minute a
great Mystery which here with all its consequences I shall deliver Experiment 7. THe 6. of May 1653. I took two Tubes one of 45. inches the other 35 ½ in length and of different Diameters and filling them both at the Bottom of Hallifax-Hill the Quicksilver in both came down to its wonted pitch of 29. inches thence going immediately to the top of the said Hill and repeating the Experiment again we found it there to fall more then half an inch lower then it did at the bottom or foot of the said Hill Pecquet relates That Dr. Pascal himself tryed this Experiment upon a Mountain of 500 perches high near Claramont and he found Quicksilver there at the Hill to descend lower by three inches and somewhat more then it did at the bottom so that according to the Analogy Proportion of both and some other considerable Circumstances we might not only Mechanically find out the Perpendicular height of our great Hill here at Hallifax or any other Mountain whatsoever but venture notably at the height of the Atmosphaere it self For to manage the Principles we have formerly laid down First The reason why the Quicksilver descends at all in the first Experiment is from its exceeding gravity Secondly Why it falls no lower then 29. because a Cylinder of that weight does just aequipoise the Elastick power of the Ayr without and therefore after a few vibrations up and down as is Observable in all Statick Experiments they arrive at a Counterpoise But the reason now as to our particular Mountain's Experiment why the Counterpoise should alter at the top from that at the bottom of the Hill and the descent of the Quicksilver be so unequal is not so much from any alteration in the Elastick power and virtue of that Ayr at the top from that at the bottom of the Hill as from the variation of the gravity of the Superincumbent Ayr For a longer and so consequently more weighty Columne of Ayr presses upon the vessel'd Quicksilver at the bottom of the Mountain and so makes the Quicksilver in the Tube rise higher than at the top of the Mountain which being so much nearer the top of the Atmosphaere a lesser weight of Superponderant Ayr makes a lesser quantity of Quicksilver arise in the Tube and so come the Mercurial Cylinders to vary in their Altitudes viz. from the natural Supergravitation of more or less of the Superincumbent Atmosphaere So that it is more than probable that the higher one rises in the Ayr to try this Experiment the Quicksilver in the Tube would fall down lower and if the Experiment could be try'd at the top of the Atmosphaere no Quicksilver at all would remain in the Tube but fall down to a level with that in the vessel I could wish that some of our Canary-Merchants would get this Experiment try'd at the top of the Pike of Teneriffe which is deservedly famed for the highest Hill in the world Object 1. But I see you are ready to reply and say That the inequality of the Mercurial Cylinder in the Mountain-Experiment aforesaid may every whit as rationally be supposed to proceed from a change in the Elastick property of the Ayr which may be more vigorous at the bottom and more faint and feeble at the top of the Hill and so force a greater or lesser quantity of Quicksilver up into the Tube Object 2. I know how harsh it sounds That Ayr should gravitate in its own Sphaere and we and all other Terrestrial Inhabitants be insensible of it and that which augments the improbability is That Water we experimentally know which is a fluid and dissipable Body as Ayr is does not gravitate in its own proper place for if we dive never so deep it 's so far from depressing of them lower or weighing on them that it is readier to buoy them up again And why should not we conclude the like of its next neighbouring Element the Ayr To the first Objection I answer That though I should grant that there should be some difference in the Elatery of some of the aerial particles from others yet to be so great in so small a distance as four or five furlongs 't is not so easily credible I shall answer your Second Objection with this following which may pass for the 9. Experiment FIll the Tube as in the first Experiment and drown both it and the vessel of restagnant Quicksilver by letting down all carefully with strings into a Hogshead or great Cistern of water and you shall see that the deeper you immerge the Tube the higher still will the Quicksilver in the Tube arise Let the vessel of water be of a greater or lesser plane in the surface it matters not because onely those parts of water that hang perpendicularly over the vessel'd Quicksilver do gravitate upon it We drown'd a Tube to 25. inches in depth above the Superficies of the vessel'd Quicksilver and it raised the Quicksilver in the Tube about 1 ◠4 above the stint of 29. inches at which it formerly stood just according to the fore-observed proportion 'twixt the weight of the Water and Quicksilver a Cylinder of the former of 32. foot being but aequiponderant to a Cylinder of the latter of 29. inches Of which noble Experiment we must confess the first hint was given us by those acute and singularly accomplished Gentlemen of Townley-Hall in Lancashire who were as Judicious as Honourable Spectators of these our Hydrargyral Experiments and whose Mechanical Prognosticks seldom failed but were still made good by the future event of the Experiments By which it most evincingly appears that water does gravitate in its own Sphaere as they phrase it which now we may retort upon the Second Objection and say That if water do gravitate then why not Ayr in their proper Sphaere both being fluid dissipable and co-neighbouring Elements and so consequently whether in Ayr or Water the Experiment be tryed this effect will follow That the deeper you immerge the Tube in either Element the higher will the Mercurial Cylinder rise And contrariwise As 32. foot of Superjacent water would raise up a Mercurial Cylinder of 29. inches So the same Cylinder of 29. inches is raised by a Column of the height of the whole Atmosphaere it self But we may by a far more facile and cheaper Experiment evince the gravitation of Water in its Sphaere which is observable in the common Experiment of a Syphon through which the water by Suction being first set on motion it is easily observable that the flux in the extravasated leg of the Syphon is at first most strong and proportionally decreases as the water in the vessel sinks lower and lower towards the bottom of that leg immerg'd in it which cannot proceed from any other cause imaginable but from the Supergravitation of the high parts of the water upon the lower which being thereby more strongly forced up the shorter leg of the Syphon the flux thereby is stronger in the
longer and so faints as the bulk of the Superponderant continually decreases CHAP. VII The Reasons of all those extravagant Phaenomena which we observed in the first Experiment of Torricellius 1. BEcause the smaller weight of Quicksilver is not able to master the Elastick pressure of the external Ayr. 2. Because then the Cylinder of Quicksilver Superponderates and overpowers both the Ayr 's Elastick virtue and gravity 3. Because at that stint of 29. inches the internal Cylinder of Quicksilver comes to an aequilibration with the external Cylinder of Ayr which presses upon the vessel'd Quicksilver 4. and 5. Because that in wider and longer Tubes there is at first included a greater quantity of Quicksilver it does more strongly overpower the Elastick resistence of the Ayr and so will come though with more vehemence and swiftness to its wonted Altitude of 29. inches 6. Because by Addition or Diminution of the vessel'd Quicksilver there is a change in the Tube and Vessel but not in the Mercurial Cylinder in the Tube for that alwayes keeps at an equal Altitude from that in the Vessel 7. Because the Mercurial Cylinder is very heavy and Quicksilver in Quicksilver moves as easily as a Bucket of water in the whole Well 8. Because thereby there is onely a change in the Tube but not in the Altitude of the Mercurial Cylinder for in that Angle of Inclination the Perpendicular is still 29. inches 9. Because the Quicksilver by its long descent having acquired a greater motion than was requisite to bring it down to its determinate Altitude cannot suddenly stop there but by several vibrations up and down gradually comes back to its wonted Altitude as we see Pendents which multiply their undulations before they rest in their desired Perpendicularity 10. Because the Atoms of Fire and Heat which is alone penetrating through the Tube do expand and dilate the aetherial Ayr in that seeming Vacuity and so consequently depresse the Mercurial Cylinder or else contrariwise upon the approach of cold some aetherial Atoms pass out again through the Glass and so the Mercurial Cylinder mounts higher 11. Because it is a Medium somewhat thinner than Ayr alone is the reason of your finger's exuction may be the Elastick pressure of the external Ayr without striving either to come in it self or thrust any other Body into the Tube as also the Tendency of the aetherial Atoms within to be a free and proportional commixtion with Aerial particles without 12. Because when the Continuity of the external and internal Quicksilver is broke the Mercurial Cylinder is by the Elastick pressure of the Ayr which then prevails forced up into the top of the Tube which done then the Quicksilver by its gravity overpowring the Atmosphaerical or unexpanded Ayr falls down and gives place to the lighter Body 13. Because no Contiguity it seems in dry Bodies how close soever can exclude the interveniency of Ayr. Having in our last 9. Experiment proved sufficiently the ponderosity of Water and its gravitation upon the external Quicksilver in the Vessel we will now come to shew you likewise its gravitation upon the internal Quicksilver in the Tube Experiment 10. WE took such a like AB as in the 1. Eperiment near four foot in length and fill'd it full of Quicksilver except a Segment A of about 14. inches which we filled up with water then reversing the Tube and holding it so long in that posture till the Quicksilver and Water had exchanged their places we then drown'd it in the Vesselâ—d Quicksilver D and there withdrawing our finger as in the 1. Experiment the Quicksilver in the Tube descended an inch and more lower than the ordinary stint viz. within 2 ½ inches of that in the Vessel and this we try'd in Glass-Tubes of 40. and 45. inches in Longitude So that the Tube will be replenished with three Cylinders viz. of Quicksilver Water and Ayr. In which Experiment there are three or four remarkable Appearances which ought not to pass our Observation 1. That after inversion of the Tube into the vessel'd Quicksilver before you draw away your finger from the Orifice you may observe continual Bubbles of Ayr to pass through the Water by an Ebullition and so presently to create the little Cap of Ayr formerly observed in our 14. Observ. though in the interim the Orifice A be never so closely stopped 2. That after the removal of your finger and collapsion of the Mercury to as aforesaid the volatile bubbles of Ayr still pass through the Region of Water for a long time 3. That if the Cylinder of Quicksilver included in the Tube be not above 29. inches besides that of the Water no effect at all will follow 4. That if the Cylinder of Quicksilver included into the Tube be but one inch higher than its ordinary pitch then upon making the Experiment it will fall proportionally lower according to the weight of the Supergravitating Water This Experiment with those considerable circumstances annexed to it makes the Water's gravitation more eminently appear For since 14. inches of Water is almost aequiponderant to one inch of Quicksilver as is evident by the Statick Tables of Getaldi and the Quicksilver in the Tube being depressed by the Superincumbent Cylinder of Water of 14. inches it follows that it would necessarily depress it one inch lower than the ordinary stint But unless the Cylinder of Quicksilver be so great or at least that of Quicksilver and Water to be so powerful as that it be able to overcome the Elastick pressure of the Atmosphaere no effect at all will follow because there can be no descent of either and as for those Aerial Atoms which pass by bubbles through the Body of the Water they are those formerly observ'd for to lurk 'twixt the Contiguity of the Quicksilver and Tube nay and perchance and in the Body of the Quicksilver and Water too because they cease not after the collapsion and descent of the Mercury Thus having Mechanically evinced the gravitation of those two fluid Elements both Water and Ayr in their proper places and regions we may come to make good the second Part of our Hypothesis which is the Air 's Elastick virtue and property For the demonstrating of which take this following Experiment Experiment 11. FIll the Tube as in the former Experiment and let the Segment A of 14. inches which was formerly fill'd with Water be onely fill'd with Ayr then after you have revers'd it into the vessel'd Quicksilver D and withdrawing your finger you shall see the Quicksilver in the Vessel so to fall that it came down 16. inches lower then its wonted and determinate Altitude We fill'd the same Tube of 45. inches long within two inches of the top and then reversing it as before it descended two inches below the ordinary stint We also tunnell'd into the Tube a Cylinder of Quicksilver but of five inches in Altitude letting the Ayr supply the other Segment of 40. inches and reversing it as before it
a known weight as counterpoised the Quicksilver and then measuring the water in the Mercurial Vial aforesaid we found it to contain near 14. times as much Water as it did of Mercury Experiment 3. WE fill'd a Tube with Quicksilver as in the Torricellian-Experiment wherein much leisure and accurateness were used in filling the Tube to make a polite equal Mercurial Cylinder and after immersion thereof into the Vessel'd Quicksilver we put both the Tube and Vessel into a frame made for that purpose and let it stand perpendicular therein for certain dayes together viz. from the 15. March to the 20. April after to observe if it would vary and alter its Standard which we found it do considerably for sometimes it was half an inch higher or lower then the Mark and Standard we left it first at I think according to the variation of the Atmosphaere in its temperature and if you observe strictly you shall see that the Quicksilver in the Tube does never precisely observe the same Standard not a day together nay sometimes not an hour Experiment 4. AGain we tried the Torricellian-Experiment aforesaid in a Glas-sSyphon of 46 ½ inches in length and after immersion of both ends into two several vessels of Quicksilver the internal Quicksilver fell down to its wonted Standard of 29. inches in both shanks of the Syphon having applied warm clothes to the top of the Syphon the Quicksilver descended in either leg the breadth of two Barley corns lower than the ordinary stint We gently lifted one of the legs out of the vessel'd Quicksilver and then the Quicksilver in that leg rose violently up so that part of it passed over into the other shank then having speedily again drown'd the aforesaid leg into the Vessel we observ'd the Quicksilver in both legs to have fallen much upon the admission of that Ayr and to stand in both legs at an equal pitch and height as it did again the Second time upon admission of a little more Ayr though the Quicksilver then did not rise high enough to pass over into the other shank as before Experiment 5. WE took the same Syphon again as before and then only fill'd one of the legs with Quicksilver leaving the other full of Ayr then stopping both Orifices reversed both shanks into two several Vessels of Quicksilver as before then opening both Orifices the effect was That the Quicksilver fell in one Tube and new Quicksilver rose out of the other Vessel into the other Tube to an equal Altitude Experiment 6. WE fill'd a Tube though with much difficulty such an one as is here described with Quicksilver then invers'd it into Quicksilver as before The first effect was It fell leisurably down out of the head H and stood at D 29. inches in perpendicular from the Quicksilver in the Vessel E. The second effect was Ayr being let in 'twixt C and B the Quicksilver rose from D its former Standard to A So that from A to B and C to E for so far as C it fell upon admission of Ayr made up its wonted Standard again Experiment 7. WE took a Glass-Cruet with a small Spout and fill'd it with Water and afterwards luted the great mouth A so that no Ayr could get in then turn'd the small Spout downwards but no Water came out of the Cruet into the open Ayr inversing likewise the small Snout into Oyl no Water descended nor Oyl though a lighter Liquor ascended then filling the former Cruet with Milk though upon inversion of the Cruet none of it would fall out into the Ayr yet being inversed into Water these two Liquors changed places the Milk descending in a little still stream the Water ascending in the same manner in two constant little streams running Counter one to another in the neck of the Cruet we tinged the Water with Indico the better to distinguish their streams Experiment 8. WE fill'd the former Cruet with Quicksilver and immers'd the Snout into the Water having first well luted the mouth of the Vial but no exchange of place followed unless by much shaking of the Quicksilver you forced it little by little out and so either Water or Ayr passed up instead thereof CHAP. IX Experiment 9. APril 27. 1661. we tryed the Torricellian-Experiment in the Porch at the new Church in Pendle which standeth upon a considerable height the weather being clear fair and moderate about ten of the clock in the morning the Tube about 42. inches in length which we fill'd with very much care and diligence to make a polite Mercurial Cylinder and there we then found the Mercurial Standard to be 28 4 inches We tried the same Experiment with the like accurateness and in the same Tube at the Beakon upon the very top of Pendle-Hill on the same day betwixt twelve and one a clock the Ayr being there much colder then at bottom or at new Church aforesaid though the Sky was as clear and there the Mercurial Cylinder was lower then before at New-Church by a just inch being fallen precisely to 27 4 inches About three a clock of the same day the said trial was made with all the former circumstances at Barlow the lowest place for conveniency near the said Hill much lower then the place of the first trial the Ayr being very much hotter then at the time of the first trial and there the Cylinder of Quicksilver was equal to that in the first trial viz 28 4 inches By which it appears That if the Ayr at Barlow had remain'd of an equal temperature with that of New-Church the Quicksilver in all probability would have fallen lower then the inch we observed Experiment 10. AT the top of the said Hill we put into the same Tube which was divided into 102. equal divisions of spaces as much Quicksilver as being stop'd and inversed the Ayr remaining in the top of the Tube fill'd 50 15 or thereabout of the forementioned divisions and the Quicksilver the remaining part of the Tube The Tube being thus immers'd and the finger withdrawn the internal Ayr dilated so as to fill of the above-mentioned parts 84 75. and there remain'd in the Tube a Cylinder of Quicksilver containing in length 11 26 inches We tried the same Experiment at the bottom of the said Hill the Tubes being fill'd as above and the Ayr 50 15. dilated to 83 8. and the Cylinder was in height 11 78. inches Experiment II. WE took another Tube containing in length from the Superficies of the external Quicksilver into which we immers'd it for so we measure all our Lengths about 26. inches containing equal divisions of space 31. and about an half represented here by AB which we fill'd so with Quicksilver that being revers'd and stop'd at B there remain'd 9. divisions fill'd with Ayr from A to E then the Quicksilver being left at liberty to fall down into a dish underneath it fell near to the mark 18 to l. So that the Ayr dilated fill'd the Space A l containing of
Water as in the former Experiment at the top of the said Hill respectively to what it was at the bottom with this Observable That in the greatest-Headed Weather-Glass which included most Ayr in it the descent of the Water was greater as being most depress'd by the greatest quantity of the included Ayr. CHAP. XII Experiments in Capillary Tubes and Syphons Experiment 1. TAke a small Capillary Glass-pipe or Tube open at both ends and dipping the one extreme perpendicular into the water you shall see the water spontaneously arise to a competent height in the Tube with a quick and smart ascent Note first That the inside of the Pipe ought to be very clean as well from dust and little bubbles as films of water which will remain in the Pipe when the water is blown or suck'd out of it Secondly It must be perfectly dry from any other Liquors which will not mingle with water as Oyl c. Thirdly If you moisten the Pipe first with water before you try the Experiment the ascent of the water will be more quick and lively Fourthly That not onely Water but Milk Wine Oil and other Liquors except Quicksilver will likewise rise to a certain height in the said Pipes Fifthly After the Water has risen to its Standard-height if you take it out of the Liquor it shall not fall out at all if you invert the Pipe the included Cylinder of water will fall down also to the other extreme also the deeper you immerge it in the vessel of water the higher still will it rise in the Pipe still keeping its Standard-Altitude above the surface of the water in the vessel also if you suck it above the Standard it will still fall back to its wonted Altitude Sixthly That not onely Water but Milk Wine Oyl and all other Liquors will spontaneously arise in the said Pipes but with this difference That the heavier the Liquors are the lower their Standard is and the slower is their Ascent to it thus you shall see Oyl of Tartar will not rise by one third so high as water nor Oyl of Vitriol by â…“ so high as it which may alter more or less according to the goodness of the said Oyls Seventhly Now if you take out a Pipe wherein in either of the said Oyls has first risen up to its wonted Standard and immerge the end thereof into a lighter Liquor as water you shall see the Oyl fall gradually out into the water and the Pipe gradually fill with water and arise to its own Standard which is higher a great deal than the Standard of either of the said Oyls as is before delivered the like will follow in Syphons Eighthly The smaller Bore that your Tube is of the higher will your Water arise yet we could never get it to arise to the height of 5. inches as Mr. Boyle mentions though we have attempted it in Tubes almost as small as Hairs or as Art could make them Ninthly If the Tubes be of the Bore of an ordinary Quill or bigger no Water at all will arise Tenthly That little or no difference of the water's ascent in the former Tubes is perceptible at the bottom or top of our Hill Experiment 2. BEnd one of these Tubes into a little Syphon which you may do by putting it into the flame of a Candle and then putting the one extreme thereof into a vessel of water you shall see it presently fall a running on its own accord Observe 1. That the perpendicular height of the flexure of the Syphon to the water's Superficies be shorter or at least exceed not that Standard-height unto which the water would rise were it a streight Pipe onely 2. That the pendent Shank hang not onely lower then the water's Superficies but by such a determinate Length for we have found that if the pendent or extravasated Leg be shorter or equal or but a little lower then the Superficies of the water in the vessel no effect at all would follow but the pendent Leg would hang full of water without any flux at all Now what this determinate length is we conceive the pendent Shank must be longer from the flexure then the Standard of the Liquor would reach and then it will run as other Syphons do which have a larger Bore so that you see the Mechanical reason which is so universally received by all men why the pendent Leg in Syphons must be longer than the other to make the Liquor run out viz. because the greater weight of water in the pendent Leg overpoises and sways down that in the shorter as in a pair of Skales is not universally true in all Syphons whatsoever 3. If to the nose of the pendent Leg you apply a wet piece of Glass the water then will begin to come out of the Pipe and run down to the lowermost edge of the Glass where gathering it self into round bubbles it would fall to the ground but then you must observe that the nose of the pendent Shank be lower than the Surface of the water in the vessel Experiment 3. LEt both Shanks of the Syphon be fill'd with water so that the pendent Leg be longer than the Superficies of the water and yet not so long neither as to set it on running then to the nose of the pendent Leg apply a vessel of Milk and you shall see that though the water would not break out of the Pipe into the open Ayr a medium far lighter and more divisible than Milk yet it did run out into the Milk and one might see it purl up again without mingling with the Milk at a little darkish hole like a Spring Observe Experiment 4. IF you lift the vessel of Milk with the pendent Leg drown'd in it higher towards the flexure of the Syphon so that the Superficies of the Milk be nearer the flexure of the Syphon than the Superficies of the Water you shall after a considerable time see the Milk rise up the pendent Leg and to drive back the Water and having fill'd the whole Syphon to fall a running into the Water-vessel with this difference to the former Experiment That whereas the Water in the former came to the top of the Milk the Milk here sunk down to the bottom of the Water in a small stream like a curl'd white thread and there setled in a Region by it self Experiment 5. NOw contrariwise if you lift the vessel of Water nearer the flexure of the Syphon than the Superficies of the Milk is then will the Water rise over the Syphon and beat out the Milk and fall a running as in the third Experiment And thus you may at pleasure change your Scene and make the Syphon fall a running either with Milk or Water which is a pleasant spectacle to behold especially if the Water be ting'd red with Scutchenel My Worthy and ever Honoured Friend Mr. Charles Townley upon confidence of these Experiments thought he had discovered that great and long sought-for Rarity amongst the Mechanicks
demonstrated of late that all the whole Earth is nothing but a great and Globular Loadstone and that all the Circles of the Armillary Sphaere are really truly and naturally inhaerent in the Earth by virtue of the transcurrent Atoms How can we conclude otherwise but with Gilbert Quis in posterum eum de facto moveri dubitabit quum ei omnia ad motum planè requisita dedit natura i. e. figuram rotundam pendulam in medio Fluido positionem omnes terminos motui Circulari inservientes polos nempè aequatorem meridianos polares circulos parallelos Lastly As for his Universal Meridian it is likewise deduced from his Anti Copernican Experiment of the Loadstone swimming in a Boat with its Poles vertically erected For saith he Since the Stone being Horizontally-placed does not shew the true Meridian but with an Angle of Variation in most if not in all places of the Earth if you set it with its Axis perpendicular as before it will after some undulations to and fro rest quietly with certain parts facing the Meridian which points must be exactly marked and through them a Circle drawn round about the Stone by help of which you may strike a true Meridian-Line when and where you please Now though we grant this Experiment to be true and probably to hold good in all Longitudes and Latitudes yet he that shall perpend how many ticklish Curiosities and nice Circumstances there are to perform this Experiment exactly will find the Invention only pleasing in the Theory but not in the Practice For 1. It is very difficult to place the Terrella in an exact perpendicular 2. When 't is so 't is as difficult to keep it invariable under the same Zenith 3. Most difficult to draw an exact Meridian-Line from it Not to mention how hard a thing it is first to find the two Polary points in a Globe-Loadstone also to keep the Boat in a Fluctuation parallel to the Horizon The end of Magnetical Experiments Subterraneous Experiments OR OBSERVATIONS About COLE-MINES BY HENRY POWER M ae D r. A The Cole-pit B The Vent-pit CC The Sow that drains all the heads from water DDD c. The Vent-head not above two yards broad EEEE The Lateral Heads which are not above two yards broad FFF The prick'd lines the Thurl-vent that is a Vent driven through the lateral heads GGGG Is Walls or Pillars of the whole Cole-Bed remaining which with us is not above two foot thick to hinder the roof of the pit for falling The Roof and Seat is the Top and Bottom of the Works wherein they get Coles which is about two foot or more distant the one from the other Experiment 1. AT the top of the Cole-pit we took the Weather-Glass AB whose shank EB was about 2 ½ foot long of a small bore and the Head AE 2 ◠◠inches in Diameter and heating the Head thereof and immerging it presently in the Glass ful of water B the water after a competent time rose up to the point C where we let it stand for a while till we saw that the External and Internal Ayr were come to the same Temper and Elasticity Then carrying the Weather-Glass so prepared in a Scoop down to the bottom of the Cole-pit which was not above 35. yards deep there the Water in the Weather-Glass did rise up to the point D viz. very near 3. Inches higher than its former Standard C. Experiment 2. THe sixth day of November 1662. we repeated the same Experiment as before in a pit of 68. yards deep and there we found that at the bottom of the said pit the water in the Weather-Glasse did rise very near four inches higher than the point C viz. one inch higher than the point D to F. Now we observ'd that in carrying down of the said Glass in a Scoop from the top to the middle of the Pit there the water did not rise so much as it did from the middle to the bottom by half an inch so that it seems the rise of the water was not proportional to the Glasse's descent in the Pit Experiment 3. WE took a very good arm'd Loadstone of an Oval figure whose poles lay in the long Diameter and at the top of the Coal-pit we loaded the North-pole of it with the greatest weight it was able to carry even to a Scruple then taking the Stone down to the bottom of the pit and hanging on the same weight again we could perceive no difference in the power of the Stone at the one place from the other for it would neither lift more nor less there than above though to try this Experiment precisely and to minute weights is very ticklish for the same Stone in any place will sometimes lift a little more and sometimes a little less Experiment 4. WE took a thread of 68. yards long which is as long as the deepest pit is with us and fastening a Brass lump of an exact pound weight to it we counterpoiz'd both it and the thread with a weight in the other Scale then fastning the other end of the thread to one of the Scales we let down the pendent weight near to the bottom and there we found it to weigh lighter by an ounce at least than it did at the top of the said pit We had tryed this with a Bladder full of water and other substances also but that our thread by often untwining broke it self Experiment 5. THe Collyers tell us That if a Pistol be shot off in a head remote from the eye of a pit it will give but a little report or rather a sudden thump like a Gun shot off at a great distance but if it be discharg'd at the eye of the pit in the bottom it will make a greater noise than if shot off above-ground But these Experiments are of a dangerous trial in our pits and the Collyers dare not attempt them by reason of the craziness of the roof of their works which often falls in of its own accord without any Concussion at all Every Cole-pit hath its Vent-pit digg'd down at a competent distance from it as 50. or 80. paces one from another They dig a Vault under-ground from one pit to another which they call the Vent-pit that the Ayr may have a free passage from the one pit to the other so that both pits with that Subterraneous intercourse or vault do exactly represent a Syphon invers'd Now the Ayr always has a Motion and runs in a stream from one pit to the other for if the Ayr should have no Motion or Vent as they call it but Restagnate then they could not work in the pits It is not requisite that the Vent-pit should be as deep as the Cole-pit Now the Vent or Current of Subterraneous Ayr is sometimes one way and sometimes another sometimes from the Vent-pit to the Cole-pit and sometimes contrariwise as the Winds above ground do alter and also weaker and stronger at sometimes than at