obtain'd the Prize at the Nemean Games in Achaia There were many Consuls of this Name who always maintain'd the Authority of the Senate against the Attempts and Violence of the Tribunes and People APPIUS CLAUDIUS surnamed the Blind when he was Censor caus'd the way to be pav'd which leads from the Gate Capena to Brundusium and which from his Name was called Via Appia He made also an Aquaeduct which brought the River Anio into Rome the Water whereof was carried up as high as Mount Aventine He understanding that the Senate was just upon the point of concluding a Peace with King Pyrrhus caused himself to be carried into the Senate where by several notable Arguments he dissuaded them from it till he had withdrawn his Troops out of Italy APRILIS the second Month of Romulus's Year which consisted only of ten Months and commenc'd with March but it is the fourth Month of Numa's Year which consisted of twelve Months beginning with January Macrobius derives the word Aprilis from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as if one should say Aphrilis i. e. One descended of Venus or Born of the Scum of the Seâ— because this Month was dedicated to Venâ—â— by Romulus There are other Authors who think this Word may more probably be deriv'd from the Verb Aperiro which signifies to open because in this Month the Flowers begin to blow and the Earth does send forth Seeds and Plants These Festivals and Solemnities were observed by the Romans during this Month. On the Calends of the Month which was the first day there was no pleading of Causes but the Roman Ladies being crowned with Myrtle and wash'd under the same Trees offer'd up a Sacrifice to Venus Ovid relates the Original of this Ceremony He tells us That one day as Venus was drying her wet Hair by the River-side the Satyrs perceiv'd her quite naked which caus'd in her so much Shame and Confusion that she cover'd her self presently with a Myrtle And this the Roman Ladies imitate by this Ceremony On the same day the Maids who are fit for Marriage sacrifice to Fortuna Virilis praying her to hide the Defects of their Body from those who have a mind to marry them as Ovid tells us Fast lib. 3. v. 150. Ut tegat hoc celetque viros Fortuna Virilis Praestat hoc parvo ture rogata facit They sacrific'd also to Venus surnam'd Verticordia to make the new-married Husbands prove faithful to their Conjugal Vow On the fifth which was the day of the Nones the Festival of Megalesia began to be solemniz'd in honour of the Mother of the Gods which lasted for eight days together See Megalesia On the sixth the Commemoration of the Dedication of the Temple of Fortuna Publica was celebrated on the Quirinal Mount which P. Sempronius vow'd and Martius Ahala dedicated ten years after appointing the Memorial of it to be observed every year On the seventh the Commemoration of the Birth of Apollo was in like manner observ'd On the eighth Games were appointed for the Victory which J. Caesar obtain'd over Juba and Scipio after the Battel of Pharsalia On the ninth and tenth the Games of Ceres were celebrated in the Circus called Cerealia which were instituted by C. Meunnius Aedilis Curulis See Cerealia On the twelfth according to the new Calendar was observ'd the great Solemnity of the Mother of the Gods and particularly of her Arrival at Rome with Processions and many Games to her Honour On the thirteeenth which was the day of the Ides a Sacrifice was offer'd to Jupiter Victor and to Liberty because on that day their two Temples were dedicated at Rome one by Q. Fabius in performance of the Vow he had made at the War against the Samnites and the other by T. Gracchus out of the pecuniary Fines of the Commonwealth On the fifteenth was kept the Festival of the Fordicides at which thirty Cows ready to calve were sacrificed See Fordicidia On the same day the Governess of the Vestal Virgins burnt the Calves which were taken out of these Cows and of the Ashes a Perfume was made wherewith the Romans perfum'd themselves on the day of the Palilia or of the Foundation of Rome On the sixteenth Augustus was surnamed Imperator On the eighteenth there was a Horse-race call'd Equiria in the Great Circus where were also to be seen Foxes running cover'd with Straw which was set on fire to divert the People The occasion of this Diversion was thus The Son of a certain Peasant in the little City of Carseoli walking about his Corn perceiv'd a Fox catch'd in a Snare he takes him and binds him about with some Straw and having set it on fire le ts him run among the Corn which he burnt all up and the Romans in revenge for this burnt the Foxes after this manner cover'd all over with Straw as Ovid informs us Fast lib. 4. v. 711. Utque luat poenas gens hac Cerealibus ardet Quoque modò segetes perdidit ipsa perit On the nineteenth or thirteenth of the Calends of May the Anniversary of the great Solemnity of the Feast of Ceres Eleusina was observ'd at which the Roman Ladies clad in white Linnen and holding Lamps in their hands sacrific'd to her a Sow with great Solemnity On the twentieth or twenty first was celebrated the Feast of Palilia or the Foundation of Rome dedicated to Pales the Patroness of Shepherds See Palilia On the same day a Sacrifice was offer'd to to the Immortal Gods for the Victory which Julius Caesar obtain'd in Spain over Pompey's Sons the News whereof was brought to Rome by a Courier the Night before the Palilia On the twenty first the Festival was kept which was call'd Vinalia Priora at which a Sacrifice of New Wine was offer'd to Venus and according to some to Jupiter of which none were permitted to drink till they had first offer'd this Sacrifice See Vinalia On the twenty seventh was the Feast call'd Robigalia from Robigus the God of Mil-dew and Hoar-frost which blast the Corn. See Robigalia On the twenty ninth the Festival in honour of Flora the Goddess of Flowers was kept which was called Floralia On the last day some Sacrifices were offer'd to Vesta upon the Palatine Mount in the Palace of Augustus AQUA Water one of the four Elements or the four Principles which concur to the Production of all Beings Thales Milesius one of the Wise Men thought Water was the Principle of all things but Heraclitus said it was Fire The Priests call'd Magi admitted the two Principles of Fire and Water and Euripides the Scholar of Anaxagoras asserted the two other Elements of Air and Earth but Pythagoras Empedocles Epicharmus and the other Philosophers affirm'd that there were four Principles viz. Air Fire Water and Earth The Egyptian Priests to signifie that all things subsist only by this Element cover'd and adorn'd a Vessel full of Water which they look'd upon as the Temple wherein their God resided and
prostrating themselves on the Ground with Hands lifted up to Heaven they gave thanks to the Divine Goodness for his admirable Inventions Pliny in lib. 31. ch 1. makes an Encomium on Water wherein he reckons up so many excellent Qualities of it as make it probable that this gave occasion to that superstitious Worship which was paid to it For he tells us That the Empire of the Waters consists in ruling over all the other Elements in over-flowing the Earth extinguishing the Fire in raising it self up into the Air and continuing there suspended in mounting up as high as Heaven and descending again with that fruitful Vertue which makes the Earth produce all sorts of Plants and Animals Upon this account it was that the Poets invented Fables to make the Wonders of this Element more grateful The Book of Wisdom deplores the Blindness of those Idolaters who worship'd not the Almighty Power of the true God but the Force and Abundance of Water which has something very beautiful and terrible at the same time 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Plutarch says That the Egyptians ador'd the Waters of Nile whose Inundations serv'd them instead of Rain Thus the Nile was held to be their Jupiter who was thought to be the cause of Rain and so in Athenaeus we find this Prayer address'd to the Nile as being the Jupiter of Egypt 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Eastern Nations had no less a Veneration for their Rivers Herodotus and Strabo say the Persians reverenc'd the Rivers so much that they durst not throw nor suffer any Excrement to fall into them nor so much as wash their Hands in them Xerxes sacrific'd white Horses to the River Strymon according to Herodotus and Tiridates did as much to the River Euphrates before he pass'd over it according to the Relation of Tacitus Pliny says that the same Tiridates would not put to Sea because he would not lose that Reverence which he thought was due to the Ocean by spitting in it Atergatis the Goddess of the Assyrians of whom we shall give an account in the proper place was also the Goddess of Waters for she was drawn as half Woman and half Fish The Greeks consider'd Water as one of the four general Principles of all sublunary Beings and call'd it in former times 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There are several sorts of Water that of the Sea of Rivers of Springs of Lakes and Rain-Water which is gather'd and kept in Water-houses and Cisteins Of all these sorts there is none better than Rain-Water says Vitruvius because it is compos'd of the lightest and most subtil Particles which are extracted out of all other Waters and which the Air has purified for a long time by its Motion till they are dissolv'd and so fall down in Showers upon the Earth for the Earth being heated emits its Moisture out of its Breast after the same manner as our Bodies when they are hot do sweat There are hot Springs whose Waters are not proper for ordinary Drink altho they have no ill Taste and these are only to be used for the Cure of some Diseases which require Dryness and Heat There are cold Waters whose Smell and Taste are unpleasant such are the Waters call'd Albulae which are near to Tivoli and those in the Springs which are near to Ardea All hot Springs have a Medicinal Virtue beause after they are heated they have another Effect than common Water for the Sulphureous are good for Diseases of the Nerves which they fortifie by heating them and besides they consume the bad Humours The Aluminous cure those Bodies which are weaken'd with the Palsie or any other such like Disease by reducing the Parts which are distemper'd by Cold to their natural state by Heat The Bituminous by purging expel the Diseases of the inward parts There are also cold Waters which are nitrous such are those near Penna a Country of the Vestini and in the Country of the Cutisians which are drank for purging and dissolving scrophulous Tumours There is another Water which is not very clear and besides has Scum or Froth which swims at top of the colour of red Glass one of this sort is to be seen chiefly near to Athens where it is convey'd to make Water-Spouts and is made use of for washing but not for drinking There are also found many other kinds of Water which have different Properties such is the River Himera in Sicily which after it rises from its Spring-head is divided into two Branches whereof one which runs towards Mount Aetna is good to drink because it passes through a sweet Earth but the other which runs through an Earth that yields Salt has a very saltish Taste Likewise in the Paretonian Fields through which there is a way to the Temple of Jupiter Hammon there are found fenny Lakes whose Waters are so salt that the Salt swims at top congeal'd There are other Waters to be met with which percolate through Veins of unctuous Earth and which seem as if mixt with Oil such is the River Liparis which runs to Soli a City in Cilicia where all those that bath in it when they come out of the Water look as if they were anointed Near to Dyrrachium and Apollonia there are Springs which throw forth great Quantities of Pitch There are also Springs which the Moisture of the Earth from whence they rise makes very bitter such is the River Hypanis in the Kingdom of Pontus which from its Source for the space of about forty miles is sweet but when it reaches to a place 160 miles distant from its Entrance into the Sea a little Spring which runs into it makes its Waters bitter this Bitterness proceeds from a Mine of red Arsnick which is found near the Head of that Spring There are Waters also which are dangerous to those that use them by reason of the venemous Juices through which they percolate such is that Fountain at Terracina call'd Neptuniana whose Waters are poisonous such also was that Lake near Cyderes in Thracia whose Waters kill'd not only those that drank of it but even those that wash'd with it In Macedonia near the Grave of Euripides two Rivulets join together one of which has a Water so good that Passengers stop there on purpose to refresh themselves but the Water which run on the other side is so pernicious that no body dares come near it In that part of Arcadia which is call'd Nonacris there distils from certain Mountains a Water extremely cold which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Water of Mourning which cannot be taken up in any other Vessel but only in the horny part of a Mule's Foot 'T is said that Antipater made his Son Iolas carry some of this Water into the Province where Alexander was and that it was its Poison that kill'd that King There is also another Water in the Alps in the Kingdom of Cottus which makes all that drink of it fall down suddenly In the Country of the
Neptunus instead of Nuptunus à nubendo terram i. e. operiendo as says Tully EACUS See AEACUS EANUS instead of JANUS as Tully calls him ECASTOR By Cassor's Temple an Oatk of the ancient Romans which may be rendred into English by truly indeed certainly ECHO A Nymph of the air who fell in love with Narcissus but being slighted by him she retired into the Grots and hollow places of the Mountains where she pined away to a Skeleton having nothing left but her voice When we read in Virgil vocisque offensa resultat imago or in Horace Cujus recinet jocosa nomen imago or in Claudian Tunc silvae tunc antra loqui tunc vivere fontes Tunc sacer horror aquis aditisque effunditur Echo Clarior doctae spirant praesagia rupes When we read I say these fine passages of the Poets we can't but conceive this repeating of the sound and voice in the like manner that we have told before which has given occasion to Ovid to feign that it was a Nymph who being faln in love with Narcissus and having made love to him ineffectually was turned into a voice and sound Inde latet silvis nulloque in monte videtur Omnibus auditur sonus est qui vivit in illâ EGERIA See AEGERIA EGISTUS See AEGISTUS ELAEOTHESIUM A place where they kept Oyl and Wax mixt to anoint the Wrestlers This mixture was also called Ceroma and did not only render the members slippery and less fit to take hold on but also more nimble and fit for Exercises Vitr ELECTRA The Daughter of Agamemnon and Sister to Orestes who killed his Mother Clytemnestra to revenge the death of his Father Agamemnon whom Clytemnestra had murthered in revenge of Polyxenes her Daughter sacrificed by him There was another woman of that name the Daughter of the Ocean and Tethis and Atlas's Wife whose Daughter had by Jupiter Dardanus the founder of Troy Aratus in his Phoenomenon says that she is one of the seven Pleiades who hid herself lest she should see the destruction of Troy ELECTRIDES The Islands of the Adriatick Sea which are at the mouth of the River Po where Poets seigned that there grew Trees distilling Amber Lucian speaks thus of these Islands in the Treatise of the Amber or the Swans Hearing when a youth that all along the Eridanus grew Trees distilling Amber which was the tears of Phaeton's Sisters who had been turned into Poplars and still lamented his disaster I imagined if I ever travelled that way I would spread my Garment underneath to catch that precious Liquor but sailing lately on that River and not seeing any of those Trees on the Banks where the name of Phaeton is not so much as known I asked our Waterman when we should arrive at those places so famous among the Poets They fell a laughing at my simplicity and wondered any were so insolent as to retail and spread about such shams They added that if their Country afforded any such Trees as produced so great a Treasure they would not wear out their lives in tugging at the Oar since they might enrich themselves in a moment This nettled and put me very much out of countenance in that I had thus sufferred my self to be so childishly cull'd by the Poets and I regretted these things as if I had really lost them Strabo l. 5. affirms that these Electrides Islands are not to be found and that all that Poets say upon this matter was but a fiction of their own brain ELEGIA An Elegy or a mournful Poem The verses of a Latin Elegy are by turns Hexameters and Pentameters Quintilian accounts Tibullus to be the first Latin Poet for writing Elegies but the younger Pliny gives the preference to Propertius ELEMENTA the Elements Physical Principles whereof all the natural Bodies are composed The ancient Philosophers as Pythagoras and Aristotle allowed four Elements viz. the Fire the Air the Water and the Earth Cartes and the Moderns allow but three Plutarch in the first Book of the Philosophers opinions says that Empedocles admits of four Elements which he calls Gods Thales was the first who taught that Water was the principle of all things Heraclitus of Ephesus said that it was Fire Democritus and Epicurus his Follower were for the Atoms called invisible Bodies The Pythagoreans besides Water and Fire allowed still Air and Earth for principles of all things ELENCUS The God of Liberty and Truth mentioned in Maenander's Comedies as we learn of Lucian in his Apophrades or the bad Grammarian ELEUSIS A City of Attica not far off from Athens where Eleusius reigned who received Ceres when she was seeking for Proserpina her Daughter who had been stoln away This Goddess in reward of her kindness helped his wife in her labour as Lactantius says and succled the Child called Triptolemus with Divine Milk When he was grown up a man she taught him to sow Corn wherefore the Inhabitants of Eleusis kept Holy-days called Thesmophores or Cerceles in honour of this Goddess Solinus relates that there is in that Country a Fountain of very quiet Waters which are yet moved with the sound of the Flute as if they were pleas'd with Harmony ELEUSINA SACRA The Mysteries of Eleusina which were instituted by the Inhabitants of the City of Eleusis in Greece in honour of the Goddess Ceres no Man was admitted to these Mysteries but only Women who took all immodest Liberties among themselves which they kept very secret ELEUTHERIA Feasts celebrated in Greece every fifth Year in Honour of Jupiter Eleutherianus i. e. Protector of Liberty The Greeks instituted these Feasts after the defeat of three hundred thousand Persians whom Mardonius brought against Greece There were still some other Feasts called Eleutheria celebrated by the Semians in honour of the God of Love ELISA Otherwise called Dido the Daughter of Belus King of Phaenicia v. Dido ELYSII CAMPI The Elysian Fields so variously spoken of by ancient Writers Elysium is doubtless an Hebrew or a Phaenician word which signifies a place of Delight and Joy All the Nations have made themselves a Paradice and a Hell the Phaenicians shew'd example to the Egyptians and the Greeks and 't is very likely that the Meadow mentioned by Diodorus Siculus in the description he has left us of the Egyptian's Funerals was the Elysian Field of Egypt which he placed about Memphis very near the Acherusian Lake which is surrounded with most delightful Meadows Homer says that dead Men inhabit these Meadows because 't is the Egyptians Burial place who carry the Corps of the Dead over the Acherusian Lake Pratum ficta mortuerum habitatio est locus propè Memphim juxta Paludem quam vocant Acherusiam circa quam sunt prata amaenissima Appositè autem dicit Homerus mortuos istis in locis Habitare quoniam maximae Aegyptiorum funerationes ibi peraguntur mortui per lacum fluvium Acherusiam transfretantur Besides these Elysian Fields Homer speaks of some others which are in
the Inhabitants of those places fancy that Hercules divided these two Promontories and procur'd a free passage into the Lands to the Sea called the Mediterranean Sea Plutarch speaking of the Hercules of the Greeks in the life of Theseus say many things which might be as justly applied to the other Hercules's For he observes that in these ages of ignorance many Men of extraordinary strength and valour such as were Hercules and Theseus proposed to themselves in their expeditions to free the world of many Monsters of Iniquity who infested Mankind and to bring all wild Nations to a due civility politeness and Religion Tully proposes Hercides for the most perfect model of Vertue who expos'd himself to all kind of dangers and bore all possible Evils for the good of Mankind Dionysius Halicarnasseus represents the Grecian Hercules like a vertuous Hero who subdued all the Earth out of a strong passion to re-establish every where peace concord and justice and Aelianus says that an Oracle assur'd Hercules that he should be rank'd in the number of Gods for a reward of doing good to all Men. Pausanias affirms that the Temple which Hercules as some said had built for himself was more ancient than the Hercules of Greece and that it was well known that the Inhabitants of Creete had another Hercules as well as the Tyrians and those of Erythraea in Ionia We may think that the Hercules of the Erythraeans and that of the Arabians and Assyrians is the same for the ancient Erythraeans were Idumaeans or Arabians And we know that the Red-Sea was called either Erythraeum in Greek or Idumaeuns in the Phaenician tongue because the word Edom signifies red In fine the Hercules of Egypt was not unknown to this Author for he says that the Hercules of Greece not being able to prevail with the Priests of Delphus stole away the holy Tripos and that then she cried out that it was plain that he was the Grecian Hercules and not the Egyptian Nam ante Aegyptius Hercules Delphos venerat Pausanias brings in another place an instance how these several Hercules in series of time were confounded in one Man and says that the Thasians who were come from Phaenicia into Greece at first ador'd there Hercules of Tyre but being mixt at last with the Greeks they worshipp'd Hercules of Greece Arrian assures us that there were formerly three Hercules's The Tyrian Hercules is much older than the Hercules of the Greeks but that of Egypt is still more ancient and that the Hercules who was reverenc'd at Tartassus in Spain where Hercules's Pillars stood also was the Tyrian Hercules because that City was built by the Tyrians and the Sacrifices there offer'd were offer'd after the Tyrian way They ascribe a Dog to Hercules of Tyrus and to this Dog is referr'd the invention of purple colour the blood whereof makes this admirable colour Poets feign'd that Hercules was conceiv'd during three nights without the interruption of day to imitate the prolongation of the day obtained by Josbua to utterly rout the Enemies of the people of God We read in Lycophron's Cassandra that Hercules was devoured by a Sea-Dog named Carcharias whom Neptune had sent against him And the Scholiast of Lycophron tells us that this great Fish being ready to swallow Hesions the Daughter of Laomedon Hercules advanced and threw himself armed into the mouth of the Monster and having tore his Intrails he got out of his belly having lost nothing but his Hair and that from hence Hercules was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because he was three nights in the belly of that Monster Thâ—â—philoct mentions this Fable and applies it to Jonas swallow'd by a Whale HERCULES the GRECIAN was the Son of Jupiter and Alcmena the wife of Amphitrio being yet in the Cradle he choaâ—ed two Serpents which Juno out of jealousy against his Mother had sent to destroy him They relate twelve Prodigies extraordinary called the twelve Labours of Hercules Euristheus the Son of Helenus King of Myceâ—â— having a mind to be rid of Hercules sent him first to stop the incursions of the Lion of the Nemean Forest who was fallen from the Heaven of the Moon and destroyed all the Country Hercules pursued him and having driven him into a Den he seiz'd upon him and tore his Mouth with his own hands and ever after wore the skin of that Lion After this Expedition he was sent to the Lake of Lerna near Argos to force the Hydra a dreadful Serpent with seven Heads and having cut off one Head thereof two arose in the place wherefore Hercules cut off her seven heads at once Then he marched against a fierce Wild-Boar inhabiting Mount Erymanthus in Arcadia who spoiled all the Fields He took him alive and brought him upon his shoulders to Eristheus who was almost frighted to death at the sight thereof He also caught running the Hind of Menalus's Hills the Feet whereof were of Brass and his Horns of Gold after he had pursu'd her a whole year He likewise drove away the Birds of Styâ—â—phalus's Lake that were so numerous and of so prodigious a bigness that they stopt the light with their wings and took up Men to devour them He engag'd the Amazons inhabiting Scythia near the Hircanean Sea and took their Queen Hypolita prisoner whom Theseus married He cleansed the Stables of Augias King of Elis where a thousand Oxen were kept the Dung whereof infected the air and to compass this work he turned the course of the River Alpheus and convey'd the Waters thereof through the Stables which carried away all the Dung. He seiz'd upon a Bull casting out fire and flames that Neptune had sent into Greece to revenge some affront he had received from the Greeks He took Diomedes King of Thrace and gave him to be eaten by his own Man-eating Horses to punish him for his cruelty towards Strangers whom likewise he deliver'd up to be devoured by his Horses and made Geryon who had three Bodies suffer the same punishment because his Oxen devoured Travellers He brought to Euristeus the golden Apples out of the Garden of the Hesperides and kill'd the dreadful Dragon that guarded them He went to Hell and brought thence with him the Dog Cerberus and delivered Theseus who was gone thither to keep company with Pirithous his Friend and this was the last of his Exploits Many other performances both of Justice and Courage are still ascribed to Hercules for he kill'd Busiris the Son of Neptune who us'd to cut the Throats of Travellers and killed Cacus a three-headed Man the Son of Vulcan a famous Robber who infested Mount Aventinus and the Country round about with his Robberies and passing by Mount Caucasus he delivered Prometheus whom Jupiter had order'd to be tied thereon and kill'd the Eagle who was devouring his Liver and smother'd in his Arms Anteus the Son of the Earth In the latter end of his life he was much given to Women and Omphale Queen of Lydia
in respect to us The West of the Summer is that Point of the Horizon where the Sun sets when 't is in the Tropick of Cancer the West of the Winter is that where the Son sets when 't is in the Tropick of Capricorn and this happens when the Sun comes to the Points of the Solstices each of them is 23 Degrees and an half distant from the true Point of the West OCEANUS the Ocean is that main Sea which surrounds all the Earth this Name if we believe Hesychius comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which was the old Name thereof and 't is very likely proceeded from that Hebrew Word Choug or Houg that signifies a Circle because it goes round the Earth This Word Houg is in Scripture often to be met with in this Sence or if you will 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because of the Swiftness of its Motion Homer in his Iliads makes Oceanus to be the Father of the Gods and Tethys their Mother 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 This Opinion may have had its Origin from that Text in Genesis where the Chaos seems to be represented like unto the Confusion of the Waters before God reduced them into order and made a Distinction between them In this Sence the Ocean and Tethys that is that Abyss which comprehended the Heavens and the Earth as an immense Quantity of Waters before the same were separated by the Distribution made of the Chaos this Abyss I say might be called the Father and Mother of all the great Bodies of which Nature was composed and which bore the Name of Gods among the Heathens And where Plato says that Oceanus was begotten of Caelum and Tethys he means nothing else but the Ocean that was separated from the Heavens and the Earth as it was upon the Reduction of the Chaos into order The innumerable Multitude of Petty Deities that preside over the Waters whether they be Fountains Lakes Rivers or Seas might very well be the Occasion of giving unto the Ocean the Quality of the Father of the Gods But in the main this vast Number of Water-Gods and their Genealogy signifies no more than the Distribution of the Waters of the Ocean which is done throughout all the Earth and which by its Vapours or Subterranean Conduits supplies all Fountains Lakes and Rivers insomuch that 't is nothing but the Element of Water and the Ocean that is continually animated by the Soul of the Universe which makes its Divinity according to the Language of the Heathens Virgil in his Georgicks sacrificed to the Ocean Oceano libemus ait And he brings in Aeneas sacrificing a Bull to the Gods of the Sea Justine relates that when Alexander had subdued and passed thro' Asia as far as the Ocean he offered Sacrifice and pray'd him to grant him an happy Return into Greece Oceano libamina dedit prosperum in patriam reditum precatus Diodorus Siculus says that the Ancients gave the Name of Ocean to Moisture or the Liquid Element which is as it were the Nutriment and consequently the Mother of all Things and that this is the Meaning of the Verse before cited out of Homer and to clear the Thing fully we may add what he says elsewhere concerning Jupiter and the other Gods or Stars that they went to Oceanus Habitation to be entertained at a great Feast by him Diodorus has said Oceanus and Tethys were the Nutriment of all Things and Macrobius explains this Feasting of the Gods at Oceanus his House by the Vapours of the Sea wherewith the Stars were nourish'd and whereof they stood in need for the Qualifying of their Heat significans bauriri de bumore allmenta sideribus This was an Opinion commonly entertained by a great many of the Ancient Fathers of the Church who gave a Literal Explication of the Waters which in Scripture are placed above the Firmament and believed there was a great Quantity of Water above the Region of the fixed Stars to allay the Heat of those Coelestial Fires and hinder them from burning the World Tho' this Idea may seem odd yet 't is certain the same is very agreeable to Truth if it be cosidered that the Stars being fiery Globes of an incredible Bigness as well as the Sun it was requisite to separate them from each other by very great Spaces filled with Air and some Liquid Matter wherewith to allay their Heat and make them more tollerable which in their own Natures were combustible but 't is no great Matter if the Name of Air or Water has been given to this Liquid Substance wherein as I may say all these Globes or Luminaries such as the Stars are or dark Bodies as the Planets and Earth do swim Eusebius gives us the Words of Porphyrie who applies the Fable of the Poets in this Case entirely to the Coelestial or Elementary Bodies and who says that the Ocean was of a Liquid Nature in general that Tethys was the Symbol thereof that Achelous was drinkable Water Neptune the Sea-water that by Amphitrite was meant such Waters as are the Principle of Generation Lastly That the Nymphs and Nereides were such particular Waters as are either sweet or salt OCTAVIUS CAESAR surnamed AUGUSTUS See Augustus OCTOBER the Month of October being the 8th Month of the Year in Romulus his Calender and 10th in that of Numa has always retained its first Name in spight of all the different Names the Senate and Roman Emperors would have given it For the Senate ordered that this Month should be called Faustinus in Honour of Faustina the Wife of Antoninus the Emperor Commodus would have had it bear the Name of Invictus and Domitian made it be called Domitianus according to his own Name This Month was under the Protection of Mars On the 4th Day of it was celebrated the Solemnity of Mundus Patens See Mundus Patens On the 12th an Altar was dedicated to Fortune entituled Fortunae Reduci to flatter Augustus at his Return to Rome after he had pacified Sicily Greece Syria Asia and Parthia On the 13th was kept the Feast of Fountains called Fontinalia 15th they sacrificed a Horse to Mars called October equus 19th was celebrated the Feast called Armilustrium in the Armies 28th and following Days the Plays of Victory were performed which Sylla instituted Towards the End of the Month the Vortumnalia and Sarmatian Games were celebrated OCTOBER EQUUS an Horse which was sacrificed to Mars in the Month of October there was then a Race run with Chariots drawn each by 2 Horses and he that run quickest was sacrificed to Mars Plutarch gives Two Reasons for this Ceremony the first was to punish the Horse for the Taking of Troy the second because the Horse was a Martial Creature and ought to be offered in Sacrifice to the God of War OCULARIA Spectacles it s not believed that Spectacles were known to the Ancient Greek and Latin Poets for it would be very strange if they had had any knowledge
cutting out her Tongue he shut her up in a dark Prison and pretended she died by an extraordinary Accident Philomela having found out a Way to let her Sister know the Disaster that had befallen her by writing to her an Account of it upon a Piece of Linnen with her own Blood she dissembled her Grief till the Feast of Bacchus where making one of the Bacchantes she freed her Sister and made Tereus eat his own Son Itys who intending to revenge the same the Fable says the Gods transformed Progne into a Swallow and Philomela into a Nightingale as for Itys he was changed into a Pheasant and Tereus to a Lapwing PROMETHEUS the Son of Japetus and Clymene and Deucalion's Father Lucian in a Dialogue called Prometheus or Caucasus brings in Vulcan Mercury and Prometheus speaking in this manner Merc. There is Caucasus to which we are to tie the Criminal Let us seek out some Rock that has no snow upon it that so we may drive the Nails the deeper and he be exposed every way in order to make his Punishment the more exemplary Vulc. I see it but he must not be put so low that the Men which he has made can come and unloose him nor so high as not to be seen It will do very well in my Mind upon the side of this Mountain above that Abysm we will tie one of his Hands to yonder Rock and the other to that over against it Merc. You say well for they are both steep and unaccessible Prom. Come hither that you may not be forced to it and get up presently that you may be tied Prom. Have pitty upon an unfortunate Man who is unjustly punished Merc. Do not pretend to tell us what to do Do you think that Caucasus is not big enough for us Three to be tied to it Or are you glad to have Companions in your Misery which is a Comfort to the Unfortunate Here take his Right Hand Vulcan tie it fast and there is the Left we will tie it also 'T is very well The Vulture will come to tear your Bowels as a Reward for your excellent Invention Prom. O Earth which hast brought me forth And thou Saturn and Japetus must I suffer so much for nothing Merc. For nothing Wretch Was it nothing to deceive Jupiter at a Feast and to give him Bones covered with Fat that you might reserve the best part for your self Besides who required you to make a Man that subtile and wary Animal and especially Women and afterwards to steal Fire from Heaven which belonged to the Gods Nay after all this you come to plead your Innocence and to say they do you much Wrong in punishing you Prom. Have you the Courage Mercury to persecute me in this manner and to revile me in respect to Things for which I have deserved well I swear by the Gods that I was brought up at the Charge of the Publick in the Prytaneum I was concerned to see Jupiter so vexed and out of Humour because he had not the best part in the Feast he was going to sacrifice not a meer Man but a God and one of his old Comrades who served him in time of need .... Let us now speak of the Creation of Man and if any will say that he ought not to be made at all or that he should have been made after another manner I will examine both the one and the other and as to the first say that the Gods have been so far from losing any thing thereby that they have been great gainers and that 't is more to their Advantage that there should be Men than if there were none at all To carry the Matter a little higher you must know that at first there were none but Gods in the World and that the Earth was no more than a vast Desart covered with thick Woods Wherefore as I have been always studious of the publick Benefit and Advantage I mixed some Earth with Water as the Poet says and working them together I made a Man like unto us by Minerva's Help This is my Crime .... And now let us speak about stealing the Fire and first did not I steal it to give it to Men and is it not the Nature of that Element to communicate it self without being lost The same Lucian in the following Dialogue makes Prometheus speak to Jupiter in this manner Prom. Free me Jupiter for I cannot do it my self Jupit. Villain shall I set you at Liberty Must I do it because you have made that Piece of Workmanship which has occasioned so much Mischief stole Fire from Heaven and deceived your Master at a Feast Prom. Have not I suffered enough to have been tied so long to Caucasus and to have mine Entrails fed upon by the Cruellest of all the Vultures Jupit. That 's not the Hundredth Part of what you have deserved you ought to have been crushed to Pieces by Caucasus and not tied to it and not only to have your Liver gnawed by 12 Vultures but also your Eyes and Heart So much for the Fable now to the History Diodorus Siculus says that Prometheus governed part of Egypt in the Reign of Osiris The Nile overflowing all the Country under Prometheus his Government had been drowned if Hercules had not stopt it's Irruptions by the Ditches which he made The Nile was formerly named Oceanus but this Inundation gave it the Name of Eagle it was called Egypt in succeeding Times and Nilus from the Two Kings who bore that Name Prometheus his Trouble that the River called the Eagle had spoiled his Country gave the Poets occasion to feign that Prometheus his Heart was tore by an Eagle till such time as Hercules came to free him from that Punishment Ideo poetarum nonnulli Graecorum factum hoc detorsere ad fabulam quòd Aquilam Promethei jecur depascentem Hercules confixerit The same Historian says elsewhere that the Reason why the Poets feigned Prometheus stole Fire from Heaven and communicated the same to Men was because he invented Instruments to make Fire with Ignarii repertor est instrumenti videlicet quo ad eliciendum ignem utimur Jupiter to punish the Thief put him in Chains but Hercules having made his Peace with Jupiter set him free Lucian gives an Account of the most probable Way whereby Man was made by Prometheus viz. that he was the first that made Statues of Earth with so much Art and Skill which was attributed to Minerva that those earthy Men seemed to have both Life and Motion The Poets from hence feigned that Prometheus was the Maker of Men. Appian in his History of the Mithridatick War relates that Pompey when in Pontus had the Curiosity to go and see Mount Caucasus to which it was said Prometheus was tied Arrian reports that the Macedonians who under Alexander conquered Asia having entred into a Cave in the Country of Paropamisus they were informed by the Inhabitants of the Neighbourhood or invented it themselves that 't was the
cum tibicine chordas Obliquas nec non gentilia tympana secum Vexit They were much in use at the Dances and Feasts of Bacchus and Cybele as appears by these Verses of Carulius Cybeles Phrygiae ad nemori Deae Vbi cymbalum sonat ubi tympana reboant Herodian speaking of Heliogabalus says he often had a Frolick to make Persons play upon Flutes and beat Drums in his Presence as if he were celebrating the Bacchanalia TYPHON one of the Gyants that fought against the Gods and was buried alive under the Mountains Apollonius in his Argonauticon says that Typhon was defeated near Mount Nyssa and afterwards thrown down Headlong into the Waters of the Lake Serbonis which is between Egypt and Palestine Plutarch in the Life of Mark Antony tells us the Egyptians said that the Vapours of the Lake Serbonis were caused by the Breath of Typhon Homer makes his Death to have happened in Arimis that is according to Strabo in Syria which the Scriptures and prophane Authors call Aramea from Aram. V. U Is the 20th Letter in the Alphabet and fifth Vowel There is also a Consonant V which is thus distinguished by Grammarians V. V is often changed into O as in this Word volt put for vult The V is also a Numeral Letter signifying five and when it has a Tittle above it five thousand VACUNA this Goddess was worshipped by Plough-men and her Feast celebrated in Winter VADARI ALIQUEM 't is a Law-Term signifying to oblige a Person to give Security that promises he shall on a certain Day appear in Court If he fails his Surety has actionem vadimonii deserti against him i. e. an Action for leaving his Bail VATICANUS the Vatican one of the small Hills of Rome near the Tiber adjoining to the Janiculum where the Pope's Palace is it was thus called from the Responses and Oracles called in Latin Vaticinia which the Romans received here according to Varro There was also a Deity so named in the same Place who was believed to be the Author of the first Speech of Children which was Va from whence comes the Word Vatican and among the Latins Vagire to cry like an Infant VE-JOVIS a hurtful Deity to whom the Romans erected Temples and offered Sacrifices that he might do them no Mischief He was pictured with a Bow and Arrow in his Hand ready to let it flie VELABRUM was a Place full of Tradesmens Shops and especially of Oil-men it was divided into two parts by the Fish-Market and stood near to the Tuscan Division VENILIA a Nymph and the Mother of Faunus she was also reputed to be Neptune's Wife otherwise called Salacia Venilia says Varro is the Water that washes the Shoar and Salacia that which returns into the Bottom of the Sea VENTUS the Wind is nothing else but a Flux of Air agitated by an unequal and violent Motion which is done says Vitruvius when the Heat working upon the Moisture by its Action produces a great Quantity of new Air that violently drives on the other Those who were the Worshippers of the Wind in all likelihood believed they worshipped the Air in the Agitation thereof from whence it is the Persians worshipped the Stars and Earth Water Fire and Winds Herodotus tells us that the Grecians being in a Consternation because of Xerxes his formidable Army that came to fall upon them the Oracle of Delphos commanded them to offer Sacrifice to the Winds from whom they were to expect their greatest Relief Aeneas sacrificed to the Winds Pecudem Zephyris felicibus albam Augustus erected a Temple for the Wind Circius of the Gauls because they were incommoded therewith and had their Houses blow'd down by it The Poets made Aeolus to be King of the Winds and Servius says they were Nine Islands in the Sicilian Sea of which Aeolus according Varro was King from whence they feigned he had the Winds under his Dominion because he foretold the Storms that should happen by observing the Vapours and Steams that arose from those Islands and especially from that called after Vulcan's Name Vt Varro dixit Rex fuit infularum ex quarum nebulis fumo Vulcaniae insulae praedicens ventura flabra ventorum ab imperitis visus est ventos suâ potestate retinere Pliny says that Strongylus was one of those burnt and smoaking Islands and that the Inhabitants from the Fumes thereof predicted what Winds should follow three Days before and that for this Reason they feigned Aeolus was Master of the Winds E cujus fumo quinam flaturi sint venti in triduum praedicere incolae traduntur unde ventos Aeolo paruisse existimatum Nevertheless 't is certain the Worshipping of the Winds is ancienter than Aeolus his Reign whom they pretend to have lived in the Time of the Trojan War The Persians who according to Strabo and Herodotus worshipped the Winds never heard of the King of these little Islands and 't was not to him they addrest their Worship As much may be said in respect to the Scythians of whom Lucian in his Toxaris says that they swore by the Wind and Sword per ventum acinacem When Solomon in his Proverbs says there were Men so mad as to adore the Winds he little thought of Aeolus in the Matter All those Eastern Idolaters worshipped the Winds before the Fable of Aeolus was invented And so we have Reason to believe that as the Worshipping of the Winds as well as that of other parts of Nature passed from the East to the West so the Grecians Sicilians and Italians took occasion from the Nature of those Islands to make them to be the Kingdom of the Winds because they often found Whirl-winds Vapours Winds and Fire to proceed from thence Strabo relates unto us the Observations of Polybius upon the Isle of Lipara which is the greatest of Aeolus his Seven Islands viz. that when the South Wind blew it was covered with so thick a Cloud that those who were but a little way off could not see Sicily but when the North Wind blew the Island sent forth purer Flames and made a greater Noise and Concussion and this gave occasion to say that the King of these Islands was King of the Winds Hesiod openly declares for the Doctrine of Physiology when he gives us the Genealogy of the Winds and makes them to be the Children of Astraeus and Aurora for this is plainly to make those Winds to proceed from the Stars and Aurora or the Horizon or rather from the Stars and Vapours that are always in the Horizon in a very great quantity in order to form Aurora and the Winds therein We know 't is the Opinion of Naturalists and Astrologers that the Stars have a great Influence in the Generation of the Winds He says a little farther that except those three Winds that are useful to Mankind all the rest were the Children of Typhon the famous Gyant whom victorious Jupiter Thunder-struck and buried under the Mountains thro' which he
Falisci near the Road which goes to Naples there rises a Fountain in which are found the Bones of Serpents Lizards and other venemous Beasts There are also some Fountains whose Water is soure such is that of Lyncostis that of Velino in Italy and that of Theano in the Terra Laboris which have a Virtue to dissolve Stones in the Bladder There are also some Fountains whose Water seems as if it were mixt with Wine such is that of Paphlagonia wherewith a Man may make himself drunk In the City of Equicoli which is in Italy and in the Country of the Medulli in the Alps there are Warers which make the Throat swell In Arcadia there is a City very well known call'd Clitor near which there is a Cavern from whence a Spring rises which makes those who drink of it hate Wine because in this Fountain Melampus having first offer'd Sacrifice purified the Daughters of Pretus to cure them of their Folly and by this means de did in effect restore them to their right Wits again In the Isle of Chio there is a Spring which makes them mad who inconsiderately drink of it At Suza the Capital City of Persia there is a Fountain whose Water makes the Teeth fall out AQUA LUSTRALIS Lustral Water The Antients did not make use of all sorts of Water indifferently for their Lustral Water wherewith they purified themselves at their Sacrifices The Romans commonly sent to fetch it from the Fountain Juturna near the River Numicius as the Athenians sent to that Fountain which they call'd Calirrhoe the Trezenians to the Fountain of Hippocrene and the Persians to the River Choaspes They always made use of Running Water which was clear such as that of rapid Rivers or of the Sea which they bless'd after their manner Hospimanus and Pontanus think that the Antients us'd only that Water which was perfectly pure without any Mixture to make their Lustral which Opinion they ground on that passage in the sixth Book of the Aeneids ver 229. Idem ter socios purâ circumtulit undâ Spargens rore levi Yet Du Choul speaking of this Lustral Water says That they took the Ashes of the Wood which was made use of for burning the Victim or of some pieces of Cedar of Hysop and Cumin which they threw into the Fire when they were about to extinguish it and of these Ashes made their Lustral or Holy Water which they plac'd at the Entrance into their Temples in great Vessels and wherewith they purifi'd themselves when they enter'd into them They had also little Vessels or Holy-Water Pots wherein they put some of the Water and with it they sprinkled those who were present with a kind of Brush not unlike that now used in the Church of Rome Ovid has also told us of the Water of Mercury which was near the Porta Capena wherewith Merchants sprinkled themselves thinking thereby to blot out the Sins of Injustice and Fraud which they had committed in their Trading The Antients when any Person was dying were wont out of a superstitious Fancy to throw out all the Water in that House where he was and the neighbouring because they thought that the Angel of Death or Satan who appear'd to all Dying Persons would wash his Sword wherewith he had kill'd the Deceas'd in that Water AQUAEDUCTUS an Aquaeduct a Structure made of Stone standing upon an uneven Ground which was to preserve the Level of the Water and to convey it through a Canal from one place to another The Romans were very magnificent in their Aquaeducts which were sometimes an hundred thousand geometrical paces long The precise time when Aquaeducts first began to be made at Rome is not certainly known Pliny informs us that Ancus Martius the King was the first who began to bring Water from a Fountain call'd Aufeia which was afterwards call'd from his Name Aqua Martia Frontinus who liv'd under the Emperour Nerva and has wrote a long Treatise upon this Subject attributes the first Aquaeduct to Appius Claudius Censor together with M. Plautius Venox who in the year 441 under the Consulship of M. Valerius and P. Decius built a subterraneous Water-passage of strong Stones vaulted at top the rais'd Arches were of Brick or very hard Stone and were call'd Substructiones opera arcuata aerii fornices camerati arcus which are mentioned by Cassiodorus The Height of the Aquaeduct of Aqua Martia which Q. Martius built was level with the Top of the Viminal Mount and that of Aqua Appia was rais'd an hundred feet above the Ground Some have reckon'd up fourteen Aquaeducts which convey'd Water to Rome that were of admirable Structure but Frontinus who was the the grand Over-seer of these Waters under the Emperour Nerva says there were but nine Aquaeducts in his time at Rome The first was that which convey'd the Aqua Appia so call'd from Appius Claudius Censor who gather'd Water together from many places in the Territory of Freseati about seven or eight Miles from Rome and from thence convey'd it through Canals and Arches into the City the Current of this Water from its Spring-head as far as to the Sabini near the Forta Tergemina was eleven thousand one hundred and ninety paces long it was divided at Rome near the Mons Testaccus into twenty Castles or Repositories called Castella and afterwards distributed by many Pipes into several Quarters of the City The second was that of the Water of the old Tiverone call'd Anio Vetus begun by the Censor M. Curius Dentatus in the year 481 under the Consulship of Septimius Carbilius and L. Papyrius for the building whereof he employ'd all the Spoils he had got from King Pyrrhus and at last finished by Fulvius Flaccus the grand Overseer of the Waters The Canal began about twenty miles from Rome above Tivoli its Course was forty two thousand two hundred eighty seven paces This Water serv'd only to wash withal to water Gardens and for Drink for Beasts The third Aquaeduct was that of the Aqua Martia made by the Industry of Martius surnamed Rex which was begun by Ancus Martius the King This Water came from the Fountain call'd Piconia which is in the utmost part of the Mountains of Peligni its Course extended to sixty one thousand seven hundred and ten paces through subterraneous Channels and Arches equal to Mount Viminalis It entred into the City by the Porta Esquilina and having furnish'd two Mountains of Rome the Viminal and Quirinal it emptied it self into fifty one Cisterns for the Convenience of many Parts of the City for this Water was the clearest and best to drink This Aquaeduct was built in the year 609. under the Consulship of Sulpitius Galba and Aurelius Cotta The fourth Aquaeduct was that of the Water called Tepula which the Censors Cn. Servilius Scipio and L. Cassius Longinus convey'd from the Territory of Frescati to the Capitol being twelve thousand paces long This Spring had no certain Source but only some little Veins
or Branches which met together in the Canal of the Aqua Julia one part of this Water was convey'd to the Country and the other to the City which was kept in fourteen Conservatories and distributed into the several Quarters of the City The fifth was that of Aqua Julia which M. Agrippa erected in the time of Augustus and to which in honour of it he gave his Name This Water was collected from many Sources into one great Water-house about six miles from Rome its Course extended to fifteen thousand paces and an half it pass'd through the Porta Esquilina and the Trophies of Marius and emptied it self into seventeen Cisterns for the Accommodation of the several Quarters of the City The sixth was that of Aqua Virginis so called because a young Maid first discover'd its Spring-head to the Souldiers when they were searching for Water as Frontinus tells us in his First Book of Aquaeducts This was also the work of Agrippa which he finished in one Year and about thirteen years after he had built the former It s Canal began about eight miles from Rome in the Territory of Tusculum near the Bridge Salaro and its Course extended to fourteen thousand one hundred and five paces It passed through the Campus Martius and emptied it self into many Cisterns for the convenience of the several Quarters of the City This Water to this day is still called Aqua Virginis and is the only ancient Aquaeduct that remains Pope Nicolas V. repair'd it The seventh Aquaeduct was that of a Lake called Alsietina four thousand paces distant from Rome and six miles to the right-hand from the Via Appia This was the Work of Augustus and from his Name it was called Via Augusta It served only to fill the Circas with Water for the Naumachiae or Sea-fights and for watering Gardens The eighth was begun by the Emperour Caligula but Death prevented his finishing it Claudius his Successor thought the Design was too brave to leave it imperfect Pliny never speaks of this Work but with great Admiration It convey'd the Water of two fine Springs call'd Caeruleus and Curtius which were in the Country of the Latins thirty eight thousand paces distant from Rome holding its Course for the space of forty six thousand paces in length through many Arches which terminate at last in the Porta Nevia and rise as high as Mount Aventine This Water was called Claudia from Claudius and was very good to drink The ninth was also begun by Caligula and finish'd by Claudius in the same year with the former It derives its Water from a place further off than any of the rest viz. at the distance of sixty two thousand paces from the City from a muddy River call'd Tiverone or Anio from which another Aquaeduct was formerly made and this latter is nam'd Anio Novus Claudius thought fit for purifying his thick and muddy Waters to make at the distance of four thousand paces from their first Rising a Pool or Pond wherein the Mud might settle to the bottom which was call'd Piscina Limaria but notwitstanding all this Precaution when the Rains fell the Water came to Rome very thick These two Works were worthy of a great Prince as well for the Height and Magnificence as for the excessive Expences that were laid out upon them which were found to amount according to the Computation of Vigenere to thirteen millions eight hundred seventy five thousand Crowns Vicit antecedentes Aquarum ductus neoâ—ssimum impendium oper iâ— inchoati à Caesare peracti à Claudio quippe à lapide quadragesimo ad eam excelsitatem ut in omnes Urbis montes levarentur c. These are the nine Aquaeducts which Frontinus treats of that had 13594 pipes which he calls Quinarios and were one inch in diameter and 3 in circumference The first Aquaeduct of the Aqua Appia had 694 pipes The Anio Vitus or the Teverone had 1981 That of the Aqua Martia had 1741 The Tepula had 445 The Julia 755 The Aqua Virgo 2504 The Alsietina 592 The Cloudia and Anio Novus 4882. Of all these Pipes there were only 10350 which convey'd Water for the City the rest were for the benefit of the Countrey There are also other Aquaeducts made at Rome since Frontinus's Time Pope Pius IV. built one in the Year 1563. which brought Water at eight miles distance from Rome between Tivoli and Praeneste 't is thought to be the ancient Alsietina Sixtus Quintus built an Aquaeduct of the Aqua Felix in the year of Grace 1581 as may appear by an Inscription engraven upon an Arch near the Gate of St. Laurence Sixtus V. Pont. Max. Ductum Aquae Felicis Rivo pass subterraneo Mil. XIII Substructione arcuata VII Suo Sumptu extruxit Anno Domini M. D. LXXXI Pontificatus I. Let us now see how the Partition and Distribution of these Waters was made into the several Quarters and private Houses There were in all Parts of the City Conservatories or Water houses which were called Dividicula or Castella into which the Waters emptied themselves and from which they were convey'd on both sides by Pipes Agrippa alone during his Edileship made an hundred and thirty of these Water-houses adorned with Statues and Pillars of Marble There were Over-seers appointed to whom the Care of them was committed who were called Castellani who distributed the Water by divers Conduits into several places of the City and even to private Houses and hindred any private Person from misapplying the Water to his own Use without Leave first had which was granted upon conditon of a certain Duty to be paid which was more or less according to the Quantity of Water any one had a mind to have Marlianus informs us That Agrippa was the first who invented this Partition of the Waters by Inches and Ounces as well for the Use of the Publick as of Private Persons The Revenue of these Waters according to the Computation of Vigenere amounted yearly to six millions two hundred and fifty thousand Crowns The Water which was not good to drink as that of Teverone emitted it self into Lakes and serv'd the Beasts to drink and to wash withal it was us'd also for Baths for dying and tanning of Hides for milling of Cloth and for representing the Naumachiae or Naval Fights in the Campus Martius And after they had serv'd for these several uses they were all gather'd together in the Cloacae or common Gutters and from thence emptied themselves into the Tiber. Nero after the Burning of Rome says Tacitus hinder'd private Persons from applying the publick Water to their own use as they had been accustomed to do made Conservatories which might serve for quenching Fires and appointed some Persons to look after them The Censors and after them the Aediles Curuli took care of the Aquaeducts and the Waters of Rome But under the Emperours Overseers were appointed who had under them many subordinate Officers who distributed them for use of the Publick and Private
The Original of the Tuscan Order was in Tuscany one of the most considerable parts of Italy whose Name it still keeps Of all the Orders this is the most plain and least ornamental 'T was seldom us'd save only for some Country Building where there is no need of any Order but one or else for some great Edifice as an Amphitheatre and such like other Buildings The Tuscan Column is the only thing that recommends this Order The Doric Order was invented by the Dorians a People of Greece and has Columns which stand by themselves and are more ornamental than the former The Ionic Order has its Name from Ionia a Province of Asia whose Columns are commonly sluted with Twenty four Gutters But there are some which are not thus furrow'd and hollow'd but only to the third part from the bottom of the Column and that third part has its Gutters fill'd with little Rods or round Battoons according to the different height of the Column which in the upper part is channell'd and hollow'd into Groves and is altogether empty The Corinthian Order was invented at Corinth it observes the same measures with the Ionic and the greatest difference between them is in their Capitals The Composite was added to the other Orders by the Romans who plac'd it above the Corinthian to show as some Authors say that they were Lords over all other Nations and this was not invented till after Augustus had given Peace to the whole World 'T is made up of the Ionic and Corinthian but yet is more ornamental than the Corinthian Besides these Five Orders there are some Authors who add yet Two more viz. the Order of the Cargatides and the Persic Order The former is nothing but the Ionic Order from which it differs only in this that instead of Columns there are Figures of Women which support the Entablature Vitruvius attributes the Origine of this Order to the Ruine of the Inhabitants of Carya a City of Peloponnesus He says That these People having joyn'd with the Persians to make War upon their own Nation the Gracians routed the Persians and obtain'd an entire Victory over them after which they besieg'd the Inhabitants of Carya and having taken their City by force of Arms they reduc'd it to Ashes and put all the Men in it to the Sword As for the Women and Virgins they carried them away captive but to perpetuate the Marks of their Crime to Posterity they represented afterwards the Figure of these miserable Captives in the publick Edifices which they built where by making them serve instead of Columns they appear'd to be loaded with a heavy burden which was as it were the Punishment they had deserv'd for the Crime of their Husbands The Persic Order had its rise from an Accident like this For Pausanias having defeated the Persians the Lacedemonians as a Mark of their Victory erected Trophees of the Arms of their Enemies whom they represented afterwards under the Figure of Slaves supporting the Entablatures of their Houses From these Two Examples divers kinds of Figures were afterwards made use of in Architecture to boar up the Cornishes and support the Corbels and Brackâ—â—s There are still some ancient footsteps to be seen near Athens of those Figures of Women which carry Panniers on their Head and supply the room of the Cargatides There are also Figures of Men who are commonly call'd Atlantes according to Vitrutius tho' the Romans call'd them Telamones The Greeks had some reason to call them Atlantes from Atlas whom the Poets feign'd to bear up the Heavens but it does not appear why the Latins gave them the name of Telamones Boudus in his Dictionary upon Vitruvius says that 't is probable he who first us'd this Word to signifie these Statues which bear some burden wrote not Telamones but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which Greek Word signifies those that are miserable and labour hard which exactly agrees to these sort of Figures which support Cornishes or Corbels and which we commonly see in the Pillars of our ancient Temples under the Images of some Saints or some great Persons ARCHITECTURE consists of Three Parts The first treats of the Building of publick and private Edifices the second is about the Art of Dialling which treats of the Course of the Stars and the way of making several sorts of Dials the third is about the Engines which are made use of for Architecture and for War ARCHITECTUS an Architect He ought says Vitruvius to be skill'd in Writing and Designing to be instructed in Geometry and to have some knowledge of Opticks He ought to have learn'd Arithmetick and to be well vers'd in History to have studied Philosophy very well and to have some insight in the Musick Laws Astronomy and Physick He should be well skill'd in Designing that he may the more easily perform all the Works he has projected according to the Draughts he hath made of them Geometry is also a great help to him especially to teach him how to make use of the Rule and Compass how to lay out things by the Line and do every thing by the Rule and Plummet Opticks serve to teach him how to admit the Light and to make Windows according to the Situation of the Heavens Arithmetick instructs him how to calculate the Charges which his Work amounts to History furnishes him with matter for the greatest part of the Ornaments in Architecture of which he should be able to give a rational account Philosophy is also necessary to make a perfect Architect I mean that part of Philosophy which treats of things Natural which in Greek is call'd Physiology As for Musick he should be a perfect Master of it that he may know how to Order the brasen Pipes which are lodg'd under the Stairs of Theatres so that the Voice of the Comedians may strike the Ears of the Auditors with more or less force clearness and sweetness An Architect ought also to be skill'd in the Laws and Customs of places that he may know how to make partition Walls Spouts Roofs and Common-shores how to order the Lights of Houses the Drains for Water and several other things of that nature Astronomy is also useful to him for making of Sun-dials by teaching him to know the East West South and North the Equinoxes and Solstices c. He ought to be knowing in Physick to understand the Climates and Temperament of the Air which is wholsome and which Infectious also the Nature of Waters For without considering these things he cannot build an healthful Habitation If so much knowledge is necessary to make a complete Architect 't is to be fear'd there are but few perfect Masters of that Art ARCHON the chief Magistrate of Athens The Nine Magistrates who took upon them the Government of that City after the Death of Codrus who was the last King of it were also call'd so At first they were chosen to be perpetual Governors but in process of time their Office was limited
made of Gold Silver and other fusile or combustible Matter but when this God was about to be declar'd the Sovereign Deity over all the rest a certain Priest of Canopus a City of Egypt stood up and advised them to take an Earthen Pot that had many little Holes made in it such as the Egyptians used for purifying the Water of Nile then having stopt up those Holes with Wax he fill'd it with Water and placed it over the Head of the God which they adored whereupon the Contest was presently begun between it and the Fire whose Heat having melted the Wax the Water run out immediately and extinguish'd the Fire whereupon the God of Canopus was acknowledg'd for the Sovereign over all the Gods among these Nations CANOPUS is also a Star which we have no knowledge of says Vitruvius but by the Relation of those Merchants who have travell'd to the uttermost Parts of Egypt as far as these Countries which are at the End of the World and in the other Hemisphere because it turns round about the South-Pole and so is never visible to us since it never rises above our Horizon CAPENA a Gate so call'd at Rome according to Festus from a Neighbouring City near the Fountain Egeria It was also call'd Appia because it was the Gate thro' which they went to the Via Appia and Triumphalis because the Generals to whom a Triumph was decreed made their Entrance into the City thro' this Gate and Fontinalis from the Aquaeducts which were raised over it whence Juvenal calls it madida Capena and Martial Capena grandi porta quae pluit gutta CAPETIS SILVIUS King of Alba-Dionysius calls him Capetus Eusebius Titus Livius Messala and Jacobus of Auzol call him barely Atis and Cassiodorus names him Egyptus He reign'd 24 Years CAPIS SILVIUS King of Latium He is said to have laid the Foundation of Capua in the Terra Laboris tho' others attribute this Foundation to the Trojan Capis the Father of Anchises but without any probability Suetonius speaks of certain Plates of Brass which were found at Capua in the Tomb of Capis in that Year that Julius Caesar was kill'd on which Greek Letters were engraved which signified that at such time as the Bones of Capis should be discover'd one of the Posterity of Julius should be killed by his own People from whence we may draw an uncontestable Proof that Capis was not a Trojan for if he had 't is very probable that Greek Characters would not have been used in his Monument CAPITOLIUM or MONS CAPITOLINUS the Capitol or the Capitoline Mount which was called at first Saturnius because Saturn dwelt there afterwards it was called Tarpeius from the Vestal Virgin Tarpeia who was smothered there under the Bucklers of the Sabines at last Capitolinus from the Head of a Man called Tolus which was found by the Workmen when they were digging the Foundation of the Temple of Jupiter who upon this Account was called Jupiter Capitolinus This Mountain was the most considerable of all those that were at Rome as well for its Extent as for the Buildings that stood upon it which were one Fortress and Sixty Temples whereof the most famous was that dedicated to Jupiter under this Title J. Opt. Max. which was begun by Tarquinius Priscus finished by Tarquinius Saperbus dedicated by Horatius Pulvillus It was burnt 424 Years after its Dedication Sylla begun to rebuild it and Quintus Catulus finished it and consecrated it anew 330 Years being expired after the Renewing of this second Consecration the Souldiers of Vitellius set it on fire and Vespasian caused it to be built again In this Temple Vows were made and solemn Oaths here the Citizens ratified the Acts of the Emperors and took the Oaths of Fealty to them and lastly hither the Magistrates and the Generals that kept a Triumph came to give Thanks to the Gods for the Victories they had obtained and to pray for the Prosperity of the Empire CAPRICORNUS Capricorn one of the Twelve Signs of the Zodiac into which the Sun enters at Winter-solstice The Poets feign that Capricorn is the God Pan who to avoid the Pursuit of the Giant Typhon changed himself into a He-goat whose lower Parts were of Fish Jupiter admiring his Cunning placed him in the Heavens under this Figure Others think that Capricorn was the Foster-brother of Jupiter for Amalthea to whom he was put out to nurse having no Milk of her own suckled him with the Milk of a Goat which Jupiter in Acknowledgment for the Kindness placed among the Signs of the Zodiac CAPROTINA JUNO and CAPROTINAE NONAE the Occasion of giving this Name to Juno and to the Nones of the Month of July which were called Caprotinae was a follows The Gauls having drawn off their Army after they had sack'd Rome the Latins had a mind to make an Advantage of this Misfortune of their Neighbours and therefore entred into a League with the Gauls and resolved utterly to destroy the Roman Empire and that they might give some Colour to their Design they sent to desire of the Romans all their Maids to be given in Marriage which they refused to grant and thereupon the Gauls presently declared War against them This War happening just after their late Misfortune mightily perplexed the Senate and put the Romans in great Trouble and Consternation who could not resolve with themselves thus to abandon their Daughters While they were in this Consternation a certain Woman-slave called Philotis or Tutola proposed to the Senate that she and the other Female Slaves should be sent to the Latins instead of the young Roman Maids being dress'd up in Cloaths like them This Design was approved and presently put in Execution for those Female Slaves resorted to the Enemies Camp who upon their Arrival presently fell a drinking and rejoycing When Philotis perceived that they were plunged into an Excess of Riot she climbed up a wild Fig-tree and having from thence given a Signal to the Romans with a lighted Torch they came presently and fell upon the Latins and finding them buried in Wine and Luxury they easily destroyed them In Memory of this Victory the Romans ordained that every Year a Festival should be kept at the Nones of July to Juno who was called Caprotina from the wild Fig-tree which in Latin is called Caprisicus These Female Slaves having by this Stratagem preserved the Empire were set at Liberty and on this Day they give always a Treat to their Mistresses without the City where they sport and jest with them and throw Stones at one another to represent the Stones wherewith the Latins were overwhelmed CAPULUS a Bier on which the Bodies of the Dead were carried to the Grave from whence it comes to pass that old Men who are on the Brink of the Grave and just ready to die are called Capulares senes and those Criminals who are condemned to die are called Capulares rei CARACALLA Antoninus the Son of Septimius Severus and Marcia
I think that these Chalcidica's were large and lofty Halls where Justice was administred erected at the End of their Palaces even with the Galleries through which they went out of one Room into another and where the 〈◊〉 leaders walked CHALDAEI the Chaldaeans a People of the greater Asia who above all others practised the Art of Astrology The Prophet Daniel was instructed by them They worshipped the Fire The Jews likewise affirm as Jerom says that these Words of Scripture which say that Abraham came out of Vr of the Chaldees shew that he was miraculously delivered out of the Fire into which the Chaldaeans had cast him because he refused to adore it 'T is credible that these Chaldaeans did worship the Sun and Stars which they looked upon as Eternal Fires and that in keeping a perpetual Fire burning upon their Altars they desired to keep and preserve a Resemblance of them continually before their Eyes CHAOS Confusion a Mixture of all the Elements which the Poets feign was from all Eternity before the Stars were placed in that Order in the which they now appear Manilius confesses that Hesiod makes the World to be produced out of this Chaos in his Theogonia where after he has pray'd the Muses to teach him what was the Original and Beginning of the Earth the Gods Rivers and Seas he brings in the Muses answering that Chaos was the first Being that the Earth followed then Hell and Love Darkness and Night came out of the Chaos and the Heaven and Day sprung out of the Bosom of Night Although this Chaos of Hesiod is very confused yet it is no hard thing to find that it is a counterfeit Description of that of Moses in Genesis The Chaos which was a confused Heap of all Things was before all other Beings in their proper and distinct Nature The Holy Spirit which rested upon the Chaos was that Love which Hesiod mentions The Darkness covered the Chaos and this is what the Poet calls Erebus and the Night for the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 comes from the Hebrew Harah which signifies Darkness The Day as well as the Heaven proceeded from the Chaos or the Earth because the Stars were really in the Chaos as were also the Heaven and Firmament before God took them out of it Hell also itself rose out of the Chaos and kept its Name for so Orpheus calls it in Ovid. Per chaos hoc ingens vastique silentia regni Metam 10. Oppian assures us that it was Jupiter that dwells in the Highest Heavens who raised all these Bodies and all the Parts of this vast Universe out of the confused Chaos 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Jupiter beate in te omnia ex te orta sunt We may explain that of Love which Oppian speaks of the Agreement of second Causes The Spirit which according to Moses animated the Waters of the Chaos and covered them in some measure according to the Hebrew Text to make them fruitful may be accounted for Love Diodorus Siculus mixing Fable History and Philosophy together makes the World to proceed from Chaos as also do Euripides and Plutarch Ovid among the Latin Poets speaks very distinctly of the Chaos which was before the Creation of the World Ante mare terras quod tegit omnia coelum Vnus erat toto naturae vultus in orbe Quem dixere Chaos rudis indigestaque moles Nec quidquam nisi pondus iners congestaque eodem Non benè junctarum discordia semina rerum Metam 1. He then observes that it was God who gave Order Distinction and Light to this dark Chaos We may say that this Poet follows Moses closely since he separates first the Heaven and Air from the Earth makes the Waters to fall into the hollow Places of the Earth out of which he causes Trees and Plants to spring after this he forms the Stars produces Fishes Fowls and the Beasts of the Earth and concludes his Six Days Work with the Creation of Man for Ovid exactly follows this Order in God's Works as they were all performed in the Six Days Lastly He describes the Creation of Man as the chief Piece of his Workmanship in whom he put some Rays of his Holiness Divinity Dominion and Sanctity yea his own Image that is to say an Understanding penetrating into Heavenly Truths and Eternal Love Sanctius his Animal mentisque capacius altae Deerat adhuc quod dominari in caeter a posset Natus homo est Sive hunc divino semine fecit Ille opifex rerum mundi melior is origo c .... Finxit in essigiem moderantum cunctae Deorum Pronaque cùm spectent animalia caetera terram Os homini sublime dedit caelumque tueri Jussit erectos ad sidera tollere vultus Metam 1. These Verses clearly express that the History of Genesis teaches that Man was created an holy and religious Creature with whom God conversed that he gave them Dominion over all the World being of a Divine Original animated by his Spirit honoured with his Image and governed by his Laws When Seneca in common Speech gives the Name of Chaos to Hell noctis aeternae chaos aversa Superis regna he shews us that that Part of the World still retains the Name of Chaos as having in it Darkness and Confusion of all Things CHARISTIA or DIES CHARAE COGNATIONIS The Kinsmens Feast This Feast was to be kept in the Month of February in the Rustick Calendar which still remains at Rome upon an ancient Marble but in Constantine's Time this Feast was called Charistia which signifies the same thing Valerius Maximus L. 2. C. 1. N. 8. teaches us what it was Our Ancestors says he appointed a solemn Feast which they called Charistia in which none met but Kinsmen and near Relations that if there were any Difference among them it might be ended most easily in the Mirth of a Feast Convivium etiam solemne majores instituerunt idque Charistia apellaverunt eui praeter cognatos assines nemo interponebatur ut si qua inter necessarios querela esset orta inter sacra mensae inter hilaritatem animorum fautoribus concordiae adhibitis tolleretur Ovid also may be consulted about this Day CHARITES See Carites CHARMIS a Physician of Marseilles who being ambitious to out-do others condemned warm Baths and bathed his sick Patients in cold Water even in the Winter CHARON See Caron CHARIBDIS a Gulph in the Sicilian Sea near Messina now called commonly Galofaro into which Ships being driven by Tempests are wrecked by the Rocks that lie hidden under Water which has given an occasion to the Poets to feign that Charybdis and Sylla were two terrible Sea Monsters which swallowed up Ships and that 2 Women having robbed Hercules of his Oxen were stricken with Thunder by Jupiter and changed into that Gulph which is scituated in one of the Streights upon the Coasts of Sicily The Hebrew Original of these two Names discovers plainly enough who
is in France They laid aside this Ornament in Times of publick Mourning or Calamity as a Sign of Sorrow CLELIA whom Dionysius Halicarnassaeus names Valeria and makes her the Daughter of the Consul Valerius being delivered for an Hostage to King Porsenna for the Security of a Truce she cast her sell into the Tiber and swam over on Horse-back King Prosenna when she was brought back to him by the Consul Valerius admiring her Courage gave her an Horse finely equipped and this is the Reason of the Statue on Horse-back which the Romans have consecrated to Clelia's Vertue in the via Sacra CLEMENTIA Clemency which the Ancients made a Goddess and which they pictured holding a Branch of Lawrel in one Hand and a Spear in the other to shew that Gentleness and Pity belonged only to victorious Wariours The Romans dedicated a Temple to her by the Order of the Senate after the Death of Julius Caesar as Plutarch and Cicero relate The Poet Claudian describes her as the Gardian of the World The Emperors Tiberius and Vitellius caused her to be stamped upon their Moneys CLEOBIS and BITO the Children of the Priestess of Argos who died both at the same time after they had drawn their Mother upon her Chariot to the Temple And these are the Men which Solon calls the most happy in his Answer to Croesus in Charon or the Contemplator See Bito CLEOPATRA Queen of Aegypt Daughter of Ptolomy surnamed Dionysius the last King of Aegypt She was first beloved by Julius Caesar who gave her that Kingdom again after he had conquered it and by him she had a Son named Caesario but after Mark Antony fell so passionately in Love with her that he was not content to give her the Provinces of the lower Syria Phoenicia the Isle of Cyprus c. but promised to give her the whole Roman Empire in Requital of the Pleasures he had with her For Love of her he divorced his Wife Octavia the Sister of Augustus which so much incensed that Prince that he declared War against him Antony though he had the Assistance of the Aegyptian Army fell by the Victorious Arms of Caesar near the Promontory of Actium Cleopatra fled to Alexandria in Aegypt and seeing that she could not gain Caesar's Favour to her Children and being unwilling to be made use of as a Captive to the Conqueror's Triumph she killed her self by the biting of an Asp upon the Tomb of Antony her Lover CLEPSYDRA an Hour-glass made with Water The Use of Clepsydrae was very ancient among the Romans and there were several sorts of them which had this in common to them all that Water ran by gentle Degrees through a narrow Passage from one Vessel to another in which rising by little and little lifted up a Piece of Cork which shewed the Hours in different Ways They were all subject to Two Inconveniences the first is that which Plutarch takes notice of that the Water passed through with more or less Difficulty according as the Air was more or less thick cold or hot for that hindred the Hours from being equal the other is that the Water ran faster at first when the Vessel from whence the Water came was full than at last and to avoid this Inconvenience it was that Orontes found out his Clepsydra which is a small Ship flotting upon the Water which empties it self by a Syphon which is in the Middle of it for the Ship sinketh according to the Quantity of the Water which comes out of the Syphon which makes it always run with the same Force because it always receives the Water near the Surface We make use of Hour-glasses of Sand instead of the Clepsydrae of the Ancients Clepsydrae were more especially used in Winter because the Sun-dials were not useful in that Season The second sort of Clepsydrae was such as without changing the Dial made the Hours sometimes longer and sometime shorter by the Inequality of the Index or Hand which depended upon the Management of the Water as Vigruoius says This was performed by making the Hole through which the Water passed larger or smaller for in the long Days when the Hours were longer the Hole being made narrower it convey'd but a little Water in a longer time which caused the Water to rise and fall slowly and so made the Counterpoize which turns the Axle-tree to which the Index or Hand is fastened to more slowly CLIENS a Client among the Romans was a Citizen who put himself under the Protection of some Great Man who in Respect of that Relation was called a Patron This Patron assisted his Client with his Protection Interest and Goods and the Client gave his Vote for his Patron when he sought any Office for himself or his Friends Clients owed Respect to their Patrons as they did owe them their Protection CLIENTELA the Protection which the great Roman Lords allowed the poor Citizens This Right of Patronage was appointed by Romulus to unite the Rich and Poor together in such Bonds of Love as the one might live without Contempt and the other without Envy CLIMA or INCLINATIONÉS MUNDI and INCLINAMENTUM a Climate which comes from the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say to decline it is intended to mark the Difference there is between the Countries of the World according to the Distance they bear from the Pole or Aequinoctial Line by reason of the Idea which the Material Sphere gives us of this Distance for the Countries which are distant from the Pole or Aequinoctial seem to decline or bend some more and others less towards the Aequinoctial or Poles The Ancients knew but Seven Climates which passed through Meroe Siena Alexandria Rhodes Rome Pontus and the Mouth of the Boristhenes Paris is in the Sixth Climate Averroes who lived under the Fifth Climate preferred it before all others The Moderns who have sailed much farther towards the Poles have made 23 Climates of each Side of the Aequator according to the Number of Twelve Hours by which the longest Day is encreased from the Aequator to the Polar Circle for they allowed the Difference of Half an Hour between one Place and another to make a different Climate and so reckoned 24 Climates and beyond the Polar Circle the Length of Days encreases so fast that they reckoned no Climates there The common People call the Country that differs from another a Climate either for the Change of Seasons or Nature of the Soil or People that inhabit it without any Relation to the long Days of Summer CLIO one of the Nine Muses who teaches to sing the Encomiums of Illustrious Men. She has taken her Name from the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies Glory or Renown She is said to be the Daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne the Goddess of Memory CLOACA a Sink or Gutter under Ground by which the Fifth of the City of Rome was carried away Tarquinius Superbus finished the great Sink which Tarquinius
Beast that lives in the River Nile c. and was worshipped by the Aegyptians 'T is said he is very greedy of Dogs-flesh wherefore the Dogs run all the while they are drinking Water out of the River Nile lest they should be devoured by the Crododiles Phaed. CROESUS vid. after Crepitus CROTALUM was a kind of Castinietta made of a Reed divided into two lengthways which being struck one against the other with different motions of the Fingers made a sound like that the Stork makes with her Bill wherefore the Ancients gave that Bird the Epither of Crotalistria i. e. Player upon the Crotalum And Aristophanes the Poet calls a great talker a Crotalum Pausanias tells us that Pisander Camirensis reported that Hercules did not kill the Stymphalides with his Arrows but that he had frighted and driven them away with the noise of the Crotala and according to this Author the Crotalum must be a very ancient Instrument of Musick if it was made use of in Hercules his time Ovid joins the Crotalum with the Cymbals Cymbala cum crotalis prurientiaque arma Priapo Ponit adducit tympana pulsa manu They acted several sorts of postures when they played with the Crotalon as Dancers do when they dance Sarabands and play with the Castaniets as appears by an ancient Poem intituled Copa attributed to Virgil. Clemens Alexandrinus who ascribes the Invention of this Instrument to the Sicilians would have the Crotala banished from the Festivals of Christians because of the unbecoming postures their sound was attended with CRUMATA Another kind of Castaniets made of little bones or shells as Scaliger observes upon the Copa of Virgil they were very common among the Spaniards and especially among the Inhabitants of the Province Baetica about Cadiz to which Martial makes allusion Nec ae Gadibus improbis puellae Vibrabunt sine fine prurientes Lascivos docili tremore lumbos Epigr. 79. lib. 5. The same Poet in another place speaks of a Woman that could play with that Instrument and make motions with her Body Edere lascivos ad Boetica crumata gestus Et Gaditanis ludere docta modis Epig. 71. l. 6. The Inhabitants of that Country have kept to this time the use of that Instrument and from them Castaniets come to us Yet these Castaniets were not unknown to the ancient Greeks Aristophanes calls them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Oyster's shells and Marshal Testae Audiat ille testarum crepitus CRUPEZIA Another kind of Castaniets to play with the feet and were called Crupexia from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to strike and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the sole of the foot according to the Aetymology which Hesychius the Grammarian gives of it Pollux says that these Crupezia's were Shoes made use of by Players upon the Flure Arnobius lib. 7. against the Gentiles calls them Seaâ—â—lla and laughs at their superstition saying What are the Gods moved with the sound of Cym bals and the noise of Castaniets Scabillorum Salmasius who in his Commentary upon the life of Carinus has collected all that is to be found in Authors about this kind of Castaniets says that they were also called Scabella Scamilla and Scamella because it was like a little stool or a foot-stool which they struck several ways with a wooden or iron shoe but I think that these Castaniets were of several forms There are some represented like a Sandal made of two Soles and a Castaniet tied betwixt them Those who will be further inform'd in this matter may read Bartolinus's Treatise de Tibiis veterum CRUX A Cross a Gibbet of the Ancient Romans whereon they hanged their Slaves and Malefactors This punishment was made use of among the Jews Persians Aegyptians Greeks and Romans The Criminals were tied to it with Ropes or nailed and always died upon it but when they had hung there a while they broke their Bones to make them expire the sooner as they used the Malefactors that were crucified with our Saviour But since our Lord was crucified the Emperors gave orders that no Criminal should be put to death upon the Cross These Crosses were of several Figures as Justus Lipsius tells us in his Treatise de Crucibus CRYPTAE Vaults appointed for the interment of particular Families CTEISBIUS a Native of Alexandria was a Barber's Son and naturally endowed with an excellent Genius for Mechanical Inventions for which he had a strong inclination He hung a Looking-glass in his Fathers Shop so that it might be easily pulled down or raised higher by means of an hidden Rope which he thus performed He put a wooden Tube under a Beam where he had fastened some Pullies over which the Rope went and made an angle in ascending and descending into the Tube which was hollow that a little Leaden Ball might run along it so that the Ball passing and re-passing in this narrow Cavity by its violent motion expelled the air that was inclosed and condensed by compression and forced it against the air without these oppositions and concussions made an audible and distinct sound and observing by this that air inclosed and expelled with violence made a sound like the Voice he was the first that from this principle invented Engines which received motion from Water also all Automata's that go by the force of Water inclosed Engines that depend on the power of the Circle or Lever and many other pleasant and useful Inventions particularly Clocks that move by Water To set these Engines at work he bored a Plate of Gold or a precious Stone and he chose such kind of materials as being subject to wear by the constant passing of the Water or liable to contract filth to obstruct its passage This being done the Water which runs equally through the small hole raises a piece of Cork or little Ship inverted which Workmen call Tympanum upon which is a Rule and some Wheels equally divided whose Teeth moving one another made these Wheels turn very leisurely He also made other Rules and Wheels divided after the same manner which by one single motion in turning round produces divers effects made several small Images move round about Pyramids threw up Stones like Eggs made Trumpets sound and performed several other things that are not essential to Clocks This we have from Vitruvius lib. 9. c. 9. CTESIPHON A famous Architect who made the Temple of Diana at Ephesus He invented an Engine to bring the Pillars of this Temple from the quarries where they were dug out to Ephesus for he durst not make use of Carts as others commonly do because the wheels would have sunk in the way under such a weight but he got four pieces of Wood each of four inches square two whereof were joyned cross the other two which were longer and even with the body of each Pillar At both ends of each Pillar he drove in Iron Pins made like a Swallows Tail and made them fast there with Lead having fastened into the crossing pieces of Wood
Temple to Jupiter Feretrius FERIAE Holy-days when People rested from labour from the Verb feriari i. e. to rest to cease from work for the Feriae of the Ancients were Festival-days Now the Church marks the days of the Week by the word Feria secunda feria tertia c. tho' these days are not Holy-days but working-days the occasion thereof was that the first Christians to shew their Joy at the celebrating of Easter were used to keep the whole Week holy and forbear from all servile work that they might give themselves wholly to the contemplation of the Mysteries contained therein wherefore they called the Sunday the first Holy-day the Monday the second Holy-day the Tuesday the third Holy-day and so forth and from thence the days of every week were afterwards called Feriae in the common Language of the Church tho' they are not to be kept Holy The Romans had two kinds of Feriae the publick Feriae common to all the People in general and the private Feriae which were only kept by some private Families The publick Feriae were four-fold Stativae unmoveable and Holy-days Imperativae commanded Conceptivae moveable Nundinae days for keeping Fairs Stativae Feriae were set Holy-days mark'd in the Calendar which always fell out upon the same day the three chiefest thereof were Agonalia Carmentalia and Lupercalia I shall give an account of them in their order Conceptivae were Holy-days appointed every Year upon uncertain days according to the Pontiffs will such were Feriae Latinae Paganales Sementinae and Compitales Imperativae commanded or extraordinary Holy-days kept according as the occasions of the Commonwealth required either to give thanks to the Gods for some extraordinary Favours or to pacific their Wrath and pray to them to keep the People from publick misfortunes Unto these kind of Holy-days the Processions Games Lectisternium or the Bed of the Gods may be referred Nundinae days for Fairs and extraordinary Markets Before Flavius made the Calendar publick the unmoveable Feasts were publish'd by the Curio's who waited the Nones of each Month upon the King of Sacrifices to know what Holy-days were to be kept that Month and then acquainted each Parish with the same And this was still practiced after the publishing of the Calendar As for the Ferae conceptivae and imperativae they were published in the publick places by a Herald in these words Lavatio Deûm Matris est hodie Jovis epulum cras est and the like And these Holy-days were so religiously kept that the opinion of the Pontiff Mutius Scaevola was says Macrobius that the breaking of a Holy-day was unpardonable unless Men had done it out of inadvertency and in this case they were acquitted by sacrificing a Hog FERIAE LATINAE The Latin Holyday Some Writers say that the Consuls Sp. Cassius and Posthumius Caminius instituted these Holy-days by a Treaty that they made with the Latius in the name of the Senate and the Roman People But Dionysius Hallicarnasseus and almost all the Writers tell us that Tarquinius Supurbus instituted them and that having overcome the Tuscans he made a league with the Latins and proposed them to build a Temple in common to Jupiter sirnamed Latialis where both Nations might meet every Year and offer Sacrifice for their common Conservation Wherefore they chose Mount Albanus as the center of these Nations to build there a Temple and instituted a yearly Sacrifice and a great Feast in common and among their Rejoycings they swore a mutual and eternal Friendship Each Town of both Latins and Romans provided a certain quantity of Meat Wine and Fruits for the Feast A white Bull was sacrificed in common and the Inhabitants of every Town carried home a piece thereof When this Ceremony was at first instituted it held but one day but after the Kings were expell'd out of Rome the People demanded that another day might be added to it afterwards the Senate added a third day a fourth and so on till they came to ten days After the Expulsion of Kings the Consuls appointed a time for the celebrating of this Feast during which the People left the guard of the City to a Governor called Praefectus Urbis While this Feast was celebrated on Mount Albanus there were Chariot-Races at the Capitol and the Conqueror was treated with a great draught of Wormwood-drink which is very wholsom as Pliny says Laâ—norum feriis quadrigae certant in Capitolio victorque absynthium bibit credo sanitatem praemio dari homorificè FERONIA A Goddess of the Woods and Orchards This Divinity took her name from the Town of Feronia scituated at the foot of Mount Soracte in Italy where a Wood and a Temple were consecrated to her 'T is said that the Town and the Wood having both taken fire whereupon the People carrying away the Statue of the Goddess the Wood grew green again Strabo relates that the Men who offered her Sacrifices walked bare-footed upon burning Coals without burning themselves She was honoured by freed-men as their Protectrefs because they received in her Temple the Cap that was the Token of their Liberty FESTUM and FESTA Holy-days The Romans kept many Feasts as it appears by their Calendar We shall speak of them according to their Alphabetick Order They were very careful of observing Feasts and during that time they did forbear to work Tibellus tells us that the Romans abstain from working upon the days of Expiations and Lustrations of the Fields Quisquis adest faveat fruges lustramus agros ...... Omnia sint operata Deo non audeat ulla Lanificam pensis imposuisse manum These words express the true end of ceasing from work to employ themselves to the service of the Gods and Religious Duties 'T is not certain if Plâ—â—ghmen rested from all kind of work during the Holy-days Virgil relates many exercises and other small things that Men were allowed to do in Holy-days Quippe etiam festis quaedam exercere diebus Fas jura sinunt Rivos deducere nulla Relligio vetuit segeti praetendere sepem Insidias avibus moliri incendere vepres Balantumque gregem fluvio mersare salubri Saepè oleo tardi costas agitator aselli Vilibus aut onerat ' pomis Georg. lib. 1. v. 270. as to make Drains to drain the water inclose a Field with Hedges laying snares for Birds set Thorns on fire wash a Flock in the River and load an Ass with Fruits These works were not disagreeable to the celebrating of the Holy-days And yet working was not left to the liberty or humours of Men's fancy but were regulated by the Laws and Ordinances of the Pontiffs who ruled matters of Religion They were so exact in keeping Holy-days that the following day was accounted a day of bad Omen to undertake any thing Wherefore the Romans and the Greeks have consecrated the next day after the Holy-days to the Genij or the dead And they were so careful of ceasing from work that the keeping of their
Egyptiorum est Terra quam Isim volunt esse They ascrib'd many Breasts to Isis wherefore she was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to shew that the Moon or the sublunary world affords food to all Creatures The opinion of Julius Firmicus is that according the Egyptian Poetry Isis was the Earth Isis was also the same with Ceres as Herodotus says Isis secundum linguam Graecorum est Ceres c. ut Aegyptia linguâ Isis est Ceres St Austin declares that this was the opinion of the Egyptians Isis invenit hordei segetem atque inde spicas marito Regi ejus conciliario Mercurio demon travit unde eandem cererem volunt ITALIA Italy a very famous Country of Europe Italy had several names sometimes it was called Hesperia either from Hesperus brother to Atlas King of Mauritania or Hesperus the Star of Venus called Lucifer at the rising of the Sun and Hesperus or Vesper in the evening when the Sun sets Wherefore the Greeks have called the Western parts of Italy Hesperia magna to distinguish it from Spain called minor Hesperia Italy was also called Oenotriae of Oenotrus King of the Sabins or Oenotrus the Son of Lycaon King of Arcadia or rather from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Wine which Janus brought into this Country by planting there the Vine They gave her also the name of Ausonia from Ausonius the son of Ulysses and Calypso That Countrey is now called Italia Italy either of Italus King of Sicily or from Oxen called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the old Greek Italiam dixisse minores Virg. Strabo speaking of Italy gives it this following encomium There says he men breathe a temperate air there are abundance of fountains the waters thereof cure several distempers and preserve health There are all sorts of excellent Fruits and quarries of Marble of several colours The Inhabitants thereof are witty subtle and cunning fit for learning and principally Poetry and Eloquence but are great dissemblers and revengeful even to the very Altars The chiefest City of Italy is Rome famous for the birth of several great men both in War and Peace The Romans have represented Italy in their medals like a Queen sitting upon a Globe holding with her right hand a horn of plenty having the other arm and the breast uncovered With this title Italia ITALUS sirnamed Kitim or Marsitalus left his son Sicor in Spain and came into Italy where he asurped the throne of his brother Hesperus Natales Comes says that he was one of the Captains of Hercules whom this Hero left Governour of Italy Cato and Fabius Pictor tell us that these two brothers one called Hesperus and the other Italus reigned both in Italy wherefore that Country was called by their names sometimes Hesperia and sometimes Italia The word Kitim says Bochart signifies hid which is the proper name of Latium a latendo Wherefore Dionysius Hallcarnassius and other Writers who will derive the Etymology of Italy from a noble origine take it from the name of that King but others derive it from a Calf that Hercules lost at his return from Spain whereupon he called it Vitalia and since Italia This is Cato's opinion upon the origine of the word Italia ITALUS had a daughter called Rome whom he established Queen of the Aberigines who built the City of Rome as it will be said upon the word Roma JUBA King of Mauritania whom Julius Caesar vanquished and reduced his Kingdom into a Province This Prince is represented in one of his Medals with a long face and an arrogant and cruel air his hair curled and set by degrees It was the custom of the Kings of that Country to curl their hair and powder it with Gold powder Petretus and this King killed one another lest they should fall into the hands of Caesar after the defeat of Pompey whose part they had taken JUBAL the posterity of Cain mentioned in the Book of Genesis invented Musical Instruments Jubal was the father of all such as handle the harp and organ The opinion of Vossius is that Jubal mentioned in the Scripture is Apollo whom the Ancients esteemed the inventer of Song and Musick JUDAEI The Jews Some Authors says Tacitus reports that the Jews came from Candia as if the word Judea was made of the word Ida which is a mountain in that Island and says that they were driven out of that place when Saturn was divested of his Empire by Jupiter and went to settle themselves in the furthermost parts of Libia Others write that they came from Egypt and that during the reign of Isis their number being extraordinarily increased they inhabited the neighbouring Country under the command of Jerusalem and Juda. And many others assure us that they came out of Ethiopia either out of fear or hatred of King Cepheus some say also that the Jews were a multitude of Assyrian Mob got together who not being able to live in their Country possessed themselves of a part of Egypt and built afterwards the Towns of Judea in the neghbouring Syria Some allow them a more illustrious origine and affirm that they were already famous in the time of Homer and call them Solymes from whence came the name Solyma or Jerusalem notwithstanding the greatest number of writers agree in this point that Egypt being infected with leprosy King Bocharis by the advice of the Oracle of Hammon drove them out of this Country as a multitude unprofitable and odious to Diety and that being scattered in the wilderness and courage failing them Moses one of their Leaders advised them to expect no relief neither from Gods nor Men who had forsook them but to follow him as a celestial Guide who should deliver them out of dangers which they did without knowing where he led them They say that nothing was more troublesome to them than thirst and that they were ready to perish for want of water When on a sudden a herd of wild asses that came from feeding got into a Rock covered with a wood which Moses having perceived he followed them fancying that he should meet with some fountain in a place covered with green which succeeded according to his desire for he found there abundance of water wherewith they quenched their thirst After they were thus refreshed they continued their Journey for the space of six days then they found a cultivated Country and took possession of it having driven away the inhabitants thereof and there they built their Temple and City Moses the better to get their affection and fidelity instituted a Religion and Ceremonies amongst them contrary to those of all other Nations For all that is holy amongst us is accounted profane by them and all that is forbid to us is lawful to them Moses consecrated in the Sanctuary the Figure of the animal that was their guide and offered in sacrifice the Ram out of the hatred he bore to Jupiter Hammon and the Ox because it was adored in Egypt
Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies to chase away because Wine of which he was the God dissipates the Vexations of Men's Minds LYCAEUS a Mountain in Arcadia consecrated to Jupiter and Pan the God of Shepherds from whence it is that they have given him the additional Epithet of Lycaean they solemnized some Festivals there in Honour of Pan which Evander carried into Italy and were called Lupercalia LYCAON was a Tyrant of Arcadia who was thunder-struck by Jupiter and changed into a Wolf because he had sacrificed a young Child upon his Altar according to the Testimony of Pausanias in his Arcadicks Ovid gives another Account thereof L. 1. Metamorphosis he relates that Jupiter being not able any longer to bear with the horrible Cruelties exercised by Lycaon towards his Guests took upon him Humane Shape and went into the Palace of this Tyrant who being desirous to make Trial whether he were a God or no laid Humane Flesh before him at Table with which Jupiter being incensed he transformed him into a Wolf LYCEUM a famous Place near Athens where Aristotle read Philosophy to his Disciples as Plato did in his Academy His Disciples were called Peripateticks because he taught them walking LYCIUS a Surname of Apollo who was worshipped in the City of Patara the Capital of Lycia where he had a Temple famous for the Oracles delivered there by him Et Lyciae sortes Virg. 4. Aeneid LYCURGUS the great Legislator of the Lacedaemonians formed his Republick according to the Model of the Stars says Lucian and forbad his Citizens to go forth to Battle before the Full Moon because then their Bodies were in greater Vigour That his Laws might obtain the greatest Authority he pretended to have had them from Apollo at Delphos he died when he was Fourscore and Five Years old LYNCEUS was one of the Argonauts who went with Jason to the Conquest of the Golden-fleece the Poets made him to be so quick-sighted that he could see through Trees and Walls and that because he had found out Mines in the Bowels of the Earth LYNCUS a very cruel King of Scythia who would have put Triptolemus whom Ceres had sent to teach Men the Use of Corn to Death but the Goddess abominating so much Cruelty changed him into a Lynx which is an Animal spotted with divers Colours LYRA a Lyre or Harp an old musical Instrument which we find painted in the Hands of Apollo 't is almost of a circular Form and has a small Number of Strings which are touched with the Fingers some have thought the Grecian Lyre to have been the same with our Cüitarre others say it was an Instrument made of a Tortoise-shell which Hercules excavated and bored Moles in and then strung it as Horace bears witness and so they came to call it Testudo You may see it bears several different Forms on the Monuments and Medals of the Ancients Some attribute the Invention of this Instrument to Orpheus others to Linus some to Amphion others again to Mercury and Apollo as may appear by those Dialogues of Lucian concerning the Gods where he brings in Apollo to speak thus He hath made an Instrument of a Tortoise-shell whereon he plays to that Perfection as to make me Jealous even me who am the God of Harmony The Harp is also a Coelestial Sign composed of Ten Stars that rise at the Sign of Libra the Scituation whereof makes as it were a kind of Harp The Fables of the old Astronomers would have the same to be Orpheus his Harp which he received from Apollo to whom Mercury had made a present thereof and that the Muses placed it among the Stars LYSIMACHUS was one of the Successors of Alexander the Great by a Medal of his was to be seen on one side the Form of his Head with his Crown on and two Horns at both ends and this he bare faith Appian because he held a mad Bull by the Horns that had forced himself loose out of the Hands of the Sacrificers and had killed them and in Testimony of his Conquering of him he bore the said Horns Upon the Reverse of the Medal sits Victory holding a Victim in her Right Hand M. M Is a Consonant and the Twelfth Letter of the Alphabet that has a very dull Sound and is pronounced with the outermost Part of the Lips whence it comes to pass that 't is called Mugiens Littera It 's sunk often times in Prose as 't is also in Verse Restitutu iri you meet with in the Law Saltu for Saltum in Vet. Gloss Quintilian says That the M often ended Latin Words but never Greek ones and that in such Case the Greeks changed it into an N because the N had a more pleasing Sound tho' it was rare in the Latin Tongue to meet with any Words ending with this Letter M alone stands for Manius Marcus Manes Manibus M being a Numeral Letter stood for a Thousand among the Ancients and when a Stroak was drawn above it it made a Million MACHINA a Machine or Engine being no other than the Setting together of several Pieces by Mechanical Art so as to serve for the Increasing of the Force of moving Powers The Name of Machine has been given in general to every Thing that hath no other Motion but what comes by the Art of Men the Ancients had a Multitude of Warlike Machines consisting of Rams Slings Scorpions Cross-bows Catapultes c. for the Beating down Town-walls Shooting of Arrows Flinging of great Pieces of Stone and the like MACHINAE VERSATILES They are strange Inventions to Change Scenes make Flights in the Air to move Animals and for other Artifices that both surprize and prove an agreeable Diversion to the Spectators Clocks Pumps Mills Organs and the like Things which operate by the Help of Wind and Water are Water or Aery Machines otherwise called Hydraulick or Pneumatick ones MACTUS HOC VINO INFERIO ESTO 'T was a Form of Speech used at the Sacrifices offered by Pagans to their Gods being as much as to say Magis auctus may your Glory be increased by the powring out of this Wine and the following Expression also has the same Derivation Macte nova Virtute Puer Pretty Boy increase in Vertue MAGIA Magick the Scripture it self gives us an Account of the Antiquity of Magick in Egypt when it speaks of the Magicians used by Pharaoh in Opposition to Moses who also by their Enchantment performed some of the Miracles which God wrought by his own Divine Power But that is not the first Place perhaps wherein the Magick of the Egyptians is spoken of 'T is most certain that as Egypt was the Mother of Fables so was she also the Mistress of Magick Among those Magicians who withstood Moses there were Two who signalized themselves above the rest to wit Jamnes and Mambres of whom St. Paul makes mention according to the Tradition of the Jews Pliny had Knowledge of these Two Egyptian Magicians but he puts
was most valuable in their Doctrine He divided his Philosophy into Three Parts viz. Moral which consisted principally in Action Physicks that related to Speculation and Logick which served to distinguish Truth from Falshood Of all the Philosophers his Doctrine comes nearest of any to Christianity It will surprize you when you read that Plato had Sentiments of God so conformable to the Truth of our Religion from whence some have thought that in his Travels to Egypt he was a Hearer of the Prophet Jeremy or that he had read the Books of the Prophets And I my self says St. Augustine have followed this Opinion in some of my Works but afterwards I came to understand by Cronology that Plato was not born till about 100 Years after the Prophecies of Jeremy and that the Greek Version of the Septuagint was not done by Ptolomy King of Egypt's Order till near 60 Years after Plato's Death insomuch that he could neither see Jeremy who was dead so long before nor read the Scriptures which were not yet translated into the Greek Tongue unless you will have it said that he took care to be instructed therein as he did in the Egyptian Books not by getting them translated but by conversing with the Jews viva voce What favours this Conjecture is that the Book of Genesis begins thus In the Beginning God created Heaven and Earth but the Earth was without Form and void and Darkness was upon the Face of the Deep and the Spirit of God moved upon the Face of the Waters And Plato in his Timeus where he speaks of the Creation of the World says That God did first join the Fire and Earth together It 's clear that by Fire he meant Heaven But what fully perswades me continues the same St. Augustine That Plato had some Knowledge of our Books is that Moses asking the Angel the Name of him who commanded him to go and deliver the Hebrews he received this Answer I am that I am thou shalt tell the Children of Israel I am hath sent me to you But this is that which Plato firmly establishes in his Works and I do not know it is to be found in any Book older than Plato except the holy Scriptures His Writings are almost all divided into Dialogues in which he introduces his Master Socrates He died of the Morbus Pedicularis and was burried in the Academy of Athens where he had taught Philosophy PLAUTUS a Comick Poet admired by all the Ancients for the Eloquence of his Stile he bore the Name of M. Accius with that of Plautus because of his splay Feet as Sextus Pompeius says He was born in a little Town of Vmbria called Sarcinas He was much in Esteem at Rome for the Stage at the same time that Publius Scipio and Marcus Cato were in great Reputation for their Politeness his Comedies are full of Jests and witty Railleries for which Cicero commends him and Varro assures us that if the Muses would have spoke Latin they had spoke like Plautus and Aulus Gellius in his Noctes Atticae calls him the Father and Prince of the Latin Eloquence He imitated the Greek Authors in his Comedies and amongst others Diphilus Epicharmus and Menander Horace says he made Money of his Comedies and when he had got a good deal he with that turn'd Merchant but proving unsuccessful that Way he was necessitated to turn a Mill and grind Corn to serve a Bakehouse He died during the Consulship of Publius Claudius and Lucius Portius while Cato was Censor in the 119 Olympaid and the Year of Rome 565. PLEIADES they were the Seven Daughters of Atlas and the Nymph Pleione who finding themselves pursued by Orion that would have ravished them they prayed to the Gods to preserve them from his Insults which they did by changing them into Stars and placing them in Heaven 'T is a Constellation formed of Seven Stars which are near together towards the 18th Degree of Taurus They are rainy and stormy Stars and very frightful to Mariners they call them in Latin Vergiliae à vere because they rise about the Vernal Equinox and set in Autumn PLEIONE the Daughter of Oceanus and Tethys and Atlas his Wife by whom he had Seven Daughters called Pleiades PLINIUS Pliny the Elder born at Verona was a Minister of State under the Emperor Vespatian he had a very great Knowledge of natural Things of which he wrote extraordinary Books but wherein divers Matters are to be met with that are false which he had by hear-say and took from the Relation of others he was suffocated by the Flames of Mount Vesuvius as he approached too near it to observe that Wonder PLINY the Younger his Nephew wrote a Book of Epistles a Treatise about illustrious Men and a Panegyrick dedicated to Trajan PLUTARCHUS Plutarch of Cheronea flourished under the Emperor Trajan and gain'd great Reputation by his Books The Lives of illustrious Men both among the Greeks and Romans which he compares with one another are the best of his Works and deserve Commendation above the rest Tho' he is every where agreeably instructive and shews he had a general Knowledge in all Things PLUTUS the God of Riches Aristophanes in a Comedy thus cailed says that this God having at first a good Eye-sight stuck to no Body but to the Just But Jupiter taking his Sight from him Riches afterwards fell indifferently to the Share of the Good and Bad They formed a Design for the recovering of Plutus his Sight but Penia which is Poverty opposed it and made it appear that Poverty was the Mistress of Arts Sciences and Vertues which would be in Danger of being lost if all Men were rich They gave her no Credit or seemed not to believe her so that Plutus recovered his Sight in Aeseulapius his Temple and from thence forward the Temples and Altars of other Gods and those of Jupiter himself were abandoned every Body sacrificing to no other than to God Plutus Lucian in Timon or Misanthropos brings Jupiter and Plutus talking together thus Jup. I am amazed to find you angry because you are left at Liberty seeing you formerly complain'd of Usurers who shut you up under Lock and Key without letting you as much as see the Light and made you endure a Thousand Torments You said that 't was it which made you pale and disfigured and was the Cause that you did endeavour to make your Escape You also blamed the Covetous who died for Love of you and in the mean time durst not enjoy you like the Dog in the Fable who being tied to the Rock could not himself eat Hay and would not suffer the Horse to do it You said that they were jealous and debarred themselves of all Recreations without considering that what they loved would one Day be the Prey of a Thief or some unworthy Heir Are not you ashamed thus to swerve from your old Maxims Plutus If you will hear me you shall find I have Reason for what I do For
imitate every thing so admirably well that he feemed to be the very Thing which he imitated which was the Occasion of the Fable Herodotus does not doubt but that Proteus was an Egyptian King and Deity He says 't was he that received Paris and Helen with their Treasures and who kept Helen during the Seige of Troy and restored her to Menelaus when after the Destruction of that City the Greeks came to know that Helen had never been there Diodorus Siculus agrees with him as to the Reign of Proteus in Egypt during the Siege of Troy but he says that the Greek Fable concerning the Transformations of Proteus took its Origin from the different Habits which the said King affected to wear above other Kings of Egypt he one while putting on a Lion's Skin another while he drest himself like a Bull or Dragon and carried Trees sometimes by way of Ornaments sometimes Fire or Perfume which made the Greeks say they were so many different Shapes which he was metamorphosed into and as this King was much addicted to Astrology they feigned also that he foretold Things to come Lucian in his Dialogue of the Sea-Gods makes Proteus and Menelaus speak thus Menel I do not admire Proteus that a Sea-God as you are should transform your self into Water or even into a Plant but to become Fire that I cannot understand to be turned into a Lion may be better allowed of Prot. Menelaus 't is true Men. I know it very well for I am a Witness of it my self But to be plain with you I believe there is a Cheat in it and that you are only a meer Juggler Prot. What Cheat can there be in such things as are so manifest and certain St. Augustine by the â—xample of Proteus his Fable shews that the Poets ought not to be rejected by the Lovers of true Philosophy for the Proteus of the Poets was an excellent Representation of Truth which escapes from us and disguises her self after a thousand different ways by being concealed under false Appearances from which it cannot be separated without great Difficulty But at length after these Obstructions she discovers unto us her Beauty and Solidity that we may afterwards relish the Sweetness of her Orpheus called him the Principle of all Things and the Ancientest of all the Gods and says he keeps the Keys of Nature The Romans named him Vertumnus because of the Variety of Shapes which he assumed He was beloved by the Goddess Pomona PROTESILAUS the Son of Iphiclus and Laodamia's Husband a Grecian Prince who wakilled by Hector at the Siege of Troy as he was coming out of his Ship Lucian in his Dialogues of the Dead makes Protesilaus Pluto and Proserpina talk after this manner Prot. Ah! Pluto and you the Daughter of Ceres do not reject the Prayers of a Lover Pluto Who are you that talk thus Prot. The Chief of the Grecians that died at the Siege of Troy Pluto And what would you have Prot. Leave to go upon Earth a little while Pluto They are the same Requests as all the Dead make but not one obtains them Prot. 'T is not a Desire of Life that makes me speak but the Passion I have to see my Mistress whom I left in her Nuptial Chamber and hasted away to go along with the Greeians and was so unhappy as to be killed by Hector as I was coming ashoar The Love which I have for that fair Creature gives me no rest and I would desire leave once more to spend a Moment with her Pluto Have not you drunk of the Waters of Lethe as others have done Prot. I have but the Disease was too strong for the Remedy Pluto She will not be long before she comes and so spare you the Pains of going to seek her Prot. I have not Patience to tarry Pluto you know the Impatience of Lovers for your self has formerly been in Love Plut. What good will it do you to see her again for a Moment and then lose her for ever Prot. Perhaps I may perswade her to come along with me and so I shall thereby increase thine Empire with one Ghost more Pluto That 's not just Protesilaus and 't is never granted Prot. 'T is because you do not recollect your self better for you did restore his Euridice to Orpheus and Alcesta to Hercules who was my Relation Pluto Would you appear before her in this Condition which will make her die for very fear And do you think that she will mind you or be able to know you Proserpina Let us do him this Favour Pluto and command Mercury to carry him up and when he comes upon the Earth to strike him with his Rod that he may assume his former Shape and become such an one as he was when he went out of her â—uptial Chamber Pluto Since Proserpina will have it I give my Consent Mercury take him and conduct him thither but let him remember that there is but one Day allowed him to tarry They sacrificed to him in Chersonesus according to the Testimony of Lucian himself in his Dialogue of the Assembly of the Gods PROVIDENTIA Providence which the Ancients made to be a Deity as Cicero says 〈◊〉 Nat. Deor. They pictured her like a Roman Lady holding a Scepter in one Hand and with the o her seemed to point at a Globe that was at her Feet intimating that she governed all the World like the good Mother of a Family The Emperor Titus caused her to be graven with the Helm of a Ship and a Globe in her Hands Maximianus represented her by Two Ladies holding Ears of Corn in their Hands with this Inscription Providentia Deorum Quies Augustorum Alexander Severus describes her under the Form of a Goddess holding an Horn of Plenty and having a Vessel full of Ears of Corn at her Feet The Symbol of Providence was an Ant holding Three Ear of Corn in her Mouth PRYTANEUM was a Place in Athens where the Magistrates administred Justice and where those who had done some signal Services for the Commonwealth were maintained at the Publick Charges PSECADES Chamber Maids who perfomed their Mistresses Heads with some Liquid Perfumes which they poured Drop by Drop upon them For the Word Psecas comes from the Greek Verb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies to drop PSYCHE The Amours of Cupid and Psyche are known to every Body Apuleius and Fulgentius give very pleasant Descriptions of them We have a Picture wherein this Marriage is represented and where Cupid walks on Psyche's Right Hand with his Head vailed his Face uncovered and in his Hand a Turtle-Dove which was the usual Symbol of Conjugal Love and Psyche who was by his Side is vailed from Head to Foot this being the Custom among the Ancients for People that went to be married and especially for those of the Female Sex These Two Lovers are fastned together with a strong Chain to in timate there is no stronger nor more durable Union than that of Marriage
Brother of Attalus under the Conduct of the Consul Licinius Crassus of whom Orosus speaks and in this War Pylaemenes who then reigned assisting the Romans against Aristonicus was dispossest of his Kingdom by Mithridates and Nicomedes Authors do not well agree concerning the Re-establishing of Pylaemenes upon his Throne and the End of the Kingdom of Paphlagonia Paulus and Rufus say the Kingdom was given him after Mithridates had been conquered and expelled and that after his Death it was reduced into a Province Strabo an Author worthy of Credit and that lived near that time relates that Dejotarus a Son of one Castor Philadelphus was the last King of Paphlagonia and it appears by one of Cicero's Orations that this Castor was a Grandson of one Dejotarus whose Cause he pleaded against the unjust Usurpations of Castor who had dispossest his Grandfather Dejotarus of the Tretrarchy of Gatatia Justin seems to differ from all these Authors for he says that Nicomedes and Mithridates setting forth their Pretensions to Capadocia before the Senate and the Senate discerning the Artifice of those Kings who under false Pretences had seized upon Kingdoms that of Right did not belong to them took away Capadocia from Mithridates and Paphlagonia from Nicomedes from whence forwards Paphlagonia had no Kings And this Strabo says also PYRACMON one of Vulcan's Smiths who is always at the Anvil to forge the Iron and this his Name does imply for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek signifies Fire and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an Anvil PYRAMIS is an heap of Square Stones always rising up in a taper manner like a Flame whence comes the Name for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek signifies Fire There are some Pyramids of a vast height and Pliny speaks of one for the Building of which 32000 Men were imploy'd for Twenty Years He says it took up Eight Acres of Ground This Author informs us that the Kings of Egypt who put themselves to such great Expence did it for no other End than to keep the People from Idleness and thereby to prevent the Insurrections that otherwise might have happened See Obeliscus PYRAMUS a Babylonian who was passionately in Love with Thysbe these Two Lovers having appointed a Meeting under a Mulberry-Tree Thysbe came thither first and was set upon by a Lion from whom she made her Escape but happening to let her Vail drop the Beast tore and bloodied it Pyramus coming and finding the Vail of his Mistress bloody thought she had been devoured and so in despair killed himself Thysbe returning and finding her Lover dead fell also upon the same Sword Ovid. L. 4. Metam describes their Love and says that their Death made the Mulberries change Colour and turn Red from White which Colour they bore before PYRRHICHA a kind of Dance invented by Pyrrhus which was performed with Arms wherewith they struck certain Shields by the Cadency and Sound of Musical Instruments PYTHAGORAS a Philosopher who intermixed some Tables Allegories or Enigmatical Expressions with his Works wherein he imitated Numa Pompilius the Second King of Rome He was indeed both a King and Philosopher and was so very much addicted to the Doctrine which Pythagoras published to the World that many who were gâ—osly ignorant of the Series of Time took him for one of Pythagoras his Disciples but Dionysius of Hallicarnassus has refuted this Error and shewed that Numa lived Four Generations before Pythagoras having reigned in the 16th Olympiad whereas Pythagoras did not teach in Italy till after the â—iftieth In order to let you know the Doctrine and Life of Pythagoras I 'll give you what Lucian says upon this Occasion in his Dialogue of the Sects or Sale Philosophers Jupiter Let these Seats be put in order and clean every â—lace as long as there is an Obligation to make Things ready for the Sects that so they may come and shew themselves Mercury See here are Buyers enough we must not let them cool With whom shall we begin Jupit. With the Italian Sect Let that venerable Old Man with long Hairscome down Merc. Hoâ— Pythagoras come down and walk round about the Place that you may shew your self to the People Jupit. Make Proclamation Merc. Here is a Coelestial and Divine Life who will buy it Who has a mind to be more than a Man Who is he that would know the Harmony of the Universe and rise again after his Death Merchant Here are great Promises indeed and the Person looks with a good Aspect but what does he chiefly know Merc. Arithmetick Astronomy Geometry Musick Magick and the Knowledge of Prodigies you have an accomplish'd Prophet here Merchant May one ask him a Question Merc. Why not Merchant Where were you born Pythagoras At Samos Merchant Where did you study Pythag. In Egypt amongst the Wise Men of that Country Merchant If I become a Chapman what will you teach me Pythag. I 'll teach you nothing but I 'll cause you to call to mind again what you did formerly know Merchant How is that Pythag. By purifying your Soul and cleansing it from all its Dregs Merchant Suppose it be already purified how will you instruct me Pythag. By Silence You shall continue Five Years without speaking Merchant Go and teach Craesus his Son I 'll continue to be a Man and not become a Statue But yet what will you perform after so long Silence Pythag. I 'll teach you Geometry and Musick Merchant It s very pleasant indeed a Man must be a Fidler before he is a Philosopher And what will you teach me after that Pythag. Arithmetick Merchant I understand that already Pythag. How do you reckon Merchant One Two Three Four Pythag. You are mistaken for what you take to be 4 is 10 that is 1 2 3 4 make 10. A perfect Triangle and the Number we swear by Merchant By the Great God Four I never heard any Thing so strange and so divine as this Pythag. After this you shall know that there are Four Elements Earth Water Air and Fire and know also their Form Qualities and Motion Merchant How Have the Air and Fire any Form Pythag. Yes and visible enough for if they had no Form they could not move Then you shall know that God is Number and Harmony Merchant You tell us strange Things Pythag. Again you are another Thing than you appear to be and there are several Men in you Merchant What say you that I am not the same Person that speaks to you Pythag. You are the same now but you have been another formerly and will pass again into other Persons by a perpetual Revolution Merchant I shall then at this rate be immortal But enough of these Things What do you live upon Pythag. I eat nothing that has Life in it but every thing else except Beans Merchant Why will not you eat Beans Pythag. Because they have something that is divine in them 1st They resemble the Privy Parts which you may easily observe if you will take a
spent in publick Rejoycings and much the same as those used the preceding Day The third Night they sacrificed a Hog to the Earth which the Ancients esteemed as one of their chief Goddesses and adored under different Names they believed this Animal to be the most pleasing Victim they could offer her as well because it always looked towards the Earth as by reason they said a Hog formerly eat the first Corn that was sowed This Sacrifice was offered upon the Banks of the Tiber at a Place in Campus Martius called Terentum from the Verb Tero to use because the Bank of the River was there worn away and as it were consumed by the Water On the Day following which was the third and last of the Secular Games they had Two Consorts of Musick one consisting of Boys and the other of Girls all of them of the best Families in Rome and whose Parents were yet alive a Circumstance observed that there might be no Occasion administred for Mourning and Sadness at a Feast where there should be nothing found but Joy They sung an Hymn composed on Purpose for the Secular Plays we have that extant which was sung in Augustus his Time and composed by Horace which is to be found in the End of his Book of Epods It was undoubtedly the same Day that was appointed for the Mystick Dance of the Salii instituted formerly by Numa second King of Rome we should not have known that this Dance made one of the chief Ceremonies of the Secular Plays if we had not learnt it from two Medals one of Augustus and the other of Domitian which were stamped on purpose for these Plays and upon which may be seen the Figure of a Salian as represented by the Ancients He has a round Bonnet on his Head ending with two very long Corners upon his particoloured Tunick he wears a kind of a Coat of Arms of which nothing but the Edges is to be seen which consisted of Purple Bands fastned with Brass Buckles he holds a small Rod in his Right Hand and a Buckler in the Left in the midst whereof Minerva's Head is to be seen she being the Goddess chosen by Domitian to be his Protectress They assisted the same Day at the Shews in the same manner as on the preceding Days This Feast being over the Emperor gave the Offerings to such Officers as were to take care of these Ceremonies who distributed part of the same amongst the People They afterwards recorded these Plays in the publick Registries and inscribed them on Marble They were called Secular Games because the Time prescribed between the Celebration of one and the other of them had the same Extent as the longest Life of Man which is that called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Greeks but Seculum by the Romans In short this Solemnity contributed very much to the Diverting of the Plague Morality and other Epidemical Distempers and now we will give you the Occasion of the Institution of them Valesius from whom the Family of the Valefii among the Sabines was descended having a Wood before his House the tall Trees whereof were reduced to Ashes by Thunder he was troubled that he could not understand the Reason of such a Prodigy In a short Time after his Children happening to fall sick of a dangerous Distemper against which no medicinal Remedies could prevail he had Recourse to the Aruspices who telling him that the manner of the Thunder denoted that the Gods were very angry he went in the Way of his Duty to appease them by Sacrifices and being both himself and his Wife extreamly concerned for the Safety of his Children of which they had no Hopes he prostrated himself at the Feet of a Statue of Vesta making a Tender to that Goddess of his own and their Mother's Life to redeem theirs then turning his Eyes towards the Wood that had been burnt he thought he had heard a Voice commanding him to go to Tarentum and there give them some of the Water of the Tiber to drink after he had warmed it upon the Fire of Pluto and Proserpina's Altar At these Words he despaired still the more of the Lives of his sick Children for how should he find the Water of the Tiber at Tarentum which was a little Town scituated in the farther Part of Italy besides he took it for an ill Augury for him to heat that Water upon the Altar of the Infernal Gods The Aruspices had no better Opinion of it than he however they advised him to obey wherefore he embarked with his Children upon the Tiber and took care to carry Fire along with him but finding he could do it no longer because of its excessive Heat he caused the Men to row toward a Place on the Shore where the Stream was not so rapid and having stopped near a Shepherd's Cottage he came to know of the said Shepherd that the Name of the Place was Tarentum or Terentum as well as the City scituate in the Promontory of Iapyx He gave God Thanks for this good News caused the Water of the Tiber to be warmed upon the Fire he had lighted and no sooner gave it his Children to drink but they fell asleep and when they awoke found themselves well They told their Father that while they were asleep a Man of an extraordinary Size appeared to them who had an Air all Divine and commanded them to offer black Victims to Pluto and Proserpina and to spend Three Nights successively in singing and dancing to the Honour of those Deities in a Place in Campus Matrius appointed for the exercising of Horses Vaicsius going about to lay the Foundations of an Altar there had not dug very far but he found one to his Hand with this Inscription TO PLUTO AND PROSERPINA And having then his Doubts fully cleared to him he sacrificed black Victims on the said Altar and spent Three Nights in this Place as 't was ordered him to do Now this â—ar had been erected for those Gods upon a remarkable Occasion during the War of the Romans against the Albans whea their Armies were just going to engage all on a sudden there appeared a Man with a monstrous Aspect and clad in black Skins crying out with a loud Voice That Fluto and Proserpina commanded them before they engaged to sacrifice to them under Ground after which he vanished The Romans being astonished at this Apparition immediately built an Altar 20 Foot deep under Ground and after having sacrificed according to Order they covered it to the end no Body but themselves might have Knowledge of it Valesius having found it after he had offered Victims thereon and spent the Nights in the Rejoycings prescribed by the Gods he was called Manius Valerius Terentinus Manius in Commemoration of the Infernal Gods called Manes by the Latins Valerius from the Word valeo which signifies to be in Health and Terentinus in respect to the Place where he had offered Sacrifices Sometime after this Adventure that is