Selected quad for the lemma: water_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
water_n	air_n	element_n	fire_n	13,062	5	7.1789	4	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A11816	Naturall philosophy: or A description of the vvorld, and of the severall creatures therein contained viz. of angels, of mankinde, of the heavens, the starres, the planets, the foure elements, with their order, nature and government: as also of minerals, mettals, plants, and precious stones; with their colours, formes, and vertues. By Daniel Widdovves.; Rerum naturalium doctrina methodica. English. Abridgments	Scribonius, Wilhelm Adolf, fl. 1576-1583.; Widdowes, Daniel.; Scribonius, Wilhelm Adolf, fl. 1576-1583. Rerum physicarum juxta leges logicas methodica explicatio. aut; Woodhouse, John.	1631 (1631)	STC 22112; ESTC S117038	44,731	82

is a fat substance drawne by the heate of the Sun from the earth and the heate of the highest region of the Ayre is set on fire appearing like a starre and is sometime moved in the ayre It foreshewth war Pestilence drought and barrennes of the earth The light of some Plannets sometime fayle especially The light of some Plannets especially the sunne and moone faileth sometime and the reason of them of ☉ and ☽ The defects happen in the Zodiacke if these 2. starres bee in the knotts of their circles or neare to them which knotts are cuttings made by the course of the ☉ and ☽ and is called the dragon The higher is called Dragons head the lower the Dragons tayle The Ascendant or higher is where ☽ departing from the middle Zodiacke doth come nearest unto us The descendant when the ☽ is removing from us Of the Eclipse of the Sunne and Moone and the reason of them The Eclipse of those starrs is in whole or part In whole all being obscured as in the midst of them In part it happeneth neare one of the knotts The Eclipse of ☉ is by comming of ☽ betweene our eyes and the ☉ in the conjunction of both Plannets A great Eclipse of ☉ is when the centure of these starres proceed in a direct line to our eye The Eclipse of ☽ is the depriving her of the light of ☉ in the opposition the earth shadowing her comming in a straight line betweene them her Eclipse is sooner seene in the East than in the West CHAP. IIII. Of the foure Elements ELements are simple essences lesse durable than the What Elements are heavens and are the wombs of mixed things c. Of the Elements 2. are cleare ayre and water Ayre Some cleare as Ayre and water three regions of the Ayre which is cold and moyst and of these there are described 3. regions the first is hot and dry this is termed the fiery which causeth it to be called an Element Ayre the flame being but inflamed ayre the midle region colder and darker the third region in which we live is hot and cold by the more or lesse reflection of the Sunne beames Ayre is so needefull to creatures that none live The necessity of the Ayre without it the thinner the better and more healthfull Water is an element lesse thin and cleare moyst and What water is The natures and uses of it most cold Water warmed in channells in the earth causeth hot springs this is heated by running by some hot mineralls and helpeth moyst and cold bodies Water is greater or lesse The greatest is the Sea Why the water in the sea is salt The reason of the ebbing and flowing of the sea which is salt because that the starres drawe sorth the thin substance leaving the earth behinde The Ocean ebbeth and floweth after the ☽ motion and from the new moone to the full humours increase and after decrease and the tides are knowne by the Moone Particular Seas take their name of some country or of some accident as the red Sea c. Waters are in flouds or fountaines fountaines are Of Flouds Fountaines best which come out of Mountaines or Rocks c. Water is of divers colours and tastes Milky Diverse coours tastes of waters What the earth is Greene Red Salt sharpe bitter and like wine The Earth is a thicke element cold and dry and is unmoveable about which all things move it is round and all things tend as neare the center as they can It is in compasse with the water 21600. miles and The compasse of it is but as a point to the whole world Concreat and mixt bodyes or natures are essences Of concreat mixt bodies mixt of parts severally disposed For from sundry things of divers formes one forme may bee formed and things of one mixture according to the divers affection of their elements are diversly affected As some are Ayery some Fiery and some Earthly But the proportion maketh temperature which is a proportion of qualities cleaving together in mixture it is equall or uneven and is either simple or compound simple is in act or power compound as heate with drinesse c. Mixed natures are either livelesse or living Liveless Of mixed livelesse natures as meteors what they be with their severall kinds and the reason of them as Meteors which are a hot smoake lifted up by the attractive force of starres some 15. German miles into the ayre and no higher this smoke is a vapour or exhalation A vapour is a moyst smoke drawne from water and is easily resolved into water Exhalation is a dry smoke drawne from the earth easie to fire from exhalation arise fiery impressions which burne like fire as pillers dartes candles goates shooting starres fiery Dragons darke streames fooles fire and such like firery Meteors Mixed fiery meteors whose exhalation is somewhat Of Mixed fiery meteors as thunder what it is and the reason of it unpure thicker and long her mixture is thunder which is a fiery exhalation breaking forth of the cloudes with a sound Lightening small and great is a flaming light of a burning exhalation shining before thunder Though we heare not the thunder it is at the present breaking out of the flash the eye being quicker than the care The great lightening is thicker and burneth more if it be hardened with the heate of the Sunne and it selfe it maketh a stone which is cast out at the cracke this doth much harme Lightening is thicke or thin this boreth through Of lightning what it is and the reason of it without leaving any signe of it The thicker scorcheth and burneth it hath much earthy matter setting on fier steeples and such like and in great flashes is but some small deale of this earthy matter else all things would be fired Watery meteors are vapors more fully compact together Of watery meteors as clouds what they be with the reason of them and appeare in the lowest part or midst of the Ayre as cloudes and such like A cloude is a vapour joyned together by the extreame cold of the middle region Cloudes hang in the Ayre by the Sunnes heat which draweth them up and by the moving of the windes are tossed up and downe In these Cloudes by ☉ and ☽ are framed divers Diverse shapes in the cloudes with the reason of them as a false Sunne how occasioned shapes having no proper matter but onely appeare in the cloudes either about ☉ and ☽ or opposite to them as A halfe Sunne which is imprinted in the Cloud by the reflection of his beames in a cloud being waterish so that sometime the shape of 2. or 3. Sunnes are seene so of the Moone Bright circles of the cloudes being black are from the reflecting beames seeming to compasse the ☉ or ☽ yet they are far lower These circles appeare more often about the moone shee being not able with her beames

NATVRALL PHILOSOPHY OR A DESCRIPTION OF THE WORLD AND OF the severall Creatures therein contained Viz. Of Angels of Mankinde of the Heavens the Starres the Planets the foure Elements with their order nature and government As also of Minerals Mettals Plants and Precious stones with their colours formes and vertues By DANIEL WIDDOVVES The second Edition corrected and enlarged 1 King 4. 33. He spake of Trees from the Cedar tree that is in Libanon even to the Issope that springeth out of the wall He spake also of Beasts and of Fowles and of creeping things and of Fishes These little leaves the Worlds huge load sustaine And what besides the great World can containe Printed at London by Tho. Cotes for Iohn Bellamie and are to be sold at the three Golden Lyons in Cornehill 1631. TO THE HONORABLE Sir William Parsons Knight Barronet his Maiesties Survayour Generall Com missioner in the Court of Wards and one of his Maiesties most Honourable Privie Counsell in Ireland c. Honourable Sir I Doe present to your view a small frame of the world and of the Creatures therein contained drawne with the Pensilles of iudicious Scribon and of D. W. A worke in nature not unlike to our Survayes in Ireland that represent most lively vaste Countries within a small Map I offer this to you having heretofore given to you an account of those services that I have lately done in the survey of Ireland you being Survayor Generall of that kingdome wherein I have spent the most part of thirty yeares in the service of my Prince and Country Tam Marte quam Mercurio both by Pike and Pen with great toyle much hazard and many hurts but little profit Notwithstanding your demerits and worth be such as Gratitude hath chosen your Patronage and Devotion wisheth all honour health and happinesse to you to my good Lady and to yours At your Honours Command I. Wyddowes alias Woodhouse The Contents CHAP. I. WHat philosophie is Page 1 What God is Ibid The actions of God towfold ibid What Angels are ibid How they appeare ibid What their office is 2 CHAP. II. Of motions qualities colours tasting c. TWo kinds of movers in the world ibid How created things move ibid What motion is ibid Five things in motion ibid Six kinds of motion ibid What qualities are ibid What the qualitie of heate is 3 Lightnesse and thinnesse commeth of heate ibid Heavinesse and thicknesse of cold ibid What proceedeth from moysture ibid What proceedeth from drynesse ibid The use of colours 4 What a Simple colour is ibid White what it is ibid Blacke what it is ibid Of mixt colours and whence they proceed ibid How they are compounded ibid Tasting whence it is ibid The diverse kindes of it ibid Smelling whence it proceeds whē good whē bad ib. Qualities arising by meanes what they be 5 Hid qualities how knowne ibid They are either native or passionate ibid Native governed by the Heavens ibid How and when of most effecacie ibid Passionate how effected ibid What concord is ibid What discord is ibid CHAP. III. Of the Celestiall bodies as the Heavens the Firmament the Starres with their places order and government WHat Heaven is 6 What the Firmament is ibid What the Etheriall part of it is ibid What a Starre is with their diverse kinds ibid Their operation over bodies and how it is ibid Their rising and falling and how it is ibid Starres fixed or wandring 7 How knowne from Planets ibid How and where contained in the heavens ibid Starres Masculine and Feminine ibid Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo ibid Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagitarius 8 Capricornus Aquarius Pisces ibid Of Starres in the Zodiack ibid What the Northerne Constellations are ibid What the Southerne Constellations are ibid What Planets are 9 Why called wandring 9 When and how they are stayed ibid When and how they goe backe ibid The virtue and force of Planets ibid The proper house of each Planet ibid Planets some of one light some of more ibid Coniunction of Planets common or speciall 10 They presage things to come and how ibid A description of Saturne his properties and how he ruleth in the body and over whom ibid A description of Iupiter his properties how he ruleth in the body and over whom 11 A description of Mars his properties how hee ruleth in the body and in whom ibid A description of the Sunne the office and use of it and how and whom it governes ibid It maketh Winter and Summer length and shortnesse of dayes 12 A description of Venus her properties how and in whom she governs ibid A description of Mercury his nature how and in whom he ruleth ibid A description of the Moone 13 How the Moone increaseth and decreaseth ibid When and how the Moone is in the full ibid In what time she endeth her revolution 14 What a Comet is ibid The light of some Planets especially of the Sun Moone faileth sometime the reason of it ibid Of the eclipse of the Sun and Moone the reason of them ibid CHAP. IIII. Of the foure Elements WHat Elements are 15 Some Elements cleare as ayre water ib The regions of the Ayre ibid The necessity of the Ayre ibid What water is the natures and uses of it ibid Why the water in the Sea is salt ibid The reason of the ebbing and flowing of the Sea ib. Of Flouds and Fountaines 16 Diverse colours and tasts of water ibid What the earth is ibid The compasse of it ibid Of concreat and mixt bodies ibid Of mixed livelesse natures as meteors what they be with their severall kinds and the reason of them ibid Of mixed fiery meteors as thunder what it is and the reason of it 17 Of lightning what it is and the reason of it ibid Of watery Meteors as clouds what they be and the reason of them ibid Diverse shapes in the clouds the reason of it ib. A false Sunne how occasioned ibid A rainebow how occasioned 18 A description of the rainebow the signes of it ib Of Meteors of dissolved clouds with the reason of it ibid Snow what it is and how occasioned ibid Hayle what it is and how occasioned ibid Dew what it is and how occasioned 19 Manna what it is 19 Frost what it is and how occasioned ibid Of Meteors caused of both kinds of Smoake the reason of them ibid Winde what it is and the diverse kindes of it as Storme Whirlewinde Earthquake ibid CHAP. V. Of mixed living Natures WHat a vegetative soule is with the nature and office of it 20 What nourishment is ibid What concoction is with the necessitie of it ibid The necessitie of temperate heate cleared by comparison ibid The benefit of good and hurt of bad concoction 21 Whence inflammation ariseth ibid The companions of concoction are 1. Attraction 2. Retention 3. Expulsion what they are ibid What generation is 22 What is the obiect of it ibid CHAP. VI. Of

Movers 1 God 2 Things Two kinde of movers in the world How created things move created by him Things created move from God and are of finite power in moving in a prefixed matter and in time They be of two kindes without or within the thing moved the one called violent the other naturall Motion is an unperfect act moving to that it was not What motion is Five things in motion from that it was Five things are in naturall motion the mover the thing moved the terme from which the terme to which it is moved and time There bee sixe kindes of motion generation corruption Six kinds of motion increase decrease alteration of quality and change of place Qualities are either manifest or secret Manifest What qualities are are either principall or such as proceede from them the chiefe of the principall are heate and colde Heate gathereth together things of one kinde and What the quality of heate is separateth things of contrary nature as Gold from Silver or drosse Colde joyneth together things as the frost in winter The weaker qualities are moysture and drinesse Moysture is hardly contained in his owne bounds Drinesse keepeth his owne bounds Qualities common from the first are either seconds or wrought from them Second qualities from one or more are deriued From Heate commeth Rarity and Leuity For Lightnesse thinnesse commeth of heate Heate openeth and enlargeth the poores Raritas or Thinnes is that which hath hollow parts or spongie as a sponge clouds c. Lightnes proceedeth from heate drawing easily Heavinesse thicknesse of colde upward Thicknes and heavines are of colde For cold gathereth together and stoppeth bodyes by which bodyes become heavie Thicknes hath his parts shut up together as stones Heavines moveth downewards thus is Mercurie heavier than gold and gold than Lead Tactile or qualities that may bee touched comming What proceedeth from moysture from moisture are softnes and tenuitie from the Ayre smoothnes and slipperines from the water From drynesse proceede hardnes and roughnes casines What from drinesse in breaking and drought From the first qualities diversly disposed arise others called sensible qualities Their Originall is obscure or more manifested Qualities of obscure originall are such as doe not alwayes plainely clearely declare the ground whence they arise Of this nature are colours which is the The use of Colours splendor of the body illustrated by light with which all bodies are dyed according to their moystnes decocted more or lesse apt to receive greater or smaller light Colour is either simple or mixed A Simple colour consists of none other as black What a simple colour it and white White consisteth of much light in a thin body of White what it is an ayery moisture well concocted Blacke is in a thicke body contayning but small Blacke what it is light of moysture either adust or raw watrish mixed with the earth as appeareth in the inner parts of the earth Mixt colours are from those two mingled either in Of mixt cullors and whence they proceede And how compounded a meane or unequall-portion of equall mixture is red Other are made of this meane and one of the extreames Yeallow is of much white and a little red viz. two parts of white and one of red Saffron cullour or Orange-tawny is of greater rednesse and of lesser whitenesse Purple is of much red and lesse blacke Greene is of much black and lesse red This being a cleare moysture is most pleasant to the eye Qualities of a more manifest originall are perceived Tasting whence it proceeds diverse kinds of it in smels and tastes Taste is made from the straining of drynesse through moisture is either hot or cold in a high or meanest degree Very hot tastes are biting bitter or salt Tastes meanely hot or sweet Cold tasts are either thicker or thinner thicke as soure and sharpe or thin as tartnes where also we place freshnesse Smelling whence it proceeds Smell is a qualitie comming from a dry earthly heate made thin by mixture of vapors If it be well When good when bad mingled it is good if not it is stincking These qualities come from the first there are others Qualities arising by meanes what they be that come by Meanes from the first such are generating flesh by drinesse and binding in healing and joyning Hid qualities how knowne together but more moderate Hid qualities are onely knowen by long experience comming from the forme and essence of a thing which in most things maketh it hard to discerne Hid qualities are either They are either native or passionate Native governed by the heavens How and when of most efficacie inbred or passionate Native or inbred come from formes taking their originall from heaven and therefore are governed most according to the position of the heavens and stars being of most efficacy in their subject matter rightly prepared and at certaine times As the Load-stone in drawing Iron The Pionie for falling sicknesse Polypody in the diseases of the liver c. Passionate qualities are effected by an agreeing or Passionate how effected disagreeing concord Concord is the naturall agreement of things whereby What Concord is a feirce Bull tied to a fig-tree is made gentle An Olife taken up and replanted by a virgin bringeth forth aboundance of fruite Ocymum a Pulse being at the sowing banned groweth the better The bleeding of a dead body at the presence of the killer Discord in naturall things What discord whereby the horse-fly is killed with the smell of roses so goats are poysonous unto plants CHAP. III. Of the Celestiall bodies as the Heavens the Firmament the Starres with their places order and government NAturall things are simple or compact Simple are stable or unconstant stable are the heaven and starres Heaven is as it were a vaulted body made What heaven is of water thinne like a skinne and moveable The Firmament is the orbe of the moveable heaven What the firmament is containing the world which consisteth of Ethereall and elementall parts The Ethereall part compasseth the Elementall and What the Ethereall part of it is is not variable it containeth 10. spheres and is in continuall motion being moved from the East to the West in 24. houres and maketh the naturall day A star What a Starre is The diverse kinds of them is a firme essence in heaven giving light One star is brighter than another and they are of divers motion either simple as from west to the east or divers as their variable motion north and south and they have Their operation over bodies how it is their operation over inferiour bodies which they worke by themselves or by aspect with others which is either conjunct or opposite conjunct is either in the same or severall places ☌ ☍ □ △ caracters bee of conjunction ☌ Sextile ⚹ Trine △ quadrat □ opposition ☍ aspects Their

to consume these vapours The shape in the cloudes opposed to the Sunne is A raine-bow how occasioned the raine-bow of divers colours in a hollow thin and in an unequall cloud fashioned by reflection of the Suns beames and the raine-bow is greater the nearer it commeth to the Horizon If many raine-bowes be seene the latter is made by the shining of the other and are more obscure than the former The colours of the Raine-bow be light red green A description of the rainebow and the signes os it sky colour and yeallow the raine-bow is a foreteller of raine it sheweth that many vapours are dissolued which will shortly be raine The hayle is like this but it is alwayes under the Sunne Meteors of dissolved cloudes are either hardened Meteors of dissolued cloudes or moyst as raine which is as it were a cloude melted and turned unto water if the cloude bee neare the earth the drops are great if hie the drops are smaller The rayning of frogges fish milke flesh and such like come of such matter being carried up which doth againe Reason of it fall with the raine as wormes c. are begotten of dead carkases in summer time Meteors made harde after the cloud hath beene melted are snow and Haile Snow is a cloude prepared for raine before it fall Snow what it is and how occasioned being congealed by cold is by the motion of the windes dispersed into fleakes and falleth onely in winter Hayle is rayne made hard in the fall the higher the Hayle what it is and how occasioned fall the rounder and lesser because in the fall it melteth It hayleth most in Autumne and in the Spring for then the sharpe ayre hath most power over the drops and in winter the extreame cold maketh it snow being yet in the cloudes In the lowest region of the Ayre are dew and frost Dew what it is and how occasioned Dew is a vapour thickned with some earthly matter which in falling is presently turned into water Dew falleth onely in summer for then the vapour is dissolved with the Sunne A fat kind of dew like melting hony especially at the shining of Syrius being gathered from leaves of trees is Manna called also wilde honey or meldewes This Manna hardened by the heate of ☉ into Manna what it is lumpes is called Tereniabin Frost is a dewish vapour made very hard by cold in Frost what it is and how winter before it be dissolved Meteors made of both kindes of smoake joyned together Of Meteors caused by both kinds of smoake and the reason of them Winde what it is and the diverse kinds of it are windes and such like Winde is a subtile smoke beaten downeward by the cold in the middle of the ayre and is moved sideling on the earth Auncients noted out 12. principall windes all which in regard of matter are hot and dry but differ for their situation of their qualities The winde being great carried with force darkens Storme Whirlewinde the Ayre and is called a storme If it doe roll about it is a Whirle-winde if it be but small it is called Ayre An Earthquake is a fume contained in the earth Earthquake when it findeth no vent it shaketh it is made acoording to the breadth or depth of the earth In breadth it causeth sometime such trembling that it shaketh downe whole Citties That in depth causeth a gaping or swelling A Gaping is when the Earth openeth as it were her mouth and doth swallow downe trees walles c. A Swelling is when the earth being lifted up like a mountaine either remaineth so or else falleth downe againe CHAP. V. Of mixed living Natures NAtures mixed perfectly are living and corporall essences indued with a Vegetative soule A Vegetative soule is a facultie giving life to bodyes What a vegetative soule is Therefore so long as any part of this shall exercise her power in any body so long is that alive and remaineth safe But her chiefe operation and so life it selfe The nature office of it consisteth either in preserving severall bodies or whole kinds Nourishment is the preserving of severall bodies What nourishment is and is the making of foode received like to the body nourished Vnder that name is every thing which is received to sustaine our bodyes of which sort is the ayre it selfe Some other faculties are required to perfection of nourishment as concoction and his companions Concoction What cócoction is with the necessity of it is a working or framing of nourishment and it is made either of temperate or increased heate of the parts to be nourished By temperate heate is made ripening which is a The necessity of temperate heate for nourishment cleared by comparison concoction of nourishment with moisture by how much therefore the moisture shall be better tempered with heate by so much is the ripening sooner and more perfect as in a summer too moyst the increase of the earth is later made ripe Concoction arising from greater store of heate is either elixation or assation Elixation is a concoction more perfectly working the thicke or watrish moysture with a strong moyst heate As flesh is sod in water whose moyst heate altereth consumeth the fomy moystnes of meate if this Elixation remaine unperfect it is called rawnesse and the nourishment is not refined for want of moyst heate For it was not of power to finish concoction Assation is concoction by meanes of dryer heate fully strengthening the moysture of nourishment If The benefit of good and the hurt of bad concoction this strength of bodyes be somewhat weake it is called thickning if concoction bee vicious it is turned unto putrifaction Moyst and hote things doe most easily corrupt if the bodyes be not open to the Ayre In stopped bodyes heate having no vent is increased Whence inflammation ariseth Whence commeth inflammation which putrifaction doth follow causing greater heate This of concoction The Companions of concoction are Faculties fitly The companions of concoction serving for the perfection of it Of these one goeth before the other followeth The former is Attraction and Retention Attraction is a facultie supplying matter of convenient 1. Attraction what it is nourishment as is seene in things drawing our of the flesh Arrow-heads or thornes deepely fastned So wheat draweth water out of on earthen pot it being set upon the heape Retention which retayneth 2. Retention what it is nourishment untill it be concocted doth nourish the body Nourishment is first put to and afterward united The companion following concoction is expulsion Expulsion is a driving backe of unprofitable matter 3. Expulsion what it is when concoction is once made it is within or without the body Within when the stronger thrust superfluities to the weaker untill they come to the weakest of all Encrease which is joyned to the nourishment is continued but to a certaine age then the

nourishing growing weake it ceaseth Now followeth conservation of the whole stocke Generation is a facultie of the body procreating any What generation is thing like it selfe This faculty preserveth all kindes of things in their estate though continually they doe perish The object of generation is the procreating seede What is the object of it of every thing The changing faculty altereth the seede into parts of the body to be begotten The ministeriall vertues of this facultie of generation doe change or forme The forming faculty fashioneth the thing into distinct forme CHAP. VI. Of Minerals and Mettals THe Vegetative soule being explained now follow the kindes of such natures as have perfect or unperfect growth Those of unperfect growth are Mettals which are decocted in the veines of the earth Mettals are to be melted easily or hardly Those that are easie to bee dissolved are either first or such as spring from them Principall or first are of themselves from the originall Brimstone what it is and the nature of it as Brimstome and Quicksilver Brimstone is the fat of the earth with fiery heate decocted unto his hardnesse which is the cause that it so speedily is enflamed and burneth even in water yea sooner than the fat of the beasts which though it bee fatter than brimstone yet it is farre colder So that for his fat drinesse it helpeth scabbes of all kinds and the leprie That Brimstone is counted the best which is greene and cleare Quicksilver is a slimy water mixt with a pure white Quicksilver what it is earth which mettall for the matter whereof it doth consist is thinne cold and heavie It is in continuall motion and his thinnesse causeth The nature of it that it pierceth mettals Mettals derived from the first are more or lesse Gold what it is pure purer are Gold and Silver Gold is a mettall made of most subtile and pure red brimstone and of the like quicksilver Gold hath the most perfect mixture as it is most thin so it is most solide whose substance is not corrupted with either earth water or ayre nor consumed with fire but is more purged in it The nature of it And for his thin solidnesse it is most soft and easie to be melted So that is most worth which is most red and glistering and soft that easily it may be wrought Experience teacheth that the 3 part of one graine of gold can gild a wyre of 134 foote long upon plates of silver one ounce of gold will suffice to gild eight pound waight of silver His nature is to bee marvelled at It waxeth cold towards day light so that those that weare rings of it may perceive it when it waxeth day Where it is found It is found in the mountaines of Arabia and else where and the best in the mountaine Terrat neare the Citie Corbachiam Siluer is a mettall begotten of pure white Mercury Silver what it is The difference betwixt it and gold and the like cleare white Brimstone It differeth from Gold almost onely in colour it being Gold not perfectly refined yet in purenesse firme solidnesse and thinnesse it is next to Gold and one ounce of it may be drawne 3200. foote long so that it can scarce be discerned from Gold Yet it is thicker an hundreth fold When it is found it hath the shape of haires twigs fishes serpents and such like Mettals lesse pure consist of greater store of Brimstone or Quicksilver of greater store of Brimstone come Brasse and Iron Brasse is a mettall begotten of thicke red Brimstone Brasse what it is and Mercury somewhat impure that comming from Cyprus is called Copper the matter of Brasse is more burnt than that of other mettals and indureth long and is fit in any worke For it is without all moysture whether it be kept in earth or water Minerals neare Brasse are Copperasse c. Copperasse is a minerall mixed of humours strained Copperasse what it is by droppes into small holes and it shineth like glasse It is hot and dry in the 4. degree vehemently binding The nature of it being of great force to season and preserve raw flesh It also begetteth sound flesh in festered sores and stancheth blood It is of a greene yellow and a skye colour the best hath in it white spots his kinde are Romane vitrioll and red vitrioll or the fome of Copperasse Iron is of store of Mercury and of thicke sulphur Iron what it is impure and adust It may be softened by quenching in The nature of it juyce of beane shuls or mallowes It being red hot and cooling of himselfe becommeth plyable But if it be often quenched in cold water it becommeth thereby very hard and brittle Mettalls of greater store of Mercury are Lead and Tynne Lead is an unpure mettall begot of much unpure Lead what it is thicke and drossie Mercury and likewise of unpure Brimstone his impurity causeth blacknesse which by refining is made whiter It increaseth in waight if it lie in moyst ground Yea it is thought to increase with raine It is of a The nature of it cold and binding nature and therefore scarce wholsome for mans use Tynne is a mettall mixed of Mercury white without Tynne what it is and red within and of Brimstone not well mixed as it were Lead whited with silver Thus farre of mettalls pliable Mettals lesse plyable are those which are not easily wrought or melted and are hard or brittle Those that bee altogether hard are stones These Stones whereof they are c the variety of them are ingendred of a watry moysture and fat earth mixed hard togeather Of stones some be rare some common Of the rare and strange some are of more estimation than others The more esteemed are precious stones which are Precious stones more beautifull and fine in regard of their pure and subtile matter Of Gemmes some are of one coullour some of sundry colours More or lesse transparent be either white or of other colours White are Crystall or Adamant Crystall is a Crystall gem bright through begot of a most pure stony moysture The nature of it and is found in mines of Marble c. His qualitie is binding therefore his oyle or powder is helpefull in Laxes and increaseth milke in womens brests The Adamant or Diamant is a gem cleare and most Adamant hard it can scarce be broken and thence it is named The nature of it unlesse steeped in the warme bloud of a Goat that hath drunke Wine or eaten Parsley Transparent Gemmes not white as the Saphir Sardonix and Smaragde have the same coullour in all their kindes Saphir The Saphir is a gem cleare through of a skie coullour growing in the East and specially in India The nature of it Being drunke it helpeth against the stinging of Serpents poyson c. as some affirme The Smaragde is of a greene coullour making Smaragde

is made of Camels stale and because store of Camels be in Armenia it is called Armeniack Salt Peter is found in dry places under the ground Salt Peter and in hollow Rockes It is sometime called Nitre of a Region in Egypt Of this kinde is the salt called Borax Salt Gem is a white kinde of Even-salt shining like Salt Gem. Crystall It is also called Stonic marbly salt Sarmaticke or Dacian Salt of Indie is blackish Salt or ruddy It is in clods Salt of Indie cut out of mount Oremen Salt of Water is taken on the Sea coast or from some Salt of water lakes and springs and it is sod and congealed of the Sunne or by fire Allo me is a salt sweat of the earth it is either liquid Allome or hard Liquid Allome is called Roch or Rock-Allome Liquid Allome with it is paper washed c. Hard Allome or Allome Scissile is thicke and Hard Allome cleaveth It is as it were gray Bitume is a fat and tough moysture like pitch and Bitume is called Earthy pitch Liquid is like an oylely moysture flowing and is of Liquid Bitume divers colours after the varietie of the place of which Naphtha is a white fat of Bitumen which enflamed by water doth easily draw to it fire through store of oyle that is in it Naphtha Petreolum Naphtha Petreolum is found in rockes It is for his fatnesse of some called Oyle Ambar of Arabia is Bitume of an Ash colour Ambar of Arabia Hard Bitume Hard Bitume is tough like foam swimming on the water but being taken forth it waxeth hard of this kinde is Asphaltus which is blacke Bitume hard like stone pitch The best is gotten in the dead Sea of Iudea c. Pissaphaltus Pissaphaltus Asphaltus smelling of Pitch mingled with Bitume It is called Mummie Where this wants they sell us counterfeit of Syria for poore men that die there be stuffed with Bitume but the rich are dressed with Mirrh Alloes c. It also is found in clods rolling from mount Ceravine into the Sea Succinum Succinum is Bitume like a stone exceeding hard named Ex succo the Iuyce of the earth It is white or yellow which is called Ambar or blacke as Iet His fatnesse is so great that it burneth like a Candle and smelleth like the Pine tree It draweth to it chaffe and such other light stuffe by a certaine hid nature Metallar Earths which are digged forth of mines Terra Lemnia Terra Lemnia an exceeding red Earth of Lemnos I le digged in a red hill It is sometime used for Armenian In old time this had Dianaes seale upon it printed by her Priests who were onely wont to wash this earth It is of force to expell poyson it healeth wounds The nature of it festred and old and poysoned Bole Armenian is earth of Armenia it is of a pale Bole Armenian red colour smooth and easie to breake as chalke It is The nature of it a dryer and profiteth against all fluxes Terra Samia is white stiffe and tough comming Terra Samia from the I le Samos Ampelite is a pitchie earth cleaving and blacke it Ampelite is named of annoynting Vines to kill the wormes This earth is like that we call Stone or Sea coale Chalke is white earth of Creete and there is found Chalke of it in many other places There is also some found that is blacke which is Black Chalke called Pignitis CHAP. VII Of Natures perfectly living SO farre of Minerals Now follow Natures perfectly living What natures perfectly living are Natures perfectly-living are Plantes or bodies endowed with a soule In all these bodies are sundry vertues according to the temperature of the principall qualities For the forme useth their qualities as Instruments Whence come diverse distinct degrees of those qualities as some are hot cold dry moyst in the first second third and fourth degree The qualities in the first are obscure and scarce to be perceived in the second they are apparant and manifest in the third they be vehement and in the fourth immoderate and not to be indured And againe each of these hath a beginning middle and end Plants grow from a stalke or a trunke Those from a Plants stalke have but one stalke or many Trees are Plants having but one stalke full of Boughs and rising on high from the earth Some grow onely in hot Countries others grow indifferently in all places those that prosper best in hot Regions are Frankincense Mace Pepper Palme Balsame Pomegranet Lemmon Ceder The Frankincense tree groweth chiefly in Arabia Frankincense tree it is tall and hath leaves like the Mastike tree his gum The nature of it is soft white fat and round and is apt to perfume and the stiffer and liker Rosen it is so much the better This perfume was used for sacrifice Myrrhe is a tree in India of hard wood wrythen Myrrhe towardes the earth with a smooth barke the leaves The nature of it sharpe poynted towardes the end his gum is fat like Rosen thicke and shining red The distilled liquor of fresh Myrrh was once called Stact but now it is named Storax It is hot and dry in the second degree It dryeth closeth wounds it expelleth the wormes it is of force against an old cough and short winde It is bitter It is good to heale wounds of the head Mace is an Indian tree grown in the I le of Banda It Mace is almost like the Peach tree it hath narrow and short leaves whose fruit is the Nut-meg covered with Mace The Nut-meg hath an huske like a Filberd the Nutmeg fruit is covered with a rinde like our Wal-nut which with ripenesse openeth and sheweth the Mace which doth cover the Nut-meg c. The new and best Nut-meg is full of juyce or oyle smelling sweete It dryeth and heateth in the ende of the second degree with a kindely binding Pepper Pepper groweth in India Of it be two sorts of trees and two sorts of fruits one long the other round The round groweth on branches like vines which imbraceth trees that stand by it and his fruit is in clusters first greene then being dryed it turneth blacke and rough it is gathered in October Long Pepper groweth like the long bud on Nut-trees The nature of it It is hot and dry Palme tree groweth most in Egypt and Arabia alwayes Palme tree greene with a long round bodie his barke is like scales of a Fish and the more it is pressed the better it groweth therefore was it used as a reward for the Conquerour The wild Palme in India is called Thamarind Wilde Palme tree The nature of it the Date is his fruit it being ripe is blacke and sweete Of these bee three kindes Our Dates come from Egypt they are hot temperately Balsame is a low tree his trunke is not much unlike