Selected quad for the lemma: water_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
water_n	air_n	element_n	fire_n	13,062	5	7.1789	4	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A09198	The gentlemans exercise Or an exquisite practise, as well for drawing all manner of beasts in their true portraitures: as also the making of all kinds of colours, to be vsed in lymming, painting, tricking, and blason of coates, and armes, with diuers others most delightfull and pleasurable obseruations, for all yong gentlemen and others. As also seruing for the necessarie vse and generall benefite of diuers trades-men and artificers, as namly painters, ioyners, free-masons, cutters and caruers, &c. for the farther gracing, beautifying, and garnishing of all their absolute and worthie peeces, either for borders, architecks, or columnes, &c. By Henrie Peacham Master of Artes.; Graphice	Peacham, Henry, 1576?-1643?	1612 (1612)	STC 19508; ESTC S114350	87,106	179

the second I answere that species or formes be not contrarie for were that granted the medium should haue in it infinite contrarieties from euerie part of the ayre compassing it about and continually multiplying the formes of things To the third the sence of seeing is so farre forth weakened and made faint● as the eye the Organe or Instrument therof becommeth vnable to endure beholding for the power of the sight suffereth not nor groweth old as were an old mans eyes young his sight would not faile him To the fourth argument I answere that distance being not perceiued by the eye but by the common sence the point of the Pyramis is not lesser to mine eye by remouing or going backe but alwaies one and the selfe same To the fift it is not the sight of the woman that infecteth the glasse but certaine grosse and putrefacted vapors that issue from the eies as we see in those that doe laborare opthalmia To the sixt of the Basiliske I answere the most haue held it fabulous yet suppose it to be true the best authors haue written that infection proceedeth from his breath not his eyes To the seuenth and last it is replied that cats and wolues retaine a certaine naturall light in N●ruo optico which serueth them as a Medium to ●iscerne plainly any thing by night To conclude to these and all other obiections for emission of the sight in briefe I answere with this dilemma vnanswerable If any thing be sent out from the eye it is either corporeal or incorporeal if corporeal it hath motū localē or mouing in place and time which motion seemeth to be swifter then the motiō of the heauen for the eye in a minute can discerne from one part of the heauen to the other which were repugnant to truth and all Philosophie Say it were light and no corporall substance it followed though that a sensitiue part of the soule went forth with the same and that an accident should become the subiect of the soule nothing can be granted more absurd If incorporeall as Metaphysicall it cannot mooue the sence Now it remaineth that according to Aristotle and the truth wee decide this controuersie concerning the sight wherein so many famous Philosophe●s haue beene blind How sight is caused according to Aristotle Aristotle saith that the motion which passeth or commeth betweene the eye and the obiect whether it be the light or ayre is the efficient cause of sight his words bee 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 To explaine his meaning better there concurreth to sight a double motion one from the obiect into the medium the other from the medium ayre or ●ight to the eye so that I may say the eye receiues the forme of the obiect at a second hand as it were from the medium being conueyed as it were halfe the way by a former motion For Aristotle in his second de anima strongly proueth against Democritus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 non pati ab obiecto sed à medio So that sight is caused by receiuing the colour or obiect into the eye by a second motion against Plato Empedocles the Stoicks and all other that haue held the contrary Of the eye the Organ or Instrument of sight Some and amongest those before named Empedocles haue supposed the eye to haue beene fierie Aristotle as I remember alledgeth one of his arguments which was this the eye being ruled or hauing receiued a blow seemeth as it were to sparkle with fire the ●est are of like force whom after hee hath confuted with two good reasons the one is that if the eye were fierie it should see it selfe the second it should see clearly in the darke as a candle in a lanthorne he determines the question and affirmes it to be of a watery substance The Phisitions also cold and of the nature of the braine The parts and wonder●ull composition of the eye The eye being the most excellent Organ of the noblest sence the tend●est part of the body is by nature as it were a pearle shut vp within a four fold casket that it might the better be preserued from iniury as the most precious Iewell and sole treasure of the bodie for it is defended with foure coates or skinnes the fir●t whereof is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is adnata or close-bred by this the eye is fastened and ioyned the second is ca●led 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or cornea as it were of horne compassing the eye round it is transparen● this de●endeth the humour and water of the eye and is placed about the ball least the outward light meeti●g with the Cristaline humour should dazell and o●fend the sight to keepe this humour from drying Tunica v●●e or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 compasseth it about this againe doth compasse another coate like a cob-web of bl●cke colour called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Arachne vnder which lies a moisture like molten glasse which they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and it is thicke within this remaineth a little pearle as in the center vnmoued most hard rese●bling yce or Cristall whereon it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it is round but more flat towards the ball of the eye that it might giue the watrie humour a better lustre and defend it from iniurie The ball of the eye is fat and thicke neither hath that fat of it selfe any heate in it but warmeth by the force of heate it receiueth from the muscles that serue the eye who also are couered with fatnesse hence the eie neuer freezeth Thus much of the sence of seeing and of the eye CHAP. XIX Co●our what it is of the obiect of the sight and the diuision thereof COlour according to Scaliger is a qualitie compounded of the element● and the light so farre forth as it is the light Auerrois Auenpa●e said it was actus corporis terminati others a bare superficies Aristotle called it corp●ris extremitatem the extremitie or ou●most of a bodie The obiect of the sight is any thing whatsoeuer may be visible Plato deuideth visible thinges into three heades which are Equall are Greater are Lesse Equall are all transparent things which let the sight through and are not properly said to be seene as the ayre water yce cristall and the like Greater which he calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which spread or scatter the sight by that meanes hurting the same as all white things The lesse 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which gather the sight together and which are improper or rather no obiectes at all as all blacknesse Whether all colours be compou●ded of white and blacke or no. Theophrastus hath long since laboured to prooue blacke to be no colour at all his reason is because that colour is proper to none of the elements for saith he water ayre and earth are white and the fire is yellow but rather would fetch it from white and yealow whereto Scaliger leauing Aristotle perhaps for singularitie sake seemeth to

can with cleane water three or foure times euery time let it drie and see it be cleane without grauel or girt and then let it be throughly drie then take the glaire of egges and straine it as short as water grind then your bole and chalke therewith and in the grinding put to a little gumme Haederae and a little eare waxe to the quantie of a fitch and fiue or sixe shiues of saffron which grinde together as small as you can possible and then put it into an oxe horne and couered close let it rot in hot horse dung or in the earth for the space of fiue or sixe weekes then take it vp and lay it in the ayre for it will haue an ill sauour and vse it at your pleasure To set gold or siluer Take a peece of your Gumme and resolue it into a stiffe water then grinde a shiue of saffron therewith and you shall haue a faire gold when you haue set it and you see that it is thorowly drie rub or burnish it with a dogs tooth To make liquid gold or siluer Take fiue or sixe leaues of gold or siluer and lay it vpon a cleane Porphiry marble stone or pane of glasse and grinde it with strong water of gumme Lake and a prettie quantitie of great salt as small as you can and then put it into a cleane vessell or viall that is well glazed and put thereto as much faire water as will fill the glasse or vessell to the end it may dissolue the stiffe water you ground with it and that the gold may haue roome to goe to the bottome let it stand so three or foure houres then powre out that water and put in more vntil you see the gold cleane washed after that take cleane water which put thereto with a little Sal Armoniacke and great salt so let it stand three or foure daies in some close place then must you distil it in this maner take a peece of glouers leather that is very thinne and picke away the skinny side and put your gold therein binding it close then hanging it vp the Sal Armoniacke will fret away and the gold remaine behinde which take and when you will vse it haue a little glaire water in a shell by you wherein dip your pensill taking vp no more gold then you shall vse CHAP. XXIII The Etymologie and true mixture of colours Of Blacke BLacke is so called from the Saxon word black in French No●r in Italian Nero in Spanish Negro from the Latine Niger and from the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth Dead because all dead and corrupted things are properly of this colour the reasō why they are so Aristotle plainly sheweth where he saith 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is blacknesse doth accompany the elements confounded or commixed one with another as for example of aire water mixed together and consumed with fire is made a black colour as we may see in charcoales oyle pitch linkes and such like fattie substances the smoke whereof is most blacke as also in stones and timber that haue laine long vnder water which when the water is dried vp they lie open to the sunne and aire become presently of the same colour these be the blacks which you most commonly vse in painting this colour is simple of it selfe Harts horne burned Ordinarie lampe blacke● Date stones burned Iuory burned Manchet or white bread burned The blacke of walnut shels The making of ordinary lamp blacke Take a torch or linke and hold it vnder the bottome of a latten basen and as it groweth to be furd and blacke within strike it with a feather into some shell or other and grind it with gumme water Of White This word white in English commeth from the low Dutch word wit in high Dutch Weif which is deriued from W●sser that is water which by nature is white yea thickned or condensate most white as it appeareth by haile and snow which are compounded of water hardned by the coldnesse of the ayre in Italian it is called Bianco in French Blanc if we may beleeue Scaliger from the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which as he takes it signifies faint or weake wherein happily he agreeth with Theophrastus who affirmeth omnia candida esse imbecilliora that all white things are faint and weake hence I beleeue it is called in Latine Candidus from the Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. confundo because whitenesse confoundeth or dazeleth the sight as we find when we ride forth in a snow in winter It is called also albus of that old Greeke word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the same hence had the Alpes their Etymon because of their continual whitenesse with snow The Grecians call this colour 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 video that is to see because whitenesse is the most proper obiect of our sight according to Aristotle saying 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is whitenesse or the obiect or sight whitenesse proceedeth from the water aire and earth which by nature is also white as we proue by ashes of all ea●th●y matter burnt though to our sight it seemeth blacke brownish and of other colours by reason of the intincture and commix●ure of other elements with the same the principal whites in painting and limming are these viz. Ceruse White l●●d Spanish white Of whites and their temp●ring Venice Ceruse Your principall white is Ceruse called in Latine Cerussa by the Italian B●acea Vitr●ui●s teacheth the making of it which is in this manner The Rhodians saith he vse to take the paring of vines or any other chips and lay them in the bottoms of pipes or hogsheads vpō which they powre great store of vinegar and then lay aboue many sheets of lead and so still one aboue another by rankes till the hogsheads are full then stop they vp againe the hogsheads close that no aire may enter which againe after a certaine time being opened they finde betweene the lead and chips great store of Ceruse it hath beene much vsed as it is al●o now adaies● by women in painting their faces whom Martial in his merry vaine skoffeth saying Cerussata timet Sabella sol●m AEtius saith it being throughly burnt it turneth into a faire red which he calleth Syricum grinde it with the glaire of egs that hath lien rotting a month or two vnder the ground and it will make a most perfect white White Lead White Lead is in a manner the same that Ceruse is saue that the Ceruce is refined and made more pure you shall grinde it with a weake water of gumme Lake and let it stand three or foure daies Roset and Vermelion maketh it a faire Carnation Spanish white There is another white called Spanish white which you may make your selfe in this manner take fine chalke and grind it with the third part of Alome in faire water till it be thicke like pap then roule it vp into balles letting it lie till it be drie

giue consent who sets downe foure primarie or first colours viz. White in the drie bodie as the earth Greene in thicke and moist as the water Blew in the thin and moyst as the ayre Yealow in the hot as the fire Yet not without reason for Aristotle affirmed that black was the priuation of white as darknesse of light to whom Scaliger replies that nothing can be made of priuation and habit but we will leaue their arguments and proceede to the species and seuerall kindes of colours shewing by their Etymologies their seuerall nature and af●er declare the manner of their mixture and composition CHAP. XX. Of the choyce of your grinding stone Mullar Penc●ls making your gummes gylding c. HAuing hitherto as plainely as I could giuen you those directions I haue thought most necessarie for drawing with the pen I will shew you next the right mingling and ordering of your colours that after you can draw indifferent well for before I would not haue you know what colours meaneth you may with more delight apparrell your wo●k with the liuely and naturall beautie and first of the choice of your grinding stone and pencils I like best the porphytie white or greene Marble with a muller or vpper stone of the same cut verie euen without flawes or holes you may buy them in London of those that make toombes they will last you your life time wearing very little or nothing some vse glasse but many times they gather vp their colours on the ground others slates but they with wearing though neuer so hard at the first will kill all colours you may also make you a mullar of a flat pibble by grinding it smooth at a grindstone if you doe it handsomely it is as good as the best● your great muscle shelles commonly called horse muscles are the best for keeping colours you may gather them in Iuly about riuers sides the next to ●hese are the small muscle shelles washt and kept very cleane Chuse your pencels by their fastnesse in the quils and their sharpe points after you haue drawne and whetted them in your mouth you shal buy them one after another for eight or tenne pence a dozen at the Apothecaries CHAP. XXI Of the seuerall Gummes that are vsed in grinding of water colours Gumme Arabicke THE first and principall is Gumme Arabicke choose it by the whitenesse cleerenesse the brittlenesse of it being broken betweene your teeth for then it is good take it and lay it in very faire water vntill it be quite resolued and with it grinde your colours you may make it thinne or thicke as all other Gummes at your pleasure by adding and taking away the water you put to it 2. Gumme Hederae or of the Iuie There is another very excellent gumme that proceedeth from the Iuie which you shall get in this manner finde out first an Oke or house that hath a great branch of Iuie climing vp by it and with an axe cut it a sunder in the midst and then with your axe he●d bruise both ends and let it sta●d a moneth or thereabouts at what time you shal●●●ke from it a pure and fine gumme like an oyle w●●ch issueth out of the ends take it off handsomely with a knife or spoone and keepe it in a viall it is good to put into your gold size and other colours for three respectes first it allaies the smell of the size secondly it taketh away the bubbles that arise vpon your gold size other colours lastly it taketh away the clamminesse and fatnesse from your other colours there is moreouer great vse of it in the confection of pomander 3 Gumme lake Gumme lake is made with the glaire of egs strained often and very short about March or Aprill to which about the qua●tity of a pinte you must put two spoonfull of honey and as much of Gumma Hederae as a hasell nut and foure good spoonefuls of the strongest woort you can come by then straine them againe with a sponge or peece of wooll so fine as you can and so long till that you see them runne like a fine and cleare oyle keepe it then in a cleane glasse it will grow hard but you may resolue it againe with a little cleare water as you doe gumme Arabicke it is moreouer an excellent vernish for any picture 4 Gumme Armoniacke Take Gumme Armoniacke and grinde it with the iuyce of Garlicke so fine as may be to which put two or three drops of weake Gumme Arabicke water and temper it so that it be not too thicke but that it may runne well out of your penne and write therewith what you will and let it drie and when you mean to gyld vpon it cut your gold or siluer according to the bignesse of the size you haue laid and then se● it with a peece of wooll in this manner first breath vpon the size and then lay on your gold vpon it gently taken vp which presse downe hard with your peece of wooll and then let it well drie being dried with a fine linnen cloath strike off finely the loose gold then shall you finde all that you drew very faire gold and cleane as you haue drawne it though i● were as small as any heire it is called gold Armoniack is taken many times for liquid gold CHAP. XXII Of gylding or the ordering of gold and siluer in water colours YOV may gyld onely with gumme water as I will shew you make your water good and stiffe and lay it on with your pencel where you would gyld then take a cushion that hath smooth leather and turne the bottome vpward vpon th●t cut your gold with a sharpe knife in what quantitie you will and to take it vp draw the edge of your knife finely vpon your tongue that it may be onely wet with which doe but touch the very edge of your gold it will come vp and you may lay it as you list but before you lay it on let your gumme be almost drie otherwise it wil drowne your gold and being laid presse it downe hard with the skut of an haire afterward burnish it with a dogs tooth I call burnisht gold that manner of gylding which we ordinarily see in old parchment Masse bookes done by Monkes and Priests who were very expert herein as also in laying of colours that in bookes of an hundred or two hundred yeares old you may see the colours as beautiful and as fresh as if they were done but yesterday A very faire manuscript of this kind Sir Robert Cotton my worshipfull friend had of me which was King Edward the fourthes compiled by Anthony Earle Riuers and as Master Cambden told me it was the first booke that euer was printed in England it lieth commonly embos●ed that you may feele it by reason of the thicknesse of the ground or size which size is made in this manner Take three parts of Bole Armoniacke and foure of fine chalke grinde them together as small as you

of action in man or beast to represent many things in a little roome to giue or shew sundrie sides of Cities Castles Forts c. at one time CHAP. XI Certaine Questions of the manifold deceptions of the sight by perspectiue ALL errors of the sight proceede from a three-fold cause the fi●st exterior or being as I may say in the false apprehension of distance opposition proportion or the like the second from an inward cause as the weaknesse of the eye it selfe or the decaying of the Spirits the third from the aff●ction of the eye from some outward humour of hurt but we are onely to intreate of the ●irst 1. Why the Horizon appeareth to our sight bigger th●n any part else of the Hemisphere All quantitie of distance is knowne by bodies interposed but betweene our eie and the vertical point of heauen ouer our heads we perceiue nothing betweene our sight and the horizon there appeareth the breadth of the earth the space therefore seemeth greater 2. Why in round and Sphaericall glasses euery thing appeareth crooked to the eye In all glasses the forme of the figure seene followeth the forme of the figure reflecting but the reflection from the superficies or outside is after the forme of the Superficies which is crooked therefore must the thing seene needs appeare crooked 3. Why in the said Round glasses all things appeare lesse then in plaine glasses Because the concourse or meeting of the beames with the perpendicular line in orbicular glasses is neerer to the eye then in plaine glasses Euclide giues another reason which is this Because saith he in plaine glasses the reflexion is greater more forceable then in the round for as I said the Idolon or Image is of the nature of the Superficies reflecting the same 4 Why in a glasse broken to peeces in euery peece you see a seuerall face and but one if you ioyne them together The reason is the diuersitie of position or situation which may be gathered by a concaue or hollow glasse wherein you shall see your face in sundrie places at once there being a reflexion from euery part of the glasse Heereupon in vneuen glasses your face will appeare to be monstrous 5 Why square things by distance seeme vnto vs to be long as Courts the roofes of Churches houses c. Because the excesse or multitude of beames falling vpon the sides of the square bodie indirectly presented to the eye is not proportionate with a sensible proportion to those beames that fal vpon the side directly against the eye by comparison with the whole distance Besides sight is not able to discerne the obliquitie of the sides because it is seene sidewaies vnder longer beames and a lesser angle 6 Why the Sunne and Moone appeare bigger at their rising or setting then when they are in our verticall point One reason is because as I said before any thing that hath a relation to a greater space is imagined greater the other is the corruption as I may say of the ayre or medium being at morning and ●uening more subiect to vapors and exhalations then at any other time the same reason may be giuen an apple in the water of birds and stakes vpon the Sea sands which being foure or fiue miles off appeare bigger vnto you then neere hand the like of trees that appeare twice as bigge in a mistie or rimie morning then indeed they are hereupon a friend of mine was notably cosened in a bargaine of timber hee bought by the great in a mistie morrning but I feare me within these few yeares the mistes will be so thicke we shall see no timber at all 7 Why a burning glasse causeth fire The reason is the concurse and concentration of the broken beames with the perpendicular in the midst of the glasse being round and thicke 8 Why all things appeare downward in the water Euery thing seemeth downward in the water by reason of the fall of the other beames in the Catheton or perpendicular CHAP. XI Of Lant-skip LAndtskip is a Dutch word and it is as much as we should say in English landship or expressing of the land by hilles woods Castles Seas vallies ruines hanging rockes Cities Townes c. as farre as may be shewed within our Horizon If it be not drawne by it selfe or for the owne sake but in respect and for the sake of some thing else it falleth out among those things which we call Parerga which are additions or adiuncts rather of ornament then otherwise necessarie Generall rules for Landtskip YOV shall alwaies in your● Landtskip shew a faire Horizon and expresse the heauen more or lesse eyther ouercast by clouds or with a cleere skie shewing the Sunne rising or setting ouer some hill or other you shall seldome except vpon necessitie shew the Moone or Starres because we imagine all things to be seene by day 2 If you shew the Sunne let all the light of your trees hilles rockes buildings c. be giuen thitherward shadow also your clouds from the sunne and you must be verie daintie in lessening your bodies by their distance and haue a regard the farther your Landtskip goeth to those vniuersalia which as Aristotle saith in respect of their particulars concealed from our sences are notiora as in discerning a building tenne or twelue miles off I I cannot tell whether it be Church Castle House or the like So that in drawing of it I must expresse no particular signe as Bell Portculleis c. but shew it as weakly and as faintly as mine eye iudgeth of it because all those particulars are taken away by the greatnesse of the distance I haue seene a man painted comming downe a hill some mile and a halfe from mee as I iudged by the Landskip yet might you haue told all the buttons of his dublet whether the painter had a quicke inu●ntion or the Gentlemans buttons were as big as those in fashion when Mounseur came into England I will leaue it to my readers iudgement If you lay you Lantskip in colours the farther you goe the more you must lighten it with a thinne and ayerie blew to make it seeme farre off beginning it first with a darke greene so driuing it by degrees into a blew which the densitie of the ayre betweene our sight and that place doth onely imaginarily effect Of the fairest and most beautifull Landtskips in the world Of Landtskips by land the fairest may be taken vpon mount Libanus neere Hierusalem whence you may discerne all those holy places where our Sauiour liued and in a manner all ouer the holy Land moreouer you may plainely view all the townes vpon the Sea coast and into the Sea as farre as Cyprus being distant from Ioppa or Iaffa the first entrie or landing place within the holy land two hundred and fiftie miles At Constantinople you haue as faire a Landtskip as any where else in the world as well in regard o● the beautifull places behinde as the goodly prospect

Peter painted his head very neere or altogether as bigge as his middle and it is ordinary in countrey houses to see horsemen painted and the rider a great deale bigger then his horse The second is of Landtskip or Locall distance as I haue seene painted a Church and some halfe a mile beyond it the ●icaredge yet the Vicars chimney strawne bigger thē the steeple by a third part which being lesse o● it selfe ought also to be much more abated by the distance The third absurditie is of accident of time that is when we fashion or attribute the proprieties of ancient times to those of ours or ours to theirs As not long since I found painted in an Inne Bethulia besieged by Holophernes where the painter as if it had beene at Ostend made his East and West batteries with great ordinance and small shot playing from the wals when you know that ordinance was not inuented of two thousand yeares after The fourth is in expressing passion or the disposition of the mind as to draw Mars like a yong Hippolitus with an effeminate countenance Venus like an Amazon or that same hotspurd H●rpalice in Virgil this proceedeth of a sencelesse ouercold a iudgement The fift is of Drapery or attire in not obs●ruing a decorum in garments proper to euery seuerall condition and calling as not giuing to a king his Robes of estate with their proper furres and linings To religious persons an habite fitting with humilitie and contempt of the world A notable example of this kind I found in a Gentlemans hall which was King Salomon sitting in his throne with a deepe lac'd gentlewomans Ruffe and a Rebato● about his necke vpon his head a black veluet cap with a white feather the Queene of Sheba kneeling before him in a loose bodied gowne and a French hood The sixt of shadowing as I haue seene painted the flame of a candle and the light thereof on one side shadowed three parts when there ought to haue beene none at all because it is corpus luminosum which may cause a shadow but take none The seuenth of motion as a certaine painter absurdly made trees bend with the wind one way and the feathers of the Swanne vpon which an Eagle was praying to flie an other Albert Durer was very curious in this kind as in the hayre of S. Hieroms Lion and S. Sebastians Dog CHAP. XVIII Of the Sence of seeing and of the Eye NOw before I come to entreate particularly of colours it ●hall not be amisse as well for methode as for pleasure to speake somewhat of that sensitiue part of the soule which we call sight without which it were in vaine for mee to discourse of colours or you to read what I haue written concerning the same therefore in briefe I will declare the worthinesse of this sence and of the Eye the Organe or instrument thereof To begin with the definition the Sence of seeing is a facultie of the sensible soule whose Organe is the Eye and obiect is whatsoeuer may be seene Now since the soule is farre more worth then the bodie I must of necessitie first speake of this most ex●ellent sence before I come to the baser and corruptible instrument or the obiect thereof It hath beene a great and ancient controuersie amongst the best Philosophers I mean Plato Aristotle the Stoicks and Academicks whether visus fieret extra vel intra mittendo that is whether we receiue the obiect or that which we see into our eye or whether our eye by a secret facultie of the soule casts and sendeth forth certaine beames to apprehend that which we looke vpon which question as it is hard to decide so it is most pleasant and not beside our purpose to bee resolued in the same Heare I pray you the varietie of opinions among excellent men Plato thought that the sight was caused by Emission or casting forth beames against the obiect The Mathematicians in Aristotles time agreeing also with Plato affirmed visum fieri extrami●tendo by sending forth from the eye and all sight to stretch it selfe forth in the forme of a Pyramis the Conus or point whereof was in the eye ball and the Basis dispersed vpon the obiect Empedocles as also Plato thought there was in the eye a certaine little fire not burning but which yeelded as it were a light the beames whereof meeting with the beames of the ayre or medium grew vnited and more strong betweene both which beames the sight was effected Democritus said the truest that it proceeded of water but he is taxed of Aristotle because he though visionem in rei spectabilis simulachro tantum consistere Others thought that it cast forth a certaine animall spirit with the beame Others againe supposed that that s●●e 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 stretching it selfe vnto the obiect and beaten backe to be possessed of the same forme and afterward the soule as it were stirred vp to perceiue the formes of things by meanes of that secret facultie it sent forth Neither did the Platonicks and Stoicks want arguments of strength and probability as they thought to maintaine the same against Aristotle I will propound some and after answere them letting or receiuing 1 First say they if sight be caused by emission then the neerer and closer the obiect is to the eye the more perfectly it is perceiued but this is false 2 Secondly if sight be caused by intromission or receiuing in the forme of that which is seene contrarie Species or formes should be receiued confusedly together and at the same instant as white and black which thing how absurd it is Aristotle shewes in his Metaphisickes and other places 3 Thirdly the eye is easily wearied with beholding therefore something proceedeth forth from the same 4 Fourthly how can that Pyramis whose point is in the superficies of the eye be carried and drawne forth with a smaller sharpnesse 5 Fiftly we find by experience that a menstruous woman infecteth with her sight a looking glasse causing the same to become faint and dimme therefore of necessitie something must needes proceede out of her eyes This Aristotle himselfe confesseth Lib. de somnijs 6 Sixtly a Basiliske killeth with his sight 7 Seuenthly and lastly Cats Wolues Owles and other creatures see best in the night to runne and catch their prey which they discerne most perfectly they cannot see by intromission or receiuing inward the forme of their prey be it mouse hare or whatsoeuer because light by meanes of which onely the obiect is receiued into the eye is wanting Ergo● their eyes send ●orth the beames and Aristotles opinion is vtterly false To the ●irst argument I answere out of Plato as also out of Aristotle that to the affecting of the sight there must be medium illustratum a clee●e medium that is such a distāce that there may be light enough betweene the eye and the obiect which there is not if you lay your eye close to the same To

shell with Alome then put into a little faire water and within an hower it will bee a faire yealow to wash withall In grinding lampe black put into it a little sugar and into the rest if you will excepting blew and greene Grind your blew verditure but lightly Your stone blew steepe onely in water and it will bee sufficient To make your saf●ron shew fair steep it either in faire water or vineger White is shadowed with blacke and so on the contra●y Yellow is shadowed with vmber and the okers Vermillion with Lake Blew bice with Indie Blacke coale with Roset c. Other instructions for the colouring of some other bodies To resemble the fier take Masticot and deepen it with Masticot for the flame For a tree take Vmber and white wrought with vmber and deepened wi●h blacke For the leaues Sap green green bice the heightning verditure and white or Masticot and white For water blew and white deepened with blew and heightned with white For bankes thin vmber deepened with vmber and blacke For a feather Lake ●rizeled with red lead and so by your discretion you may iudge of the rest but I wish you euery day to doe somwhat in practise but first to buy some faire prints to exercise your pencill withall CHAP. XXVI The manner of Annealing and Painting vpon glasse THere be sixe principall colours in glasse which are Or or yealow Argent or white Sables Azure Gules and Ver● blacke blew red and greene How to make your Or or yealow vpon glasse Your yealow is made in this manner take an old groate or other peece of the purest and best refined siluer that you can get then take a good quantity of Brimstone and melt it when ye haue done put your ●●luer into the Brimstone melted and take it forth gaine with a paire of pliers or small tongues and light it at the fire holding it in your tongues vntil it leaue burning then beate your siluer in a brazen Morter to dust which dust take out of the Morter laying it on your Marble stone grinde it adding vnto it a small quantitie of yealow Oker with gum Arabeck water and when you haue drawne with your pencell what you will let it of it selfe throughly drie vpon the glasse Another faire Gold or yealow vpon Glasse Take a quantitie of good siluer and cut it in small peeces Antemonium beat to powder and put them together in a crucible or melting cruse and set them on the fire well couered round about with coales for the space of an houre then take it out of the fire and cast it into the bottome of a candlesticke after that beat it small into powder and so grinde it Note when as you take your siluer as much as you meane to burne remember to waye against ●it sixe times as much yealow oaker as it waieth and seuen times as much of the old earth that hath beene scraped of the annealed worke as your siluer waieth which after it is wel groūd put altogether into a pot and stir it well and so vse it this is the best yealow Argent or white Argent or siluer is the glasse it selfe and needeth no other colour yet you may diaper vpon it with other Glasse or Christall beaten to powder and ground S●bles Take let and the scales of Iron and with a wet fether when the Smith hath taken an hea● take vp the scales that ●lie from the Iron which you may doe by laying the feather on them and those scales that come vp with the feather you shall grind vpon your painters stone with the let and Gumme water so vse it as your gold aboue written Azure Gules and Vert. These three colours are to be vsed after one manner you may buy or speake vnto some merchant you are acquainted withall to procure you what coloured beads you will as for example the most and perfectest red beads that can be come by to make you a faire red beat thē into powder in a brazen Mortar then buy the Goldsmiths red Ammell which in any case let be very transparent through-shining take off the beads two pearles of the Ammell one part and grinde them together as you did your siluer in the like sort may you vse all the other colours Another faire red vpon Glasse Take a quantity of Dragons bloud called in Latine Sanguis Draconis beate it into fine powder in a Mortar and put it in a linnen cloth and put thereto strong Aquauitae and straine them together in a pot and vse them when you need Another excellent greene vpon Glasse Take a quantity of vert grease and grinde it very with Turpentine when you haue done put it into a pot and as often as you vse it warme it on the fire To make a faire Carnation vpon a Glasse Take an ounce of Tinne-glasse one quarter of gum of Iet three ounces of red Oker fiue ounces and grind them together Another blacke Take a quantity of yron scales and so many copper scales and waie them one against another and halfe as much Iet and mixe them well together Before you occupie your scales let them be stamped small and put them into a cleane fire shouell and set them vpon the fire till they be red hote and they will be the better Another Carnation Take a quantitie of I●t and halfe as much siluer scumme or glasse tinne● and halfe as much of Iron scales a quar●er as much of gumme and so much red chalke as all these do waie and grind it The manner of annealing your glasse after you haue laid on your colours Take brickes and therewith make an Ouen foure square one ●oote and a halfe high in this manner and raise it a ●oot and a halfe high● when you haue done lay little barres of Iron ouerthwart it thus three or foure or as many as will●serue then raise it aboue the barres one foote and a halfe more then is it high enough when you purpose to anneale take a plate of Iron made fit for the aforesaid O●en or for want thereof take a blew stone such as they make Hauer or Oten cakes vpon which being made fit for the aforesaid Ouen lay it vpon the crosse barres of Iron that done take sleekt lime and fift it through a fine ●iue into the Ouen open the plate or stone and make a bed of lime then lay your glasse which you haue wrought and drawne before vpon the said bed of lime then ●ift vpon the said glasse another bed of ●ime and vpon that bed lay other glasse and so by beddes you may lay as much glasse as the Ouen will containe prouiding alwaies that one glasse touch not another Then make a ●o●t ●ire vnder your glasse and let it burne till ●t be ●u●●iciently annealed it may haue you must note too much or too little of the fire but to prouide that it shall be well you shall doe as followeth To know when your glasse is well anne●l●d Take so many

peeces of glasse as you purpose to lay beds of glasse in your Ouen or furnace and dra● in colours what y●u will vpon the said peeces or if you wipe them ●uer with ●o●e colour with your finger onely it is e●ough and lay with e●ery bed of your wrought drawne glasse one of the said peeces of glasse which are called watches and when you thinke that they are sufficiently annealed with a paire of pliers or tongs take out of the first watch which is the lowest and next to the fire lay it vpon aboord vntill it be cold then scrape it good and hard with a knife and if the colour goeth off it hath not enough of the fire and if it hold it is well annealed VVhen you would occupie any oyled colour i● glasse you shall once grinde it with gum water and then temper it with Spanish Turpentine and let it drie as neere the fire as may be then it is perfect THE SECOND BOOKE of Drawing and Limning CHAP. I. Teaching how according to truth to purtract and expresse Eternitie Hope Victorie Pietie Prouid●nce Ve●●●e Time Peace Concord Fame Common Safetie Clemen●ie Fat● c. as they haue beene by Antiquitie described either in Comes Statues or other the like Publike Monuments Eternitie THE most ancient picture of Eternitie was expressed in the forme of a faire Lady hauing three heads signi●ying those three parts of time viz. Time past Present and to come in her le●t hand a Circle pointing with her right fore-finger vp to heauen the Circle shewes she hath neither beginning nor end and those three heads not altogether vnproper to her ●or saith Petr. Non haura luogo fu Sara ne era Ma è solo in presente et hora et hoggi Et sola eternita racolta è vera In the Meddals of Traia● and Domitian she is figured sitting vpon a Sphere in one hand the Sunne in the other the Moone by her sitting is signified her perpetuall constancie August●s Caesar caused her to be stamped in his coine in the forme of a Ladie with two heads crowned vnder her feete written AEternitas Augusti and these letters S C. In the Meddals of Faustina she is drawne with a vaile and in her right hand the Globe of the world In another ancient Meddall I haue seene her drawne in greene with a speare in her left hand with her right hand reaching for●h w●th th●se letters Clod. Sept. Alb. Aug. Hope Hope by the Ancients was drawne in the forme of a sweete and beautiful child in a long Roabe hanging loose standing vpon the tip●toes a treyfoile or three leaued grasse in the hand Hope hath her infancie and encrease the amiable countenance the pleasure delight she bringeth the loose garment shewes she neuer pincheth or bindeth truth but alloweth the largest scope the treyfoile of all other herbs first appeareth greene h●r standing on tiptoe shewes she neuer standeth ●irme and certaine In the Meddals of Gold of the Emperour Adrian and Claudius she is is draw like a Ladie all in greene with one hand holding vp th● skirt of her garment in the other a goblet with a Lilly in the ●ame and these leters R. P. Elsewhere shee is drawne in yellow with a flowry plant in her hand her garment also embroydered with sundry flowers as Roses Vi●lets Daffadils c. in her l●ft hand an Anchor Shee is al●o expressed all in greene with a Garland of sundry flo●●rs vpon her head gi●ing a Cupid or Loue suck for indeede she is the ●ood of loue Amor sinespe non attin●t ●inem desider● saith S. Augustine Victory Victory as ●●liodorus reports was expressed by the ancients in the forme of a Lady ●lad all in Gold in one hand a Helmet in the other a pomgranate by the h●lmet was meant force strength of the body by the pomgranate vnity of wit and counsell in the Meddals of Octauius she is portra●tured with wings standing vpon a base in one hand a Palme in the other a Crowne of Gold with these words Asia re●epta The sea victory of Vespasian was a Ladie holding a Palme in her hand at her foote the prow of a ship The same Vespasian caused also a Columne to bee erected in Rome vpon whose toppe there was the prow of a ship which being called in Latine Rostrum gaue the name to the common pulpit or pleading place in Rome where those excellent Orations of Tullius ●orte●sius and others were made beeing framed and built of the prowe of those ships of Anti●m which the Romanes ouerthrew and tooke in the riuer of Tiber in memory of so notable a victory The victory by land of Vespasian was a Lady winged writing these words in a shield neere a palm● tree Iudaea Capta Titus his sonne gaue her without wings as Pa●●sanias reports the Athenians did who drew her p●●●iond● because she could not slie awa●e but euer ●●●maine with him Augustus would haue her with wings ready to fl●● standing vpon a Globe with a Garland of b●●es in one hand in the other the Corne● of ●he Emperour with this word Imperator Caesar. Luc●us Verus drew Victory in the forme of a tall Souldier a helmet vpon his head in his right hand a speare in his left hand a Trophey laden with the spoiles of the enemy Domitian deuised after his Germane Conquest Victory in forme of a Lady writing within a shield hanging vpon a tree neere whome sate a comely virgine mourning and leaning with her cheek vpon one hand Piety Piety is drawne like a Lady of Solemne chear and a ●ober countenance in her left hand a storke her right arme stretched ouer an Alter with a sword in her hand by her side an Elephant and a child The Storke is so called o● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is the naturall or reciprocall loue the child beareth to the parent or the parent to the childe of which this bird hath euer beene an Embleme for the loue and care she hath of her parents being old The sword and Alter declares her readinesse in offering her selfe for the defence of Religion The El●phant aboue all beasts is thought to haue a secret and naturall instinct of pity Plutarch and AElian affirme that they adore and worship the Sun at the rising Pliny addeth the new Moone AElian moreouer reporteth that they haue a care of inter●ing their dead and that if they ●inde one dead they will doe their best to couer him with earth and no meruaile if it be true which Oppian writeth of them that they can prophecie and which is more as Dion saith that they haue knowledge of what is done in Heauen The AEgiptians resembled P●ety by B●tonis and Cleobis drawing by the neck● their mother in a chariot to the Temple of Iuno A●t●n●●s P●us gaue her in his money like a Lady with a Censer before an Altar P●a●e Peace as I haue yet to shew in an ancient peece of coine stamped about Augustus Caesars time is drawne like

when it is drie put it into the fire and let it remaine till it bee red hote like a bu●ning coale and then take it out and let it coole it is the best white of all others to lace or garnish being ground with a weake gumme water Of Yealow Yealow is so called from the Italian word Giallo which signifieth the same Giallo hath his Etymologie from Geel the high Dutch which signifieth lucere to shine and also hence commeth Gelt and our English word Gold in French Iaulne in Spani●h Ialde or Am ●illo in Latine Fla●us luteus of● lutum in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is Homers Epithite for Menalaus where he cals him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Silius imitating him attributes the same to the Hollander whom he calles Flauicomus Batau●s by reason of his yealow lockes it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a flower as if he should say 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a beautifull head of haire which in times past was accounted the bright yealow which H●rod●an so commendeth in the Emperour Commo●u● the Romans supposed in the same aliquid numinis ●esse And it seemes AEneas his haire in Virgil which his mother Venus bestowed vpon him for a more maiestical beauty to haue beene of the same colour or it may be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 haire worthing the kembing but I dare not be too busie in Etymologies least catching at the shadow I leaue the substāce yelow hath his primary beginning from the Element of fire or Sun-beames Aristotles reason is because all liquid things concocted by heate become yealow as lie wort vrine ripe fruit brimstone c. so that blacke white and yealow according to Aristotle are the foure primary or principall colours as immediately proceeding from the elements and from those all other colours haue their beginning Your principall yealowe be these Orpiment Masticot Saffron Pinke yealow Oker de Luce. Vmber Orpiment Orpiment called in Latine Arsenicum or Auripigmentum because being broken it resembleth God for shining and colour is best ground with a stiffe water of Gumme Lake and with nothing else because it is the best colour of it selfe it will lie vpon no greene for all greenes white lead red lead and Ceruse staine it wherefore you must deepen your colours so that the Orpiment may be the highest in which manner it may agree with all colours it is said that Caius a certaine couetous Prince caused great store of it to be burned and tried for gold of which he found some and that very good but so small a quantitie that it would not quite the cost in refining Mas●icot or Generall Grinde your Masticot with a small quantitie of Saffron in Gumme water and neuer make it lighter then it is it will endure and lie vpon all colours and mettals Pinke yealow You must grinde your Pinke if you will haue it sad coloured with ●affron if light with Ceruse temper it with weake gumme water and so vse it Oker de Luke The fine Oker de Luke or Luce and grind it with a pure brasil water it maketh a passing haire-colour and is a naturall shadow for gold Vmber Vmber is a more sad colour you may grinde it with Gumme water or Gumme lake and lighten it at your pleasure with a little Ceruse and a shiue of saffron Of Greene. Our English word greene is fetched from the high Dutch ●●un in the Belgick Groen in French it is called Coleur verde in Italian and Spanish Verde from the Latine Vi●●ais and that from vires quia viribus maxime pollent in virente aetate vigentia in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is grasse or the greene herbe which is of this colour why the earth hath this colour aboue others Aristotle sheweth which is by reason of the much and often falling of raine and setting vpon the same for saith hee all water or moisture that standeth long and receiueth the beames of the Sun at the fi●st groweth greenish afterward more blacke after that receiuing as it were another g●●ene they become of a grasse colour for all moisture dried vp of it selfe becommeth blacke as we see in old wels and cesternes and if any thing hath lien long vnder water and afterwards lying drie may receiue the heate of the Sunne the moisture being exhaled and drawne away it becommeth greene because that yealow proceeding from the Sunne beames mixed with black doe turne into a greene for where the moisture doth not participate with the beames of the Sunne there remaines whitenesse as wee see in most rootes and stalkes of herbes which grow neere or within the earth now when t●● moisture hath spent it selfe farre in the stalke leafe and flower that it cannot ouercome the heat of the ayre and Sunne it changeth and giueth place to yealow which heat afterward being well concocted turned into seuerall colours as we see in flowers mellow apples peares plummes and the like the greene we commonly vse are these Greene bice Vert greece Verditure Sapgreene Of the blew and yealow proceedeth the greene Greene Bice Take greene Bice and order it as you doe your blew bice and in the self same manner when it is moist and not through drie you may diaper vpon it with the water of deepe greene Vert-greece Vertgreece is nothing else but the rust of brass●● which in time being consumed and eaten with Tal●low turneth into green as you may see many times vpon foule candlestickes that haue not beene often made cleane wherefore it hath the name in Latine AErugo in French Vert de gris or the hoary gr●ene to temper it as you ought you must grinde it with the iuice of Rue a little weake gumme water and you shall haue the purest greene that is if you will diaper with it grinde it with the lie of Rue that is the water wherein you haue sod your rue or herbgrace and you shall haue an hoary greene you shall diaper or damaske vpon your vert-greece greene with the water of sapgreene Verditure Take yo●r verditure and grinde it with a weake Gumme Arabick water it is the faintest and palest greene that is but it is good to veluet vpon blacke in any manner of drapery Sappe greene Take Sappe greene and lay it in sharpe vineger all night put into it a little Alome to raise his colour and you shall haue a good greene to diaper vpon all other greenes Of Blew Blew hath his Etymon from the high Dutch Blaw from whence he calleth Himmel-blaw that which we call skie colour or heauens-blew in Spanish it is called Blao or Azul in Italian Azurro in French Azur of Lazur an Arabian word which is the name of a stone whereof it is made called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from whence it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latine Cyaneus a stone as Dioscorides saith or sandie matter found in minerals in the earth