Parts Or of the Subtilty of the Motion is little inquired And yet these be the Things that Gouerne Nature Principally And without which you cannot make any true Analysis and Indication of the Proceedings of Nature The Spirits or Pneumaticals that are in all Tangible Bodies are searce knowne Sometimes they take them for Vacuum wheras they are the most Actiue of Bodies Sometimes they take them for Aire From which they differ exceedingly as much as Wine from Water And as Wood from Earth Sometimes they will haue them to be Naturall Heat or a Portion of the Element of Fire Wheras some of them are crude and cold And Sometimes they will haue them to be the Vertues and Qualities of the Tangible Parts which they see whereas they are Things by themselues And then when they come to Plants and liuing Creatures they call them Soules And such Superficiall Speculations they haue Like Prospectiues that shew things inward when they are but Paintings Neither is this a Question of Words but infinitely materiall in Nature For Spirits are nothing else but a Naturall Body rarified to a Proportion included in the Tangible Parts of Bodies as in an Integument And they be no lesse differing one from the other than the Dense or Tangible Parts And they are in all Tangible Bodies whatsoeuer more or lesse And they are neuer almost at rest And from them and their Motions principally proceed Arefaction Colliquation Concoction Maturation Putrefaction Viuification and most of the Effects of Nature For as we haue figured them in our Sapientiâ Veterum in the Fable of Proserpina you shall in the Infernall Regiment heare little Doings of Pluto but most of proserpina For Tangible Parts in Bodies are Stupide things And the Spirits doe in effect all As for the differences of Tangible Parts in Bodies the industry of the Chymists hath giuen some light in discerning by their Separations the Oily Crude Pure Impure Fine grosse Parts of Bodies and the like And the Physitians are content to acknowledge that Herbs and Drugs haue diuers parts As that Opiums hath a Stupefactiue Part and a Heating Part The one mouing Sleepe the other a Sweat following And that Rubarb hath Purging Parts and Astringent Parts c. But this whole Inquisition is weakly and Negligently handled And for the more subtill differences of the Minute Parts and the Posture of them in the Body which also hath great Effects they are not at all touched As for the Motions of the Minute Parts of Bodies which doe so great Effects they haue not beene obserued at all because they are Inuisible and incurre not to the Eye but yet they are to be deprehended by Experience As Democritus said well when they charged him to hold that the World was made of such little Moats as were seene in the Sunne Atomus saith he necessitate Rationis Experientia esse connincitur Atomum enim nemo vnquam vidit And therefore the Tumult in the parts of Solide Bodies when they are compressed which is the Cause of all Flight of Bodies thorow the Aire and of other Mechanicall Motions as hath beene partly touched before and shall be throughly handled in due place is not seene at all But neuerthelesse if you know it not or enquire it not attentiuely and diligently you shall neuer be able to discerne and much lesse to produce a Number of Mechanicall Motions Againe as to the Motions Corporall within the Enclosures of Bodies wherby effects which were mentioned before passe betweene the Spirits and the Tangible Parts which are Arefaction Colliquation Concoction Maturation c. they are not at all handled But they are put off by the Names of Vertues and Natures and Actions and Passions and such other Logicall Words It is certaine that all Powers in Nature Heat is the chiefe both in the Frame of Nature and in the workes of Art Certaine it is likewise that the Effects of Heat are most aduanced when it worketh vpon a Body without losse or dissipation of the Matter for that euer betrayeth the Account And therefore it is true that the power of Heat is best perceiued in Distillations which are performed in close Vessels and Receptacles But yet there is a higher Degree For howsoeuer Distillations doe keepe the Body in Cells and Cloisters without Going abroad yet they giue space vnto Bodies to turne into Vapour To returne into Liquour And to Separate one part from another So as Nature doth Expatiate although it hath not full Liberty wherby the true and Vltime Operations of Heat are not attained But if Bodies may be altered by Heat and yet no such Reciprocation of Rarefaction and of Condensation and of Separation admitted then it is like that this Proteus of Matter being held by the Sleeues will turne and change into many Metaworphoses Take therefore a Square Vessell of Iron in forme of a Cube and let it haue good thicke and strong Sides Put into it a Cube of Wood that may fill it as close as may be And let it haue a Couer of Iron as strong at least as the Sides And let it be well Luted after the manner of the Chymists Then place the Vessell within burning Coales kept quicke kindled for some few houres space Then take the Vessell from the Fire and take off the Couer and see what is become of the Wood. I conceiue that since all Inflammation and Euaporation are vtterly prohibited and the Body still turned vpon it Selfe that one of these two Effects will follow Either that the Body of the Wood will be turned into a kinde of Amalgama as the Chymists call it Or that the Finer Part will bee turned into Aire and the Grosser sticke as it were baked and incrustate vpon the Sides of the Vessell being become of a Denser Matter than the Wood it selfe Crude And for another Triall take also Water and put it in the like Vessell stopped as before But vse a gentler Heat and remoue the vessell sometimes from the Fire And againe after some small time when it is Cold renue the Heating of it And repeat this Aloeration some few times And if you can once bring to passe that the Water which is one of the Simplest of Bodies be changed in Colour Odour or Taste after the manner of Compound Bodies you may be sure that there is a great Worke wrought in Nature and a Notable Entrance made into strange Changes of Bodies and productions And also a Way made to doe that by Fire in small time which the Sunne and Age do in long time But of the Admirable Effects of this Distillation in Close for so we will call it which is like the Wombes and Matrices of liuing creatures where nothing Expireth nor Separateth We will speake fully in the due place Not that we Aime at the making of Paracelsus Pigmey's Or any such Prodigious Follies But that we know the Effects of Heat will be such as will scarce fall vnder the Conceit of Man
the bottome the Morter will become as hard as the Brick wee see also that the Wood on the sides of Vessles of Wine gathereth a Crust of Tartar harder then the wood it selfe And Scales likewise grow to the Teeth harder then the Teeth themselues Most of all Induration by Assimilation appeareth in the Bodies of Trees and liuing Creatures For no Nourishment that the Tree receiueth or that the liuing Creature receiueth is so hard as Wood Bone or Horne c. but is Indurated after by Assimilation The Eye of the vnderstanding is like the Eye of the Sense For as you may see great Obiects through small Crannies or Leuells So you may see great Axiomes of Nature through small and Contemptible Instances The Speedy Depredation of Aire vpon watry Moisture and Version of the same into Aire appeareth in nothing more visible than in the sudden Discharge or vanishing of a little Cloud of Breath or Vapour from Glasse or the Blade of a Sword or any such Polished Body Such as doth not at all Detaine or Imbibe the Moisture For the Mistinesse scattereth and breaketh vp suddenly But the like Cloud if it were Oyly or Fatty will not discharge Not because it sticketh faster But because Aire preyeth vpon Water And Flame and Fire vpon Oyle And therefore to take out a Spot of Grease they vse a Coale vpon browne Paper because Fire worketh vpon Grease or Oyle as Aire doth vpon Water And we see Paper oyled or Wood oyled or the like last long moist but Wet with Water drie or putrifie sooner The Cause is for that Aire meddleth little with the Moisture of Oyle There is an Admirable demonstration in the same trifling Instance of the little Cloud vpon Glasse or Gemmes or Blades of Swords of the Force of Vnion euen in the least Quantities and weakest Bodies how much it Conduceth to Preseruation of the present Forme And the Resisting of a New For marke well the discharge of that Cloud And you shall see it euer breake vp first in the Skirts and last in the middest We see likewise that much Water draweth forth the Iuyce of the Body Infused But little water is imbibed by the Body And this is a Principall Cause why in Operation vpon Bodies for their Version or Alteration the Triall in great Quantities doth not answer the Triall in small And so deceiueth many For that I say the greater Body resisteth more any Alteration of Forme and requireth farre greater Strength in the Actiue Body that should subdue it We haue spoken before in the fifth Instance of the Cause of Orient Colours in Birds which is by the Finenesse of the Strainer we will now endeuour to reduce the same Axione to a Worke. For this Writing of our Sylue Syluerum is to speake properly not Neturall History but a high kinde of Naturall Magicke For it is not a Description only of Nature but a Breaking of Nature into great and strange Workes Trie therefore the Anointing ouer of Pigeons or other Birds when they are but in their downe Or of Whelps cutting their Haire as short as may be Or of some other Beast with some oyntment that is not hurtfull to the Flesh And that will harden and sticke very close And see whether it will not alter the Colours of the Feathers or Haire It is receiued that the Pulling off the first Feathers of Birds cleane will make the new come forth white And it is certaine that White is a penurious Colour where Moisture is scant So Blew Violets other Flowers if they be starued turne Pale and White Birds and Horses by Age or Scarres turne white And the Hoare Haires of Men come by the same reason And therefore in Birds it is very likely that the Feathers that come first will be many times of diuers Colours according to the Nature of the Bird For that the Skin is more porous But when the Skin is more shut and close the Feathers will come White This is a good Experiment not only for the Producing of Birds and Beasts of strange Colours but also for the Disclosure of the Nature of Colours themselues which of them require a finer Porositie and which a grosser It is a worke of Prouidence that hath beene truly obserued by some That the Yolke of the Egge conduceth little to the Generation of the Bird But onely to the Nourishment of the same For if a Chicken be opened when it is new hatched you shall finde much of the Yolke remaining And it is needfull that Birds that are shaped without the Females Wombe haue in the Egge as well Matter of Nourishment as Matter of generation for the Body For after the Egge is laid and seuered from the Body of the Hen It hath no more Nourishment from the Hen But onely a quickening Heat when shee sitteth But Beasts and Men need not the matter of Nourishment within themselues Because they are shaped within the Wombe of the Female and are Nourished continually from her Body It is an Inueterate and receiued Opinion that Cantharides applyed to any Part of the Body touch the Bladder and exulcerate it if they stay on long It is likewise Receiued that a kinde of Stone which they bring out of the West Indies hath a peculiar force to moue Grauell and to dissolue the Stone In so much as laid but to the wrest it hath so forcibly sent downe Grauell as Men haue beene glad to remoue it It was so violent It is receiued and confirmed by daily Experience that the Soales of the Feet haue great Affinity with the Head and the Mouth of the Stomach As we see Going wet-shod to those that vse it not affecteth both Applications of hot Powders to the Feet attenuate first and after drie the Rheume And therefore a Physitian that would be Mysticall prescribeth for the Cure of the Rheume that a Man should walke Continually vpon a Camomill Alley Meaning that he should put Camomill within his Sockes Likewise Pigeons bleeding applyed to the Soales of the Feet ease the Head And Soporiferous Medicines applied vnto them prouoke Sleepe It seemeth that as the Feet haue a Sympathy with the Head So the Wrests and Hands haue a Sympathy with the Heart We see the Affects and Passions of the Heart and Spirits are notably disclosed by the Pulse And it is often tried that Iuyces of Stock-Gilly-Flowers Rose-Campian Garlicke and other things applied to the Wrests and renewed haue cured long Agues And I conceiue that washing with certaine Liquours the Palmes of the Hands doth much good And they doe well in Heats of Agues to hold in the Hands Egges of Alablaster and Balls of Crystall Of these things we shall speake more when we handle the Title of Sympathy and Antipathy in the proper Place The Knowledge of man hitherto hath beene determined by the View or Sight So that whatsoeuer is Inuisible either in respect of the Finenesse of the Body it selfe Or the Smallnesse of the
vnder the Arme-Holes and on the Sides The Cause is the Thinnesse of the Skin in those Parts Ioyned with the Rarenesse of being touched there For all Tickling is a light Motion of the Spirits which the Thinnesse of the Skin and Suddennesse and Rarenesse of Touch doe further For we see a Feather or a Rush drawne along the Lip or Cheeke doth tickle Whereas a Thing more Obtuse or a Touch more Hard doth not And for Suddennesse We see no Man can tickle himselfe Wee see also that the Palme of the Hand though it hath as Thinne a Skin as the other Parts Mentioned yet is not Ticklish because it is accustomed to be Touched Tickling also causeth Laughter The Cause may be the Emission of the Spirits and so of the Breath by a Flight from Titillation For vpon Tickling we see there is euer a Starting or Shrinking away of the Part to auoid it And we see also that if you Tickle the Nosthrills with a Feather or Straw it procureth Sneezing Which is a Sudden Emission of the Spirits that doe likewise expell the Moisture And Tickling is euer Painfull and not well endured It is strange that the Riuer of Nilus Ouer-flowing as it doth the Country of AEgypt there should be neuerthelesse little or no Raine in that Country The Cause must be Either in the Nature of the Water Or in the Nature of the Aire Or of Both. In the Water it may be ascribed either vnto the Long â—â—â— of the Water For Swift Running Waters vapour not so much as Standing Waters Or else to the Concoction of the Water For Waters well Concocted vapour not so much as Waters Raw No more than Waters vpon the Fire doe vapour so much after some time of Boyling as at the first And it is true that the Water of Nilus is sweeter than other Waters in Taste And it is excellent Good for the Stone and Hypochondriacall Melancholy Which sheweth it is Lenefying And it runneth thorow a Countrey of a Hot Climate and flat without Shade either of Woods or Hills Whereby the Sunne must needs haue great Power to Concoct it As for the Aire from whence I conceiue this Want of Showers commeth chiefly The Cause must be for that the Aire is of it selfe Thin and Thirsty And as soone as euer it getteth any Moisture from the Water it imbibeth and dissipateth it in the whole body of the Aire And suffereth it not to remaine in Vapour Whereby it might breed Raine It hath beene touched in the Title of Percolations Namely such as are Inwards that the Whites of Eggs and Milke doe clarifie And it is certaine that in AEgypt they prepare and clarifie the Water of Nile by putting it into great Iarres of Stone and Stirring it about with a few Stamped Almonds Wherewith they also besmeare the Mouth of the Vessell And so draw it off after it hath rested some time It were good to trie this Clarifying with Almonds in New Beere or Must to hasten and perfect the Clarifying There be scarce to be found any Vegetables that haue Branches and no Leaues except you allow Corall for one But there is also in the Desarts of S. Macario in AEgypt a Plant which is Long Leauelesse Browne of Colour and Branched like Corall faue that it closeth at the Top. This being set in Water within House spreadeth and displayeth strangely And the People thereabouts haue a Superstitious Beleefe that in the Labour of Women it helpeth to the Easie Deliuerance The Crystalline Venice Glasse is reported to be a Mixture in equall Portions of Stones brought from Pauia by the Riuer Ticinum And the Ashes of a Weed called by the Arabs Kall which is gathered in a Desart betweene Alexandria and Rosetta And is by the AEgyptians vsed first for Fuell And then they crush the Ashes into Lumps like a Stone And so sell them to the Venetians for their Glasse-workes It is strange and well to be noted how long Carkasses haue continued Vncorrupt and in their former Dimensions As appeareth in the Mummies of AEgypt Hauing lafted as is conceiued some of them three thousand yeeres It is true they finde Meanes to draw forth the Braines and to take forth the Entrailes which are the Parts apteft to corrupt But that is nothing to the Wonder For wee see what a Soft and Corruptible Substance the Flesh of all the other Parts of the Body is But it should seeme that according to our Obseruation and Axiorne in our hundredth Experiment Putrefaction which we conceiue to be so Naturall a Period of Bodies is but an Accident And that Matter maketh not that Haste to Corruption that is conceiued And therefore Bodies in Shining-Amber In Quicke-Siluer In Balmes whereof wee now speake In Wax In Honey In Gummes And it may be in Conseruatories of Snow c. are preserued very long It need not goe for Repetition if we resume againe that which wee said in the aforesaid Experiment concerning Annihilation Namely that if you prouide against three Causes of Putrefaction Bodies will not corrupt The First is that the Aire be excluded For that vndermineth the Body and conspireth with the Spirit of the Body to dissolue it The Second is that the Body Adiacent and Ambiens be not Commateriall but meerely Heterogeneall towards the Body that is to be presured For if Nothing can be receiued by the One Nothing can issue from the Other Such are Quick-Siluer White-Amber to Herbs and Flies and such Bodies The Third is that the Body to be preserued be not of that Grasse that it may corrupt within it selfe although no Part of it issue into the Body Adiacent And therefore it must be rather Thinne and Small than of Bulke There is a Fourth Remedie also which is That if the Body to be preserued be of Bulke as a Corps is then the Body that Incloseth it must haue a Vertue to draw forth and drie the Moisture of the Inward Body For else the Putrefaction will play within though Nothing issue forth I remember Liuy doth relate that there were found at a time two Coffins of Lead in a Tombe Whereof the one contained the Body of King Numa It being some foure hundred yeares after his Death And the other his Bookes of Sacred Rites and Ceremonies and the Discipline of the Pontises And that in the Coffin that had the Body there was Nothing at all to be seene but a little light Cinders about the Sides But in the Coffin that had the Bookes they were found as fresh as if they had beene but newly Written being written in Parchment and couered ouer with Watch-Candles of Wax three or foure fold By this it seemeth that the Romans in Numa's time were not so good Embalmers as the AEgyptians were Which was the Cause that the Body was vtterly consumed But I finde in Plutarch and Others that when Augustus Caesar visited the Sepulchre of Alexander the Great in Alexandria he found the Body to keepe his
an inward Tumult in the parts therof seeking to deliuer themselues from the Compression And this is the Cause of all Violent Motion Wherin it is strange in the highest Degree that this Motion hath neuer been obserued nor inquired It being of all Motions the most Common and the Chiefe Roote of all Mechanicall Operations This Motion worketh in round at first by way of Proofe and Search which way to deliuer it selfe And then worketh in Progresse wher it findeth the Deliuerance easiest In Liquours this Motion is visible For all Liquours strucken make round Circles and withall Dash but in Solids which breake not it is so subtile as it is inuisible But neuertheless bewrayeth it selfe by many Effects As in this Instance wherof we speake For the Pressure of the Finger furthered by the wetting because it sticketh so much the better vnto the Lipp of the Glasse after some continuance putteth all the small Parts of the Glasse into worke that they strike the Water sharpely from which Percussion that Sprinkling commeth If you strike or pierce a Solid Body that is brittle as Glasse or Sugar it breaketh not onely wher the immediate force is but breaketh all about into shiuers and fitters The Motion vpon the Pressure searching all wayes and breaking where it findeth the Body weakest The Powder in Shot being Dilated into such a Flame as endureth not Compression Moueth likewise in round The Flame being in the Nature of a liquid Body Sometimes recoyling Sometimes breaking the Piece But generally discharging the Bullett because ther it findeth easiest Deliuerance This Motion vpon Pressure and the Reciprocall therof which is Motion vpon Tensure we vse to call by one common Name Motion of Libertie which is when any Body being forced to a Preter-Naturall Extent or Dimension deliuereth and restoreth it selfe to the Naturall As when a Blowne Bladder Pressed riseth againe or when Leather or Cloath tentured spring backe These two Motions of which ther be infinite Instances we shall handle in due place This Motion vpon Pressure is excellently also demonstrated in Sounds As when one Chimeth vpon a Bell it soundeth But as soon as he layeth his hand vpon it the Sound ceaseth And so the Sound of a Virginall String as soone as the Quill of the Iack falleth vpon it stoppeth For these Sounds are produced by the subtile Percussion of the Minute parts of the Bell or String vpon the Aire All one as the Water is caused to leape by the subtile Percussion of the Minute parts of the Glasse vpon the Water wherof we spake a little before in the 9th Experiment For you must not take it to be the locall Shaking of the Bell or String that doth it As we shall fully declare when we come hereafter to handle Sounds TAke a Glasse with a Belly and a long Nebb fill the Belly in part with Water Take also another Glasse whereinto put Claret Wine and Water mingled Reverse the first Glasse with the Belly vpwards Stopping the Nebb with your fingar Then dipp the Mouth of it within the Second Glasse and remoue your Fingar Continue it in that posture for a time And it will vnmingle the VVine from the Water The VVine ascending and setling in the topp of the vpper Glasse And the VVater descending and setling in the bottome of the lower Glasse The passage is apparent to the Eye For you shall see the VVine as it were in a small veine rising through the VVater For handsomnesse sake because the Working requireth some small time it were good you hang the vpper Glasse vpon a Naile But as soone as ther is gathered so much pure and vnmixed water in the Bottome of the Lower Glasse as that the Mouth of the vpper Glasse dippeth into it the Motion ceaseth Let the Vpper Glasse be VVine and the Lower VVater ther followeth no Motion at all Lett the Vpper Glasse be VVater pure the Lowwer VVater coloured or contrariwise ther followeth no Motion at all But it hath been tried that though the Mixture of VVine and VVater in the Lower Glasse be three parts VVater and but one VVine yet it doth not dead the Motion This Separation of VVater and VVine appeareth to be made by Weight for it must be of Bodies of vnequall Weight or ells it worketh not And the Heauier Body must euer be in the vpper Glasse But then note withall that the VVater being made pensile and ther being a great VVeight of VVater in the Belly of the Glasse sustained by a small Pillar of VVater in the Neck of the Glasse It is that which sesteth the Motion on worke For VVater and VVine in one Glasse with long standing will hardly seuer This Experiment would be Extended from Mixtures of seuerall Liquors to Simple Bodies which Consist of seuerall Similare Parts Try it therfore with Broyne or Salt water and Fresh water Placing the Salt water which is the heauier in the vpper Glasse And see whether the Fresh will come aboue Try it also with VVater thick Sugred and Pure water and see whether the water which commeth aboue will loose his Sweetnes For which purpose it were good ther were a little Cock made in the Belly of the vpper Glasse IN Bodies containing Fine Spirits which doe easely dissipate when you make Infusions the Rule is A short Stay of the Body in the Liquour receyueth the Spiritt And a longer Stay confoundeth it because it draweth forth the Earthy Part withall which embaseth the finer And therfore it is an Errour in Phisicians to rest simply vpon the Length of stay for encreasing the vertue But if you will haue the Infusion strong in those kinde of Bodies which haue fine Spiritts your way is not to giue Longer time but to repeat the Infusion of the Body oftner Take Violetts and infuse a good Pugill of them in a Quart of Vineger Lett them stay three quarters of an houre and take them forth And refresh the Infusion with like quantity of new Violetts seuen times And it will make a Vineger so fresh of the Flower as if a Twelue-moneth after it be brought you in a Saucer you shall smell it before it come at you Note that it smelleth more perfectly of the Flower a good while after then at first This Rule which wee haue giuen is of singular vse for the Preparations of Medecines and other Infusions As for Example the Leafe of Burrage hath an Excellent Spiritt to represse the fuliginous Vapour of Dusky Melancholy and so to cure Madnes But neuerthelesse if the Leafe be infused long it yieldeth forth but a raw substance of no Vertue Therfore I suppose that if in the Must of Wine or Wort of Beere while it worketh before it be Tunned the Burrage stay a small time and be often changed with fresh It will make a Soueraigne Drink for Melancholy Passions And the like I conceyue of Orenge Flowers Rubarb hath manifestly in it Parts of contrary Operations Parts that purge And parts that binde the body And
the first lay looser and the latter lay deeper So that if you infuse Rubarb for an houre and crush it well it will purge better and binde the Body lesse after the purging then if it stood twenty foure houres This is tried But I conceiue likewise that by Repeating the Infusion of Rubarb seuerall times as was said of Violetts letting each stay in but a small time you may make it as strong a Purging Medecine as Scammony And it is not a small thing wonn in Phisick if you can make Rubarb and other Medecines that are Benedict as strong Purgers as those that are not without some Malignity Purging Medecines for the most part haue their Purgatine Vertue in a fine Spirit As appeareth by that they indure not boiling without much losse of vertue And therfore it is of good vse in Phisick if you can retaine the Purging Vertue and take away the Vnpleasant tast of the Purger which it is like you may doe by this Course of Infusing oft with little stay For it is probable that the Horrible and Odious Tast is in the Grosser part Generally the working by Infusions is grosse and blinde except you first try the Issuing of the seuerall Parts of the Body which of them Issue more speedily and which more slowly And so by apportioning the time can take and leaue that Quality which you desire This to know ther be two waies The one to try what long stay and what short stay worketh as hath been said The other to try in Order the succeding Infusions of one and the same Body successiuely in seuerall Liquors As for example Take Orenge-Pills or Rose-Mary or Cinnamon or what you will And let them Infuse halfe an houre in VVater Then take them out and Infuse them againe in other VVater And so the third time And then tast and consider the First water the Second and the Third And you will find them differing not only in Strength and Weaknes but otherwise in Tast or Odour For it may bee the First water will haue more of the Sent as more Fragrant And the Second more of the Tast as more bitter or Biting c. Infusions in Aire for so we may well call Odours haue the same diuersities with Infusions in VVater In that the seuerall Odours which are in one Flower or other Body issue at seuerall times Some earlier some later So we finde that Violetts Woodbines Strawberries yield a pleasing Sent that commeth forth first But soone after an ill Sent quite differing from the Former Which is caused not so much by Mellowing as by the late Issuing of the Grosser Spirit As we may desire to extract the finest Spirits in some Cases So we may desire also to discharge them as hurtfull in some other So VVine burnt by reason of the Evaporating of the finer Spirit enslameth lesse and is best in Agues Opium leeseth some of his poisonous Quallity if it be vapoured out mingled with Spirit of Wine or the like Sean leeseth somewhat of his windines by Decocting And generally subtile or windy Spirits are taken off by Incension or Evaporation And euen in Infusions in things that are of too high a Spirit you were better poure off the first Infusion after a small time and vse the latter BVbbles are in the forme of a Hemisphere Aire within and a little Skin of VVater without And it seemeth somewhat strange that the Aire should rise so swiftly while it is in the VVater And when it commeth to the topp should be staid by so weake a Couer as that of the Bubble is But as for the swift Ascent of the Aire while is vnder the VVater that is a Motion of Percussion from the VVater which it selfe descending driueth vpp the Aire and no Motion of Leuity in the Aire And this Democritus called Motus Plaga In this Common Experiment the Cause of the Enclosure of the Bubble is for that the Appetite to resist Separation or Discontinuance which in solide Bodies is strong is also in Liquours though fainter and weaker As wee see in this of the Bubble we see it also in little Glasses of Spittle that children make of Rushes And in Castles of Bubbles which they make by blowing into water hauing obtained a little Degree of Tenacity by Mixture of Soape Wee see it also in the Stillicides of water which if ther be water enough to follow will Drawe themselues into a small thredd because they will not discontinue But if ther be no Remedy then they cast themselues into round Dropps which is the Figure that saueth the Body most from Discontinuance The same Reason is of the Roundnes of the Bubble as well for the Skin of water as for the Aire within For the Aire likewise auoideth Discontinuance And therfore casteth it self into a Round Figure And for the stopp and Arrest of the Aire a little while it sheweth that the Aire of it selfe hath little or no Appetite of Ascending THE Reiection which I continually vse of Experiments though it appeareth not is infinit But yet if an Experiment be probable in the Worke and of great Vse I receyue it but deliuer it as doubtfull It was reported by a Sober Man that an Artificiall Spring may be made thus Finde out a hanging Ground wher ther is a good quick Fall of Raine-water Lay a Half-Trough of Stone of a good length 3. or 4. foote deep within the same Ground with one end vpon the high Ground the other vpon the lowe Couer the Trough with Brakes a good thicknes and cast Sand vpon the Topp of the Brakes You shall see saith he that after some showers are past the lower End of the Trough will runn like a Spring of water which is no maruaile if it hold while the Raine-water lasteth But he said it would continue long time after the Raine is past As if the water did multiply it self vpon the Aire by the helpe of the Coldnesse and Condensation of the Earth and the Consort of the first Water THE French which put off the Name of the French Disease vnto the Name of the Disease of Naples doe report that at the Siege of Naples ther were certaine wicked Merchants that Barrelled vpp Mans flesh of some that had been lately slaine in Barbary and sold it for Tunny And that vpon that foule and high Nourishment was the Originall of that Disease Which may well be For that it is certaine that the Caniballs in the West Indies eate Mans flesh And the West Indies were full of the Pockes when they were first discouered And at this day the Mortallest poisons practised by the West Indians haue some Mixture of the Bloud or Fatt or Flesh of Man And diuers Witches and Sorceresles aswell amongst the Heathen as amongst the Christians haue fedd vpon Mans flesh to aid as it seemeth their Imagination with High and foule Vapours IT seemeth that ther be these waies in likelihood of Version of Vapours or Aire into Water and Moisture
The first is Cold which doth manifestly Condense As wee see in the Contracting of the Aire in the Weather-Glasse whereby it is a Degree nearer to water Wee see it also in the Generation of Springs which the Ancients thought very probably to be made by the Version of Aire into water holpen by the Rest which the Aire hath in those Parts wherby it cannot dissipate And by the Coldnes of Rockes for ther Springs are chiefly generated Wee see it also in the Effects of the Cold of the Middle Region as they call it of the Aire which produceth Dews and Raines And the Experiment of Turning water into Ice by Snow Nitre and Salt wherof wee shall speake hereafter would be transferred to the Turning of Aire into Water The Second way is by Compression As in Stillatories wher the Vapour is turned back vpon it self by the Encounter of the Sides of the Stillatory And in the Dew vpon the Couers of Boyling Potts And in the Dew towards Raine vpon Marble and Wainscott But this is like to doe no great effect Except it be vpon Vapours and grosse Aire that are allready very neare in Degree to Water The Third is that which may be searched into but doth not yet appeare which is by Mingling of moist Vapours with Aire And trying if they will not bring a Returne of more Water then the water was at first For if so That Increase is a version of the Aire Therfore putt water into the Bottome of a Stillatory with the Nebb stopped Weigh the Water first Hang in the Middle of the Stillatory a large Spunge And see what Quantitie of Water you can crush out of it And what it is more or lesse compared with the water spent For you must vnderstand that if any Version can be wrought it will be easeliest done in small Pores And that is the Reason why wee prescribe a Spunge The Fourth way is Probable also though not Appearing Which is by Receiuing the Aire into the small Pores of Bodies For as hath been said euery thing in small Quantity is more easy for version And Tangible Bodies haue no pleasure in the Consort of Aire but endeauour to subact it into a more Dense Body But in Entire Bodies it is checked because if the Aire should Condense ther is nothing to succeed Therfore it must be in loose Bodies as Sand and Powder which wee see if they lye close of themselues gather Moisture IT is reported by some of the Ancients That Whelps or other Creatures if they be put Young into such a Cage or Boxe as they cannot rise to their Stature but may encrease in Breadth or length will growe accordingly as they can gett Roome which if it be true and faisible and that the young Creature so pressed and straightened doth not therupon die It is a Meanes to produce Dwarfe Creatures and in a very Strange Figure This is certaine and noted long since That the Pressure or Forming of Parts of Creatures when they are very young doth alter the Shape not a little As the Stroaking of the Heads of Infants between the Hands was noted of Old to make Macrocephali which shape of the Head at that time was esteemed And the Raising gently of the Bridge of the Nose doth preuent the Deformity of a Saddle Nose Which obseruation well weighed may teach a Meanes to make the Persons of Men and Women in many kindes more comely and better featured then otherwise they would be By the Forming and Shaping of them in their Infancy As by Stroaking vp the Calues of the Leggs to keepe them from falling downe too lowe And by Stroaking vp the Forehead to keepe them from being lowforeheaded And it is a common Practise to swath Infants that they may growe more straight and better shaped And wee see Young Women by wearing straight Bodies keepe themselues from being Grosse and Corpulent ONions as they hang will many of them shoot forth And so will Penniroiall And so will an Herb called Orpin with which they vse in the Country to trimme their Houses binding it to a Lath or Stick and setting it against a wall We see it like wise more especially in the greater Semper-vine which will put out Branches two or three yeares But it is true that commonly they wrapp the Root in a Cloth besmeared with Oyle and renue it once in halfe a Yeare The like is reported by some of the Ancients of the Stalks of Lillies The Cause is For that these Plants haue a Strong Dense and Succulent Moisture which is not apt to exhale And so is able from the old store without drawing helpe from the Earth to suffice the sprouting of the Plant And this Sprouting is chiefly in the late Spring or early Sommer which are the Times of Putting forth We see also that Stumps of Trtes lying out of the ground will put forth Sprouts for a Time But it is a Noble Triall and of very great Consequence to try whether these things in the Sprouting doe increase Weight which must be tried by weighing them before they be hangd vp And afterwards againe when they are sprouted For if they encrease not in Weight Then it is no more but this That what they send forth in the Sprout they leese in some other Part But if they gather Weight then it is Magnale Naturae For it sheweth that Aire may be made so to be Condensed as to be conuerted into a Dense Body wheras the Race and Period of all things here aboue the Earth is to extenuate and turne things to be more Penumaticall and Rare And not to be Retrograde from Pneumaticall to that which is Dense It sheweth also that Aire can Nourish which is another great Matter of Consequence Note that to try this the Experiment of the Semper-viue must be made without Oiling the Cloth For els it may be the Plant receiueth Nourishment from the Oile FLame and Aire doe not Mingle except it be in an Instant Or in the vitall Spiritts of vegetables and liuing Creatures In Gunpowder the Force of it hath been ascribed to Rarefaction of the Earthy Substance into Flame And thus farr it is true And then forfooth it is become another Element the Forme wherof occupieth more place And so of Necessity followeth a Dilatation And therfore lest two Bodies should be in one place ther must needes also follow an Expulsion of the pellet Or Blowing vp of the Mine But these are Crude and Ignorant Speculations For Flame if ther were nothing els except it were in very great quantity will be suffocate with any hard Body such as a Pellet is Or the Barrell of a Gunn So as the Flame would not expell the hard Body But the hard Body would kill the Flame and not suffer it to kindle or spread But the Cause of this so potent a Motion is the Nitre which wee call otherwise Salt-Petre which hauing in it anotable Crude and windy Spirit first by the Heate
of the Fire suddainly dilateth it self And wee knowe that simple Aire being preternaturally attenuated by Heate will make it self Roome and breake and blowe vp that which resisteth it And Secondly when the Nitre hath Dilated it self it bloweth abroad the Flame as an Inward Bellowes And therfore wee see that Brimstone Pitch Camphire Wilde-Fire and diuers other Inflammable Matters though they burne cruelly and are hard to quench Yet they make no such fiery winde as Gunpowder doth And on the other side wee see that Quick Siluer which is a most Crude and Watry Body heated and pent in hath the like force with Gunpowder As for liuing Creatures it is certaine their Vitall Spiritts are a Substance Compounded of an Airy and Flamy Matter And though Aire and Flame being free will not well mingle yet bound in by a Body that hath some fixing they will For that you may best see in those two Bodies which are their Aliments water and Oyle For they likewise will not well mingle of themselues but in the Bodies of Plants and liuing Creatures they will It is no maruaile therfore that a small Quantity of Spiritts in the Cells of the Braine and Canales of the Sinewes are able to moue the whole Body which is of so great Masse both with so great Force as in Wrestling Leaping And with so great Swiftnes As in playing Diuision vpon the Lute Such is the force of these two Natures Aire and Flame when they incorporate TAke a small waxe Candle and putt it in a Socket of Brasse or Iron Then sett it vpright in a Porringer full of Spirits of Wine heated Then sett both the Candle and Spiritt of Wine on fire and you shall see the Flame of the Candle open it self and become 4. or 5. times bigger then otherwise it would haue been and appeare in Figure Globular and not in Piramis You shall see also that the Inward Flame of the Candle keepeth Colour and doth not waxe any whitt blewe towardes the Colour of the Outward flame of the Spiritt of Wine This is a Noble Instance where in two things are most remarkable The one that one Flame within another quencheth not but is a fixed Body and continueth as Aire or Water doe And therefore Flame would still ascend vpwards in one greatnesse if it were not quenched on the Sides And the greater the Flame is at the Bottome the higher is the Rise The other that Flame doth not mingle with Flame as Aire doth with Aire or Water with Water but only remaineth contiguous As it commeth to passe betwixt Consisting Bodies It appeareth also that the forme of a Piramis in Flame which we vsually see is meerely by Accident and that the Aire about by quenching the Sides of the Flame crusheth it and extenuateth it into that Forme For of it selfe it would be Round And therefore Smoake is in the Figure of a Piramis Reuersed For the Aire quencheth the Flame and receiueth the Smoake Note also that the Flame of the Condle within the Flame of the Spirit of Wine is troubled And doth not onely open and moue vpwards but moueth wauing and to and fro As if Flame of his owne Nature if it were not quenched would rowle and turne as well as moue vpwards By all which it should seeme that the Caelestiall Bodies most of them are true Fires or Flames as the Stoicks held More fine perhaps and Rarified than our Flame is For they are all Globular and Determinate They haue Rotation And they haue the Colour and Splendour of Flame So that Flame aboue is Durable and Consistent and in his Naturall place But with vs it is a Stranger and Momentany and Impure Like Vulcan that haked with his Fall Take an Arrow and hold it in Flame for the space of ten pulses And when it commeth forth you shall finde those Parts of the Arrow which were on the Outsides of the Flame more burned blacked and turned almost into a Coale whereas that in the Middest of the Flame will be as if the Fire had scarce touched it This is an Instance of great consequence for the discouery of the Nature of Flame And sheweth manifestly that Flame burneth more violently towards the Sides than in the Middest And which is more that Heat or Fire is not violent or furious but where it is checked and pont And therfore the Peripatetickes howsoeuer their opinion of an Element of Fire aboue the Aire is iustly exploded in that Point they acquit themselues well For being opposed that if there were a Spbeare of Fire that incompassed the Earth so neare hand it were impossible but all things should be burnt vp They answer that the pure Elementall Fire in his owne place and not irritate is but of a Moderate Heat It is affirmed constantly by many as an vsuall Experiment That a Lampe of Vre in the Bottome of a Mine will be tumbled and stirred by two Mens strength which if you bring it to the Topp of the Earth will aske Six Mens strength at the least to stirre it It is a Noble Instance and is fit to be tried to the full For it is very probable that the Motion of Grauitie worketh weakly both farre from the Earth and also within the Earth The former because the Appetite of Vnion of Dense Bodies with the Earth in respect of the distance is more dull The latter because the Body hath in part attained his Nature when it is some Depth in the Earth For as for the Mouing to a Point or Place which was the Opinion of the Ancients it is a meere Vanity It is strange how the Ancients tooke vp Experiments vpon credit and yet did build great Matters vpon them The Obseruation of some of the best of them deliuered confidently is That a Vessell filled with Ashes will receiue the like quantity of Water that it would haue done if it had been empty But this is vtterly vntrue for the Water will not goe in by a Fifth part And I suppose that that Fifth part is the difference of the lying close or open of the Ashes As we see that Ashes alone if they be hard pressed will lye in lesse roome And so the Ashes with Aire betweene lye looser and with Water closer For I haue not yet found certainly that the Water it selfe by mixture of Ashes or Dust will shrinke or draw into lesse Roome It is reported of credit that if you lay good store of Kernells of Grapes about the Root of a Vine it will make the Vine come earlier and prosper better It may be tried with other Kernells laid about the Root of a Plant of the same kinde As Figgs Kernells of Apples c. The Cause may be for that the Kernells draw out of the Earth Iuice fit to nourish the Tree as those that would be Trees of themselues though there were no Root But the Root being of greater strength robbeth and deuoureth the Nourishment when they haue drawne it As great
such as haue some Degree of Heat For the Banishing of the Heat must needs leaue any Body Cold. This we see in the Operation of Opium and Stupefactiues vpon the Spirits of liuing Creatures And it were not amisse to trie Opium by laying it vpon the Top of a Weather-glasse to see whether it will contract the Aire But I doubt it will not succeed For besides that the vertue of Opium will hardly penetrate thorow such a Body as Glasse I conceiue that Opium and the like make the Spirits fly rather by Malignity then by Cold. Seuenthly the same Effect must follow vpon the Exhaling or Drawing out of the warme Spirits that doth vpon the Flight of the Spirits There is an Opinion that the Moone is Magneticall of Heat as the Sun is of Cold and Moisture It were not amisse therefore to trie it with Warme waters The one exposed to the Beames of the Moone the other with some Skreene betwixt the Beames of the Moone and the water As we vse to the Sunne for Shade And to see whether the former will coole sooner And it were also good to inquire what other Meanes there may be to draw forth the Exile heat which is in the Aire for that may be a Secret of great Power to Produce Cold weather We haue formerly set downe the Meanes of turning Aire into water in the Experiment 27. But because it is Magnale Nature And tendeth to the subduing of a very great effect And is also of Manifold vse we will adde some Instances in Consort that giue light thereunto It is reported by some of the Ancients that Sailers haue vsed euery Night to hang Fleeces of wooll on the sides of their Ships the Wooll towards the water And that they haue crushed fresh Water out of them in the Morning for their vse And thus much we haue tried that a Quantitie of Wooll tied loose together being let downe into a deepe Well And hanging in the Middle some three Fathome from the water for a night in the Winter time increased in weight as I now remember to a fifth Part. It is reported by one of the Ancients that in Lydia neare Pergamus there were certaine Worke-men in time of Warres fled into Caues And the Mouth of the Caues being stopped by the Enemies they were famished But long time after the dead Bones were found And some Vessels which they had carried with them And the vessels full of Water And that Water thicker and more towards Ice than Common Water which is a Notable Instance of Condensation and Induration by Buriall under Earth in Caues for long time And of version also as it should seeme of Aire into Water if any of those vessels were Emptie Trie therefore a small Bladder hung in Snow And the like in Nitre And the like in Quick-filuer And if you finde the Bladders fallen or shrunke you may be sure the Aire is condensed by the Cold of those Bodies As it would be in a Caue vnder Earth It is reported of very good credit that in the East Indies if you set a Tub of Water open in a Roome where Cloues are kept it will be drawne dry in 24 houres Though it stand at some distance from the Cloues In the Countrey they vse many times in deceit when their wooll is new shorne to set some Pailes of water by in the same Roome to increase the weight of the wooll But it may be that the Heat of the Wooll remaining from the body of the Sheepe or the Heat gathered by the lying close of the wooll helpeth to draw the watry Vapour But that is nothing to the Version It is Reported also credibly that Wooll new shorne being laid casually vpon a Vessell of Verinyce after some time had drunke vp a great part of the Veriuyce though the Vessell were whole without any Flaw and had not the Bung-hole open In this Instance there is vpon the by to be noted the Percolation or Suing of the Veriuyce through the wood For Veriuyce of it selfe would neuer haue passed thorow the wood So as it seemeth it must be first in a kinde of Vapour before it passe It is especially to be noted that the Cause that doth facilitate the Version of Aire into water when the Aire is not in grosse but subtilly mingled with Tangible Bodies is as hath beene partly touched before for that Tangible Bodies haue an Antipathy with Aire And if they finde and Liquid Body that is more dense neare them they will draw it And after they haue drawne it they will condense it more and in effect incorporate it For wee see that a Spunge or Wooll or Sugar or a Woollen cloth being put but in part in Water or Wine will draw the Liquour higher and beyond the place where the Water or wine commeth We see also that Wood Lute-strings and the like doe swell in moist Seasons As appeareth by the Breaking of the Strings the Hard Turning of the Pegs and the Hard drawing forth of Boxes and Opening of Wainseet deeres which is a kinde of Infusion And is much like to an Infusion in water which will make wood to swell As we see in the Filling of the Chops of Boules by laying them in water But for that part of these Experiments which concerneth Attraction we will reserue it to the proper Title of Attraction There is also a Version of Aire into water seene in the Sweating of Marbles and other Stones And of Wainsces before and in moist weather This must be either by some Moisture the Body yeeldeth Or else by the Moist Aire thickned against the hard body But it is plaine that it is the latter For that we see Wood painted with Oyle Colour will sooner gather drops in a moist Night than Wood alone which is caused by the Smoothnesse and Closenesse which letteth in no part of the Vapour and so turneth it backe and thickeneth it into Dew We see also that Breathing vpon a Glasse or Smooth body giueth a Dew And in Frosty Mornings such as we call Rime frosts you shall finde drops of Dew vpon the Inside of Glasse-windowes And the Frost it selfe vpon the ground is but a Version or Condensation of the Moist vapours of the Night into a watry substance Dewes likewise and Raine are but the Returnes of Moist vapours Condensed The Dew by the Cold onely of the Sunnes departure which is the gentler Cold Raines by the Cold of that which they call the Middle Region of the Aire which is the more violent Cold. It is very probable as hath beene touched that that which will turne Water into Ice will likewise turne Aire Some Degree nearer vnto water Therefore trie the Experiment of the Artificiall Turning water into Ice whereof we shall speake in another place with Aire in place of water and the Ice about it And although it be a greater Alteration to turne Aire into water than water into Ice yet there is this Hope that by Continuing the Aire longer time
If the force of it be altogether kept in There is nothing more Certaine in Nature than that it is impossible for any Body to be vtterly Annibilated But that as it was the worke of the Omnipotency of God to make Somewhat of Nothing So it requireth the like Omnipotency to turne Somewhat into Nothing And therefore it is well said by an Obscure Writer of the Sect of the Chymists That there is no such way to effect the Strange Transmutations of Bodies as to endeuour and vrge by all meanes the Reducing of them to Nothing And herein is contained also a great Secret of Preseruation of Bodies from Change For if you can prohibit that they neither turne into Aire because no Aire commeth to them Not goe into the Bodies Adiacent because they are vtterly Heterogeneall Nor make a Round and Circulation within themselues they will neuer change though they be in their Nature neuer so Perishable or Mutable We see how Flies and Spiders and the like get a Sepulcher in Amber more Durable than the Monument and Embalming of the Body of any King And I conceiue the like will be of Bodies put into Quick-siluer But then they must be but thinne As a leafe or a peece of Paper or Parchment For if they haue a greater Crassitude they will alter in their owne Body though they spend not But of this We shall speake more when we handle the Title of Conseruation of Bodies NATVRALL HISTORIE II. Century MVSICKE in the Practise hath bin well pursued And in good Variety But in the Theory and especially in the Yeelding of the Causes of the Practique very weakly Being reduced into certaine Mysticall Subtilties of no vse and not much Truth We shall therefore after our manner ioyne the Contemplatiue and Actiue Part together All Sounds are either Musicall Sounds which we call Tones Wherunto there may be an Harmony which Sounds are euer Equall As Singing the Sounds of Stringed and Wind-Instruments the Ringing of Bells c. Or Immusicall Sounds which are euer Vnequall Such as are the Voice in Speaking all Whisperings all Voices of Beasts and Birds except they bee Singing Birds all Percussions of Stones Wood Parchment Skins as in Drummes and infinite others The Sounds that produce Tones are euer from such Bodies as are in their Parts and Pores Equall As well as the Sounds themselues are Equall And such are the Percussions of Metall as in Bells Of Glasse as in the Fillipping of a Drinking Glasse Of Aire as in Mens voices whilest they Sing in Pipes Whistles Organs Stringed Instruments c. And of Water as in the Nightingale-Pipes of Regalls or Organs and other Hydranlickes which the Ancients had and Nere did so much esteeme but are now lost And if any Man thinke that the String of the Bowe and the String of the Viall are neither of them Equall Bodies And yet produce Tones he is in an errour For the Sound is not created between the Bowe or Plectrum and the String But between the String and the Aire No more then it is between the Finger or Quill and the String in other Instruments So there are in effect but three Percussions that create Tones Percussions of Metalls comprehending Glasse and the like Percussions of Aire and Percussions of Water The Diapason or Eight in Musicke is the sweetest Concord Insomuch as it is in effect an Vnison As we see in Lutes that are strung in the Base Strings with two strings one an Eight aboue another Which make but as one Sound And euery Eighth Note in Ascent as from Eight to Fifteene from Fifteene to twenty two and so in infinitum are but Scales of Diapason The Cause is darke and hath not beene rendred by any And therfore would be better contemplated It seemeth that Aire which is the Subiect of Sounds in Sounds that are not Tones which are all vnequall as hath beene said admitteth much Varietie As wee see in the Voices of Liuing Creatures And likewise in the Voices of seuerall Men for we are capable to discerne seuerall Men by their Voices And in the Coniugation of Letters whence Articulate Sounds proceed Which of all others are most various But in the Sounds which we call Tones that are euer Equall the Aire is not able to cast it selfe into any such varietie But is forced to recurre into one and the same Posture or Figure onely differing in Greatnesse and Smalnesse So we see Figures may be made of lines Crooked and Straight in infinite Varietie where there is Inequalitie But Circles or Squares or Triangles Equilaterall which are all Figures of Equall lines can differ but in Greater or Lesser It is to be noted the rather left any Man should thinke that there is any thing in this Number of Eight to create the Diapason that this Computation of Eight is a thing rather receiued than any true Computation For a true Computation ought euer to bee by Distribution into equall Portions Now there be interuenient in the Rise of Eight in Tones two Beemolls or Halfe-notes So as if you diuide the Tones equally the Eight is but Seuen whole and equall Notes And if you subdiuide that into Halfe Notes as it is in the Stops of a Lute it maketh the Number of thirteene Yet this true That in the ordinary Rises and Falles of the Voice of Man not measuring the Tone by whole Notes and halfe Notes which is the Equall Measure there fall out to be two Beemols as hath beene said betweene the Vnison and the Diapason And this Varying is naturall For if a Man would endeuour to raise or fall his Voice still by Halfe-Notes like the Stops of a Lute or by whole Notes alone without Halfes as farre as an Eight he will not be able to frame his Voice vnto it Which sheweth that after euery three whole Notes Nature requireth for all Harmonicall vse one halfe Note to be interposed It is to be considered that whatsoeuer Vertue is in Numbers for Conducing to Concent of Notes is rather to bee ascribed to the Ante-Number than to the Entire Number As namely that the Sound retarneth after Six or after Twelue So that the Seuenth or the Thirteenth is not the Matter but the Sixth or the Twelfth And the Seuenth and the Thirteenth are but the limits and Boundaries of the returne The Concords in Musick which are Perfect or Semiperfect betweene the Vnison and the Diapason are the Fifth which is the most Perfect the Third next And the Sixth which is more harsh And as the Ancients esteemed and so doe my selfe and some Other yet the Fourth which they call Diatessaron As for the Tenth Twelfth Thirteenth and so in infinitum they be but Recurrences of the Former viz. of the Third the Fifth and the Sixth being an Eight respectiuely from them For Discords the Second and the Seuenth are of all others the most odious in Harmony to the Sense whereof the One is next aboue the Vnison the Other next vnder the
Diapason which may shew that Harmony requireth a competent distance of Notes In Harmony if there be not a Discord to the Base it doth not disturbe the Harmony though there be a Discord to the Higher Parts So the Discord be not of the Two that are Odious And therfore the ordinary Concent of Foure Parts consisteth of an Eight a Fifth and a Third to the Base But that Fifth is a Fourth to the Treble and the Third is a Sixth And the Cause is for that the Base striking more Aire doth ouercome and drowne the Treble vnlesse the Discord be very Odious And so hideth a small Imperfection For we see that in one of the lower Strings of a Lute there soundeth not the Sound of the Treble not any Mixt Sound but onely the Sound of the Base We haue no Musicke of Quarter-Notes And it may be they are not capable of Harmony For we see the Halfe-Notes themselues doe but interpose sometimes Neuerthelesse we haue some Slides or Relishes of the Voice or Strings as it were continued without Notes from one Tone to another rising or falling which are delightfull The Causes of that which is Pleasing or Ingrate to the Hearing may receiue light by that which is Pleasing or Ingrate to the Sight There be two Things Pleasing to the Sight leauing Pictures and Shapes aside which are but Secondary Obiects And please or displease but in Memory these two are Colours and Order The Pleasing of Colour symbolizeth with the Pleasing of any Single Tone to the Eare But the Pleasing of Order doth symbolize with Harmony And therfore we see in Garden-knots and the Frets of Houses and all equall and well-answering Figures as Globes Pyramides Cones Cylinders c. how they please whereas Vnequall Figures are but Deformities And both these Pleasures that of the Eye and that of the Eare are but the Effects of Equality Good Proportion or Correspondence So that out of Question Equality and Correspondence are the Causes of Harmony But to finde the Proportion of that Correspondence is more abstruse wherof notwithstanding we shall speake somewhat when we handle Tones in the generall Enquiry of Sounds Tones are not so apt altogether to procure Sleep as some other Sounds As the Wind the Purling of Water Humming of Bees a Sweet Voice of one that readeth c. The Cause whereof is for that Tones because they are Equall and slide not doe more strike and erect the Sense than the other And Ouermuch Attention hindreth Sleepe There be in Musick certaine Figures or Tropes almost agreeing with the Figures of Rhetoricke And with the Affections of the Minde and other Senses First the Diuision and Quauering which please so much in Musick haue an Agreement with the Glittering of Light As the Moone-Beames playing vpon a Waue Againe the Falling from a Discord to a Concord which maketh great Sweetnesse in Musick hath an Agreement with the Affections which are reintegrated to the better after some dislikes It agreeth also with the Taste which is soone glutted with that which is sweet alone The Sliding from the Close or Cadence hath an Agreement with the Figure in Rhetoricke which they call Praeter Expectatum For there is a Pleasure euen in Being deceined The Reports and Fuges haue an Agreement with the Figures in Rhetorick of Repetition and Traduction The Tripla's and Changing of Times haue an Agreement with the Changes of Motions As when Galliard Time and Measure Time are in the Medley of one Dance It hath been anciently held and obserued that the Sense of Hearing and the Kinds of Musick haue most Operation vpon Manners As to Incourage Men and make them warlike To make them Soft and Effeminate To make them Graue To make them Light To make them Gentle and inclined to Pitty c. The Cause is for that the Sense of Hearing striketh the Spirits more immediatly than the other Senses And more incorporeally than the Smelling For the Sight Taste and Feeling haue their Organs not of so present and immediate Accesse to the Spirits as the Hearing hath And as for the Smelling which indeed worketh also immediatly vpon the Spirits and is sorcible while the Obiect remaineth it is with a Communication of the Breath or Vapour of the Obiect Odorate But Harmony entring easily and Mingling not at all and Comming with a manifest Motion doth by Custome of often Affecting the Spirits and Putting them into one kinde of Posture alter not a little the Nature of the Spirits euen when the Obiect is remoued And therefore we see that Tunes and Aires euen in their owne Nature haue in themselues some Affinity with the Affections As there be Merry Tunes Dolefull Tunes Solemne Tunes Tunes inclining Mens mindes to Pitty Warlike Tunes c. So as it is no Maruell if they alter the Spirits considering that Tunes haue a Predisposition to the Motion of the Spirits in themselues But yet it hath been noted that though this variety of Tunes doth dispose the Spirits to variety of Passions conforme vnto them yet generally Musick feedeth that disposition of the Spirits which it findeth We see also that seuerall Aires and Tunes doe please seuerall Nations and Persons according to the Sympathy they haue with their Spirits Perspectiue hath been with some diligence inquired And so hath the Nature of Sounds in some sort as far as concerneth Musick But the Nature of Sounds in generall hath been superficially obserued It is one of the subrillest Peeces of Nature And besides I practise as I doe aduise which is after long Inquiry of Things Immerse in Matter to interpose some Subiect which is Immateriate or lesse Materiate Such as this of Sounds To the end that the Intellect may be Rectified and become not Partiall It is first to be considered what Great Motions there are in Natute which passe without Sound or Noise The Heauens turne about in a most rapide Motion without Noise to vs perceiued Though in some Dreames they haue been said to make an excellent Musick So the Motions of the Comets and Fiery Meteors as Stella Cadens c. yeeld no Noise And if it be thought that it is the Greatnesse of distance from vs whereby the Sound cannot be heard We see that Lightnings and Coruscations which are neere at hand yeeld no Sound neither And yet in all these there is a Percussion and Diuision of the Aire The Windes in the Vpper Region which moue the Clouds aboue which we call the Racke and are not perceiued below passe without Noise The lower Windes in a Plaine except they be strong make no Noise But amongst Trees the Noise of such Windes will be perceiued And the Windes generally when they make a Noise doe euer make it vnequally Rising and Falling and sometimes when they are vehement Trembling at the Height of their Blast Raine or Haile falling though vehemently yeeldeth no Noise in passing through the Aire till it fall vpon the Ground Water Houses or the like Water in a
gathered together into the fashion of a Purse and broken vpon the Fore-head or Backe of the Hand as Children vse The Cause giuen of Sound that it should be an Elision of the Aire wherby if they meane any thing they meane a Cutting or Diuiding or else an Attenuating of the Aire is but a Terme of Ignorance And the Motion is but a Catch of the Wit vpon a few Instances As the Manner is in the Philosophy Receiued And it is common with Men that if they haue gotten a Pretty Expression by a Word of Art that Expression goeth currant though it be empty of Matter This Conceit of Elision appeareth most manifestly to befalse in that the Sound of a Bell String or the like continueth melting some time after the Percussion But ceaseth straight-waies if the Bell or String be touched and stayed wheras if it were the Elision of the Aire that made the Sound it could not be that the Touch of the Bell or String should extinguish so suddenly that Motion caused by the Elision of the Aire This appeareth yet more manifestly by Chiming with a Hammer vpon the Out-side of a Bell For the Sound will be according to the inward Concaue of the Bell whereas the Elision or Attenuation of the Aire cannot be but onely betweene the Hammer and the Out-side of the Bell So againe if it were an Elision a broad Hammer and a Bodkin strucke vpon Metall would giue a diuers Tone As well as a diuers Loudnesse But they doe not so For though the Sound of the one be Louder and of the other Softer yet the Tone is the same Besides in Eccho's wherof some are as loud as the Originall Voice there is no new Elision but a Repercussion onely But that which conuinceth it most of all is that Sounds are generated where there is no Aire at all But these and the like Conceits when Men haue cleared their vnderstanding by the light of Experience will scatter and breake vp like a Mist. It is certaine that Sound is not produced at the first but with some Locall Motion of the Aire or Flame or some other Medium Nor yet without some Resistance either in the Aire or the Body Percussed For if there be a meere Yeelding or Cession it produceth no Sound As hath beene said And therin Sounds differ from Light and Colours which passe thorow the Aire or other Bodies without any Locall Motion of the Aire either at the first or after But you must attentiuely distinguish betweene the Locall Motion of the Aire which is but Vehiculum Caussae A Carrier of the Sounds and the Sounds themselues Conueighed in the Aire For as to the former we see manifestly that no Sound is produced no not by Aire it selfe against other Aire as in Organs c. but with a perceptible Blast of the Aire And with some Resistance of the Aire strucken For euen all Speech which is one of the gentlest Motions of Aire is with Expulsion of a little Breath And all Pipes haue a Blast as well as a Sound We see also manifestly that Sounds are carried with Wind And therefore Sounds will be heard further with the Wind than against the Wind And likewise doe rise and fall with the Intension or Remission of the Wind. But for the Impression of the Sound it is quite another Thing And is vtterly without any Locall Motion of the Aire Perceptible And in that resembleth the Species visible For after a Man hath lured or a Bell is rung we cannot discerne any Perceptible Motion at all in the Aire a long as the Sound goeth but only at the first Neither doth the Wind as far as it carrieth a Voice with the Motion therof confound any of the Delicate and Articulate Figurations of the Aire in Variety of Words And if a Man speake a good loudnesse against the Flame of a Candle it will not make it tremble much though most when those Letters are pronounced which contract the Mouth As F S V and some others But Gentle Breathing or Blowing without speaking will moue the Candle far more And it is the more probable that Sound is without any Locall Motion of the Aire because as it differeth from the Sight in that it needeth a Locall Motion of the Aire at first So it paralleleth in so many other things with the Sight and Radiation of Things visible Which without all question induce no Locall Motion in the Aire as hath beene said Neuerthelesse it is true that vpon the Noise of Thunder and great Ordnance Glasse windowes will shake and Fishes are thought to be frayed with the Motion caused by Noise vpon the water But these Effects are from the Locall Motion of the Aire which is a Concomitant of the Sound as hath beene said and not from the Sound It hath beene anciently reported and is still receiued that Extreme Applanses and Shouting of People assembled in great Multitudes haue so rarified and broken the Aire that Birds flying ouer haue fallen downe the Aire being not able to support them And it is beleeued by some that Great Ringing of Bells in populous Cities hath chased away Thunder and also dissipated Pestilent Aire All which may be also from the Concussion of the Aire and not from the Sound A very great Sound neare hand hath strucken many Dease And at the Instant they haue found as it were the breaking of a Skin or Parchment in their Eare And my Selfe standing neare one that Lured loud and shrill had suddenly an Offence as if somewhat had broken or beene dislocated in my Eare And immediately after a loud Ringing Not an ordinary Singing or Hissing but far louder and differing so as I feared some Deafenesse But after some halfe Quarter of an Houre it vanished This Effect may be truly referred vnto the Sound For as is commonly receiued an ouer-potent Obiect doth destroy the Sense And Spirituall Species both Visible and Audible will worke vpon the Sensories though they moue not any other Body In Delation of Sounds the Enclosure of them preserueth them and causeth them to be heard further And wee finde in Roules of Parchment or Trunckes the Mouth being laid to the one end of the Rowle of Parchment or Truncke and the Eare to the other the Sound is heard much further than in the Open Aire The Cause is for that the Sound spendeth and is dissipated in the Open Aire But in such Concaues it is conserued and contracted So also in a Peece of Ordnance if you speak in the Touch-hole and another lay his Eare to the Mouth of the Peece the Sound passeth and is farre better heard than in the Open Aire It is further to be considered how it proueth and worketh when the Sound is not enclosed all the Length of his Way but passeth partly through open Aire As where you speake some distance from a Truncke or where the Eare is some distance from the Truncke at the other End Or where both Mouth and Eare are distant
from the Truncke And it is tried that in a long Truncke of some eight or ten foot the Sound is holpen though both the Mouth and the Eare be a handfull or more from the Ends of the Truncke And somewhat more holpen when the Eare of the Hearer is neare than when the Mouth of the Speaker And it is certaine that the Voice is better heard in a Chamber from abroad than abroad from within the Chamber As the Enclosure that is Round about and Entire preserueth the Sound So doth a Semi-Concaue though in a lesse degree And therefore if you diuide a Truncke or a Cane into two and one speake at the one end and you lay your Eare at the other it will carry the Voice further than in the Aire at large Nay further if it be not a full Semi-Concaue but if you doe the like vpon the Mast of a Ship or a long Pole or a Peece of Ordnance though one speake vpon the Surface of the Ordnance and not at any of the Bores the Voice will be heard further than in the Aire at large It would be tried how and with what proportion of disaduantage the Voice will be carried in an Horne which is a line Arched Or in a Trumpet which is a line Retorted Or in some Pipe that were Sinuous It is certaine howsoeuer it crosse the Receiued Opinion that Sounds may be created without Aire though Aire be the most fauourable Deferent of Sounds Take a Vessell of Water and knap a paire of Tongs some depth within the Water and you shall heare the Sound of the Tongs well and not much diminished And yet there is no Aire at all present Take one Vessell of Siluer and another of Wood and fill each of them full of Water and then knap the Tongs together as before about an handfull from the Bottome and you shall finde the Sound much more Resounding from the Vessell of Siluer than from that of Wood And yet if there be not water in the Vessell so that yo knap the Tongs in the Aire you shall finde no difference betweene the Siluer and Woodden Vessell Whereby beside the maine point of creating Sound without Aire you may collect two Things The one that the Sound communicateth with the Bottome of the Vessell The other that such a Communication passeth farre better thorow Water than Aire Strike any Hard Bodies together in the Middest of a Flame and you shall heare the Sound with little difference from the Sound in the Aire The Pneumaticall Part which is in all Tangible Bodies and hath some Affinity with the Aire performeth in some degree the Parts of the Aire As when you knocke vpon an Emptie Barrell the Sound is in part created by the Aire on the Out-side And in part by the Aire in the Inside For the Sound will be greater or lesser as the Barrell is more Emptie or more full But yet the Sound participateth also with the Spirit in the Wood thorow which it passeth from the Outside to the Inside And so it commeth to passe in the Chiming of Bells on the Outside where also the Sound passeth to the Inside And a number of other like Instances whereof we shall speake more when we handle the Communication of Sounds It were extreame Grossenesse to thinke as wee haue partly touched before that the Sound in Strings is made or produced betweene the Hand and the String or the Quill and the String or the Bow and the String For those are but Vehicula Motûs Passages to the Creation of the Sound the Sound being produced betweene the String and the Aire And that not by any Impulsion of the Aire from the first Motion of the String but by the Returne or Result of the String which was strained by the Touch to his former Place which Motion of Result is quicke and sharpe Wheras the first Motion is soft and dull So the Bow tortureth the String continually and thereby holdeth it in a Continuall Trepidation Take a Truncke and let one whistle at the one End and bold your Eare at the other and you shall finde the Sound strike so sharpe as you can scarce endure it The Cause is for that Sound diffuseth it selfe in round And so spendeth it Selfe But if the Sound which would scatter in Open Aire be made to goe all into a Canale It must needs giue greater force to the Sound And so you may note that Enclosures doe not onely preserue Sound but also Encrease and Sharpen it A Hunters Horne being greater at one end than at the other doth encrease the Sound more than if the Horne were all of an equall Bore The Cause is for that the Aire and Sound being first contracted at the leffer End and afterwards hauing more Roome to spread at the greater End doe dilate themselues And in Comming out strike more Aire whereby the Sound is the Greater and Baser And euen Hunters Hornes which are sometimes made straight and not Oblique are euer greater at the lower end It would be tried also in Pipes being made far larger at the lower End Or being made with a Belly towards the lower End And then issuing into a straight Concaue againe There is in Saint Iames Fields a Conduit of Bricke vnto which ioyneth a low Vault And at the End of that a Round House of Stone And in the Bricke Conduit there is a Window And in the Round House a Slit or Rift of some little breadth If you crie out in the Rift it will make a fearfull Roaring at the Window The Cause is the same with the former For that all Concaues that proceed from more Narrow to more Broad doe amplifie the Sound at the Comming out Hawkes Bells that haue Holes in the sides giue a greater Ring than if the Pellet did strike vpon Brasse in the Open Aire The Cause is the same with the first Instance of the Trancke Namely for that the Sound Enclosed with the Sides of the Bell commeth forth at the Holes vnspent and more strong In Drums the Closenesse round about that preserueth the Sound from dispersing maketh the Noise come forth at the Drum-Hole farre more loud and strong than if you should strike vpon the like Skin extended in the Open Aire The Cause is the same with the two precedent Sounds are better heard and further off in an Euening or in the Night than at the Noone or in the Day The Cause is for that in the Day when the Aire is more Thin no doubt the Sound pierceth better But when the Aire is more Thicke as in the Night the Sound spendeth and spreadeth abroad lesse And so it is a Degree of Enclosure As for the Night it is true also that the Generall Silence helpeth There be two Kinds of Reflexions of Sounds The one at Distance which is the Eccho Wherein the Originall is heard distinctly and the Reflexion also distinctly Of which we shall speake hereafter The other in Concurrence When the Sound Reflecting the
Reflexion being neare at hand returneth immediatly vpon the Originall and so iterateth it not but amplifieth it Therefore we see that Musicke vpon the water soundeth more And so likewise Musicke is better in Chambers Wainscotted than Hanged The Strings of a Lute or Violl or Virginalls doe giue a far greater Sound by reason of the Knot and Board and Concaue vnderneath than if there were nothing but onely the Flat of a Board without that Hollow and Knot to let in the Vpper Aire into the Lower The Cause is the Communication of the Vpper Aire with the Lower And Penning of both from Expence or Dispersing An Irish Harpe hath Open Aire on both sides of the Strings And it hath the Concaue or Belly not along the Strings but at the End of the Strings It maketh a more Resounding Sound than a Bandora Orpharion or Citterne which haue likewise Wire-strings I iudge the Cause to be for that Open Aire on both Sides helpeth so that there be a Concaue Which is therefore best placed at the End In a Virginall when the Lid is downe it maketh a more exile Sound than when the Lid is open The Cause is for that all Shutting in of Aire where there is no competent Vent dampeth the Sound Which maintaineth likewise the former Instance For the Belly of the Lute or Viâ—ll doth pen the Aire somewhat There is a Church at Glocester and as I haue heard the like is in some other places where if you speake against a Wall softly another shall heare your Voice better a good way off than neare hand Enquire more particularly of the Frame of that Place I suppose there is some Vault or Hollow or Isle behinde the Wall and some Passage to it towards the further end of that Wall against which you speake So as the Voice of him that speaketh slideth along the Wall and then entreth at some Passage and communicateth with the Aire of the Hollow For it is preserued somewhat by the plaine wall but that is too weake to giue a Sound Audible till it hath communicated with the backe Aire Strike vpon a Bowstring and lay the Horne of the Bow neare your Eare and it will encrease the Sound and make a degree of a Tone The Cause is for that the Sensory by reason of the Close Holding is percussed before the Aire disperseth The like is if yo hold the Horne betwixt your Teeth But that is a plaine Delation of the Sound from the Teeth to the Instrument of Hearing For there is a great Entercourse betweene those two Parts As appeareth by this That a Harsh Grating Tune setteth the Teeth on edge The like falleth out if the Horne of the Bow be put vpon the Temples But that is but the Slide of the Sound from thence to the Eare. If you take a Rod of Iron or Brasse and hold the one end to your Eare and strike vpon the other it maketh a fat greater Sound than the like Stroke vpon the Rod not so made Contiguous to the Eare. By which and by some other Instances that haue beene partly touched it should appeare That Sounds doe not onely slide vpon the Surface of a Smooth Body but doe also communicate with the Spirits that are in the Pores of the Body I remember in Trinity Colledge in Cambridge there was an Vpper Chamber which being thought weake in the Roofe of it was supported by a Pillar of Iron of the bignesse of ones Arme in the middest of the Chamber Which if you had strucke it would make a little flat Noise in the Roome where it was strucke But it would make a great Bombe in the Chamber beneath The Sound which is made by Buckets in a Well when they touch vpon the Water Or when they strike vpon the side of the Well Or when two Buckets dash the one against the other These Sounds are deeper and suller than if the like Percussion were made in the Open Aire The Cause is the Penning and Enclosure of the Aire in the Concaue of the Well Barrells placed in a Roome vnder the Floare of a Chamber make all Noises in the same Chamber more Full and Resounding So that there be fine wayes in generall of Maioration of Sounds Enclosure Simple Enclosure with Dilatation Communication Reflexion Concurrent and Approach to the Sensory For Exility of the Voice or other Sounds It is certaine that the Voice doth passe thorow Solide and Hard Bodies if they be not too thick And thorow Water which is likewise a very Close Body and such an one as letteth not in Aire But then the Voice or other Sound is reduced by such passage to a great Weaknesse or Exility If therefore you stop the Holes of a Howkes Bell it will make no Ring but a flat Noise or Rattle And so doth the Aëtites or Eagles Stone which hath a little Stone within it And as for Water it is a certaine Triall Let a Man goe into a Bath and take a Paile and turne the Bottome vpward and carry the Mouth of it Euen downe to the Leuell of the Water and so presse it downe vnder the Water some handfull and an halfe still keeping it euen that it may not tilt on either side so the Aire get out Then let him that is in the Bath diue with his Head so far vnder Water as he may put his Head into the Paile there wil come as much Aire bubling forth as will make Roome for his Head Then let him speak and any that shal stand without shal heare his Voice plainly but yet made extreme sharp and exile like the Voice of Puppets But yet the Articulate Sounds of the Words will not be coÌ„founded Note that it may be much more handsomely done if the Paile be put ouer the Mans head aboue Water and then he cowre downe and the Paile be pressed downe with him Note that a Man must kneele or sit that he may be lower than the Water A Man would thinke that the Sicilian Poet had knowledge of this Experiment For he saith That Hercules Page Hylas went with a Water-pot to fill it at a pleasant Fountaine that was neere the Shore and that the Nymphs of the Fountaine fell in loue with the Boy and pulled him vnder Water keeping him aliue And that Hercules missing his Page called him by his Name aloud that all the Shore rang of it And that Hylas from within the Water answered his Master But that which is to the present purpose with so small and exile a Voice as Hercules thought he had beene three miles off when the Fountaine indeed was fast by In Lutes and Instruments of Strings if you stop a String high whereby it hath lesse Scope to tremble the Sound is more Treble but yet more dead Take two Sawcers and strike the Edge of the one against the Bottome of the other within a Paile of Water And you shall finde that as you put the Sawcers lower and lower the Sound groweth more flat euen while Part
soundeth more solemnly and with a little Purling or Hissing Againe a Wreathed String such as are in the Base Strings of Banderaes giueth also a Purling Sound But a Lute-string if it be meerely Vnequall in his Parts giueth a Harsh and Vntuneable Sound which Strings we call False being bigger in one Place than in another And therefore Wire-strings are neuer False We see also that when we try a False Lute-string wee vse to extend it hard betweene the fingers and to fillip it And if it giueth a double Species it is True But if it giueth a treble or more it is False Waters in the Noise they make as they runne represent to the Eare a Trembling Noise And in Regalls where they haue a Pipe they call the Nightingale-Pipe which containeth Water the Sound hath a continuall Trembling And Children haue also little Things they call Cockes which haue Water in them And when they blow or whistle in them they yeeld a Trembling Noise Which Trembling of Water hath an assinity with the Letter L. All which Inequalities of Trepidation are rather pleasant than otherwise All Base Notes or very Treble Notes giue an Asper Sound For that the Base striketh more Aire than it can well strike equally And the Treble cutteth the Aire so sharpe as it returneth too swift to make the Sound Equall And therefore a Meane or Tenor is the sweetest Part. We know Nothing that can at pleasure make a Musicall or Immusicall Sound by voluntary Motion but the Voice of Man and Birds The Cause is no doubt in the Weasill or Wind-pipe which we call Aspera Arteria which being well extended gathereth Equality As a Bladder that is wrinckled if it be extended becommeth smooth The Extension is alwaies more in Tones than in Speech Therefore the Inward Voice of Whisper can neuer a giue Tone And in Singing there is manifestly a greater Working and Labour of the Throat than in Speaking As appeareth in the Thrusting out or Drawing in of the Chinne when we sing The Humming of Bees is an Vnequall Buzzing And is conceiued by some of the Ancients not to come forth at their Mouth but to be an Inward Sound But it may be it is neither But from the motion of their Wings For it is not heard but when they stirre All Metalls quenched in Water giue a Sibilation or Hissing Sound which hath an Affinity with the letter Z. notwithstanding the Sound be created betweene the Water or Vapour and the Aire Seething also if there be but small Store of Water in a Vessell giueth a Hissing Sound But Boyling in a full Vessell giueth a Bubling Sound drawing somewhat neare to the Cocks vsed by Children Triall would be made whether the Inequality or Interchange of the Medium will not produce an Inequality of Sound As if three Bells were made one within another and Aire betwixt Each And then the outermost Bell were chimed with a Hammer how the Sound would differ from a Simple Bell. So likewise take a Plate of Brasse and a Plancke of Wood and ioyne them close together and knock vpon one of them and see if they doe not giue an vnequall Sound So make two or three Partitions or Wood in a Hogshead with Holes or Knots in them And marke the difference of their Sound from the Sound of an Hogshead without such Partitions It is euident that the Percussion of the Greater Quantity of Aire causeth the Baser Sound And the lesse Quantity the more Treble Sound The Percussion of the Greater Quantity of Aire is produced by the Greatnesse of the Body Percussing By the Latitude of the Concaue by which the Sound passeth and by the Longitude of the same Concaue Therfore we see that a Base string is greater than a Treble A Base Pipe hath a greater Bore than a Treble And in Pipes and the like the lower the Note Holes be and the further off from the Mouth of the Pipe the more Base Sound they yeeld And the nearer the Mouth the more Treble Nay more if you strike an Entire Body as an Andiron of Brasse at the Top it maketh a more Treble Sound And at the Bottome a Baser It is also euident that the Sharper or Quicker Percussion of Aire causeth the more Treble Sound And the Slower or Heauier the more Base Sound So we see in Strings the more they are wound vp and strained And thereby giue a more quicke Start-backe the more Treble is the Sound And the slacker they are or lesse wound vp the Baser is the Sound And therfore a Bigger String more strained and a Lesser String lesse strained may fall into the same Tone Children Women Eunuchs haue more small and shrill Voices than Men. The Reason is not for that Men haue greater Heat which may make the Voice stronger for the strength of a Voice or Sound doth make a difference in the Loudnesse or Softnesse but not in the Tone But from the Dilatation of the Organ which it is true is likewise caused by Heat But the Cause of Changing the Voice at the yeares of Puberty is more obscure It seemeth to be for that when much of the Moisture of the Body which did before irrigate the Parts is drawne downe to the Spermaticall vessells it leaueth the Body more hot than it was whence commeth the Dilatation of the Pipes For we see plainly all Effects of Heat doe then come on As Pilosity more Roughnesse of the Skinne Hardnesse of the Flesh c. The Industry of the Musitian hath produced two other Meanes of Strayning or Intension of Strings besides their Winding vp The one is the Stopping of the String with the Finger As in the Necks of Lutes Viols c. The other is the Shortnesse of the String As in Harps Virginalls c. Both these haue one and the same reason For they cause the String to giue a quicker Start In the Straining of a String the further it is strained the lesse Superstraining goeth to a Note For it requireth good Winding of a String before it will make any Note at all And in the Stops of Lutes c. the higher they goe the lesse Distance is betweene the Frets If you fill a Drinking-Glasse with Water especially one Sharp below and Wide aboue and fillip vpon the Brim or Outside And after empty Part of the Water and so more and more and still try the Tone by Fillipping you shall finde the Tone fall and be more Base as the Glasse is more Empty The Iust and Measured Proportion of the Aire Percussed towards the Basenesse or Treblenesse of Tones is one of the greatest Secrets in the Contemplation of Sounds For it discouereth the true Coincidence of Tones into Diapasons Which is the Returne of the same Sound And so of the Concords and Discords betweene the Vnison and Diapason Which we haue touched before in the Experiments of Musicke but thinke fit to resume it here as a principall Part of our Enquiry touching the Nature of Sounds It
vpon the Water But then it will come to the Eare Not in the Instant of the Shooting off but it will come an Houre or more later This must needs be a Continuance of the First Sound For there is no Trepidation which should renew it And the Touching of the Ordnance would not extinguish the Sound the sooner So that in great Sounds the Continuance is more than Momentany To try exactly the time wherein Sound is Delated Let a Man stand in a Steeple and haue with him a Taper And let some Vaile be put before the Tapar And let another Man stand in the Field a Mile off Then let him in the Steeple strike the Bell And in the same Instant withdraw the Vaile And so let him in the Field tell by his Pulse what distance of Time there is betweene the Light seene and the Sound heards For it is certaine that the Delation of Light is in an Instant This may be tried in farre greater Distances allowing greater Lights and Sounds It is generally knowne and obserued that Light and the Obiect of Sight moue swifter than Sound For we see the Flash of a Peece is seene sooner than the Noise is heard And in Flewing wood if one be some distance off he shall see the Arme lifted vp for a second Stroke before he heare the Noise of the first And the greater the Distance the greater is the Preuention As we see in Thunder which is farre off where the Lightning Precedeth the Cracke a good space Colours when they represent themselues to the Eye fade not nor melt not by Degrees but appeare still in the same Strength But Sounds melt and vanish by little and little The Cause is for that Colours participate nothing with the Motion of the Aire but Sounds doe And it is a plaine Argument that Sound participateth of some Locall Motion of the Aire as a Cause Sinè quônon in that it perisheth so suddenly For in euery Section or Impulsion of the Aire the Aire doth suddenly restore and reunite it selfe which the Water also doth but nothing so swiftly In the Trialls of the Passage or Not Passage of Sounds you must take heed you mistake not the Passing By the Sides of a Body for the Passing thorow a Body And therefore you must make the Intercepting Body very close For Sound will passe thorow a small Chincke Where Sound passeth thorow a Hard or Close Body as thorow Water thorow a Wall thorow Metall as in Hawkes Bells stopped c. the Hard or Close Body must be but thinne and small For else it deadeth and extinguisheth the Sound vtterly And therefore in the Experiment of Speaking in Aire vnder Water the Voice must not be very deepe within the Water For then the Sound pierceth not So if you speake on the further side of a Close Wall if the Wall be very thicke you shall not be heard And if there were an Hogshead emptie whereof the Sides were some two Foot thicke and the Bunghole stopped I conceiue the Resounding Sound by the Communication of the Outward Aire with the Aire within would be little or none But onely you shall heare the Noise of the Outward Knocke as if the Vessell were full It is certaine that in the Passage of Sounds thorow Hard Bodies the Spirit of Pneumaticall Part of the Hard body it selfe doth cooperate But much better when the Sides of that Hard Body are strucke than when the Percussion is onely within without Touch of the Sides Take therefore a Hawkes Bell the holes stopped vp and hang it by a threed within a Bottle Glasse And stop the Mouth of the Glasse very close with Wax And then shake the Glasse and see whether the Bell giue any Sound at all or how weake But note that you must in stead of the Threed take a Wire Or else let the Glasse haue a great Belly lest when you shake the Bell it dash vpon the Sides of the Glasse It is plaine that a very Long and Downe-right Arch for the Sound to passe will extinguish the Sound quite So that that Sound which would be heard ouer a wall will not be heard ouer a Church Nor that Sound which will be heard if you stand some distance from the wall will be heard if you stand close vnder the Wall Soft and Foraminous Bodies in the first Creation of the Sound will dead it For the Striking against Cloth or Furre will make little Sound As hath beene said But in the Passage of the Sound they will admit it better than Harder Bodies As we see that Curtaines and Hangings will not stay the Sound much But Glasse-windowes if they be very Close will checke a Sound more than the like Thicknesse of Cloth Wee see also in the Rumbling of the Belly how easily the Sound passeth thorow the Guts and Skin It is worthy the Enquiry whether Great Sounds As of Ordnance or Bells become not more Weake and Exile when they passe thorow Small Crannies For the Subtilties of Articulate Sounds it may be may passe thorow Small Crannies not confused But the Magnitude of the Sound perhaps not so well The Mediums of Sounds are Aire Soft and Porous Bodies Also Water And Hard Bodies refuse not altogether to be Mediums of Sounds But all of them are dull and vnapt Deferents except the Airè In Aire the Thinner or Drier Aire carrieth not the Sound so well as the more Dense As appeareth in Night Sounds And Euening Sounds And Sounds in moist Weather and Southerne Winds The reason is already mentioned in the Title of Maioration of Sounds Being for that Thinne Aire is better pierced but Thicke Aire preserueth the Sound better from Wast Let further Triall be made by Hollowing in Mists and Gentle Showers For it may be that will somewhat dead the Sound How farreforth Flame may be a Medium of Sounds especially of such Sounds as are created by Aire and not betwixt Hard Bodies let it be tried in Speaking where a Bonsire is betweene But then you must allow for some disturbance the Noise that the Flame it selfe maketh Whether any other Liquours being made Mediums cause a Diuersity of Sound from Water it may be tried As by the Knapping of the Tongs Or Striking of the Bottome of a vessell filled either with Milke or with Oyle which though they be more light yet are they more vnequall Bodies than Aire Of the Natures of the Mediums we haue now spoken As for the Disposition of the said Mediums it doth consist in the Penning or not Penning of the Aire Of which we haue spoken before in the Title of Delation of Sounds It consisteth also in the Figure of the Concaue through which it passeth Of which we will speake next How the Figures of Pipes or Concaues through which Sounds passe Or of other Bodies deferent conduce to the Varietie and Alteration of the Sounds Either in respect of the Greater Quantitie or lesse Quantitie of Aire which the Concaues receiue Or in respect of
the Carrying of Sounds longer or shorter way Or in respect of many other Circumstances they haue beene touched as falling into other Titles But those Figures which we now are to speake of wee intend to be as they concerne the Lines through which Sound passeth As Straight Crooked Angular Circular c. The Figure of a Bell pertaketh of the Pyramis but yet comming off and dilating more suddenly The Figure of a Hunters Horne and Cornet is oblique yet they haue likewise Straight Heroes which if they be of the same Bore with the Oblique differ little in Sound Saue that the Straight require somewhat a stronger Blast The Figures of Recorders and Flates and Pipes are straight But the Recorder hath a lesse Bore and a greater Aboue and below The Trumpts hath the Figure of the Letter S which maketh that Purling Sound c. Generally the Straight Like hath the cleanest and roundest Sound And the Crooked the more Hoarse and larring Of a Sinnous Pipe that may haue some foure Flexions Triall would be made Likewise of a Pipe made like a Crosse open in the middest And so likewise of an Angular Pipe And see what will be the Effects of these seuerall Sounds And so againe of a Circular Pipe As if you take a Pipe perfect Round and make a Hole whereinto you shall blow And another Hole not farre from that But with a Trauerse or Stope betweene them So that your Breath may goe the Round of the Circle and come forth at the second Hole You may trie likewise Perâ—â—ssions of Solide Bodies of seuerall Figures As Globes Flare Cobes Croffes Triangles c. And their Combinasions As Flat against Flat And Coâ—â—â—ex against Conâ—â—â— And Connâ—â—â— against Flat c. And marks well the diversities of the Sounds Triâ—â—â—â— the difference in Sound of seuerall Crasitudre of Hard Bodies percussed And take knowledge of the â—â—â— of the Sounds I my selfe haue tried that a Bell of Gold yeeldeth an excellent Sound not infariour to that of Siluer or Brasse but rather better yet wee see that a peece of Money of Gold soundeth farre more flat than a peece of Money of Siluer The Harpe hath the Concaue not along the Strings but acrosse the Strings And no Instrument hath the Sound so Melting and Prolonged as the Irish Harpe So as I suppose that if a Virginall were made with a double Concaue the one all the length as the Virginall hath the other at the End of the Strings as the Harpe hath It must needs make the Sound perfecter and not so Shallow and Iarring You may trie it without any Sound-Board along but only Harpe-wise at one End of the Strings Or lastly with a double Concaue at Each end of the Strings one There is an apparent Diuersitie betweene the Species Visible and Audible in this That the Visible doth not mingle in the Medium but the Audible doth For if wee looke abroad wee see Heauen a number of Stars Trees Hills Men Beasts at once And the Species of the one doth not confound the other But if so many Sounds came from seuerall Parts one of them would vtterly confound the other So wee see that Voices or Consorts of Musicke doe make an Harmony by Mixture which Colours doe not It is true neuerthelesse that a great Light drowneth a smaller that it cannot be seene As the Sunne that of a Gloworme as well as a Great Sound drowneth a lesser And I suppose likewise that if there were two Lanthornes of Glasse the one a Grimsin and the other an Azure and a Candle within either of them those Coloured Lights would mingle and cast vpon a White Paper â— Purple Colour And euen in Colours they yeeld a faint and weake Mixture For white walls make Roomes more lightsome than blacke c. But the Cause of the Confusion in Sounds and the Inconfusion in Species Visible is For that the Sight worketh in Right Lines and maketh seuerall Cones And so there can be no Coincidence in the Eye or Visuall Point But Sounds that moue in Oblique and Arcuate Lines must needs encounter and disturbe the one the other The sweetest and best Harmony is when euery Part or Instrument is not heard by it selfe but a Conflation of them all Which requireth to stand some distance off Euen as it is in the Mixture of Perfumes Or the Taking of the Smells of seuerall Flowers in the Aire The Disposition of the Aire in other Qualities except it be ioyned with Sound hath no great Operation vpon Sounds For whether the Aire be lightsome or darke hot or cold quiet or stirring except it be with Noise sweet-smelling or stinking or the like it importeth not much Some petty Alteration or difference it may make But Sounds doe disturbe and alter the one the other Sometimes the one drowning the other and making it not heard Sometimes the one larring and discording with the other and making a Confusion Sometimes the one Mingling and Compounding with the other and making an Harmony Two Voices of like lowdnesse will not be heard twice as farre as one of them alone And two Candles of like light will not make Things seene twice as farre off as one The Cause is profound But it seemeth that the Impressions from the Obiects of the Senses doe mingle respectiuâ—ly euery one with his kinde But not in proportion as is before demonstrated And the reason may be because the first Impression which is from Priuatiue to Actiue As from Silence to Noise or from Darknesse to Light is a greater Degree than from Lesse Noise to More Noise or from Lesse Light to More Light And the Reason of that againe may be For that the Aire after it hath receiued a Charge doth not receiue a Surcharge or greater Charge with like Appetite as it doth the first Charge As for the Encrease of Vertue generally what Proportion it beareth to the Encrease of the Matter it is a large Field and to be handled by it selfe All Reflexions Concurrent doe make Sounds Greater But if the Body that createth either the Originall Sound or the Reflexion be cleane and smooth it maketh them Sweeter Triall may be made of a Lute or Violl with the Belly of polished Brasse in stead of Wood. We see that euen in the Open Aire the Wire String is sweeter than the String of Guts And we see that for Reflexion Water excelleth As in Musick neare the Water Or in Eccho's It hath beene tried that a Pipe a little moistened on the inside but yet so as there be no Drops left maketh a more solemne Sound than if the Pipe were dry But yet with a sweet Degree of Sibilation or Purling As we touched it before in the title of Equality The Cause is for that all Things Porous being superficially wet and as it were betweene dry and wet become a little more Euen and Smooth But the Purling which must needs proceed of Inequality I take to be bred betweene the Smoothnesse of the
neare they make a Concurrent Eccho But being further off as vpon a large Riuer they make an Iterant Eccho For there is no difference betweene the Concurrent Eccho and the Iterant but the Quicknesse or Slownesse of the Returne But there is no doubt but Water doth helpe the Delation of Eccho as well as it helpeth the Delution of Originall Sounds It is certaine as hath beene formerly touched that if you speake thorow a Truncke stopped at the further end you shall finde a Blast returne vpon your Mouth but no Sound at all The Cause is for that the Closenesse which preferueth the Originall is not able to preserue the Reflected Sound Besides that Eccho's are seldom created but by loud Sounds And therfore there is lesse hope of Artificiall Eccho's in Aire pent in a narrow Concaue Neuerthelesse it hath beene tried that One leaning ouer a Well of 25. Fathome deepe and speaking though but softly yet not so soft as a whisper the Water returned a good Audible Eccho It would be tried whether Speaking in Caues where there is no Issue faue where you speake will not yeeld Eccho's as Wells doe The Eccho commeth as the Originall Sound doth in a Round Orbe of Aire It were good to try the Creating of the Eccho where the Body Repercussing maketh an Angle As against the Returne of a Wall c. Also we see that in Mirrours there is the like Angle of Incidence from the Obiect to the Glasse and from the Glasse to the Eye And if you strike a Ball side-long nor full vpon the Surface the Rebound will be as much the contrary way Whether there be any such Reâ—ilience in Eccho's that is whether a Man shall heare better if he stand aside the Body Repercussing than if he stand where he speaketh or any where in a right Line betweene may be tried Triall likewise would be made by Standing nearer the Place of Repercussing than he that speaketh And againe by Standing further off than hee that speaketh And so Knowledge would be taken whether Eccho's as well as Originall Sounds be not strongest neare hand There be many Places where you shall heare a Number of Eccho's one after another And it is when there is Variety of Hills or Woods some nearer some further off So that the Returne from the further being last created will be likewise last heard As the Voice goeth round as well towards the Backe as towards the Front of him that speaketh So likewise doth the Eccho For you haue many Back Eccho's to the Place where you stand To make an Eccho that will report three or foure or fiue Words distinctly it is requisite that the Body Repercussing be a good distance off For if it be neare and yet not so neare as to make a Concurrent Eccho it choppeth with you vpon the sudden It is requisite likewise that the Aire be not much pent For Aire at a great distance pent worketh the same effect with Aire at large in a small distance And therefore in the Triall of Speaking in the Well though the Well was deepe the Voice came backe suddenly And would beare the Report but of two Words For Eccho's vpon Eccho's there is a rare Instance thereof in a Place which I will now exactly describe It is some three or foure Miles from Paris neere a Towne called Pont-charenton And some Bird-bolt shot or more from the Riuer of Seane The Roome is a Chappell or small Church The Walls all standing both at the Sides and at the Ends. Two Rowes of Pillars after the manner of Isles of Churches also standing The Roofe all open not so much as any Embowment neere any of the walls left There was against euery Pillar a Stacke of Billets aboue a Mans Height which the Watermen that bring Wood downe the Seane in Stacks and not in Boats laid there as it seemeth for their ease Speaking at the one End I did heare it returne the Voice thirteene seuerall times And I haue heard of others that it would returne sixteene times For I was there about three of the Clocke in the Afternoone And it is best as all other Eccho's are in the Euening It is manifest that it is not Eccho's from seuerall places but a Tossing of the Voice as a Ball to and fro Like to Reflexions in Looking-glasses where if you place one Glasse before and another behinde you shall see the Glasse behinde with the Image within the Glasse before And againe the Glasse before in that and diuers such Super-Reflexions till the species speciei at last die For it is euery Returne weaker and more shady In like manner the Voice in that Chappell createth speciem speciei and maketh succeeding Super-Reflexions For it melteth by degrees and euery Reflexion is weaker than the former So that if you speake three Words it will perhaps some three times report you the whole three Words And then the two latter Words for some times And then the last Word alone for some times Still fading and growing weaker And whereas in Eccho's of one Returne it is much to heare foure or fiue Words In this Eccho of so many Returnes vpon the matter you heare aboue twenty Words for three The like Eccho vpon Eccho but only with two Reports hath beene obserued to be if you stand betweene a House and a Hill and lure towards the Hill For the House will giue a Backe-Eccho One taking it from the other and the latter the weaker There are certaine Letters that an Eccho will hardly expresse As S for one Especially being Principiall in a Word I remember well that when I went to the Eccho at Pont-Charenton there was an Old Parisian that tooke it to be the Worke of Spirits and of good Spirits For said he call Saten and the Eccho will not deliuer backe the Deuils name But will say Vaâ—'on Which is as much in French as Apage or Aâ—oid And thereby I did hap to finde that an Eccho would not returne S being but a Hissing and an Interiour Sound Eccho's are some more sudden and chop againe as soone as the Voice is deliuered As hath beene partly said Others are more deliberate that is giue more Space betweene the Voice and the Eccho which is caused by the locall Nearenesse or Distance Some will report a longer Traine of Words And some a shorter Some more loud full as loud as the Originall and sometimes more loud And some weaker and fainter Where Eccho's come from seuerall Parts at the same distance they must needs make as it were a Quire of Eccho's and so make the Report greater and euen a Continued Eccho which you shall finde in some Hills that stand encompassed Theater-like It doth not yet appeare that there is Refraction in Sounds as well as in Species Visible For I doe not thinke that if a Sound should passe through diuers Mediums as Aire Cloth Wood it would deliuer the Sound in a differing Place from that vnto which it is deferred which is the Proper Effect
of Refraction But Maioration which is also the Worke of Refraction appeareth plainly in Sounds as hath beene handled at full But it is not by Diuersitie of Mediums We haue obitèr for Demonstrations sake vsed in diuers Instances the Examples of the Sight and Things Visible to illustrate the Nature of Sounds But wee thinke good now to prosecute that Comparison more fully CONSENT OF VISIBLES and Audibles BOth of them spread themselues in Round and fill a whole Floare or Orbe vnto certaine Limits And are carried a great way And doe languish and lessen by degrees according to the Distance of the Obiects from the Sensories Both of them haue the whole Species in euery small Portion of the Aire or Medium So as the Species doe passe through small Crannies without Confusion As we see ordinarily in Leuels as to the Eye And in Crannies or Chinks as to the Sound Both of them are of a sudden and easie Generation and Delation And likewise perish swiftly and suddenly As if you remoue the Light Or touch the Bodies that giue the Sound Both of them doe receiue and carry exquisite and accurate Differences As of Colours Figures Motions Distances in Visibles And of Articulate Voices Tones Songs and Quauerings in Audibles Both of them in their Vertue and Working doe not appeare to emit any Corporall Substance into their Mediums or the Orbe of their Vertue Neither againe to raise or stirre any euident locall Motion in their Mediums as they passe But only to carrry certaine Spirituall Species The Perfect Knowledge of the Cause whereof being hitherto scarcely attained wee shall search and handle in due place Both of them seeme not to generate or produce any other Effect in Nature but such as appertaineth to their proper Obiects and Senses and are otherwise Barren But Both of them in their owne proper Action doe worke three manifest Effects The First in that the Stronger Species drawneth the Eâ—sser As the Light of the Sunne the light of a Glow-worme The Report of an Ordnance the Voice The Second in that an Obiect of Surcharge or Excesse destroyeth the Sense As the Light of the Sunne the Eye a violent Sound neare the Eare the Hearing The Third in that both of them will be reuerberate As in Mirrours And in Eccho's Neither of them doth destroy or hinder the Species of the other although they encounter in the same Medium As Light or Colour hinder not Sound Nor â—contrâ— Both of them affect the Sense in Liuing Creatures and yeeld Obiects of Pleasure and Dislike Yet neuerthelesse the Obiects of them doe also if it be well obserued affect and worke vpon dead Things Namely such as haue some Conformity with the Organs of the two Senses As Visibles worke vpon a Looking-glasse which is like the Pupill of the Eye And Audibles vpon the Places of Eccho which resemble in some sort the Cauerne and structure of the Eare. Both of them doe diuersly worke as they haue their Medium diuersly disposed So a Trembling Medium as Smoake maketh the Obiect seeme to tremble and a Rising or Falling Medium as Winds maketh the Sounds to rise or fall To Both the Medium which it the most Propâ—outâ— and Conducible is Aire For Glasse or Water c. are not comparable In Both of them where the Obiect is Fine and Accurate it conduceth much to haue the Sense Intentiue and Erect In so much as you contract your Eye when you would see sharply And erect your Eare when you would heare attentiuely which in Beasts that haue Eares moueable is most manifest The Beames of Light when they are multiplyed and conglomerate generate Heat which is a different Action from the Action of Sight And the Multiplication and Conglomeration of Sounds doth generate an extreme Rarefaction of the Aire which is an Action materiate differing from the Action of Sound If it be true which is anciently reported that Birds with great shouts haue fallen downe DISSENTS OF VISIBLES and Audibles THe Species of Visibles soeme to be Emissions of Beames from the Obiect seene Almost like Odours saue that they are more Incorporecall But the Species of Audibles seeme to Participate more with Locall Motion like Percussions or Impressions made vpon the Aire So that whereas all Bodies doe seeme to worke in two manners Either by the Communication of their Natures Or by the Impressions and Signatures of their Motions The Diffusion of Species Visible seemeth to participate more of the former Operation and the Species Audible of the latter The Species of Audibles seeme to be carried more manifestly thorow the Aire than the Species of Visibles For I conceiue that a Contrary strong Wind will not much hinder the Sight of Visibles as it will doe the Hearing of Sounds There is one Difference aboue all others betweene Visibles and Audibles that is the most remarkable As that wherupon many smaller Differences doe depend Namely that Visibles except Lights are carried in Right Lines and Audibles in Arâ—â—â— Lines Heriee it commeth to passe that Visibles doe not intermingle and confound one another as hath beene said before But Sounds doe Hence it commeth that the Solidity of Bodies doth not much hinder the Sight so that the Bodies be cleare and the Pores in a Right Line as in Glasse Crystall Diamonds Water c. But a thin Scarse or Handkerchiefe though they be Bodies nothing so solide hinder the Sight Whereas contrariwise these Porous Bodies doe not much hinder the Hearing but solide Bodies doe almost stop it or at the least attenuate it Hence also it commeth that to the Reflexion of Visibles small Glasses suffice but to the Reuerberation of Audibles are required greater Spaces as hath likewise beene said before Visibles are seene further off than Sounds are heard Allowing neuerthelesse the Rate of their Bignesse For otherwise a great Sound will be heard further off than a Small Body seene Visibles require generally some Distance betweene the Obiect and the Eye to bee better seene Whereas in Audibles the nearer the Approch of the Sound is to the Sense the better But in this there may be a double Errour The one because to Seeing there is required Light And any thing that toucheth the Pupill of the Eye all ouer excludeth the Light For I haue heard of a Person very credible who himselfe was cured of a Cataract in one of his Eyes that while the Siluer Needle did worke vpon the Sight of his Eye to remoue the Filme of the Cataract he neuer saw any thing more cleare or perfect than that white Needle Which no doubt was because the Needle was lesser than the Pupill of the Eye and so Cooke not the Light from it The other Errour may be for that the Obiect of Sight doth strike vpon the Pupill of the Eye directly without any interception wheras the Caue of the Eare doth hold off the Sound a little from the Organ And so neuerthelesse there is some Distance required in both
Eare And marke whether any Sound abroad in the open Aire will not be heard distinctly from further distance than without that Instrument being as it were an Eare-Spectacle And I haue heard there is in Spaine an Instrument in vse to be set to the Eare that helpeth somewhat those that are Thicke of Hearing If the Mouth be shut close neuerthelesse there is yeelded by the Roofe of the Mouth a Murmur Such as is vsed by dumbe Men But if the Nostrills be likewise stopped on such Murmur can be made Except it be in the Bottome of the Pallate towards the Throat Whereby it appeareth manifestly that a Sound in the Mouth except such as aforesaid if the Mouth be stopped passeth from the Pallate thorow the Nostrills The Repercussion of Sounds which we call Eccho is a great Argument of the Spirituall Essence of Sounds For if it were Corporeall the Repercussion should be created in the same maner and by like Instruments with the Originall Soundâ— But we see what a Number of Exquisite Instruments must concurre in Speaking of Words where of there is no such Matter in the Returning of them But onely a plaine Stop and Repercussion The Exquisite Differences of Articulate Sounds carried along in the Aire shew that they cannot be Signalures or Impressions in the Aire as hath beene well refuted by the Ancients For it is true that Seales make excellent Impressions And so it may be thought of Sounds in their first Generation But then the Delation and Continuance of them without any new Sealing shew apparently they cannot be Impressions All Sounds are suddenly made and doe suddenly perish But neither that nor the Exquisite Differences of them is Matter of so great Admiration For the â—â—â—â—eâ—â—â—gs and Warblings to Lutes and Pipes are as swift And the Tongue which is no very fine Instrument doth in Speech make no fewer Motions than there be Letters in all the Words which are vttered But that Sounds should not onely be so speedily generated but carried so farre euery way in such a momentany time deserueth more Admiration As for Example If a Man stand in the middle of a Field and speake aloud he shall be heard a Furlong in round And that shall be in Articulate Sounds And those shall be Entire in euery little Portion of the Aire And this shall be done in the Space of lesse than a Minute The Sudden Generation and Perishing of Sounds must be one of these two Waies Either that the Aire suffereth some Force by Sound and then restoreth it selfe As Water doth Which being diuided maketh manny Circles till it restore it selfe to the naturall Consistence Or otherwise that the Aire doth willingly imbibe the Sound as gratefull but cannot maintaine it For that the Aire hath as it should seeme a secret and hidden Appetite of Receiuing the Sound at the first But then other Grosse and more Materiate Qualities of the Aire straightwaies suffocate it Like vnto Flame which is generated with Alacrity but straight quenched by the Enmity of the Aire or other Ambient Bodies There be these Differences in generall by which Sounds are diuided 1. Musicall Immusicall 2. Treble Base 3. Flat Sharpe 4. Soft Loud 5. Exteriour Interiour 6. Cleane Harsb or Purling 7. Articulate Inarticulate We haue laboured as may appeare in this Inquisition of Sounds diligently Both because Sound is one of the most Hidden Portions of Nature as we said in the beginning And because it is a Vertue which may be called Incorporeall and Immateriate wherof there be in Nature but few Besides we were willing now in these our first Centuries to make a Patterne or President of an Exact Inquisition And we shall doe the like hereafter in some other Subiects which require it For we desire that Men should learne and perceiue how seuere a Thing the true Inquisition of Nature is And should accustome themselues by the light of Particulars to enlarge their Mindes to the Amplitude of the World And not reduce the World to the Narrownesse of their Mindes Metalls giue Orlens and Fine Colours in Dissolutions As Gold giueth an excellent Yellow Quick-Siluer an excellent Greene Tinne giueth an excellent Azure Likewise in their Putrefactions or Rusts As Vermilion Verdegrease Bise Cirrus c. And likewise in their vitrifications The Cause is for that by their Strength of Body they are able to endure the Fire or Strong Waters and to be put into an Equall Posture And againe to retaine Part of their principall Spirit Which two Things Equall Posture and Quicke Spirits are required chiefely to make Colours lightsome It conduceth vnto Long Life and to the more Placide Motion of the Spirits which thereby doe lesse prey and consume the Iuyce of the Body Either that Mens Actions bee free and voluntary That nothing bee done Inuitâ Mineruâ but Secundum Genium Or on the other side that the Actions of Men bee full of Regulation and Commands within themselues For then the Victory and Performing of the Command giueth a good Disposition to the Spirits Especially if there bee a Proceeding from Degree to Degree For then the Sense of Victory is the greater An example of the former of these is in a Countrey life And of the latter in Monkes and Philosophers and such as doe continually enioyne themselues It is certaine that in all Bodies there is an Appetite of Vnion and Euitation of Solution of Continuity And of this Appetite there bee many Degrees But the most Remarkable and fit to bee distinguished are three The first in Liquours The second in Hard Bodies And the third in Bodies Cleaning or Tenacious In Liquours this Appetite is weake We see in Liquours the Thredding of them in Stillicides as hath beene said The Falling of them in Round Drops which is the forme of Vnion And the Staying of them for a little time in Bubbles and Froth In the second Degree or Kinde this Appetite is strong As in Iron in Stone in Wood c. In the third this Appetite is in a Medium betweene the other two For such Bodies doe partly follow the Touch of another Body And partly sticke and continue to themselues And therefore they roape and draw themselues in Threds As wee see in Pitch Glew Birdlime c. But note that all Solide Bodies are Cleaning more or lesse And that they loue better the Touch of somewhat that is Tangible than of Aire For Water in small quantity cleaueth to any Thing that is Solide And so would Metall too if the weight drew it not off And therefore Gold Foliate or any Metall Foliate cleaueth But those Bodies which are noted to bee Clammy and Cleauing are such as haue a more indifferent Appetite at once to follow another Body And to hold to Themselues And therefore they are commonly Bodies ill mixed And which take more pleasure in a Forraine Body than in preseruing their owne Consistence And which haue little predominance in Drought or Moisture Time and Heat are
Corruption So we finde that Salt-water corrupteth not so soone as Fresh And Salting of Oisters and Powdring of Meat keepeth them from Putrefaction It would be tried also whether Chalke put into Water or Drinke doth not preserue it from Putrefying or speedy Souring So wee see that Strong Beere will last longer than Small And all Things that are hot and Aromaticall doe helpe to preserue Liquours or Powders c. Which they doe as well by Strengthning the Spirits as by Soaking out the loose Moisture The Seuenth is Separation of the Cruder Parts and thereby making the Body more Equall for all vnperfect Mixture is apt to Putrefie And Watry Substances are more apt to Putrefie than Oyly So we see Distilled Waters will last longer than Raw waters And Things that haue passed the Fire doe last longer than those that haue not passed the Fire As Dried Peares c. The Eighth is the Drawing forth continually of that part where the Putrefaction beginneth Which is commonly the Loose and watry Moisture Not onely for the Reason before giuen that it prouoketh the Radicall Moisture to come forth with it But because being detained in the Body the Putrefaction taking hold of it insecteth the rest As we see in the Embalming dead Bodies And the same Reason is of Preseruing Herbs or Fruits or Flowers in Branne or Meale The Ninth is the Commixiture of any Thing that is more Oily or Sweet For such Bodies are least apt to Putrefie the Aire working little vpon them And they not putrefying preserue the rest And therefore we see Syrrups and Ointments will last longer than Iuyces The Tenth is the Commixture of somewhat that is Dry For Putrefaction beginneth first from the Spirits And then from the Moisture And that that is dry is vnapt to puttrefie And therefore Smoake preserueth Flesh As wee see in Bacon and Neats-Tongues and Martlemas Beese c. The Opinion of some of the Ancients that Blowne Aires doe preserue Bodies longer than other Aires seemeth to Mee Probable For that the Blowne Aires being Ouer-charged and Compressed will hardly receiue the Exhaling of any Thing but rather repulse it It was tried in a Blowne Bladder whereinto Flesh was put and likewise a Flower and it sorted not For Dry Bladders will not Blow And New Bladders rather further Putrefaction The way were therfore blow strongly with a Paire of Bellowes into a Hogshead putting into the Hogshead before that which you would haue preserued And in the instant that you withdraw the Bellowes stop the Hole close The Experiments of Wood that Shineth in the Darke we haue diligently driuen and pursued The rather for that of all Things that giue Light here below it is the most Durable And hath least Apparent Motion Fire and Flame are in continuall Expence Sugar shineth onely while it is in Scraping And salt-Salt-water while it is in Dashing Glowing â—â—es haue their Shining while they liue or a little after Onely Scales of Fishes Putrified seeme to be of the same Nature with Shining Wood And it is true that all Putrefaction hath with it an Inward Motion as well as Fire or Light The Triall sorted thus 1. The Shining is in some Peeces more Bright in some more Diâ—â—â— but the most Bright of all doth not attaine to the Light of a Glow-wâ—â—â—â— 2. The Woods that haue beene tried to shine are chiefly Sallow and Willow Also the Aâ—â— and Husle It may be it holdeth in others 3. Both Roots and Bodies doe shine but the Roots better 4. The Colour of the Shining Part by Day-light is in some Peeces White in some Peeces inclining to Red Which in the Countrey they call the White and Red Garret 5. The Part that Shineth is for the most part somewhat Safe and Moist to feele to But some was sound to be Firme and Hard So as it might be figured into a Crosse or into Beads c. But you must not looke to haue an Image or the like in any Thing that is Lightsome For euen a face in Iron red Hot will not be seene the Light confounding the small differences of Lightsome and Darksome which shew the figure 6. There was the Shining Part pared off till you came to that that did not Shine But within two Dayes the Part Contiguous began also to Shine being laid abroad in the Dew So as it seemeth the Putrefaction spreadeth 7. There was other dead Wood of like kinde that was Laid abroad which Shined not at the first But after a Nights lying abroad began to Shine 8. There was other Wood that did First Shine And being laid dry in the House within fiue or six daies Lost the Shining And laid abroad againe Recouered the Shining 9. Shining woods being laid in a Dry Roome within a Seuen night lose their Shining But being laid in a Cellar or Darke Roome kept the Shining 10. The Boring of Holes in that kinde of Wood and then laying it abroad seemeth to conduce to make it Shine The Cause is for that all Solution of Continuity doth helpe on Putrefaction as was touched before 11. No Wood hath beene yet tried to Shine that was cut downe aliue but such as was Rotted both in Stocke and Root while it grew 12. Part of the Wood that Shined was Steeped in Oyle and retained the Shining a Forthnight 13. The like succeeded in some Steeped in Water and much better 14. How long the Shining will continue if the Wood be laid abroad euery Night and taken in and Sprinckled with Water in the Day is not yet tryed 15. Triall was made of laying it abroad in Frostie weather which hurt it not 16. There was a great Peece of a Root which did shine and the Shining Part was Cut off till no more Shined Yet after two Nights though it were kept in a drie Roome it got a Shining The Bringing forth of liuing Creatures may be accelerated in two Respects The one if the Embryon ripeneth and perfecteth sooner The other if there be some Cause from the Mothers Body of Expulsion or Putting it downe whereof the Former is good and argueth Strength The Latter is ill and commeth by Accident or Disease And therefore the Ancient Obseruation is true that the Childe borne in the Seuenth Moâ—â—â—th doth commonly well But Borne in the Eighth Moneth doth for the most part die But the Cause assigned is Fabulous Which is that in the Eighth Moneth should be the Returne of the Raigne of the Planet Saturne which as they say is a Planet Maligne whereas in the Seuenth is the Raigne of the Moone which is a Planet Propitious But the true Cause is for that where there is so great a Preuention of the Ordinary time it is the lustinesse of the Childe But when it is lesse it is some Indisposition of the Mother To Accelerate Growth or Stature it must proceed Either from the Plentie of the Nourishment Or from the Nature of the Nourishment Or from the Quickening and Exciting of the Naturall Heat
a Chameleon be burnt vpon the Top of a House it will raise a Tempest Supposing according to their vaine Dreames of Sympathies because he nourisheth with Aire his Body should haue great vertue to make Impression vpon the Aire It is reported by one of the Ancients that in Part of Media there are Eruptions of Flames out of Plaines And that those Flames are cleare and cast not forth such Smoake and Ashes and Pummice as Mountaine Flames doe The Reason no doubt is because the Flame is not pent as it is in Mountaines and Earth-quakes which cast Flame There be also some Blinde Fires vnder Stone which flame not out but Oile being powred vpon them they flame out The Cause whereof is for that it seemeth the Fire is so choaked as not able to remoue the Stone it is Heat rather than Flame Which neuerthelesse is sufficient to Enflame the Oyle It is reported that in some Lakes the Water is so Nitrous as if Foule Cloaths be put into it it scoureth them of it selfe And if they stay any whit long they moulder away And the Scouring Vertue of Nitre is the more to be noted because it is a Body Cold And we see Warme Water scoureth better than Cold. But the Cause is for that it hath a Subtill Spirit which seuereth and diuideth any thing that is soule and Viscous and sticketh vpon a Body Take a Bladder the greatest you can get Fill it full of Winde and tye it about the Necke with a Silke thred waxed And vpon that put likewise Wax very close So that when the Neck of the Bladder dryeth no Aire may possibly get in nor out Then bury it three or foure foot vnder the Earth in a Vault or in a Conferuatory of Snow the Snow being made hollow about the Bladder And after some Forthnights distance see whether the Bladder be shruncke For if it be then it is plaine that the Coldnesse of the Earth or Snow hath Condensed the Aire and brought it a Degree nearer to Water Which is an Experiment of great Consequence It is a Report of some good credit that in Deepe Caues there are Pensile Crystall and Degrees of Crystall that drop from aboue And in some other though more rarely that rise from below Which though it be chiefly the Worke of Cold yet it may be that Water that passeth thorow the Earth gathereth a Nature more clammy and fitter to Congeale and become Solide than Water of it selfe Therfore Triall would be made to lay a Heape of Earth in great Frosts vpon a Hollow Vessell putting a Canuase betweene that it falleth not in And poure Water vpon it in such Quantitie as will be sure to soake thorow And see whether it will not make an harder Ice in the bottome of the Vessell and lesse apt to dissolue than ordinarily I suppose also that if you make the Earth narrower at the bottome than at the Top in fashion of a Sugar Loafe Reuersed it will helpe the Experiment For it will make the Ice where it Issueth lesse in Bulke And euermore Smalnesse of Quantity is a Helpe to Version Take Damaske Roses and pull them Then dry them vpon the Top of an House vpon a Lead or Tarras in the hot Sunne in a cleare day betweene the Houres onely of twelue and two or there abouts Then put them into a Sweet Dry Earthen Bottle or a Glasse with narrow Mouthes stuffing them close together but without Bruising Stop the Bottle or Glasse close and these Roses will retaine not onely their Smell Perfect but their Colour fresh for a yeare at least Note that Nothing doth so much destroy any Plant or other Body either by Putrefaction or Arefaction as the Aduentitious Moisture which hangeth loose in the Body if it be not drawne out For it betrayeth and tolleth forth the Innate and Radicall Moisture along with it when it selfe goeth forth And therefore in Liuing Creatures Moderate Sweat doth preserue the Iuyce of the Body Note that these Roses when you take them from the Drying haue little or no Smell So that the Smell is a Second Smell that issueth out of the Flower afterwards The Continuance of Flame according vnto the diuersity of the Body Enflamed and other Circumstances is worthy the Enquiry Chiefly for that though Flame be almost of a Momentany Lasting yet it receiueth the More and the Lesse we will first therefore speake at large of Bodies Enflamed wholly and Immediately without any Wieke to helpe the Inflammations A Spoonefull of Spirit of Wine a little heated was taken and it burnt as long as came to 116. Pulses The same Quantity of Spirit of Wine Mixed with the Sixth Part of a Spoonefull of Nitre burnt but to the space of 94. Pulses Mixed with the like Quantity of Bay-salt 83. Pulses Mixed with the like Quantity of Gunpowder which dissolued into a Blacke water 110. Pulses A Cube or Pellet of Yellow Waxe was taken as much as halfe the Spirit of Wine and set in the Middest and it burnt onely to the space of 87. Pulses Mixed with the Sixth Part of a spoonefull of Milke it burnt to the space of 100. Pulses And the Milke was crudled Mixed with the Sixth Part of a spoonefull of Water it burnt to the space of 86. Pulses With an Equall Quantity of Water onely to the space of 4. Pulses A small Pebble was laid in the Middest and the Spirit of Wine burnt to the space of 94. Pulses A Peece of Wood of the Bignesse of an Arrow and about a Fingers length was set vp in the Middest and the Spirit of Wine burnt to the space of 94. Pulses So that the Spirit of Wine Simple endured the longest And the Spirit of Wine with the Bay-salt and the Equall Quantity of Water were the shortest Consider well whether the more speedy Going forth of the flame becaused by the Greater Vigour of the Flame in Burning Or by the Resistance of the Body mixed and the Auersion thereof to take Flame Which will appeare by the Quantitie of the Spirit of Wine that remaineth after the Going out of the Flame And it seemeth cleerely to be the latter For that the Mixture of Things least apt to burne is the Speediest in going out And note by the way that Spirit of Wine burned till it goe out of it selfe will burne no more And tasteth nothing so hot in the Mouth as it did No nor yet sowre as if it were a degree towards Vinegar which Burnt Wine doth but flat and dead Note that in the Experiment of Wax aforesaid the Wax dissolued in the burning and yet did not incorporate it selfe with the Spirit of Wine to produce one Flame but wheresoeuer the Wax floated the Flame forsooke it till at last it spread all ouer and put the Flame quite out The Experiments of the Mixtures of the Spirit of Wine enflamed are Things of discouerie and not of Vse But now wee will speake of the Continuance of Flames
Mouldie or Rotten but were become a little harder than they were Otherwise fresh in their Colour But their Iuyce somewhat flatted But with the Buriall of a Forthnight more they became Putrified A Bottle of Beere buried in like manner as before became more liuely better tasted and Clearer than it was And a Bottle of Wine in like manner A Bottle of Vinegar so buried came forth more liuely and more Odoriferous smelling almost like a Violet And after the whole Moneths Buriall all the Three came forth as fresh and liuely if not better than before It were a profitable Experiment to presrue Orenges Limons and Pomgranates till Summer For then their Price will be mightily increased This may be done if you put them in a Pot or Vessell well couered that the Moisture of the Earth come not at them Or else by putting them in a Conseruatorie of Snow And generally whosoeuer will make Experiments of Cold let him be prouided of three Things A Conseruatorie of Snow A good large Vault twenty foot at least vnder the Ground And a Deepe Well There hath beene a Tradition that Pearle and Coraâ— and TurchoisStone that haue lost their Colours may be recouered by Burying in the Earth Which is a thing of great profit if it would sort But vpon Triall of Six Weekes Buriall there followed no Effect It were good to trie it in a Deepe Well Or in a Conseruatory of Snow where the Cold may be more Constringent And so make the Body more vnited and thereby more Resplendent Mens Bodier are heauier and lesse disposed to Motion when Sâ—â—ther â—â— Winds blow than when Northerne The Cause is for that when the Southerne Winds blow the Humours doe in some Degree melt and waxe fluide and so flow into the Parts As it is seene in Wood and other Bodies which when the Southerne Winds blow doe swell Besides the Motion and Actiuity of the Body consisteth chiefly in the Sinewes which when the Southerne Wind bloweth are more relaxe It is commonly seene that more are Sick in the Summer and more Dye in the Winter Except it be in Peslilent Diseases which commonly raigne in Summer or Autumne The Reason is because Diseases are bred indeed chiefly by Heat But then they are Cured most by Sweat and Purge which in the Summer commeth on or is prouoked more Easily As for Pestilent Diseases the Reason why most Dye of them in Summer is because they are bred most in the Summer For otherwise those that are touched are in most Danger in the Winter The Generall Opinion is that Yeares Hot and Moist are most Pestilent Vpon the Superficiall Ground that Heat and Moisture cause Putrefaction In England it is found not true For many times there haue beene great Plagues in Dry Yeares Whereof the Cause may be for that Drought in the Bodies of Islanders habituate to Moist Aires doth Exasperate the Humours and maketh them more apt to Putrifie or Enflame Besides it tainteth the Waters commonly and maketh them lesse wholesome And againe in Barbary the Plagues breake vp in the Summer-moneths when the Weather is Hot and Dry. Many Diseases both Epidemicall and others breake forth at Particular times And the Cause is falsely imputed to the Constitution of the Aire at that time when they breake forth or raigne whereas it procâ—edeth indeed from a Precedent Sequence and Series of the Seasons of the Yeare And therefore Hippocrates in his Prognosticks doth make good Obseruations of the Diseases that ensue vpon the Nature of the Precedent foure Seasons of the Yeare Triall hath beene made with Earthen Bottles well stopped hanged in a Well of Twenty Fathome deepe at the least And some of the Bettles haue beene let downe into the Water some others haue hanged aboue within about a fathome of the Water And the Liquours so tried haue beene Beere not New but Ready for drinking and Wine and Milke The Proofe hath beene that both the Beere and the Wine as well within Water as aboue haue not beene palled or deaded at all But as good or somewhat better than Bottles of the same Drinks and Stalenesse kept in a Celler But those which did hang aboue Water were apparently the best And that Beere did flower a little whereas that vnder Water did not though it were Fresh The Milke sowred and began to Purrifie Neuerthelosse it is true that there is a Village neare Blois where in Deepe Canes they doe thicken Milke In such sort that it becommeth very pleasant Which was some Cause of this Triall of Hanging Milke in the Well But our proofe was naught Neither doe I know whether that Milke in those Caues be first boysed It were good therefore to try it with Milke Sodden and with Creame For that Milke of it selfe is such a Compound Body of Creame Curds and Whey as it is easâ—ly Turned and Dissolued It were good also to try the Beere when it is in Wort that it may be seene whether the Hanging in the Well will Accelerate the Ripening and Clarifying of it Diuers we see doe Stut The Cause may be in most the Refrigeration of the Tongue Whereby it is lesse apt to moue And therfore we see that Naturalls doe generally Stut And we see that in those that Stut if they drinke Wine moderately they Stut lesse because it heateth And so we see that they that Stut doe Stut more in the first Offer to speake than in Continuance Because the Tongue is by Motion somewhat heated In some also it may be though rarely the Drinesse of the Tongue which likewise maketh it lesse apt to moue as well as Cold For it is an Affect that commeth to some Wise and Great Men As it did vnto Moses who was Lingâ—epr apedita And many Stutters we finde are very Cholericke Men Choler Enducing a Drinesse in the Tongue Smells and other Odours are Sweeter in the Aire at some Distance than neare the Nose As hath beene partly touched heretofore The Cause is double First the finer Mixture or Incorporation of the Smell For we see that in Sounds likewise they are Sweetest when we cannot heare euery Part by it selfe The other Reason is for that all Sweet Smells haue ioyned with them some Earthy or Crude Odours And at some distance the Sweet which is the more Spirituall is Perceiued And the Earthy reacheth not so farre Sweet Smells are most forcible in Dry Substances when they are Broken And so likewise in Orenges or Limons the Nipping of their Rinde giueth out their Smell more And generally when Bodies are Moued or Stirred though not Broken they Smell more As a SweetBagge waued The Cause is double The one for that there is a Greater Emission of the Spirit when Way is made And this holdeth in the Breaking Nipping or Crushing It holdeth also in some Degree in the Mouing But in this last there is a Conâ—urrence of the Second Cause Which is the Impulsion of the Aire that bringeth the Sent
faster vpon vs. The daintiest Smells of Flowers are out of those Plants whose Leaues smell not As Violets Roses Wall-flowers Gilly-flowers Pinckes Woodbines Vine-flowers Apple-Bloomes Lime-Tree Bloomes Beane-Bloomes c. The Cause is for that where there is Heat and strength enough in the Plant to make the Leaues Odorate there the Smell of the Flower is rather Euanide and Weaker than that of the Leaues As it is in Rose-Mary-Flowers Lauender-Flowers and Sweet-Briar-Roses But where there is lesse Heat there the Spirit of the Plant is disgested and refined and feuered from the Grosser Iuyce in the Esstorescence and not before Most Odours Smell best Broken or Crusht as hath beene said But Flowers Pressed or Beaten doe leese the Freshnesse and Sweetnesse of their Odour The Cause is for that when they are Crushed the Grosser and more Earthy Spirit commeth out with the Finer and troubleth it Whereas in stronger Odours there are no such Degrees of the Issue of the Smell It is a Thing of very good Vse to Discouer the Goodnesse of Waters The Taste to those that Drinke Water onely doth somewhat But other Experiments are more sure First try Waters by Weight Wherein you may finde some difference though not much And the Lighter you may account the Better Secondly try them by Boyling vpon an Equall Fire And that which consumeth away fastest you may account the Best Thirdly try them in Seuerall Bottles or Open Vessels Matches in euery Thing else and see which of them Last Longest without Stench or Corruption And that which holdeth Vnputrified longest you may likewise account the Best Fourthly try them by Making Drinkes Stronger or Smaller with the same Quantity of Mault And you may conclude that that Water which maketh the Stronger Drinke is the more Concocted and Nou-rishing though perhaps it be not so good for Medicinall vse And such Water commonly is the Water of Large and Nanigable Riuers And likewise in Large and Cleane Ponds of Standing Water For vpon both them the Sunne hath more power than vpon Fountaines or Small Riuers And I concelue that Chalke-water is next them the best for going furthest in Drinke For that also helpeth Concoction So it be out of a Deepe Well For then it Cureth the Rawnesse of the Water But Chalkie Water towards the Top of the Earth is too fretting As it appeareth in Laundry of Cloaths which weare out apace if you vse such Waters Fifthly The Houswiues doe finde a Difference in Waters for the Bearing or Not Bearing of Soape And it is likely that the more Fat Water will beare Soape best For the Hungry Water doth kill the Vnctuous Nature of the Soape Sixthly you may make a Iudgement of Waters according to the Place whence they Spring or Come The Rain-Water is by the Physitians esteemed the Finest and the best But yet it is said to putrifie soonest which is likely because of the Finenesse of the Spirit And in Conseruatories of Raine-water such as they haue in Venice c. they are and not so Choice waters The worse perhaps because they are Couered aloft and kept from the Sunne Snow-water is held vnwholesome In so much as the People that dwell at the Foot of the SnowMountaines or otherwise vpon the Ascent especially the Women by drinking of Snow-water haue great Bagges hanging vnder their Throats Well-water except it be vpon Chalke or a very plentifull Spring maketh Meat Red which is an ill Signe Springs on the Tops of High-Hills are the best For both they seeme to haue a Lightnesse and Appetite of Mounting And besides they are most pure and Vnmingled And againe are more Percolated thorow a great Space of Earth For Waters in Valleyes ioyne in effect vnder Ground with all Waters of the same Leuell Whereas Springs on the Tops of Hills passe thorow a great deale of Pure Earth with lesse Mixture of other Waters Seuenthly Iudgement may be made of Waters by the Soyle whereupon the Water runneth As Pebble is the Cleanest and best tasted And next to that Clay-water And Thirdly Water vpon Chalke Fourthly that vpon Sand And Worst of all vpon Mudde Neither may you trust Waters that Taste Sweet For they are commonly found in Rising Grounds of great Cities which must needs take in a great deale of Filth In Peru and diuers Parts of the West Indies though vnder the Line the Heats are not so Intolerable as they be in Barbary and the Skirts of the Torrid Zone The Causes are First the Great Brizes which the Motion of the Aire in great Circles such as are vnder the Girdle of the World produceth Which doe refrigerate And therefore in those Parts Noone is nothing so hot when the Brizes are great as about Nine or Ten of the Clocke in the Fore-Noone Another Cause is for that the Length of the Night and the Dewes thereof doe compense the Heat of the Day A third Cause is the Stay of the Sunne Not in Respect of Day and Night for that wee spake of before but in Respect of the Season For vnder the Line the Sunne crosseth the Line and maketh two Summers and two Winters But in the Skirts of the Torrid Zone it doubleth and goeth backe againe and so maketh one Long Summer The Heat of the Sunne maketh Men Blacke in some Countries as in AEthiopia and Ginny c. Fire doth it not as wee see in GlasseMen that are continually about the Fire The Reason may be because Fire doth licke vp the Spirits and Bloud of the Body so as they Exhale So that it euer maketh Men looke Pale and Sallow But the Sunne which is a Gentler Heat doth but draw the Bloud to the Outward Parts And rather Concooteth it than Soaketh it And therefore wee see that all AEthiapes are Fleshy and Plumpe and haue great Lips All which betoken Moisture retained and not drawne out Wee see also that the Negroes are bred in Countries that haue Plenty of Water by Riuers or otherwise For Meroe which was the Metropolis of AEthiopia was vpon a great Lake And Congo where the Negroes are is full of Riuers And the Confines of the Riuer Niger where the Negroes also are are well watered And the Region about Capo Verde is likewise Moist in so much as it is pestilent through Moisture But the Countries of the Abyssenes and Barbary and Peru. where they are Tawney and Oliuaster and Pale are generally more Sandy and Dry. As for the AEthiopes as they are Plumpe and Fleshy So it may bee they are Sanguine and ruddy Coloured if their blacke Skinne would suffer it to be seene Some Creatures doe moue a good while after their Head is off As Birds Some a very little time As Men and all beasts Some moue though cut in feuerall Pieces As Snakes Eeles Wormes Flies c. First therefore it is certaine that the Immediate Cause of Death is the Resolution or Extinguishment of the Spirits And that the Destruction or Corruption of the Organs is but the
where a Fire is kept doth hasten their Comming on and Ripening Nay more the Drawing of the Boughes into the Inside of a Roome where a Fire is continually kept worketh the same Effect Which hath beene tried with Grapes In so much as they will come a Moneth earlier than the Grapes abroad Besides the two Meanes of Accelerating Germination formerly described That is to say the Mending of the Nourishment and Comforting of the Spirit of the Plant there is a Third Which is the Making way for the Easie Comming to the Nourishment and Drawing it And therefore Gentle Digging and Loosening of the Earth about the Roots of Trees And the Remening Herbs and Flowers into new Earth once in two yeares which is the same thing For the new Earth is euer looser doth greatly further the Prospering and Earlinesse of Plants But the most admirable Acceleration by Facilitating the Nourishment is that of Water For a Standard of a Damaske Rose with the Root on was set in a Chamber where no Fire was vpright in an Earthen Pan full of Faire Water without any Mixture halfe a foot vnder the Water the Standard being more then two foot high aboue the Water Within the Space of ten dayes the Standard did put forth a faire Greene lease and some other little Buds which stood at a stay without any Shew of decay or withering more then seuen Daies But afterwards that Leafe faded but the young Buds did sprout on which afterward opened into faire Leaues in the space of three Moneths And continued so a while after till vpon Remouall wee left the Triall But note that the Leaues were somewhat paler and lighter-coloured than the Leaues vse to be abroad Note that the first Buds were in the End of October And it is likely that if it had beene in the Spring time it would haue put forth with greater strength and it may be to haue growne on to beare Flowers By this Meanes you may haue as it seemeth Roses set in the middest of a Poole being supported with some stay Which is Matter of Rarenesse and Pleasure though of small Vse This is the more strange for that the like Rose-Standard was put at the same time into Water mixed with Horse-dung the Horse-dung about the fourth Part to the Water and in foure Moneths space while it was obserued put not forth any Leafe though diuers Buds at the first as the other A Dutch Flower that had a Bulbous Root was likewise put at the same time all vnder Water some two or three Fingers deepe And within seuen dayes sprouted and continued long after further Growing There were also put in a Beet-Root a Borrage-Root and a Raddish-Root which had al their Leaues cut almost close to the Roots And within six weekes had faire Leaues And so continued till the end of Nouember Note that if Roots or Pease or Flowers may be Accelerated in their Comming and Ripening there is a double Profit The one in the high Price that those Things beare when they come early The other in the Swiftnesse of their Returnes For in some Grounds which are strong you shall haue a Raddish c. come in a Month That in other Grounds will not come in two And so make double Returnes Wheat also was put into the Water and came not forth at all So as it seemeth there must be some Strength and Bulke in the Body put into the Water as it is in Roots For Graines or Seeds the Cold of the Water will mortifie But casually some Wheat lay vnder the Pan which was somewhat moistned by the Suing of the Pan which in six weekes as aforesaid looked mouldy to the Eye but it was sprouted forth halfe a Fingers length It seemeth by these Instances of Water that for Nourishment the Water is almost all in all and that the Earth doth but keepe the Plant vpright and saue it from Ouer-heat and Ouer-cold And therefore is a Comfortable Experiment for good Drinkers It proueth also that our former Opinion That Drinke incorporate with Flesh or Roots as in Capon-Baere c. will nourish more easily than Meat and Drinke taken seuerally The Nousing of Plants I conceiue will both Accelerate Germination and bring forth Flowers and Plants in the Colder Seasons And as wee House Hot-Countrey Plants as Limons Orenges Myrtles to saue them So we may House our owne Countrey Plants to forward them and make them come in the Cold Seasons In such sort that you may haue Violets Strawberries Pease all Winter So that you sow or remoue them at fit times This Experiment is to be referred vnto the Comforting of the Spirit of the Plant by Warmth as well as Housing their Boughes c. So then the Meanes to Accelerate Germination are in Particular eight in Generall three To make Roses or other Flowers come late it is an Experiment of Pleasure For the Ancients esteemed much of Rosa Sera And indeed the Nouember-Rose is the sweetest hauing beene lesse exhaled by the Sunne The Meanes are these First the Cutting off their Tops immediately after they haue done Bearing And then they will come againe the same yeare about Nouember But they will not come iust on the Tops where they were cut but out of those Shoots which were as it were Water-Boughes The Cause is for that the Sap which otherwise would haue fed the Top though after Bearing will by the discharge of that diuert vnto the Side-Sprouts And they will come to beare but later The Second is the Pulling off the Buds of the Rose when they are Newly knotted For then the Side-Branches will beare The Cause is the same with the former For Cutting off the Tops and Pulling off the Buds worke the same Effect in Retention of the Sap for a time and Diuersion of it to the Sprouts that were not so forward The Third is the Cutting off some few of the Top-Roughes in the Spring-time but suffering the lower Boughes to grow on The Cause is for that the Boughes doe helpe to draw vp the Sap more strongly And we see that in Powling of Trees many doe vse to leaue a Bough or two on the Top to helpe to draw vp the Sap. And it is coparated also that if you graft vpon the Bough of a Tree and cut off some of the old Boughes the new Cions will perish The Fourth is by Laying the Roots bare about christmus some dayes The Cause is plaine for that it doth â—â—â—â—â— the Sap from going vpwards for a time Which Arrest is after wards released by the Couering of the Root a gaine with Earth And then the Sap getteth vp but later The Fifth is the Reâ—â—â—â—â— of the Tree some Moneth before it Buddes The cause is for that some time will be required after the Reâ—â—â—e for the Reselting before it can draw the Iuycs And that time being lost the Blossome uâ—â—â— needs some forth later The Sixth is the Grasting of Kaser in May which commonly Gardiners doe not till Inly And
sufficient Moisture to breed Mosse And besides the Coldnesse of the Water conduceth to the same The Mosse of Trees is a kinde of Haire For it is the Iuyce of the Tree that is Excerned and doth not Affimilate And vpon great Trees the Mosse gathereth a Figure like a Leafe The Moister Sort of Trees yeeld little Mosse As we see in Aspes Poplars Willowes Beeches c. Which is partly caused for the Reason that hath beene giuen of the francke Putting vp of the Sap into the Boughes And partly for that the Barkes of those Trees are more Close and Smooth than those of Oakes and Ashes Whereby the Mosse can the hardlier issue out In Clay-Grounds all Fruit-Trees grow full of Mosse both vpon Body and Boughes Which is caused partly by the Coldnesse of the Ground whereby the Plants nourish lesse And partly by the Toughnesse of the Earth whereby the Sap is shut in and cannot get vp to spread so franckly as it should doe Wee haue said heretofore that if Trees be Hide-bound they wax lesse Fruitfull and gather Mosse And that they are holpen by Hacking c. And therefore by the Reason of Contraries if Trees be bound in with Cords or some Outward Bands they will put forth more Mosse Which I thinke happeneth to Trees that stand Bleake and vpon the Cold Winds It would also be tried whether if you couer a Tree somewhat thicke vpon the top after his Powling it will not gather more Mosse I thinke also the Watring of Trees with Cold Fountaine-Water will make them grow full of Mosse There is a Mosse the Perfumers haue which commeth out of Apple-Trees that hath an Excellent Sent. Quare particularly for the Manner of the Growth and the Nature of it And for this Experiments sake being a Thing of Price I haue set downe the last Experiments how to multiply and call on Mosses Next vnto Mosse I will speake of Mushromes Which are likewise an Vnperfect Plant. These Mushromes haue two strange Properties The One that they yeeld so Delicious a Meat The other that they come vp so bastily As in a Night And yet they are Vnsowne And therefore such as are Vpstarts in State they call in reproch Mushromes It must needs bee therefore that they be made of much Moisture And that Moisture Fat Grosse and yet somewhat Concocted And indeed we finde that Mushromes cause the Accident which we call Incubus or the Mare in the Stomacke And therefore the Surfet of them may Suffocate and Empoyson And this sheweth that they are Windy And that Windinesse is Grosse and Swelling Not Sharpe or Griping And vpon the same reason Mushromes are a venereous Meat It is reported that the Barke of White or Red Poplar which are of the Moistest of Trees cut small and cast into Furrowes well dunged will cause the Ground to put forth Mushromes at all Seasons of the Yeare fit to be eaten Some adde to the Mixture Leanen of Bread resolued in Water It is reported that if a Hilly-Field where the Stubble is standing bee set on Fire in a Showry Season it will put forth great Store of Mushromes It is reported that Harts-Horne Shauen or in Small Peeces mixed with Dung and watred putteth vp Mushromes And we know Harts-Horne is of a Fat and Clammy Substance And it may be Oxe-Horne would doe the like It hath beene reported though it be searce credible that Iuy hath growne out of a Stags-Horne Which they suppose did rather come from a Confrication of the Horne vpon the Iuy than from the Horne it selfe There is not knowne any Substance but Earth and the Procedures of Earth as Tile Stone c. that yeeldeth any Mosse or Herby Substance There may be Trial made of some Seeds as that of Fennel-Seed Mustard Seed and Rape-Seed put into some little Holes made in the Hornes of Stags or Oxen to see if they will grow There is also another Vnperfect Plant that in shew is like a great Mushrome And it is sometimes as broad as ones Hat Which they call a Toads-Stoole But it is not Esculent And it groweth commonly by a dead Stub of a Tree And likewise about the Roots of Rotten Trees And therefore seemeth to take his Iuyce from Wood Putrified Which sheweth by the way that Wood-Putrified yeeldeth a franke Moisture There is a Cake that groweth vpon the Side of a Dead Tree that hath gotten no Name but it is large and of a Chesnut Colour and hard and pithy Whereby it should seeme that euen Dead Trees forget not their Putting forth No more than the Careasses of Mens Bodies that put forth Haire and Nailes for a Time There is a Cod or Bag that groweth commonly in the Fields That at the first is hard like a Tennis-Ball and white And after groweth of a Mushrome Colour and full of light Dust vpon the Breaking And is thought to be dangerous for the Eyes if the Powder get into them And to bee good for Kibes Belike it hath a Corrosiue and Fretting Nature There is an Herb called Iewes-Eare that groweth vpon the Roots and Lower Parts of the Bodies of Trees Especially of Elders and sometimes Ashes It hath a strange Property For in Warme-water it swelleth and openeth extremely It is not greene but of a dusky browne Colour And it is vsed for Squinancies and Inflammations in the Throat Whereby it seemeth to haue a Mollifying and Lenifying Vertue There is a Kinde of Spongy Excrescence which groweth chiefly vpon the Roots of the Laser-Tree And sometimes vpon Cedar and other Trees It is very White and Light and Friable Which we call Agarick It is famous in Physicke for the Purging of Tough flegme And it is also an excellent Opener for the Liuer But Offensiue to the Stomack And in Taste it is at the first Sweet and after Bitter We finde no Super-Plant that is a Formed Plant but Misseltoe They haue an idle Tradition that there is a Bird called a Missel-Bird that feedeth vpon a Seed which many times shee cannot disgest and so expelleth it whole with her Excrement which falling vpon a Bough of a Tree that hath some Rift putteth forth the Misseltoe But this is a Fable For it is not probable that Birds should feed vpon that they cannot disgest But allow that yet it cannot be for other Reasons For First it is found but vpon certaine Trees And those Trees beare no such Fruit as may allure that Bird to sit and feed vpon them It may be that Bird feedeth vpon the Misseltoe-Berries and so is often found there Which may haue giuen occasion to the Tale. But that which maketh an End of the Question is that Misseltoe hath beene found to put forth vnder the Boughes and not onely aboue the Boughes So it cannot be any Thing that falleth vpon the Bough Misseltoe groweth chiefly vpon Crab-Trees Apple-Trees sometimes vpon Hasses And rarely vpon Oakes The Misseltoe whereof is counted very Medicinall It is cuer greene Winter and Summer And beareth a
Bodies than we know any For there haue beene Cups made of them and an Image of Iupiter But it is like they were Wilde-Vines For the Vines that they vse for Wine are so often Cut and so much Digged and Dressed that their Sap spendeth into the Grapes and so the Stalke cannot increase much in Bulke The Wood of Vines is very durable without Rotting And that which is strange though no Tree hath the Twigges while they are greene so brittle yet the Wood dryed is extreme Tough And was vsed by the Captaines of Armies amongst the Romans for their Cudgells It is reported that in some Places Vines are suffered to grow like Herbs spreading vpon the Ground And that the Grapes of those Vines are very great It were good to make tryall whether Plants that vse to be borne vp by Props will not put forth greater Leaues and greater Fruits if they be laid along the Ground As Hops lâ—y Wood bine c. Quinces or Apples c. if you will keepe them long drowne them in Honey But because Honey perhaps will giue them a Taste Ouerlushious it were good to make Triall in Powder of Sugar Or in Syrrup of Wine onely Boyled to Height Both these would likewise be tried in Orenges Limons and Pomgranats For the Powder of Sugar and Syrrup of Wine will serue for more times than once The Conseruation of Fruit would be also tried in Vessells filled with fine Sand or with Powder of Chalke Or in Meale and Flower Or in Dust of Oake-wood Or in Mill. Such Fruits as you appoint for Long Keeping you must gather before they be full Ripe And in a Faire and Dry Day towards Noone And when the Wind bloweth not South And when the Moone is vnder the Earth And in Decrease Take Grapes and hang them in an Empty Vessell well Stopped And set the Vessell not in a Cellar but in some dry Place And it is said they will last long But it is reported by some they will keepe better in a Vessell halfe full of Wine so that the Grapes touch not the Wine It is reported that the Preseruing of the Stalke helpeth to preserue the Grape Especially if the Stalke be put into the Pith of Elder the Elder not touching the Fruit. It is reported by some of the Ancients that Fruit put in Bottles and the Bottles let downe into Wells vnder Water will keepe long Of Herbs and Plants some are good to eat Raw As Lettuce Endiue Purslane Tarragon Cresses Cucumbers Muske-Melons Radish c. Others onely after they are Boyled or haue Passed the Fire As Parsley Clary Sage Parsnips Turnips Asparagus Artichoakes though they also being young are eaten Raw But a Number of Herbs are not Esculent at all As Worme-wood Grasse Greeke-Corne Centory Hyssope Lauender Balme c. The Causes are for that the Herbs that are not Esculent do want the two Tastes in which Nourishment resteth Which are Fat and Sweet And haue contrariwise Bitter and Ouer-strong Tastes or a Iuyce so Crude as cannot be ripened to the degree of Nourishment Herbes and Plants that are Esculent Raw haue Fatnesse or Sweetnesse as all Esculent Fruits Such are Onions Lettuce c. But then it must be such a Fatnesse for as for Sweet Things they are in effect alwayes Esculent as is not Ouer-grosse and Loading of the Stomach For Parsnips and Leeks haue Fatnesse But it is too Grosse and Heauy without Boyling It must be also in a Substance somewhat Tender For we see Wheat Barley Artichoakes are no good Nourishment till they haue Passed the Fire But the Fire doth ripen and maketh them soft and tender and so they become Esculent As for Radish and Tarragon and the like they are for Condiments and not for Nourishment And euen some of those Herbes which are not Esculent are notwithstanding Poculent As Hop 's Broome c. Quare what Herbs are good for Drinke besides the two aforenamed For that it may perhaps ease the Charge of Brewing if they make Beere to require lesse Malt or make it last longer Parts fit for the Nourishment of Man in Plants are Seeds Roots and Fruits But chiefly Seeds and Roots For Leaues they giue no Nourishment at all or very little No more doe Flowers or Blossomes or Stalkes The Reason is for that Roots and Seeds and Fruits in as much as all Plants consist of an Oyly and Watry Substance commixed haue more of the Oyly Substance And Leaues Flowers c. of the Watry And secondly they are more Concocted For the Root which continueth euer in the Earth is still Concocted by the Earth And Fruits and Graines we see are halfe a yeare or more in Concocting Whereas Leaues are out and Perfect in a Moneth Plants for the most part are more strong both in Taste and Smell in the Seed than in the Leafe and Root The Cause is for that in Plants that are not of a Fierce and Eager Spirit the Vertue is increased by Concoction and Maturation which is euer most in the Seed But in Plants that are of a Fierce and Eager Spirit they are stronger whilest the Spirit is enclosed in the Root And the Spirits doe but weaken and dissipate when they come to the Aire and Sunne As we see it in Onions Garlicke Dragon c. Nay there be Plants that haue their Roots very Hot and Aromaticall And their Seeds rather Insipide As Ginger The Cause is as was touched before for that the Heat of those Plants is very Dissipable which vnder the Earth is contained and held in But when it commeth to the Aire it exhaleth The Iuyces of Fruits are either Watry or Oyly I reckon amongst the Watry all the Fruits out of which Drinke is expressed As the Grape the Apple the Peare the Cherry the Pomgranate c. And there are some others which though they be not in vse for Drinke yet they appeare to be of the same Nature As Plummes Serukes Mulberries Rasps Orenges Limons c. And for those Iuyces that are so fleshy as they cannot make Drinke by Expression yet perhaps they may make Drinke by Mixture of Water Poculaque admistis imitantur vitea Sorbis And it may be Heps and Brier-Berries would doe the like Those that haue Oyly Iuyce are Oliues Almonds Nuts of all sorts Pine-Apples c. And their Iuyces are all Inflammable And you must obserue also that some of the Watry Iuyces after they haue gathered Spirit will Burne and Enflame As Wine There is a Third Kinde of Fruit that is sweet without either Sharpnesse or Oylinesse Such as is the Fig and the Date It hath beene noted that most Trees and specially those that beare Mast are fruitfull but once in two yeares The Cause no doubt is the Expence of Sap For many Orchard-Trees well Cultured will beare diuers yeares together There is no Tree which besides the Naturall Fruit doth beare so many Bastard-Fruits as the Oake doth For besides the Acorne it beareth Galls Oake-Apples and certaine Oake-Nuts
Part only on the Outside Wheras all other Fruits haue it in the Nut or Kernell The Firre hath in effect no Stone Nut nor Kernest Except you will count the little Graines Kernells The Pom granate and Pine Apple haue onely amongst Fruits Graines distinct in seuerall Cells No Herbs haue Curled Leaues but Cabbage and Cabbage-Lettuce None haue double Leaues one belonging to the Stalke another to the Fruit or Seed but the Artichoke No Flower hath that kinde of Spread that the Woodbine hath This may be a large Field of Contemplation For it sheweth that in the Frame of Nature there is in the Producing of some Species a Composition of Matter which happeneth oft and may be much diuersified In others such as happeneth rarely and admitteth little Variety For so it is likewise in Beasts Dogs haue a Resemblance with Wolnes and Foxes Horses with Asses Kine with Bustes Hares with Coneyes c. And so in Birds Kites and Kastrells haue a Resemblance with Hawkes Common-Doues with Ring-Deaâ—s and Tortles Black-Birds with Thrushes and Manisses Crowes with Bauens Dawes and Choughas c. But Elephants and Swine amongst Beasts And the Bird of Paradise and the Peacocke amongst Birds And some few others haue seaâ—â—â— any other Species that haue Affinity with them We leaue the Description of Plants and their Vertues to Herballs and other like Bookes of Naturall History Wherein Mens Diligence hath bâ—â—â—â— great euen to Curiosity For our Experiments are onely such as doe euer ascend a Degree to the Deriuing of Causes and Extracting of Axiomes which wee are not ignorant but that some both of the Ancient and Modeme Writers haue also labôured But their Causes and Axiomes are so full of Imagination and so infected with the old Receiued Theories as they are meere Inquinations of Experience and Concoct it not It hath beene obserued by some of the Ancients that Skins especially of â—â—ams newly pulled off and applied to the Wounds of Stripts doe keepe them from Swelling and Exulcerating And likewise Heade them and Close them vp And that the Whites of Eggs do the same The Cause is a Temperate Conglutination For both Bodies are Glommy and Viscous and doe bridle the Desâ—uxe of Humours to the Huâ—â—â— without Penning them in too much You may turne almost all Flesh into a â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â— if you take Flesh and cut it into Peeces and put the Peeces into a Glasse couered with Parchment And so let the Glasse stand six or seuen Houres â—â—â— Boyling Water It may be an Experiment of Profit for Making of Fat or Grease for many vses But then it must be of such Flesh as is not Edible As Horses Dogs Beares Foxes Bodgers c. It is reported by one of the Ancients that New Wine put into Vessells well stopped and the Vessells let downe into the Sea will accelerate very much the Making of them Ripe and Potable The same would be tried in Wort. Beasts are more Hairy than Men And Sauage Man more than Ciuill And the Plumage of Birds exceedeth the Pilosity of Beasts The Cause of the Smoothnesse in Men is not any Abundance of Heat and Moisture though that indeed causeth Pilosity But there is requisite to Pilosity not so much Heat and Moisture as Excrementitious Heat and Moisture For whatsoeuer assimilateth goeth not into the Haire And Excrementitious Moisture aboundeth most in Beasts and Men that are more Sauage Much the same Reason is there of the Plumage of Birds For Birds assimilate lesse and excerne more than Beasts For their Excrements are euer liquid and their Flesh generally more dry Besides they haue not Instruments for Vrine And so all the Excrementitious Moisture goeth into the Feathers And therefore it is no Maruell though Birds bee commonly better Meat than Beasts because their Flesh doth assimilate more finely and secerneth more subtilly Againe the Head of Man hath Haire vpon the first Birth which no other Part of the Body hath The Cause may be Want of Perspiration For Much of the Matter of Haire in the other Parts of the Body goeth forth by Insensible Perspiration And besides the Skull being of a more solide Substance nourisheth and assimilateth lesse and excerneth more And so likewise doth the Chinne We see also that Haire commeth not vpon the Palmes of the Hands nor Soales of the Feet Which are Parts more Perspirable And Children likewise are not Hairy for that their Skins are more Perspirable Birds are of Swifter Motion than Beasts For the Flight of many Birds is Swifter than the Race of any Beasts The Cause is for that the Spirits in Birds are in greater Proportion in comparison of the Bulke of their Body than in Beasts For as for the Reason that some giue that they are partly Carried whereas Beasts goe that is Nothing For by that Reason Swimming should be swifter than Running And that Kinde of Carriage also is not without Labour of the Wing The Sea is Clearer when the North wind bloweth than when the South-wind The Cause is for that salt-Salt-Water hath a little Oylinesse in the Surface thereof As appeareth in very Hot Daies And againe for that the Southerne Wind relaxeth the Water somewhat As no Water Boyling is so Cleare as Cold Water Fire burneth Wood making it first Luminous Then Blacke and Brittle And lastly Broken and Incinerate Sealding Water doth none of these The Cause is for that by Fire the Spirit of the Body is first Refined and then Emitted Whereof the Refining be Attenuation causeth the Light And the Emission first the Fragilitie and after the Dissolution into Ashes Neither doth any other Body enter But in Water the Spirit of the Body is not Refined so much And besides Part of the Water entreth Which doth increase the Spirit and in a degree extinguish it Therefore wee see that Hot Water will quench Fire And againe wee see that in Bodies wherein the Water doth not much enter but only the Heat passeth Hot Water worketh the Effects of Fire As in Egges Boyled and Roasted into which the Water entreth not at all there is scarce difference to be discerned But in Fruit and Flesh whereinto the Water entreth in some part there is much more difference The Bottome of a Vessell of Boyling Water as hath beene obserued is not very much Heated So as Men may put their Hand vnder the Vessell and remoue it The Cause is for that the Moisture of Water as it quencheth Coales where it entreth So it doth allay Heat where it toucheth And therefore note well that Moisture although it doth not passe thorow Bodies without Communication of some Substance As Heat and Cold doe yet it worketh manifest Effects not by Entrance of the Body but by Qualifying of the Heat and Cold As wee see in this Instance And wee see likewise that the Water of Things distilled in Water which they call the Bath differeth not much from the Water of Things Distilled by Fire Wee see also that Pewter-Dishes
the Salt-Water doe neuerthelesse delight more in Fresh Wee see that Salmons and Smelts loue to get into Riuers though it be against the Streame At the Hauen of Constantinople you shall haue great Quantities of Fish that come from the Euxine-Sea that when they come into the Fresh Water doe inebriate and turne vp their Bellies So as you may take them with your Hand I doubt there hath not beene sufficient Experiment made of Putting Sea-Fish into Fresh Water Ponds and Pooles It is a Thing of great Vse and Pleasure For so you may haue them new at some good distance from the Sea And besides it may be the Fish will eat the pleasanter and may fall to breed And it is said that Colchester Oysters which are put into Pits where the Sea goeth and commeth but yet so that there is a Fresh Water Comming also to them when the Sea voideth become by that meanes Fatter and more Growne The Turkish-Bow giueth a very Forcible Shoot Insomuch as it hath beene knowne that the Arrow hath pierced a Stecle Target or a Peece of Brasse of two Inches thicke But that which is more strange the Arrow if it be Headed with Wood hath beene knowne to pierce thorow a Peece of Wood of eight Inches thicke And it is certaine that wee had in vse at one time for Sea-Fight short Arrowes which they called Sprights without any other Heads saue Wood sharpned which were discharged out of Muskets and would pierce thorow the Sides of Ships where a Bullet would not pierce But this dependeth vpon one of the greatest Secrets in all Nature Which is that Similitude of Substance will cause Attraction where the Body is wholly freed from the Motion of Grauitie For if that were taken away Lead would draw Lead and Gold would draw Gold and Iron would draw Iron without the helpe of the Load-Stone But this same Motion of Weight or Grauitie which is a meere Motion of the Matter and hath no Affinitie with the Forme or Kinde doth kill the other Motion except it selfe be killed by a violent Motion As in these Instances of Arrowes For then the Motion of Attraction by Similitude of Substance beginneth to shew it selfe But wee shall handle this Point of Nature fully in due Place They haue in Turkey and the East certaine Confections which they call Seruetts which are like to Candied Conserues And are made of Sugar and Limons or Sugar and Citrons or Sugar and Violets and some other Flowers And some Mixture of Amber for the more delicate Persons And those they dissolue in Water and thereof make their Drinke because they are forbidden Wine by their Law But I doe much maruell that no Englishman or Dutehman or German doth set vp Brewing in Constantinople Considering they haue such Quantitie of Barley For as so the generall Sort of Men Frugalitie may be the Cause of Drinking Water For that it is no small Sauing to pay nothing for ones Drinke But the better Sort mought well be at the Cost And yet I wonder the lesse at it because I see France Italie or Spaine haue not taken into vse Beere or Ale Which perhaps if they did would better both their Healths and their Complexions It is likely it would be Matter of great Gaine to any that should begin it in Turkey In Bathing in Hot Water Sweat neuerthelesse commeth not in the Parts vnder the Water The Cause is First for that Sweat is a Kinde of Colliquation And that Kinde of Colliquation is not made either by an Ouer-Drie Heat or an Ouer-Moist Heat For Ouer-Moisture doth somewhat extinguish the Heat As wee see that euen Hot Water quencheth Fire And Ouer-Drie Heat shutteth the Pores And therefore Men will sooner Sweat couered before the Sunne or Fire than if they stood Naked And Earthen Bottles filled with Hot Water doe prouoke in Bed a Sweat more daintily than Bricke-bats Hot. Secondly Hot Water doth cause Euaporation from the Skin So as it spendeth the Matter in those Parts vnder the Water before it issueth in Sweat Againe Sweat commeth more plentifully if the Heat be increased by Degrees than if it be greatest at first or equall The Cause is for that the Pores are better opened by a Gentle Heat than by a more Violent And by their opening the Sweat issueth more abundantly And therefore Physitians may doe well when they prouoke Sweat in Bed by Bottles with a Decoction of Sudorisicke Herbs in Hot Water to make two Degrees of Heat in the Bottles And to lay in the Bed the lesse Heated first and after halfe an Houre the more Heated Sweat is Salt in Taste The Cause is for that that Part of the Nourishment which is Fresh and Sweet turneth into Bloud and Flesh And the Sweat is only that Part which is Separate and Excerned Bloud also Raw hath some Saltnesse more than Flesh because the Assimilation into Flesh is not without a little and subtile Excretion from the Bloud Sweat commeth forth more out of the Vpper Parts of the Body than the Lower The Reason is because those Parts are more replenished with Spirits And the Spirits are they that put forth Sweat Besides they are lesse Fleshy and Sweat issueth chiefly out of the Parts that are lesse Fleshy and more Dry As the Forehead and Breast Men Sweat more in Sleepe than Waking And yet Sleepe doth rather stay other Fluxions than cause them As Rheumes Loosenesse of the Body c. The Cause is for that in Sleepe the Heat and Spirits doe naturally moue inwards and there rest But when they are collected once within the Heat becommeth more Violent and Irritate And thereby expelleth Sweat Cold Sweats are many times Mortall and neere Death And alwayes ill and Suspected As in Great Feares Hypochondricall Passions c. The Cause is for that Cold Sweats come by a Relaxation or Forsaking of the Spirits wherby the Moisture of the Body which Heat did keepe firme in the Parts seuereth and issueth out In those Diseases which cannot be discharged by Sweat Sweat is ill and rather to be stayed As in Diseases of the Lungs and Fluxes of the Belly But in those Diseases which are expelled by Sweat it easeth and lightneth As in Agues Pestilences c. The Cause is for that Sweat in the Latter Sort is partly Criticall and sendeth forth the Matter that offendeth But in the Former it either proceedeth from the Labour of the Spirits which sheweth them Oppressed Or from Motion of Consent when Nature not able to expell the Disease where it is seated moueth to an Expulsion indifferent ouer all the Body The Nature of the Glo-wormexs is hitherto not well obserued Thus much we see That they breed chiefly in the Hottest Moneths of Summer And that they breed not in Champaigne but in Bushes and Hedges Wherby it may be conceiued that the Spirit of them is very fine and not to be refined but by Summer Heats And againe that by reason of the Finenesse
is in September For that they need the whole Summers Feed and Grasse to make them fit for Generation And if Raine come Earely about the Middle of September they goe to Rut somewhat the sooner If Drought somewhat the later So Sheepe in respect of their small Neat. generate about the same time or somewhat before But for the most part Creatures that generate at certaine Seasons generate in the Spring As Birds and Fishes For that the End of the Winter and the Heat and Comfort of the Spring prepareth them There is also another Reason why some Creatures generate at certaine Seasons And that is the Relation of their Time of Bearing to the time of Generation For no Creature goeth to generate whilest the Female is full Nor whilest shee is busie in Sitting or Rearing her Young And therefore it is found by Experience that if you take the Egges or Young Ones out of the Neasts of Birds they will fall to generate againe three or foure times one after another Of Liuing Creatures some are Longer time in the Wombe and some Shorter Women goe commonly nine Moneths The Cow and the Ewe about six Moneths Doe's goe about nine Moneths Mares eleuen Moneths Bitches nine Weekes Elephants are said to goe two Yeares For the Receiued Tradition of ten Yeares is Fabulous For Birds there is double Enquiry The Distance betweene the Treading or Coupling and the Laying of the Egge And againe betweene the Egge Layed and the Disclosing or Hetching And amongst Birds there is lesse Diuersity of Time than amongst other Creatures yet some there is For the Hen sitteth but three Weekes The Turky-Hen Goose and Ducke a Moneth Quare of others The Cause of the great Difference of Times amongst Liuing Creatures is Either from the Nature of the Kinde Or from the Constitution of the Wombe For the former those that are longer in Comming to their Maturity or Growth are longer in the Wombe As is chiefly seene in Men And so Elephants which are long in the Wombe are long time in Comming to their full Growth But in most other Kindes the Constitution of the Wombe that is the Hardnesse or Drinesse thereof is concurrent with the former Cause For the â—â—lt hath about foure yeares of Growth And so the Fawne And so the Calfe But Whelps which come to their Growth commonly within three Quarters of a yeare are but nine Weekes in the Wombe As for Birds as there is lesse Diuersity amongst them in the time of their Bringing forth So there is lesse Diuersity in the time of their Growth Most of them comming to their Growth within a Twelue-Moneth Some Creatures bring forth many Young Ones at a Burthen As Bitches Hares Conneyes c. Some ordinatily but One As Women Lionesses c. This may be caused either by the Quantity of Sperme required to the Producing One of that Kinde which if lesse be required may admit greater Number If more fewer Or by the Partitions and Cells of the Wombe which may feuer the Sperme There is no doubt but Light by Refraction will shew greater as well as Things Coloured For like as a Shilling in the Bottomes of the Water will shew greater So will a Candle in a Lanthorne in the Bottome of the Water I haue heard of a Practise that Glo-wormes in Glasses were put in the Water to make the Fish come But I am not yet informed whether when a Diuer Diueth hauing his Eyes open and swimmeth vpon his Backe whether I say he seeth Things in the Aire greater or lesse For it is manifest that when the Eye standeth in the Finer Medium and the Obiect is in the Grosser things shew greater But contrariwise when the Eye is placed in the Grosser Medium and the Obiect in the Finer how it worketh I know not It would be well boulted out whether great Refractions may not be made vpon Reflexions as well as vpon Direct Beames For Example We see that take an Empty Basen put an Angell of Gold or what you will into it Then goe so farre from the Basen till you cannot see the Angell because it is not in a Right Line Then fill the Basen with Water and you shall see it out of his Place because of the Reflexion To proceed therefore put a Looking-Glasse into a Basen of Water I suppose you shall not see the Image in a Right Line or at equall Angles but aside I know not whether this Experiment may not be extended so as you might see the Image and not the Glasse Which for Beauty and Strangenesse were a fine Proofe For then you should see the Image like a Spirit in the Aire As for Example If there be a Cesterne or Poole of Water you shall place ouer against it a Picture of the Deuill or what you will so as you doe not see the Water Then put a Looking-Glasse in the Water Now if you can see the Deuills Picture aside not seeing the Water it will looke like a Deuill indeed They haue an old Tale in Oxford that Friar Bacon walked betweene two Steeples Which was thought to be done by Glasses when he walked vpon the Ground A Weighty Body put into Motion is more easily impelled than at first when it Resteth The Cause is Partly because Motion doth discusse the Torpour of Solide Bodies Which beside their Motion of Grauity haue in them a Naturall Appetite not to moue at all And partly because a Body that resteth doth get by the Resistance of the Body vpon which it resteth a stronger Compression of Parts than it hath of it Selfe And therefore needeth more Force to be put in Motion For if a Weighty Body be Pensile and hang but by a Thred the Percussion will make an Impulsion very neare as easily as if it were already in Motion A Body Ouer-great or Ouer-small will not be throwne so farre as a Body of a Middle Sixe So that it seemeth there must be a Commensuration or Proportion betweene the Body Moued and the Force to make it moue well The Cause is because to the Impulsion there is requisite the Force of the Body that Moueth and the Resistance of the Body that is Moued And if the Body be too great it yeeldeth too little And if it be too small it resisteth too little It is Common Experience that no Weight will presse or cut so strong being laid vpon a Body as Falling or strucken from aboue It may be the Aire hath some part in furthering the Percussion But the chiefe Cause I take to be for that the Parts of the Body Moued haue by Impulsion or by the Motion of Grauity continued a Compression in them as well downwards as they haue when they are throwne or Shot thorow the Aire forwards I conceiue also that the quicke Loose of that Motion preuenteth the Resistance of the Body below And Priority of the Force alwaies is of great Efficacy As appeareth in infinite Instances Tickling is most in the Soles of the Feet and
may be many Deawes fall that spend before they come to the Valleys And I suppose that he that would gather the best May-Deaw for Medicine should gather it from the Hills It is said they haue a manner to prepare their Greeke-Wines to keepe them from Fuming and Inebriating by adding some Sulphur or Allome Whereof the one is Vnctnous and the other is Astringent And certaine it is that those two Natures doe best represse Fumes This Experiment would be transferred vnto other Wine and Strong Beere by Putting in some like Substances while they worke Which may make them both to Fume lesse and to Inflame lesse It is conceiued by some not improbably that the reason why Wilde-Fires Whereof the principall Ingredient is Bitumen doe not quench with Water is for that the first Concretion of Bitumen is a Mixture of a Fiery and Watry Substance So is not Sulphur This appeareth for that in the Place neare Puteoli which they call the Court of Valcan you shall heare vnder the Earth a Horrible Thundring of Fire and Water conflicting together And there breake forth also Spouts of Boyling Water Now that Place yeeldeth great Quantities of Bitumen Whereas AEtna and Vesuuius and the like which consist vpon Sulphur shoot forth Smoake and Ashes and Pumice but no Water It is reported also that Bitumen Mingled with Lime and Put vnder Water will make as it were an Artificiall Rocke The Substance becommeth so Hard. There is a Cement compounded of Floure Whites of Egges and Stone powdred that becommeth Hard as Marble wherewith Piscina mirabilis neare Cuma is said to haue the Walls Plastered And it is certaine and tried that the Powder of Load-Stone and Flint by the Addition of Whites of Egges and Gumm-Dragon made into Paste will in a few dayes harden to the Hardnesse of a Stone It hath beene noted by the Ancients that in Full or Impure Bodies Vlcers or Hurts in the Leggs are Hard to Cure And in the Head more Easie. The Cause is for that Vlcers or Hurts in the Leggs require Deficcation which by the Defluxion of Humours to the Lower Parts is hindred Whereas Hurts and Vlcers in the Head require it not But contrariwise Drinesse maketh them more apt to Consolidate And in Moderne Obseruation the like difference hath beene found betweene French-Men and English-Men Where of the ones Constitution is more Dry and the others more Moist And therefore a Hurt of the Head is harder to cure in a French-Man and of the Legge in an English-Man It hath beene noted by the Ancients that Southerne Winds blowing much without Raine doe cause a Feuourous Disposition of the Yeare But with Raine not The Cause is for that Southerne Winds doe of themselues qualifie the Aire to be apt to cause Feuers But when Showers are ioyned they doe Refrigerate in Part and Checke the Sultry Heat of the Southerne Wind. Therefore this holdeth not in the Sea-Coasts because the Vapour of the Sea without Showers doth refresh It hath beene noted by the Ancients that Wounds which are made with Brasse heale more easily than Wounds made with Iron The Cause is for that Brasse hath in it selfe a Sanatiue Vertue And so in the very Instant helpeth somewhat But Iron is Corrosiue and not Sanatiue And therefore it were good that the Instruments which are vsed by Chirurgians about Wounds were rather of Brasse than Iron In the Cold Countries when Mens Noses and Eares are Mortified and as it were Gangrened with Cold if they come to a Fire they rot off presently The Cause is for that the few Spirits that remaine in those Parts are suddenly drawne forth and so Putrefaction is made Compleat But Snow Put vpon them helpeth For that it preserueth those Spirits that remaine till they can reuiue And besides Snow hath in it a Secret Warmth As the Monke proued out of the Text Qui dat Niuem sicut Lanam Gelu sicut Cineres spargit Whereby he did inferre that Snow did warme like Wooll and Frost did fret like Ashes Warme Water also doth good Because by little and little it openeth the Pores without any sudden Working vpon the Spirits This Experiment may be transferred vnto the Cure of Gangrenes either Comming of themselues or induced by too much Applying of Opiates Wherein you must beware of Dry Heat and resort to Things that are Refrigerant with an Inward Warmth and Vertue of Cherishing Weigh Iron and Aqua Fortis seuerally Then dissolue the Iron in the Aqua Fortis And weigh the Dissolution And you shall finde it to beare as good Weight as the Bodies did seuerally Notwithstanding a good deale of Wast by a thicke Vapour that issueth during the Working Which sheweth that the Opening of a Body doth increase the Weight This was tried once or twice but I know not whether there were any Errour in the Triall Take of Aqua-Fortis two Ounces of Quick-siluer two Drachmes For that Charge the Aqua-Fortis will beare The Dissolution will not beare a Flint as big as a Nutmeg Yet no doubt the Increasing of the Weight of Water will increase his Power of Bearing As we see Broine when it is Salt enough will beare an Egge And I remember well a Physitian that vsed to giue some Minerall Baths for the Gout c. And the Body when it was put into the Bath could not get downe so easily as in Ordinary Water But it seemeth the Weight of the Quick-siluer more than the Weight of a Stone doth not compense the Weight of a Stone more than the Weight of the Aqua-Fortis Let there be a Body of Vnequall Weight As of Wood and Lead or Bone and Lead If you throw it from you with the Light-End forward it will turne and the Weightier End will recouer to be Forwards Vnlesse the Body be Ouer-long The Cause is for that the more Dense Body hath a more Violent Pressure of the Parts from the first Impulsion Which is the Cause though heretofore not found out as hath been often said of all Violent Motions And when the Hinder Part moueth swifter for that it lesse endureth Pressure of Parts than the Forward Part can make way for it it must needs be that the Body turne ouer For turned it can more easily draw forward the Lighter Part. Gaâ—â—laeus noteth it well That if an Open Trough wherein Water is be driuen faster than the Water can follow the Water gathereth vpon an heape towards the Hinder End where the Motion began Which he supposeth holding confidently the Motion of the Earth to be the Cause of the Ebbing and Flowing of the Ocean Because the Earth ouer-runneth the Water Which Theory though it be false yet the first Experiment is true As for the Inequality of the Pressure of Parts it appeareth manifestly in this That if you take a Body of Stone or Iron and another of Wood of the same Magnitude and Shape and throw them with equall Force you cannot possibly throw the
put into Furnaces Vpon which Fire worketh not So that there are three Causes of Fixation The Euen Spreading both of the Spirits and Tangible Parts The Closenesse of the Tangible Parts And the Ieiunenesse or Extreme Comminution of Spirits Of which Three the Two First may be ioyned with a Nature Liquefiable The Last not It is Profound Contemplation in Nature to consider of the Emptinesse as we may call it or Insatisfaction of seuerall Bodies And of their Appetite to take in Others Aire taketh in Lights and Sounds and Smells and Vapours And it is most manifest that it doth it with a kinde of Thirst as not satisfied with his owne former Consistence For else it would neuer receiue them in so suddenly and easily Water and all Liquours doe hastily receiue Dry and more Terrestriall Bodies Proportionable And Dry Bodies on the other side drinke in Waters and Liquours So that as it was well said by one of the Ancients of Earthy and Watry Substances One is a Glue to another Parchment Skins Cloth c. drinke in Liquours though themselues be Entire Bodies and not Comminuted as Sand and Ashes Nor apparently Porous Metalls themselues doe receiue in readily Strong-Waters And Strong-Waters likewise doe readily pierce into Metalls and Stones And that Strong-Water will touch vpon Gold that will not touch vpon Siluer And è conuerso And Gold which seemeth by the Weight to be the Closest and most Solide Body doth greedily drinke in Quick-Siluer And it seemeth that this Reception of other Bodies is not Violent For it is many times Reciprocall and as it were with Consent Of the Cause of this and to what Axiome it may be referred consider attentiuely For as for the Pretty Assertion that Matter is like a Common Strumpet that desireth all Formes it is but a Wandring Notion Onely Flame doth not content it selfe to take in any other Body But either to ouercome and turne another Body into it Selfe as by Victory Or it Selfe to dye and goe out NATVRALL HISTORIE IX Century IT is certaine that all Bodies whatsoeuer though they haue no Sense yet they haue Perception For when one Body is applied to another there is a Kinde of Election to embrace that which is Agreeable and to exclude or expell that which is Ingrate And whether the Body be Alterant or Altered euermore a Perception precedeth Operation For else all Bodies would be alike One to Another And sometimes this Perception in some Kinde of Bodies is farre more Subtill than the Sense So that the Sense is but a dull Thing in Comparison of it Wee see a Weather-Glasse will finde the least difference of the Weather in Heat or Cold when Men finde it not And this Perception also is sometimes at Distance as well as vpon the Touch As when the Load-Stone draweth Iron or Flame fireth Naphtha of Babylon a great distance off It is therefore a Subiect of a very Noble Enquiry to enquire of the more Subtill Perceptions For it is another Key to open Nature as well as the Sense And sometimes Better And besides it is a Principall Meanes of Naturall Diuination For that which in these Perceptions appeareth early in the great Effects commeth long after It is true also that it serueth to discouer that which is Hid as well as to foretell that which is to Come As it is in many Subtill Trialls As to trie whether Seeds be old or new the Sense cannot informe But if you boile them in Water the New Seeds will sprout sooner And so of Water the Taste will not discouer the best Water But the Speedy Consuming of it and many other Meanes which we haue heretofore set downe will discouer it So in all Physiognomy the Lineaments of the Body will discouer those Naturall Inclinations of the Minde which Dissimulation will conceale or Discipline will suppresse Wee shall therefore now handle only those two Perceptions which pertaine to Naturall Diuination and Discouery Leauing the Handling of Perception in other Things to be disposed Elsewhere Now it is true that Diuination is attained by other Meanes As if you know the Causes If you know the Concomitants you may iudge of the Effect to follow And the like may be said of Discouery But wee tie our Selues here to that Diuination and Discouery chiefly which is Caused by an Early or Subtill Perception The Aptnesse or Propension of Aire or Water to Corrupt or Putrifie no doubt is to be found before it breake forth into manifest Effects of Diseases Blastings or the like Wee will therefore set downe some Prognosticks of Pestilentiall and Vnwholsome Yeares The Wind blowing much from the South without Raine And Wormes in the Oake-Apple haue beene spoken of before Also the Plenty of Frogs Grashappers Flies and the like Creatures bred of Putrefaction doth portend Pestilentiall Yeares Great and Early Heats in the Spring and namely in May without Winds portend the same And generally so doe Yeares with little Wind or Thunder Great Droughts in Summer lasting till towards the End of August and some Gentle Showres vpon them And then some Drie Weather againe Doe portend a Pestilent Summer the Yeare following For about the End of August all the Sweetnesse of the Earth which goeth into Plants and Trees is exhaled And much more if the August be dry So that nothing then can breathe forth of the Earth but a grosse Vapour which is apt to Corrupt the Aire And that Vapour by the first Showres if they be Gentle is released and commeth forth abundantly Therefore they that come abroad soone after those Showres are commonly taken with Sicknesse And in Affricke no Body will stirre out of doores after the first Showres But if the Showres come vehemently then they rather wash and fill the Earth than giue it leaue to breathe forth presently But if Drie Weather come againe then it fixeth and continueth the Corruption of the Aire vpon the first Showres begun And maketh it of ill Influence euen to the Next Summer Except a very Frostie Winter discharge it Which seldome succeedeth such Droughts The Lesser Infections of the Small Pockes Purple Feuers Agues in the Summer Precedent and houering all Winter doe portend a great Pestilence in the Summer following For Putrefaction doth not rise to his height at once It were good to lay a Peece of Raw Flesh or Fish in the Open Aire And if it Putrefie quickly it is a Signe of a Disposition in the Aire to Putrefaction And because you cannot be informed whether the Putrefaction be quicke or late except you compare this Experiment with the like Experiment in another Yeare it were not amisse in the same Yeare and at the same Time to lay one Peece of Flesh or Fish in the Open Aire and another of the same Kinde and Bignesse within Doores For I iudge that if a generall Disposition be in the Aire to Putrefie the Flesh or Fish will sooner Putrefie abroad where the Aire hath more power than in the House where it
hath lesse being many wayes corrected And this Experiment would be made about the End of March For that Season is likest to discouer what the Winter hath done And what the Summer following will doe vpon the Aire And because the Aire no doubt receiueth great Tincture and Infusion from the Earth It were good to trie that Exposing of Flesh or Fish both vpon a Stake of Wood some heighth aboue the Earth and vpon the Flat of the Earth Take May-Dew and see whether it putrifie quickly or no For that likewise may disclose the Qualitie of the Aire and Vapour of the Earth more or lesse Corrupted A Drie March and a Drie May portend a Wholesome Summer if there be a Showring Aprill betweene But otherwise it is a Signe of a Pestilentiall Yeare As the Discouerie of the Disposition of the Aire is good for the Prognosticks of Wholesome and Vnwholesome Yeares So it is of much more vse for the Choice of Places to dwell in At the least for Lodges and Retiring Places for Health For Mansion Houses respect Prouisions as well as Health Wherein the Experiments aboue mentioned may serue But for the Choice of Places or Seats it is good to make Triall not only of Aptnesse of Aire to corrupt but also of the Moisture and Drinesse of the Aire and the Temper of it in Heat or Cold For that may concerne Health diuersly Wee see that there be some Houses wherein Sweet Meats will relent and Baked Meats will mould more than in others And Wainscoats will also sweat more so that they will almost run with Water All which no doubt are caused chiefly by the Moistnesse of the Aire in those Seats But because it is better to know it before a Man buildeth his House than to finde it after take the Experiments following Lay Wooll or a Sponge or Bread in the Place you would trie comparing it with some other Places And see whether it doth not moisten and make the Wooll or Sponge c. more Ponderous than the other And if it doe you may iudge of that Place as Situate in a Grosse and Moist Aire Because it is certaine that in some Places either by the Nature of the Earth or by the Situation of Woods and Hills the Aire is more Vnequall than in Others and Inequalitie of Aire is euer an Enemy to Health It were good to take two Weather-Glasses Matches in all things and to set them for the same Houres of One day in seuerall Places where no Shade is nor Enclosures And to marke when you set them how farre the Water commeth And to compare them when you come againe how the Water standeth then And if you finde them Vnequall you may be sure that the Place where the Water is lowest is in the Warmer Aire and the other in the Colder And the greater the Inequalitie be of the Ascent or Descent of the Water the greater is the Inequalitie of the Temper of the Aire The Predictions likewise of Cold and Long Winters and Hot and Drie Summers are good to be knowne As well for the Discouerie of the Causes as for diuers Prouisions That of Plenty of Hawes and Heps and Briar-Berries hath beene spoken of before If Wainscast or Stone that haue vsed to Sweat be more drie in the Beginning of Winter Or the Drops of the Eaues of Houses come more slowly downe than they vse it portendeth a Hard and Frostie Winter The Cause is for that it sheweth an Inclination of the Aire to Drie Weather which in Winter is euer ioyned with Frost Generally a Moist and Coole Summer portendeth a Hard Winter The Cause is for that the Vapours of the Earth are not dissipated in the Summer by the Sunne And so they rebound vpon the Winter A Hot and Drie Summer and Autumne and especially if the Heat and Drought extend farre into September portendeth an Open Beginning of Winter And Colds to succeed toward the latter Part of the Winter and the Beginning of the Spring For till then the former Heat and Drought beare the Sway And the Vapours are not sufficiently Multiplied An Open and Warme Winter portendeth a Hot and Drie Summer For the Vapours disperse into the Winter Showres Whereas Cold and Frost keepeth them in and transporteth them into the late Spring and Summer following Birds that vse to change Countries at certaine Seasons if they come Earlier doe shew the Temperature of Weather according to that Country whence they came As the Winter-Birds namely Woodcocks Feldefares c. if they come earlier and out of the Northerne Countries with vs shew Cold Winters And if it be in the same Country then they shew a Temperature of Season like vnto that Season in which they come As swallowes Bats Cuckooes c. that come towards Summer if they come early shew a Hot Summer to follow The Prognosticks more Immediate of Weather to follow soone after are more Certaine than those of Seasons The Resounding of the Sea vpon the Shoare And the Murmur of Winds in the Woods without apparent Wind shew Wind to follow For such Winds breathing chiefly out of the Earth are not at the first perceiued except they be pent by Water or Wood. And therefore a Murmur out of Caues likewise portendeth as much The Vpper Regions of the Aire perceiue the Collection of the Matter of Tempest and Winds before the Aire here below And therefore the Obscuring of the Smaller Starres is is a Signe of Tempests following And of this kinde you shall finde a Number of Instances in our Inquisition De Ventis Great Mountaines haue a Perception of the Disposition of the Aire to Tempests sooner than the Valley's or Plaines below And therefore they say in Wales when certaine Hills haue their Night-Cups on they meane Mischiefe The Cause is for that Tempests which are for the most part bred aboue in the Middle Region as they call it are soonest perceiued to collect in the Places next it The Aire and Fire haue Subtill Perceptions of Wind Rising before Men finde it Wee see the Trembling of a Candle will discouer a Wind that otherwise wee doe not feele And the Flexuous Burning of Flames doth shew the Aire beginneth to be vnquiet And so doe Coales of Fire by Casting off the Ashes more than they vse The Cause is for that no Wind at the first till it hath strooke and driven the Aire is Apparent to the Sense But Flame is easier to moue than Aire And for the Ashes it is no maruell though Wind vnperceiued shake them off For wee vsually trie which way the Wind bloweth by casting vp Grasse or Chaffe or such light Things into the Aire When Wind expireth from vnder the Sea As it causeth some Resounding of the Water whereof wee spake before so it causeth some Light Motions of Bubbles and White Circles of Froth The Cause is for that the Wind cannot be perceiued by the Sense vntill there be an Eruption of a great Quantitie from vnder the Water And so it
getteth into a Body Whereas in the first Putting vp it commeth in little Portions We spake of the Ashes that Coales cast off And of Grasse and Chaffe carried by the Wind So any Light Thing that moueth when we finde no Wind sheweth a Wind at hand As when Feathers or Downe of Thistles fly to and fro in the Aire For Prognosticks of Weather from Liuing Creatures it is to be noted That Creatures that Liue in the Open Aire Sub Diô must needs haue a Quicker Impression from the Aire than Men that liue most within Doores And especially Birds who liue in the Aire freest and clearest And are aptest by their Voice to tell Tales what they finde And likewise by the Motion of their Flight to expresse the same Water-Fowles as Sea-Gulls More-Hens c. when they flocke and fly together from the Sea towards the Shores And contrariwise Land-Birds as Crowes Swallowes c. when they fly from the Land to the Waters and beat the Waters with their Wings doe fore-shew Raine and Wind. The Cause is Pleasure that both Kindes take in the Moistnesse and Density of the Aire And so desire to be in Motion and vpon the Wing whither soeuer they would otherwise goe For it is no Maruell that Water-Fowle doe ioy most in that Aire which is likest Water And Land-Birds also many of them delight in Bathing and Moist Aire For the same Reason also many Birds doe proine their Feathers And Geese doe gaggle And Crowes seeme to call vpon Raine All which is but the Comfort they seeme to receiue in the Relenting of the Aire The Heron when she foareth high so as sometimes she is seene to passe ouer a Cloud sheweth Winds But Kites flying aloft shew Faire and Dry Weather The Cause may be for that they both mount most into the Aire of that Temper wherein they delight And the Heron being a Water-Fowle taketh pleasure in the Aire that is Condensed And besides being but Heauy of Wing needeth the Helpe of the Grosser Aire But the Kite affecteth not so much the Grossenesse of the Aire as the Cold and Freshnesse thereof For being a Bird of Prey and therefore Hot she delighteth in the Fresh Aire And many times flyeth against the Wind As Trouts and Salmons swimme against the Streame And yet it is true also that all Birds finde an Ease in the depth of the Aire As Swimmers doe in a Deepe Water And therefore when they are aloft they can vphold themselues with their Wings Spred scarce mouing them Fishes when they play towards the Top of the Water doe commonly foretell Raine The Cause is for that a Fish hating the Dry will not approach the Aire till it groweth Moist And when it is Dry will fly it and Swimme Lower Beasts doe take Comfort generally in a Moist Aire And it maketh them eat their Meat better And therefore Sheepe will get vp betimes in the Morning to feed against Raine And Cattell and Deere and Conneyes will feed hard before Raine And a Heifer will put vp his Nose and snuffe in the Aire against Raine The Trifoile against Raine swelleth in the Stalke and so standeth more vpright For by Wet Stalkes doe erect and Leaues bow downe I here is a Small Red Flower in the Stubble-Fields which Country People call the Wincopipe Which if it open in the Morning you may be sure of a faire Day to follow Euen in Men Aches and Hurts and Cornes doe engrieue either towards Raine or towards Frost For the One maketh the Humours more to Abound And the Other maketh them Sharper So we see both Extremes bring the Gout Wormes Vermine c. doe fore-shew likewise Raine For Earth-wormes will come forth and Moules will cast vp more and Fleas bite more against Raine Solide Bodies likewise fore-shew Raine As Stones and Wainscot when they sweat And Boxes and Peggs of Wood when they Draw and Wind hard Though the Former be but from an Outward Cause For that the Stone or Wainscot turneth and beateth backe the Aire against it selfe But the latter is an Inward Swelling of the Body of the Wood it selfe Apetite is moued chiefly by Things that are Cold and Dry The Cause is for that Cold is a Kinde of Indigence of Nature and calleth vpon Supply And so is Drinesse And therefore all Soure Things as Vinegar Iuyce of Limons Oyle of Vitrioll c. prouoke Appetite And the Disease which they call Appetitus Caninus consisteth in the Matter of an Acide and Glassy Flegme in the Mouth of the Stomach Appetite is also moued by Soure Things For that Soure Things induce a Contraction in the Nerues placed in the Mouth of the Stomach Which is a great Cause of Appetite As for the Cause why Onions and Salt and Pepper in Baked Meats moue Appetite it is by Vellication of those Nerues For Motion whetteth As for Worme-Wood Oliues Capers and others of that kinde which participate of Bitternesse they moue Appetite by Abstersion So as there be foure Principall Causes of Appetite The Refrigeration of the Stomach ioyned with some Drinesse Contraction Vellication And Abstersion Besides Hunger which is an Emptinesse And yet Ouer Fasting doth many times cause the Appetite to cease For that Want of Meat maketh the Stomach draw Humours And such Humours as are Light and Cholericke which quench Appetite most It hath beene obserued by the Ancients that where a Raine-Bow seemeth no hang ouer or to touch there breatheth forth a Sweet Smell The Cause is for that this happeneth but in certaine Matters which haue in themselues some Sweetnesse Which the Gentle Dew of the Raine-Bow doth draw forth And the like doe Safe Showers For they also make the Ground Sweet But none are so delicate as the Dew of the Rain-bow where it falleth It may be also that the Water it selfe bath some Sweetnesse For the Raine-Bow consisteth of a Gloâ—â—eration of Small Drops which cannot possibly fall but from the Aire that is very Low And therefore may hold the very Sweetnesse of the Herbs and Flowers as a Distilled Water For Raine and other Dew that fall from high cannot preserue the Smell being dissipated in the drawing vp Neither doe we know whether some Water it selfe may not haue some degree of Sweetnesse It is true that wee finde it sensibly in no Poole Riuer nor Fountaine But good Earth newly turned vp hath a Freshnesse and good Sent Which water if it be not too Equall For Equall Obiects neuer moue the Sense may also haue Certaine it is that Bay-Salt which is but a kinde of Water Congealed will sometimes smell like Violets To Sweet Smells Heat is requisite to Concoct the Matter And some Moisture to Spread the Breath of them For Heat we see that Woods and Spices are more Odorate in the Hot Countries than in the Cold For Moisture we see that Things too much Dried lose their Sweetnesse And Flowers growing smell better in a Morning or Euening than at Noone Some Sweet Smells are
destroyed by Approach to the Fire As Violets Wall-Flowers Gilly-Flowers Pinckes And generally all Flowers that haue Coole and Delicate Spirits Some continue both on the Fire and from the Fire As rose-Rose-Water c. Some doe scarce come forth or at least not so pleasantly as by meanes of the Fire as Iuniper Sweet Gums c. And all Smells that are Enclosed in a Fast Body But generally those Smells are the most Gratefull where the Degree of Heat is Small Or where the Strength of the Smell is allayed For these Things doe rather wooe the Sense than Satiate it And therefore the Smell of Violets and Roses exceedeth in Sweetnesse that of Spices and Gummes And the Strongest Sort of Smells are best in a weft a farre off It is certaine that no Smell issueth but with Emission of some Corporeall Substance Not as it is in Light and Colours and in Sounds For wee see plainly that Smell doth spread nothing that distance that the other doe It is true that some Woods of Orenges and Heathes of Rose-Mary will Smell a great way into the Sea perhaps twenty Miles But what is that since a Peale of Ordnance will do as much which moueth in a small compasse Whereas those Woods and Heathes are of Vast Spaces Besides we see that Smells doe adhere to Hard Bodies As in Persuming of Gloues c. which sheweth them Corporeall And doe Last a great while which Sounds and Light doe not The Excrements of most Creatures Smell ill Chiefly to the same Creature that voideth them For we see besides that of Man that Pigeons and Horses thriue best if their Houses and Stables be kept Sweet And so of Cage-Birds And the Cat burieth that which shee voideth And it holdeth chiefly in those Beasts which feed vpon Flesh. Dogs almost onely of Beasts delight in Fetide Odours Which sheweth there is somewhat in their Sense of Smell differing from the Smells of other Beasts But the Cause why Excrements smell ill is manifest For that the Body it selfe reiecteth them Much more the Spirits And we see that those Excrements that are of the First Digestion Smell the worst As the Excrements from the Belly Those that are from the Second Digestion lesse ill As Vrine And those that are from the Third yet lesse For Sweat is not so bad as the other two Especially of some Persons that are full of Heat Likewise most Putrefactions are of an Odious Smell For they smell either Fetide or Mouldy The Cause may be for that Putrefaction doth bring forth such a Consistence as is most Contrary to the Consistence of the Body whilst it is Sound For it is a meere dissolution of that Forme Besides there is another Reason which is Profound And it is that the Obiects that please any of the Senses haue all some Equality and as it were Order in their Composition But where those are wanting the Obiect is euer Ingrate So Mixture of many Disagreeing Colours is euer vnpleasant to the Eye Mixture of Discordant Sounds is vnpleasant to the Eare Mixture or Hotch-Potch of many Tastes is vnpleasant to the Taste Harshnesse and Ruggednesse of Bodies is vnpleasant to the Touch Now it is certaine that all Putrefaction being a Dissolution of the first Forme is a meere Confusion and Vnformed Mixture of the Part. Neuerthelesse it is strange and seemeth to Crosse the former Obseruation that some Putrefactions and Excrements doe yeeld Excellent Odours As Ciuet and Muske And as some thinke Amber-Greece For diuers take it though vnprobably to come from the Sperme of Fish And the Mosse wee spake of from Apple-Trees is little better than an Excretion The Reason may be for that there passeth in the Excrements and remaineth in the Putrefactions some good Spirits especially where they proceed from Creatures that are very Hot. But it may be also ioyned with a further Cause which is more Subtill And it is that the Senses loue not to be Ouerpleased But to haue a Câ—â—â—â—â—â— of somewhat is in it selfe Ingrate Certainly we see how Discords in Musicke falling vpon Concords make the Sweetest Straines And we see againe what Strange Tastes delight the Taste As Red-Herrings Caueary Parmizan c. And it may be the same holdeth in Smells For those kinde of Smells that we haue mentioned are all Strong and doe Pull and Vellicate the Sense And wee finde also that Places where Men Vrine commonly haue some smell of Violets And Vrine if one hath eaten Nutmegge hath so too The Sloathfull Generall and Indefinite Contemplations and Notions of the Elements and their Coniugations Of the Influences of Heauen Of Heat Cold Moisture Drought Qualities Active Passive And the like haue swallowed vp the true Passages and Processes and Affects and Consistences of Matter and Naturall Bodies Therefore they are to be set aside being but Notionall and ill Limited And Definite Axiomes are to be drawne out of Measured Instances And so Assent to be made to the more Generall Axiomes by Scale And of these Kindes of Processes of Natures and Characters of Matter we will now set downe some Instances All Putrefactions come chiefly from the Inward Spirits of the Body And partly also from the Ambient Body be it Aire Liquour or whatsoeuer else And this last by two Meanes Either by Ingresse of the Substance of the Ambient Body into the Body Putrified Or by Excitation and Sollicitation of the Body Putrified and the Parts thereof by the Body Ambient As for the Receiued Opinion that Putrefaction is caused either by Cold or Peregrine and Preternaturall Heat it is but Nugation For Cold in Things Inanimate is the greatest Enemy that is to Putrefaction though it extinguisheth Viuification which euer consisteth in Spirits Attenuate which the Cold doth congeale and coagulate And as for the Peregrins Heat it is thus farre true That if the Proportion of the Aduentiue Heat be greatly Predominant to the Naturall Heat and Spirits of the Body it tendeth to Dissolution or Notable Alteration But this is wrought by Emission or Suppression or Suffocation of the Natiue Spirits And also by the Disordination and Discomposture of the Tangible Parts And other Passages of Nature And not by a Conflict of Heats In Versions or Maine Alterations of Bodies there is a Medium between the Body as it is at first and the Body Resulting which Medium is Corpus imperfectè Mistum and is Transitory and not durable As Mists Smoaks Vapours Chylus in the Stomach Liuing Creatures in the first Vinification And the Middle Action which produceth such Imperfect Bodies is fitly called by some of the Ancients Inquination or Inconcoction which is a Kinde of Putrefaction For the Parts are in Confusion till they settle one way or other The word Concoction or Digestion is chiefly taken into vse from Liuing Creatures and their Organs And from thence extended to Liquours and Fruits c. Therefore they speake of Meat Concocted Vrine and Excrements Concocted And the Foure
wholesome Drinke and very Cleare They vse also in Wales a Compound Drinke of Mead with Herbs and Spices But meane-while it were good in recompence of that wee haue lost in Honey there were brought in vse a Sugar Meadâ— for so wee may call it though without any Mixture at all of Honey And to brew it and keepe it stale as they vse Mead For certainly though it would not be so Abster siue and Opening and Solutiue a Drinke as Mead yet it will be more gratefull to the Stomach and more Lenitiue and fit to be vsed in Sharpe Diseases For wee see that the vse of Sugar in Beere and Ale hath good Effects in such Cases It is reported by the Ancients that there was a Kinde of Steele in some places which would polish almost as white and bright as Siluer And that there was in India a Kinde of Brasse which being polished could scarce be discerned from Gold This was in the Naturall Vre But I am doubtfull whether Men haue sufficiently refined Metals which we count Base As whether Iron Brasse and Tinne be refined to the Heighth But when they come to such a Finenesse as serueth the ordinary vse they trie no further There haue beene found certaine Cements vnder Earth that are very Soft And yet taken forth into the Sunne harden as Hard as Marble There are also ordinary Quarries in Sommerset-Shire which in the Quarry cut soft to any Bignesse and in the Building proue firme and hard Liuing Creatures generally doe change their Haire with Age turning to be Gray and White As is seene in Men though some Earlier some Later In Horses that are Dappled and turne White In Old Squirrels that turne Grisly And many Others So doe some Birds As Cygnets from Gray turne White Hawkes from Browne turne more White And some Birds there be that vpon their Moulting doe turne Colour As Robin-Redbrests after their Moulting grow to be Red againe by degrees So doe Gold-Finches vpon the Head The Cause is for that Moisture doth chiefly colour Haire and Feathers And Drinesse turneth them Gray and White Now Haire in Age waxeth Drier So doe Feathers As for Feathers after Moulting they are Young Feathers and so all one as the Feathers of Young Birds So the Beard is younger than the Haire of the Head and doth for the most part wax Hoare later Out of this Ground a Man may deuise the Meanes of Altering the Colour of Birds and the Retardation of Heare-Haires But of this see the fifth Experiment The Difference betweene Male and Female in some Creatures is not to be discerned otherwise than in the Parts of Generation As in Horses and Mares Dogs and Bitches Doues He and She and others But some differ in Magnitude and that diuersly For in most the Male is the greater As in Man Pheasants Peacocks Turkey's and the like And in some few as in Hawkes the Female Some differ in the Haire and Feathers both in the Quantitie Crispation and Colours of them As He-Lions are Miâ—sute and haue great Maines The She 's are smooth like Cats Bulls are more Crispe vpon the Fore-head than Cowes The Peacocke and Pheasant-Cocke and Gold-Finch-Cocke haue glorious and fine Colours The Henn's haue not Generally the Hees in Birds haue the fairest Feathers Some differ in diuers Features As Bucks haue Hornes Doe's none Rammes haue more wreathed Hornes than Ewes Cocks haue great Combes and Spurres Henns little or none Boares haue great Fangs Sowes much lesse The Turky-Cocke hath great and Swelling Gills the Hen hath lesse Men haue generally Deeper and Stronger Voices than Women Some differ in Facultie As the Cocks amongst Singing Birds are the best Singers The Chiefe Cause of all these no doubt is for that the Males haue more Strength of Heat than the Females Which appeareth manifestly in this that all young Creatures Males are like Females And so are Eunuchs and Gelt Creatures of all kinds liker Females Now Heat causeth Greatnesse of Growth generally where there is Moisture enough to worke vpon But if there be found in any Creature which is seene rarely an Ouer-great Heat in proportion to the Moisture in them the Female is the greater As in Hawkes and Sparrowes And if the Heat be ballanced with the Moisture then there is no Difference to be seene betweene Male and Female As in the Instances of Horses and Dogs Wee see also that the Hornes of Oxen and Cowes for the most part are Larger than the Bulls which is caused by abundance of Moisture which in the Hornes of the Bull failethâ— Againe Heat causeth Pilosuy and Crispation And so likewise Beards in Men. It also expelleth finer Moisture which Want of Heat cannot Expell And that is the Cause of the Beauty and Variety of Feathers Againe Heat doth put forth many Excreseences and much Solide Matter which Want of Heat cannot do And this is the Cause of Hornes and of the Greatnesse of them And of the Greatnesse of the Combes and Spurres of Cocks Gills of Turky-Cocks and Fangs of Boares Heat also dilateth the Pipes and Organs which causeth the Deepnesse of the Voice Againe Heat refineth the Spirits and that causeth the Cock-Singing Bird to Excell the Hen. There be Fishes greater than any Beasts As the Whale is farre greater than the Elephant And Beasts are generally greater than Birds For Fishes the Cause may be that because they Liue not in the Aire they haue not their Moisture drawne and Soaked by the Aire and Sun-Beames Also they rest alwaies in a manner and are supported by the Water whereas Motion and Labour doe consuine As for the Greatnesse of Beasts more than of Birds it is caused for that Beasts stay Longer time in the Wombe than Birds and there Nourish and Grow Whereas in Birds after the Egge Lay'd there is no further Growth or Nourishment from the Female For the Sitting doth Vinifie and not Nourish We haue partly touched before the Meanes of Producing Fruits without Coares or Stones And this we adde further that the Cause must be Abundance of Moisture For that the Coare and Stone are made of a Dry Sapâ— And we see that it is possible to make a Tree put forth onely in Blossome without Fruit As in Cherries with Double Flowers Much more into Fruit without Stone or Coares It is reported that a Cions of an Apple grafted vpon a Coloâ—â—â— Stalke sendeth forth a great Apple without a Coare It is not vnlikely that if the Inward Pith of a Tree were taken out so that the Iuyce came onely by the Barke it would worke the Effect For it hath beene obserued that in Pollards if the Water get in on the Top and they become Hollow they put forth the more We adde also that it is deliuered for certaine by some that if the Cions be grafted the Small End downwards it will make Fruit haue little or no Coares and Stones Tobacco is a thing of great Price if it be in request For
So Curious Painting in Small Volumes and Reading of Small Letters doe hurt the Eye by Contraction It hath beene obserued that in Anger the Eyes wax Red And in Blushing not the Eyes but the Eares and the Parts behinde them The Cause is for that in Anger the Spirits ascend and wax Eager Which is most easily seene in the Eyes because they are Translucide Though withall it maketh both the Cheekes and the Gills Red But in Blushing it is true the Spirits ascend likewise to Succour both the Eyes and the Face which are the Parts that labour But then they are repulsed by the Eyes for that the Eyes in Shame doe put backe the Spirits that ascend to them as vnwilling to looke abroad For no Men in that Passion doth looke strongly but Deiectedly And that Repulsion from the Eyes Diuerteth the Spirits and Heat more to the Eares and the Parts by them The Obiects of the Sight may cause a great Pleasure and Delight in the Spirits but no Paine or great Offence Except it be by Memory as hath beene said The Glimpses and Beames of Diamonds that strike the Eye Indian Feathers that haue glorious Colours The Comming into a Faire Garden The Comming into a Faire Roome richly furnished A Beautifull Person And the like doe delight and exhilarate the Spirits much The Reason why it holdeth not in the Offence is for that the Sight is the most Spirituall of the Senses whereby it hath no Obiect Grosse enough to offend it But the Cause chiefly is for that there be no Actiue Obiects to offend the Eye For Harmonicall Sounds and Discordant Sounds are both Actiue and Positiue So are Sweet Smels and Stinks So are Bitter and Sweet in Tastes So are Ouer-Hot and Ouer-Cold in Touch But Blacknesse and Darknesse are indeed but Priuatiues And therefore haue little or no Actiuitie Somewhat they doe Contristate but very little Water of the Sea or otherwise looketh Blacker when it is moued and Whiter when it resteth The Cause is for that by meanes of the Motion the Beames of light passe not Straight and therefore must be darkened whereas when it resteth the Beames doe passe Straight Besides Splendour hath a Degree of Whitenesse Especially if there be a little Repercussion For a Looking-Glasse with the Steele behinde looketh Whiter than Glasse Simple This Experiment deserueth to be driuen further in Trying by what Meanes Motion may hinder Sight Shell-Fish haue beene by some of the Ancients compared and sorted with the Insecta But I see no reason why they should For they haue Male and Female as other Fish haue Neither are they bred of Putrefaction Especially such as doe Moue Neuerthelesse it is certaine that Oisters and Cockles and Mussles which Moue not haue no discriminate Sex Quare in what time and how they are bred It seemeth that Shells of Oisters are bred where none were before A 〈◊〉 tried that the great Horse-Mussle with the fine shell that breedeth in Ponds hath bred within thirty yeares But then which is strange it hath beene tried that they doe not only Gape and Shut as the Oisters doe but Remone from one Place to Another The Senses are alike Strong both on the Right Side and on the Left But the Limmes on the Right Side are Stronger The Cause may be for that the Braine which is the Instrument of Sense is alike on both Sides But Motion and Habilities of Mouing are somewhat holpen from the Liner which lieth on the Right Side It may be also for that the Senses are put in Exercise indifferently on both Sides from the Time of our Birth But the Limmes are vsed most on the Right Side whereby Custome helpeth For wee see that some are Left-Handed Which are such as haue vsed the Left-Hand most Frictions make the Parts more Fleshie and Full As wee see both in Men And in Carrying of Horses c. The Cause is for that they draw greater Quantitie of Spirits and Blond to the Parts And againe because they draw the Aliment more forcibly from within And againe because they relax the Pores and so make better Passage for the Spirits Blond and Aliment Lastly because they dissipate and disgest any Inutile or Excrementitious Moisture which lieth in the Flesh All which helpe Assimilation Frictions also doe more Fâ—ll and Impinguate the Body than Exercise The Cause is for that in Frictions the Inward Parts are at rest Which in Exercise are beaten many times too much And for the same Reason as we haue noted heretofore Gally-Slaues are Fat and Fleshie because they stirre the Limmes more and the Inward Parts lesse All Globes afarre off appeare Flat The Cause is for that Distance being a Secundary Obiect of Sight is not otherwise discerned than by more or lesse Light which Disparitie when it cannot be discerned all seemeth One As it is generally in Obiects not distinctly discerned For so Letters if they be so farre off as they cannot be discerned shew but as a Duskish Paper And all Engrauings and Embossings afarre off appeare Plaine The Vtmost Parts of Shadowes seeme euer to Tremble The Cause is for that the little Moats which wee see in the Sunne doe euer Stirre though there be no Wind And therefore those Mouing in the Meeting of the Light and the Shadow from the Light to the Shadow and from the Shadow to the Light doe shew the Shadow to Moue because the Medium Moueth Shallow and Narrow Seas Breake more than Deepe and Large The Cause is for that the Impulsion being the same in Both Where there is great Quantitie of â—â—â— and likewise Space Enough there the Water Rowleth and Moueth both more Slowly and with a Sloper Rise and Fall But where there is lesse Water and lesse Space and the Water dasheth more against the Bottome there it moueth more Swiftly and more in Precipice For in the Breaking of the Wanes there is euer a Precipice It hath beene obserued by the Ancients that salt-Salt-Water Boyled or Boyled and Cooled againe is more Potable than of it selfe Raw And yet the Taste of Salt in Distillations by Fire riseth not For the Distilled Water will be Fresh The Cause may be for that the Salt Part of the Water doth partly rise into a Kinde of Scumme on the Top And partly goeth into a Sediment in the Bottome And so is rather a Separation than an Euaporation But it is too grosse to rise into a Vapour And so is a Bitter Taste likewise For Simple Distilled Waters of Wormewood and the like are not Bitter It hath beene set downe before that Pits vpon the Sea-Shoare turne into Fresh Water by Percolation of the Salt through the Sand But it is further noted by some of the Ancients that in some Places of Affricke after a time the Water in such Pits will become Brackish againe The Cause is for that after a time the very Sands thorow which the Salt-Water passeth become Salt And so the
Strainer it selfe is tincted with Salt The Remedie therefore is to digge still New Pits when the old wax Brackish As if you would change your Strainer It hath beene obserued by the Ancients that Salt Water will dissolue Salt put into it in lesse time than Fresh Water will dissolue it The Cause may be for that the Salt in the Precedent Water doth by Similitude of Substance draw the Salt new put in vnto it Whereby it diffuseth in the Liquour more speedily This is a Noble Experiment if it be true For it sheweth Meanes of more Quicke and Easie Infusions And it is likewise a good Instance of Attraction by Similitude of Substance Trie it with Sugar put into Water formerly Sugred And into other Water Vnsugred Put Sugar into Wine part of it aboue part vnder the Wine And you shall finde that which may seeme strange that the Sugar aboue the Wine will soften and dissolue sooner than that within the Wine The Cause is for that the Wine entreth that Part of the Sugar which is vnder the Wine by Simple Infusion or Spreading But that Part aboue the Wine is likewise forced by Sacking For all Spungie Bodies expell the Aire and draw in Liquour if it be Contiguous As wee see it also in Spunges put part aboue the Water It is worthy the Inquiry to see how you may make more Accurate Infusions by Helpe of Attraction Water in Wells is warmer in Winter than in Summer And so Aire in Caues The Cause is for that in the Hither Parts vnder the Earth there is a Degree of some Heat As appeareth in Sulphureous Veines c. Which shur close in as in Winter is the More But if it Peripire as it doth in Summer it is the Lesse It is reported that amongst the Leucadians in Ancient time vpon a Superstition they did vse to Precipitate a Man from a High Cliffe into the Sea Tying about him with Strings at some distance many great Fowles And fixing vnto his Body diuers Feathers spred to breake the Fast. Certainly many Birds of good Wing As Kites and the like would beare vp a good Weight as they file And Spreading of Feathers thinne and close and in great Bredth will likewise beare vp a great Weight Being euen laid without Tilting vpon the Sides The further Extension of this Experiment for Flying may be thought vpon There is in some Places namely in Cephalonia a little Shrub which they call Holy-Oake or Dwarfe-Oake Vpon the Leaues whereof there riseth a Tumour like a Blister Which they gather and rub out of it a certaine Red Dust that conuerteth after a while into Wormes which they kill with Wine as is reported when they begin to Quicken With this Dust they die Scarlet In Zant it is very ordinary to make Men Impotent to accompany with their Wines The like is Practised in Gasconie Where it is called Nouër l' eguillette It is practised alwayes vpon the Wedding Day And in Zant the Mothers themselues doe it by way of Preuention Because thereby they hinder other Charmes and can vndoe their Owne It is a Thing the Ciuill Law taketh knowledge of And therefore is of no Light Regard It is a Common Experiment but the Cause is mistaken Take a Pot Or better a Glasse because therein you may see the Motion And set a Candle lighted in the Bottome of a Basen of Water And turne the Mouth of the Pot or Glasse ouer the Candle and it will make the Water rise They ascribe it to the Drawing of Heat Which is not true For it appeareth plainly to be but a Motion of Nexe which they call Ne detur vacuum And it proceedeth thus The Flame of the Candle as soone as it is couered being suffocated by the Close Aire lesseneth by little and little During which time there is some little Ascent of Water but not much For the Flame Occupying lesse and lesse Roome as it lesseneth the Water succeedeth But vpon the Instant of the Candles Going out there is a sudden Rise of a great deale of Water For that the Body of the Flame filleth no more Place And so the Aire and the Water succeed It worketh the same Effect if in stead of Water you put Flower or Sand into the Basen Which sheweth that it is not the Flames Drawing the Liquour as Nourishment As it is supposed For all Bodies are alike vnto it As it is euer in Motion of Nexe Insomuch as I haue seene the Glasse being held by the Hand hath lifted vp the Basen and all The Motion of Nexe did so Claspe the Bottome of the Basen That Experiment when the Basen was lifted vp was made with Oyle and not with Water Neuerthelesse this is true that at the very first Setting of the Mouth of the Glasse vpon the Bottome of the Basen it draweth vp the Water a little and then standeth at a Stay almost till the Candles Going out as was said This may shew some Attraction at first But of this we will speake more when we handle Attractions by Heat Of the Power of the Gelestiall Bodies and what more Secret Influences they haue besides the two Manifest Influences of Heat and Light We shall speake when we handle Experiments touching the Celestiall Bodies Meane-while wee will giue some Directions for more certaine Trials of the Vertue and Influences of the Moone which is our Nearest Neighbour The Influences of the Moone most obserued are Foure The Drawing forth of Heat The Inducing of Putrefaction The Increase of Moisture The Exciting of the Motions of Spirits For the Drawing forth of Heat we haue formerly prescribed to take Water Warme and to set Part of it against the Moone-Beames and Part of it with a Skreene betweene And to see whether that which standeth Exposed to the Beames will not Coole sooner But because this is but a Small Interposition though in the Sunne wee see a Small Shade doth much it were good to try it when the Moone shineth and when the Moone shineth not at all And with Water Warme in a Glasse-Bottle as well as in a Dish And with Câ—â—â—rs And with Iron Red-Hot c. For the Inâ—â—â—ing of Putrefaction it were good to try it with Flesh or Fish Exposed to the Moone-Beames And againe Exposed to the Aire when the Moone shineth not for the like time To see whether will corrupt sooner And try it also with Capon or some other Fowle laid abroad to see whether it will mortifie and become tender sooner Try it also with Dead Flies or Dead Wormes hauing a little Water cast vpon them to see whether will Putrifie sooner Try it also with an Apple or Orenge hauing Holes made in their Tops to see whether will Rot or Mould soonerâ— Try it also with Holland-Cheese hauing Wine put into it whether will breed Mites sooner or greater For the Increase of Moisture the Opinion Receiued is That Seeds will grow soonest And Haire and Nailes and Hedges and
People within Houses As in Churches At Arraignments At Playes and Solemnities And the like For Poysoning of Aire is no lesse dangerous than Poysoning of Water Which hath beene vsed by the Turkes in the Warres And was vsed by Emanuel Commenus towards the Christians when they passed thorow his Countrey to the Holy Land And these Empoisonments of Aire are the more dangerous in Meetings of People Because the much Breath of People doth further the Reception of the Infection And therefore where any such Thing is feared it were good those Publique Places were perfumed before the Assemblies The Empoysonment of Particular Persons by Odours hath beene reported to be in Perfumed Gloues or the like And it is like they Mingle the Poyson that is dexdly with some Smels that are Sweet which also maketh it the sooner receiued Plagues also haue been raised by Annointings of the Chinckes of Doores and the like Nor so much by the Touch as for that it is common for Men when they finde any thing Wet vpon their Fingers to put them to their Nose Which Men therefore should take heed how they doe The best is that these Compositions of Infectious Aires cannot be made without Danger of Death to them that make them But then againe they may haue some Antidotes to saue themselues So that Men ought not to be secure of it There haue beene in diuers Countries great Plagues by the Putrefaction of great Swarmes of Grasse-Hoppers and Lâ—custs when they haue beene dead and cast vpon Heaps It hapneth oft in Mines that there are Damps which kill either by Suffocation or by the Poysonous Nature of the Minerall And those that deale much in Refining or other Workes about Metals and Minerals haue their Braines Hurt and Stupefied by the Metalline Vapours Amongst which it is noted that the Spirits of Quick-Siluer euer fly to the Skull Teeth or Bones In so much as Gilders vse to haue a Peece of Gold in their Mouth to draw the Spirits of the Quick-Siluer Which Gold afterwards they finde to be Whintened There are also certaine Lakes and Pits such as that of Anernus that Poyson Birds as is said which fly ouer them Or Men that stay too long about them The Vapour of Char-Code or Sea-Coale in a Close Roome hath killed many And it is the more dangerous because it commeth without any Tll Smell But stealeth on by little and little Enducing only a Fâ—â—â—nesse without any Manifest Strangling When the Dutch-Men Wintred at Noua Zembla and that they could gather no more Stickes they fell to make Fire of some Sea-Coale they had wherewith at first they were much refreshed But a little after they had sit about the Fire there grew a Generall Silence and lothnesse to speake amongst them And immediately after One of the Weakest of the Company fell downe in a Swoune Whereupon they doubting what it was opened their doore to let in Aire and so saued themselues The Effect no doubt is wrought by the Inspissation of the Aire And so of the Breath and Spirits The like ensueth in Roomes newly Plastered if a Fire be made in them Whereof no lesse Man than the Emperour Ioninianus Died. Vide the Experiment 803. touching the Infectious Nature of the Aire vpon the First Showers after long Drought It hath come to passe that some Apothecaries vpon Stamping of Coloquintida haue beene put into a great Skâ—â—ring by the Vapour onely It hath beene a Practise to burne a Pepper they call Ginny-Pepper Which hath such a strong Spirit that it prouoketh a Continuall Sneezing in those that are in the Roome It is an Ancient Tradition that Bleare-Byes infect Sound-Eyes And that a Menstruous Woman looking vpon a Glasse doth rust it Nay they haue an Opinion which seemeth Fabulous That Menstruous Women going ouer a Field or Garden doe Corne and Herbes good by Killing the Wormes The Tradition is no lesse Ancient that the Bafiliske killeth by Aspect And that the Wolfe if he see a Man first by Aspect striketh a Man hoarse Perfumes Conuenient doe dry and strengthen the Braine And stay Rbeumes and Defluxions As we finde in Fame of Rose-Mary dryed and Lignum Aloës and Calamus taken at the Mouth and Nosthrils And no doubt there be other Perfumes that doe moisten and refresh And are fit to be vsed in Burning Agues Consumptions and too much Wakefulnesse Such as are Rose-Water Vinegar Limon-Pills Violets the Leanes of Vines sprinckled with a little Rose-Water c. They doe vse in Sudden Faintings and Swonnings to put a Handkerchiefe with Rose Water or a Little Vinegar to the Nose Which gathereth together againe the Spirits which are vpon point to resolue and fall away Tobacco comforteth the Spirits and dischargeth Wearinesse Which it worketh partly by Opening But chiefly by the Opiate Vertue which condenseth the Spirits It were good therefore to try the Taking of Fumes by Pipes as they doe in Tobacco of other Things As well to dry and comfort as for other Intentions I wish Triall be made of the Drying Fume of Rose-Mary and Lignum Aloës before mentioned in Pipe And so of Nutmeg and Folium Indum c. The Following of the Plough hath been approued for Refreshing the Spirits and Procuring Appetite But to doe it in the Ploughing for Wheat or Rye is not so good Because the Earth hath spent her Sweet Breath in Vegetables put forth in Summer It is better therefore to doe it when you sow Barley But because Ploughing is tied to Seasons it is best to take the Aire of the Earth new turned vp by Digging with the Spade Or Standing by him that Diggeth Gentlewomen may doe themselues much good by kneeling vpon a Cushion and Weeding And these Things you may practise in the best Seasons Which is euer the Early Spring before the Earth putteth forth the Vegetables And in the Sweetest Earth you can chuse It would be done also when the Dew is a little off the Ground lest the Vapour be too Moist I knew a great Man that liued Long who had a Cleane Clod of Earth brought to him euery Morning as he sate in his Bed And he would hold his Head ouer it a good pretty while I Commend also sometimes in Digging of New Earth to poure in some Malmesey or Greeke Wine That the Vapour of the Earth and Wine together may comfort the Spirits the more Prouided alwaies it be not taken for a Heathen Sacrifice or Libation to the Earth They haue in Physicke Vse of Pomanders and Knots of Powders for Drying of Rheumes Comforting of the Heart Prouking of Sleepe c. For though those Things be not so Strong as Perfumes yet you may haue them continually in your Hand whereas Perfumes you can take but at Times And besides there be diuers Things that breath better of themselues than when they come to the Fire As Nigella Romana the Seed of Melanthium Aâ—oâ—num c. There be two Things which inwardly vsed doe Coole and condense the Spirits
must be Wrapped vp Close as farre as the Ointment goeth that it taketh no Wind. Ninthly the Ointment if you wipe it off from the Sword and keepe it will Serue againe and rather Increase in Vertue than Diminish Tenthly it will Cure in farte Shorter Time than Ointments of Wounds commonly doe Lastly it will Cure a Beast as well as a Man which I like best of all the rest because it subiecteth the Matter to an Easie Triall I would haue Men know that though I reprehend the Easie Passing ouer of the Causes of Things by Ascribing them to Secret and Hidden Vertues and Proprieties For this hath arrested and laid asleepe all true Enquiry and Indications yet I doe not vnderstand but that in the Practicall Part of Knowledge much will be left to Experience and Probation whereunto Indication cannot so fully reach And this not onely in Specie but in Indiuiduo So in Physicke if you will cure the Iaundies it is not enough to say that the Medicine must not be Cooling For that will hinder the Opening which the Disease requireth That it must not be Hot For that will exasperate Choler That it must goe to the Gall For there is the Obstruction which causeth the Disease c. But you must receiue from Experience that Powder of Chamapytis or the like drunke in Beere is good for the Iaundies So againe a wise Physitian doth not continue still the same Medicine to a Patient But he will vary if the first Medicine doth not apparently succeed For of those Remedies that are good for the Iaundies Stone Agues c. that will doe good in one Body which will not doe good in Another According to the Correspondence the Medicine hath to the Indiuduall Body The Delight which Men haue in Popularity Fame Honour Submission and Subiection of other Mens Mindes Wills or Affections although these Things may be desired for other Ends seemeth to be a Thing in it selfe without Contemplation of Consequence Gratefull agreeable to the Nature of Man This Thing surely is not without some Signification as if all Spirits and Soules of Men came forth out of one Diuine Limbus Else why should Men be so much affected with that which others thinke or say The best Temper of Mindes desireth Good Name and True Honour The Lighter Popularity and Applause The more depraued Subiection and Tyranny As is seene in great Conquerours and Troublers of the World And yet more in Arch-Heretickes for the Introducing of new Doctrines is likewise an Affectation of Tyranny ouer the Vnderstandings and Beleefes of Men. A TABLE OF the Experiments Century I. OF Strayning or Percolation Outward and inward Experiments 8. page 1 Of Motion vpon Pressure Experiments 5. page 3 Of Separations of Bodies Liquid by weight Exper. 3. pag. 4 Of Infusions in Water and Aire Exper. 7. pag. 5 Of the Appetite of Continuation in Liquids Exper. 1 pag. 6 Of Artificiall Springs Exper. 1. pag. 7 Of the Venemous Quality of Mans Siesh Exp. 1. ibid. Of Turning Aire into Water Exp. 1. pag. 8 Of Helping or Altering the Shape of the Body Exp. 1. ibid. Of Condensing of Aire to yeeld Weight or Nourishment Exp. 1. pag. 9 Of Flame and Aire Commixed Exp. 1. pag. 10 Of the Secret Nature of Flame Exp. 1. ibid. Of Flame in the Midst and on the Sides Exp. 1. pag. 11 Of Motion of Grauity Exp. 1. ibid. Of Contraction of Bodies in Bulke Exp. 1. pag. 12 Of making Vines more fruitfull Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Seuerall Operations of Purging Medicines Exp. 9. ibid. Of Meats and Drinkes most Nourishing Exp. 15. pag. 15 Of Medicines applied in Order Exp. 1. pag. 19 of Cure by Custome Exp. 1. pag. 20 Of Cure by Excesse Exp. 1. ibid. Of Cure by Motion of Consent Exp. 1. ibid. Of Cure of Diseases contrary to Predisposuion Exp. 1 pag. 21 Of Preparation before and after Purging Exp. 1. ibid. Of Stanching Bloud Exp. 1. pag. 22 Of Change of Aliments and Medicines Exp. 1. ibid. Of Diets Exp. 1. ibid. Of Production of Cold. Exp. 7. ibid. Of Turning Aire into water Exp. 7. pag. 24 Of Induration of Bodies Exp. 8. pag. 26 Of Preying of Aire vpon Water Exp. 1. pag. 28 Of the Force of Vnion Exp. 1. pag. 29 Of Making Feathers and Haires of diuers Colours Exp. 1. ibid. Of Nourishment of young Creatures in the Egge or Wombe Exp. 1. pag. 30 Of Sympathy and Antipathy Exp. 3. ibid. Of the Spirits or Pneumaticalls in Bodies Exp. 1. pag. 31 Of the Power of Heat Exp. 1. pag. 32 Of Impossibility of Annihilation Exp. 1. pag. 33 Century II. OF Musicke Exp. 14. page 35 Of the Nullity and Entity of Sounds Exp. 9. page 39 Of Production Conseruation and Delation of Sounds Exp. 14. p. 41 Of Magnitude Exility and Damps of Sounds Exp. 25 pag. 45 Of Loudnesse and Softnesse of Sounds Exp. 3. pag. 49 Of Communication of Sounds Exp. 3. ibid. Of Equality and Inequality of Sounds Exp. 9. pag. 50 Of more Treble and Base Tones Exp. 6. pag. 52 Of Proportion of Treble and Base Exp. 4. pag. 53 of Exteriour and Interiour Sounds Exp. 4. pag. 54 Of Articulation of Sounds Exp. 9. ibid. Century III. OF the Lines in which Sounds moue Exp. 6. pag. 57 Of the Lasting or Perishing of Sounds Exp. 5. pag. 58 Of the Passage or Interception of Sounds Exp. 5. pag. 59 Of the Medium of Sounds Exp. 4. pag. 60 Of the Figures of Bodies yeelding Sounds Exp. 3. pag. 61 Of Mixture of Sounds Exp. 5. pag. 62 Of Melioration of Sounds Exp. 7 pag. 63 Of Imitation of Sounds Exp. 6 pag. 64 Of Reflexion of Sounds Exp. 13 pag. 65 Of Consent and Dissent betweene Audibles and Visibles Exp. 23 pg. 68 Of Sympathie and Antipathie of Sounds Exp. 5. pag. 72 Of Hindring or Helping of Hearing Exp. 4. pag. 73 Of the Spiritual and Fine Nature of Sounds Exp. 4. ibid. Of Orient Colours in Dissolutions of Metalls Exp. 1. pag. 74 Of Prolongation of Life Exp. 1. pag. 75 Of the Appetite of Vnion in Bodies Exp. 1. ibid. Of the like Operations of Heat and Time Exp. 1. pag. 76 Of the Differing Operations of Fire and Time Exp. 1. ibid. Of Motions by Imitation Exp. 1. ibid. Of Infectious of Diseases Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Incorporation of Powders and Liquours Exp. 1. pag. 77 Of Exercise of the Body And the Benefits or Euils thereof Exp. 1. ibid. Of Meats soone Glutting or No Glutting Exp. 1. ibid. Century IV. Of Clarification of Liquours and the Accelerating thereof Exp. II. pag. 81 Of Maturation and the Accelerating thereof And of the Maturation of Drinks and Fruits Exp. 15. pag. 83 Of Making Gold Exp. 1. pag. 86 Of the Seuerall Natures of Gold Exp. 1. pag. 88 Of Inducing and Accelerating Putrefaction Exp. 12. ibid. Of Prohibiting and Preuenting Putrefaction Exp. 11. pag. 90 Of Rotten Wood Shining Exp. 1. pag. 93 Of Acceleration of Birth Exp. 1. pag. 94 Of Acceleration of Growth and Stature Exp.
1. ibid. Of Bodies Sulphureous and Mercuriall Exp. 5. pag. 95 Of the Chameleon Exp. 1. pag. 96 Of Subterrany Fires Exp. 1. pag. 97 Of Nitrous Water Exp. 1. ibid. Of Congealing of Aire Exp. 1. ibid. Of Congealing Water into Crystall Exp. 1. ibid. Of Preseruing the Smell and Colour in Rose-Leaues Exp. 1. pag. 98 Of the Lasting of Flame Exp. 10. ibid. Of Infusions or Burialls of diuers Bodies in Earth Exp. 5. pag. 101 Of the Affects of Mens Bodies from seuerall Winds Exp. 1. pag. 102 Of Winter and Summer Sicknesses Exp. 1. ibid. Of Pestilentiall Yeares Exp. 1. ibid. Of Epidemicall Diseases Exp. 1. ibid. Of Preseruation of Liquours in Wells or deepe Vaults Exp. 1. ibid. Of Stutting Exp. 1. pag. 103 Of Sweet Smells Exp. 4. ibid. Of the Goodnesse and Choice of Waters Exp. 7. pag. 104 Of Temperate Heats vnder the AEquinoctiall Exp. 1. pag. 105 Of the Colouration of Blacke and Tawney Moores Exp. 1. ibid. Of Motion after the instant of Death Exp. 1. pag. 106 Century V. OF Accelerating or Hastening forward Germination Exper. 12. pag. 109 Of Retarding or putting backe Germination Exp. 9. pag. 112 Of Meliorating or making better Fruits and Plants Exp. 55. pag. 114 Of Compound Fruits and Flowers Exp. 3. pag. 122 Of Sympathy and Antipathy of Plants Exp. 19. pag. 123 Of Making Herbs and Fruits Medicinable Exp. 2. pag. 128 Century VI. OF Curiosities about Fruits and Plants Exp. 17. pag. 131 Of the Degenerating of Plants And of their Transmutation one into another Exp. 14. pag. 135 Of the Proceritie and Lownesse of Plants And of Artificiall Dwarsing them Exp. 5. pag. 138 Of the Ruatments of Plants And of the Excrescences of Plants or Super-Plants Exp. 26. ibid. Of producing Perfect Plants without Seed Exp. 11. pag. 143 Of Forraine Plants Exp. 3. pag. 144 Of the Seasons of seuerall Plants Exp. 6. pag. 145 Of the Lasting of Plants Exp. 5. pag. 146 Of seuerall Figures of Plants Exp. 3. pag. 147 Of some principall Differences in Plants Exp. 4. pag. 148 Of all Manner of Composts and Helps for Ground Exp. 6. pag. 149 Century VII OF the Affinities and Differences betweene Plants and Bodies Inanimate Exp. 6. pag. 153 Of Affinities and Differences betweene Plants and Liuing Creatures And of the Consiners and Participles of Both. Exp. 3. pag. 154 Of Plants Experiments Promiscuous Exp. 67. pag. 155 Of Healing of Wounds Exp. 1. pag. 169 Of Fat diffused in Flesh. Exp. 1. ibid. Of Ripening Drinke speedily Exp. 1. pag. 170 Of Pilositie and Plumage Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Quicknesse of Motion in Birds Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Clearnesse of the Sea the North Wind blowing Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Different Heats of Fire and Boyling Water Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Qualification of Heat by Moisture Exp. 1. pag. 171 Of Yawning Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Hiccough Exp. 1. ibid. Of Sneezing Exp. 1. pag. 172 Of the Tendernesse of the Teeth Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Tongue Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Mouth out of Taste Exp. 1. ibid. Of some Prognosticks of Pestilentiall Seasons Exp. 1. ibid. Of Speciall Simples for Medicines Exp. 1. ibid. Of Venus Exp. 3. pag. 173 Of the Infecta or Creatures bred of Putrefaction Exp. 3. pag. 174 Of Leaping Exp. 1. pag. 177 Of the Pleasures and Displeasures of Hearing and of the other Senses Exp. 1. ibid. Century VIII OF Veines of Earth Medicinall Exp. 1. pag. 181 Of Sponges Exp. 1. ibid. Of Sea-Fish in Fresh Waters Exp. 1. pag. 182 Of Attraction by Similitude of Substance Exp. 1. ibid. Of Certaine Drinks in Turkey Exp. 1. ibid. Of Sweat Exp. 6. pag. 183 Of the Glo-Worme Exp. 1. pag. 184 Of the Impressions vpon the Body from seuerall Passions of the Mind Exp. 10. ibid. Of Drunkennesse Exp. 4. pag. 187 Of the Hurt or Helpe of Wine taken moderately Exp. 1. pag. 188 Of Catterpillers Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Flyes Cantharides Exp. 1. pag. 189 Of Lassitude Exp. 2. ibid. Of Casting the Skin and Shell in some Creatures Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Postures of the Body Exp. 3. pag. 190 Of Pestilentiall Yeares Exp. 1. ibid. Of some Prognosticks of Hard Winters Exp. 1. ibid. Of certaine Medicines that condense and releeue the Spirits Exp. 1. pag. 191 Of paintings of the Body Exp. 1. ibid. Of the vse of Bathing and Annointing Exp. 1. ibid. Of Chamoletting of Paper Exp. 1. pag. 192 Of Cuttle-Inke Exp. 1. ibid. Of Earth increasing in Weight Exp. 1. ibid. Of Sleepe Exp. 3. ibid. Of Teeth and Hard Substances in the Bodies of Liuing Creatures Exp. 11. pag. 193 Of the Generation and Bearing of Liuing Creatures in the Wombe Exp. 3. pag. 195 Of Species Visible Exp. 2. pag. 196 Of Impulsion and Percussion Exp. 3. pag. 197 Of Titillation Exp. 1. pag. 198 Of Scarcity of Raine in AEgypt Exp. 1. ibid. Of Clarification Exp. 1. ibid. Of Plants without Leaues Exp. 1. pag. 199 Of the Materialls of Glasse Exp. 1. ibid. Of Prohibition of Putrefaction and the long Conseruation of Bodies Exp. 1. ibid. Of Abundance of Nitre in certaine Sea-Shoares Exp. 1. ibid. Of Bodies borne vp by Water Exp. 1. ibid. Of Fuell consuminglittle or nothing Exp. 1. ibid. Of Cheape Fuell Exp. 1. pag. 201 Of Gathering of Wind for Freshnesse Exp. 1. ibid. Of Trialls of Aires Exp. 1. ibid. Of Increasing Milke in Milch-Beasts Exp. 1. ibid. Of Sand of the Nature of Glasse Exp. 1. pag. 202 Of the Growth of Corall Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Gathering of Manna Exp. 1. ibid. Of Correcting of Wines Exp. 1. ibid. Of Bitumen one of the Materialls of Wilde-Fire Exp. 1. pag. 203 Of Plaster growing as hard as Marble Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Cure of some Vlcers and Hurts Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Healthfulnesse or Vnhealthfulnesse of the Southerne Wind. Exp. 1. ibid. Of Wounds made with Brasse and with Iron Exp. 1. ibid. Of Mortification by Cold. Exp. 1. pag. 204 Of Weight Exp. 1. ibid. Of Super-Natation of Bodies Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Flying of Vnequall Bodies in the Aire Exp. 1. ibid. Of Water that it may be the Medium of Sounds Exp. 1. pag. 205 Of the Flight of the Spirits vpon odious Obiects Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Super-Reflexion of Eccho's Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Force of Imagination imitating that of the Sense Exp. 1. pag. 206 Of Preseruation of Bodies Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Growth or Multiplying of Metalls Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Drowning the more base Metall in the more Pretious Exp. 1. ibid. Of Fixation of Bodies Exp. 1. pag. 207 Of the Restlesse Nature of Things in Themselues and their Desire to Change Exp. 1. ibid. Century IX OF Perception in Bodies Insensible tending to Naturall Diuination and Subtill Trialls Exp. 30. pag. 211 Of the Causes of Appetite in the Stomach Exp. 1. pag. 217 Of Sweetnesse of Odour from the Rain-Bow Exp. 1. ibid. Of Sweet Smells Exp. 1. pag. 218 Of the Corporeall Substance of Smells Exp. 1. ibid. Of Fetide and Fragrant Odours Exp. 1. ibid. Of the
Causes of Putrefaction Exp. 1. pag. 220 Of Bodies vnperfectly Mixt. Exp. 1. ibid. Of Concoction and Crudity Exp. 1. ibid. Of Alterations which may be called Maiors Exp. 1. pag. 221 Of Bodies Liquesiable and Not Liquesiable Exp. 1. pag. 222 Of Bodies Fragile and Tough Exp. 1. ibid. Of the two Kindes of Pneumaticalls in Bodies Exp. 1. pag. 223 Of Concretion and Dissolution of Bodies Exp. 1. ibid. Of Bodies Hard and Soft Exp. 1. ibid. Of Bodies Ductile and Tensile Exp. 1. pag. 224 Of Seuerall Passions of Matter and Characters of Bodies Exp. 1. ibid. Of Induration by Sympathy Exp. 1. pag. 225 Of Honey and Sugar Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Finer fort of Base Metalls Exp. 1. ibid. Of certaine Cements and Quarries Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Altering of Colours in Haires and Feathers Exp. 1. pag. 226 Of the Differences of Liuing Creatures Male and Female Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Comparatiue Magnitude of Liuing Creatures Exp. 1. pag. 227 Of Producing Fruit without Coare or Stone Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Melioration of Tobacco Exp. 1. ibid. Of Seuerall Heats working the same Effects Exp. 1. pag. 228 Of Swelling and Dilatation in Boiling Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Dulcoration of Fruits Exp. 1. ibid. Of Flesh Edible and not Edible Exp. 1. pag. 229 Of the Salamander Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Cotrary Operations of Time vpon Fruits and Liquours Exp. 1. pag. 230 Of Blowes and Bruises Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Orris Root Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Compression of Liquours Exp. 1. ibid. Of the working of Water vpon Aire Contiguous Exp. 1. pag. 231 Of the Nature of Aire Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Eyes and sight Exp. 7. ibid. Of the Colour of the Sea or other Water Exp. 1. pag. 233 Of Shell-fish Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Right Side and the Left Exp. 1. ibid. Of Frictions Exp. 1. ibid. Of Globes appearing flat at distance Exp. 1. pag. 234 Of Shadowes Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Rowling and Breaking of the Seat Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Dulcoration of Salt Water Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Returne of Saltnesse in Pits by the Sea-Shoare Exp. 1. ibid. Of Attraction by Similitude of Substance Exp. 1. pag. 235 Of Attraction Exper. I. ibid. Of Heat vnder Earth Exp. 1. ibid. Of Flying in the Aire Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Scarlet Dye Exp. 1. ibid. Of Maleficiating Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Rise of Liquours or Powders by meanes of Flame Exp. 1. pag. 236 Of the Influences of the Moone Exp. 8. ibid. Of Vinegar Exp. 1. pag. 238 Of Creatures that sleepe all Winter Exp. 1. ibid. Of the Generating of Creatures by Copulation and by Putrefaction Exp. 1. ibid. Century X. OF the Transmission and Influx of Immateriate Vertues and the Force of Imagination whereof there be Experiments Monitory three In all Exp. 11. pag. 241 Of Emission of Spirits in Vapour or Exhalation Odour-like Exp. 26. pag. 246 Of Emissions of Spirituall Species which affect the Senses Exp. 1. pag. 250 Of Emission of Immateriate Vertues from the Mindes and Spirits of Men by Affections Imagination or other Impressions Exp. 21. ibid. Of the Secret Vertue of Sympathy and Antipathy Exp. 39. pag. 257 Of Secret Vertues and Properties Exp. 1. pag. 265 Of the Generall Sympathy of Mens Spirits Exp. 1. pag. 266 Faults escaped in the Printing PAge 6. line 28. latter reade later p. 18 l. 10. Quilt r. Quilts p. 32 l. 3y Amalgama r. Amalagma p. 93. l. 35 lose r. lost p. 122 l. 3 Coppies r. Coppice p. 139. on the Top of the Lease wanteth part of the Title Rudiments of Plants and of the Exerscences of Plants or Super-Plants p. 222 l. 5 in redundat FINIS NEW ATLANTIS A VVorke vnfinished VVritten by the Right Honourable FRANCIS Lord Verulam Viscount St. Alban VERITAS TEMPORE PATET OCCVLTA PS To the Reader THis Fable my Lord deuised to the end that He might exhibite therein a Modell or Description of a Colledge instituted for the Interpreting of Nature and the Producing of Great and Marueilous Works for the Benefit of Men Vnder the Name of Salomons House or the Colledge of the Sixe Dayes Works And euen so farre his Lordship hath proceeded us to finish that Part. Certainely the Modell is more Vast and High then can possibly be imitated in all things Notwithstanding most Things therin are within Mens Power to effect His Lordship thought also in this present Fable to haue composed a Frame of Lawes or of the best State or Mould of a Common-wealth But foreseeing it would be a long VVorke his Desire of Collecting the Naturall History diuerted him which He preferred many degrees before it This VVorke of the New Atlantis as much as concerneth the English Edition his Lordship designed for this Place In regard it hath so neare Affinity in one Part of it with the Preceding Naturall History W Rawley NEW ATLANTIS WEE sayled from Peru wher wee had continued by the space of one whole yeare for China and Iapan by the South Sea taking with vs Victuals for twelue Moneths And had good Windes from the East though soft and weake for fiue Moneths space and more But then the Winde came about and setled in the West for many dayes so as we could make little or no way and were sometimes in purpose to turne back But then againe ther arose Strong and Great Windes from the South with a Point East which carried vs vp for all that we could doe towards the North By which time our Victualls failed vs though we had made good spare of them So that finding our selues in the Midst of the greatest Wildernesse of Waters in the World without Victuall we gaue our Selues for lost Men and prepared for Death Yet we did lift vp our Harts and Voices to GOD aboue who sheweth his Wonders in the Deepe Beseeching him of his Mercy that as in the Beginning He discouered the Face of the Deepe and brought forth Dry-Land So he would now discouer Land to vs that we mought not perish And it came to passe that the next Day about Euening we saw within a Kenning before vs towards the North as it were thick Cloudes which did put vs in some hope of Land Knowing how that part of the South Sea was vtterly vnknowne And might haue Islands or Continents that hithertoo were not come to light Wherefore we bent our Course thither wher we saw the Appearance of Land all that night And in the Dawning of the next Day we might plainly discerne that it was a Land Flatt to our sight and full of Boscage which made it shew the more Darke And after an Houre and a halfs Sayling we entred into a good Hauen being the Port of a faire Citty Not great indeed but well built and that gaue a pleasant view from the Sea And we thinking euery Minute long till we were on Land came close to the Shore and offred to land But straightwayes we saw diuers of the People with Bastons in their Hands as it were forbidding vs to land Yet
saw him weare in the Chariott but in stead of his Gowne he had on him a Mantle with a Cape of the same fine Black fastned about him When we came in as we were taught we bowed Lowe at our first Entrance And when we were come neare his Chaire he stood vp holding forth his Hand vngloued and in Posture of Blessing And we euery one of vs stooped downe and kissed the Hemme of his Tippett That done the rest departed and I remayned Then hee warned the Pages forth of the Roome and caused mee to sit downe beside him and spake to me thus in the Spanish Tongue GOD blesse thee my Sonne I will giue thee the greatest Iewell I haue For I will impart vnto thee for the Loue of GOD and Men a Relation of the true State of Salomons House Sonne to make you know the true state of Salomons House I will keepe this order First I will set forth vnto you the End of our Foundation Secondly the Preparations and Instruments we haue for our Workes Thirdly the seuerall Employments and Functions wherto our Fellowes are assigned And fourthly the Ordinances and Rites which we obserue The End of our Foundation is the Knowledge of Causes and Secrett Motions of Things And the Enlarging of the bounds of Humane Empire to the Effecting of all Things possible The Preparations and Instruments are these We haue large and deepe Causes of seuerall Depths The deepest are sunke 600. Fathome And some of them are digged and made vnder great Hills and Mountaines So that if you reckon together the Depth of the Hill and the Depth of the Caue they are some of them aboue three Miles deepe For wee finde that the Depth of a Hill and the Depth of a Caue from the Flat is the same Thing Both remote alike from the Sunn and Heauens Beames and from the Open Aire These Caues we call the Lower Region And wee vse them for all Coagulations Indurations Refrigerations and Conseruations of Bodies We use them likewise for the Imitation of Naturall Mines And the Producing also of New Artificiall Mettalls by Compositions and Materialls which we vse and lay ther for many years Wee vse them also sometimes which may seeme strange for Curing of some Diseases and for Prolongation of Life in some Hermits that choose to liue ther well accommodated of all things necessarie and indeed liue very long By whom also we learne many things We haue Burialls in seuerall Earths wher we put diuerse Cements as the Chineses doe their Porcellane But we haue them in greater Varietie and some of them more fine We haue also great variety of Composts and Soiles for the Making of the Earth Fruitfull We haue High Towers The Highest about halfe a Mile in Heigth And some of them likewise set vpon High Mountaines So that the Vantage of the Hill with the Tower is in the highest of them three Miles at least And these Places wee call the Vpper Region Accounting the Aire betweene the High Places and the Lowe as a Middle Region VVee vse these Towers according to their seuerall Heights and Situations for Insolation Refrigeration Conseruation And for the View of diuers Meteors As Windes Raine Snow Haile And some of the Fiery Meteors also And vpon them in some Places are Dwellings of Hermits whom wee visit sometimes and instruct what to obserue We haue great Lakes both Salt and Fresh wherof we haue vse for the Fish and Fowle We vse them also for Burialls of some Naturall Bodies For we finde a Difference in Things buried in Earth or in Aire below the Earth and things buried Water VVe haue also Pooles of which some doe straine Fresh Water out of Salt And others by Art doe turne Fresh Water into Salt VVe haue also some Rocks in the Midst of the Sea And some Bayes vpon the Shore for some Works wherin is required the Ayre and Vapour of the Sea VVe haue likewise Violent Streames and Cataracts which serue vs for many Motions And likewise Engines for Multiplying and Enforcing of VVindes to set also on going diuerse Motions VVe haue also a Number of Artificiall VVels and Fountaines made in Imitation of the Naturall Sources and Baths As tincted vpon Vitrioll Sulphur Steele Brasse Lead Nitre and other Mineralls And againe wee haue little VVells for Infusions of many Things wher the VVaters take the Vertue quicker and better then in Vessels or Basins And amongst them we haue a VVater which wee call VVater of Paradise being by that we doe to it made very Soueraigne for Health and Prolongation of Life We haue also Great and Spatious Houses wher we imitate and demonstrate Meteors As Snow Haile Raine some Artificiall Raines of Bodies and not of VVater Thunders Lightnings Also Generations of Bodies in Aire As Froggs Flies and diuerse Others We haue also certaine Chambers which wee call Chambers of Health wher wee qualifie the Aire as we thinke good and proper for the Cure of diuerse Diseases and Preseruation of Health We haue also faire and large Baths of seuerall Mixtures for the Cure of Diseases and the Restoring of Mans Body from Arefaction And Others for the Confirming of it in Strength of Sinnewes Vitall Parts and the very Iuyce and Substance of the Body We haue also large and various Orchards and Gardens Wherin we do not so much respect Beauty as Variety of Ground and Soyle proper for diuerse Trees and Herbs And some very spatious wher Trees and Berries are set wherof we make diuerse Kinds of Drinks besides the Vine-yards In these wee practise likewise all Conclusions of Grafting and Inoculating as well of VVilde-Trees as Fruit-Trees which produceth many Effects And we make by Art in the same Orchards and Gardens Trees and Flowers to come earlier or later then their Seasons And to come vp and beare more speedily then by their Naturall Course they doe We make them also by Art greater much then their Nature And their Fruit greater and sweeter and of differing Tast Smell Colour and Figure from their Nature And many of them we so Order as they become of Medicinall Vse Wee haue also Meanes to make diuerse Plants rise by Mixtures of Earths without Seedes And likewise to make diuerse New Plants differing from the Vulgar and to make one Tree or Plant turne into another We haue also Parks and Enclosures of all Sorts of Beasts and Birds which wee vse not onely for View or Rarenesse but likewise for Dissections and Trialls That therby we may take light what may be wrought vpon the Body of Man Wherin we finde many strange Effects As Continuing Life in them though diuerse Parts which you acount Vitall be perished and taken forth Resussitating of some that seeme Dead in Appearance And the like We try also all Poysons and other Medicines vpon them as well of Chyrurgery as Phisicke By Art likewise we make them Greater or Taller then their Kinde is And contrary-wise Dwarfe them and stay their Grouth Wee make them more
which in their Originall are Entire Wee represent and imitate all Articulate Sounds and Letters and the Voices and Notes of Beasts and Birds Wee haue certaine Helps which sett to the Eare doe further the Hearing greatly Wee haue also diuerse Strange and Artificiall Eccho's Reflecting the Voice many times and as it were Tossing it And some that giue back the Voice Lowder then it came some Shriller and some Deeper Yea some rendring the Voice Differing in the Letters or Articulate Sound from that they receyue Wee haue also meanes to conuey Sounds in Trunks and Pipes in strange Lines and Distances Wee haue also Perfume-Houses wherwith we ioyne also Practises of Tast. VVe Multiply Smells which may seeme strange VVe Imitate Smells making all Smells to breath out of other Mixtures then those that giue them VVe make diuerse Imitations of Tast likewise â— so that they will deceyue any Mans Tast. And in this House wee containe also a Confiture-House wher wee make all Sweet-Meats Dry and Moist And diuerse pleasant Wines Milks Broaths and Sallets farr in greater variety then you haue Wee haue also Engine-Houses wher are prepared Engines and Instruments for all Sorts of Motions Ther we imitate and practise to make Swifter Motions then any you haue either out of your Musketts or any Engine that you haue And to Make them and Multiply them more Easily and with Small Force by VVheeles and other Meanes And to make them Stronger and more Violent then yours are Exceeding your greatest Cannons and Basilisks Wee represent also Ordnance and Instruments of VVarr and Engines of all Kindes And likewise New Mixtures and Compositions of Gun-Powder Wilde-Fires burning in Water and Vnquenchable Also Fire-workes of all Variety both for Pleasure and Vse Wee imitate also Flights of Birds Wee haue some Degrees of Flying in the Ayre Wee haue Shipps and Boates for Going vnder Water and Brooking of Seas Also Swimming-Girdles and Supporters Wee haue diuers curious Clocks And other like Motions of Returne And some Perpetuall Motions Wee imitate also Motions of Liuing Creatures by Images of Men Beasts Birds Fishes and Serpents Wee haue also a great Number of other Various Motions strange for Equality Finenesse and Subtilty Wee haue also a Mathematicall House wher are represented all Instruments as well of Geometry as Astronomy exquisitely made Wee haue also Houses of Deceits of the Senses wher we represent all manner of Feates of Iugling False Apparitions Impostures and Illusions And their Fallaces And surely you will easily beleeue that wee that haue so many Things truely Naturall which induce Admiration could in a World of Particulars deceiue the Senses if wee would disguise those Things and labour to make them seeme more Miraculous But we doe hate all Impostures and Lies Insomuch as wee haue seuerely forbidden it to all our Fellowes vnder paine of Ignominy and Eines that they doe not shew any Naturall worke or Thing Adorned or Swelling but onely Pure as it is and without all Affectation of Strangenesse These are my Sonne the Riches of Salomons House For the seuerall Employments and Offices of our Fellowes Wee haue Twelue that Sayle into Forraine Countries vnder the Names of other Nations for our owne wee conceale Who bring vs the Bookes and Abstracts and Patternes of Experiments of all other Parts These wee call Merchants of Light Wee haue Three that Collect the Experiments which are in all Bookes These wee call Depredatours Wee haue Three that Collect the Experiments of all Mechanicall Arts And also of Liberall Sciences And also of Practises which are not Brought into Arts. These we call Mystery-Men Wee haue Three that try New Experiments such as themselues thinke good These wee call Pioners or Miners Wee haue Three that Drawe the Experiments of the Former Foure into Titles and Tables to giue the better light for the drawing of Obseruations and Axiomes out of them These wee call Compilers Wee haue Three that bend themselues Looking into the Experiments of their Fellowes and cast about how to draw out of them Things of Vse and Practise for Mans life and Knowledge as well for VVorkes as for Plaine Demonstration of Causes Meanes of Naturall Diuinations and the easie and cleare Discouery of the Vertues and Parts of Bodies These wee call Dowry-men or Benefactours Then after diuerse Meetings and Consults of our whole Number to consider of the former Labours and Collections wee haue Three that take care out of them to Direct New Experiments of a Higher Light more Penetrating into Nature then the Former These wee call Lamps Wee haue Three others that doe Execute the Experiments so Directed and Report them These wee call Inoculatours Lastly wee haue Three that raise the former Discoueries by Experiments into Greater Obseruations Axiomes and Aphorismes These wee call Interpreters of Nature Wee haue also as you must thinke Nouices and Apprentices that the Succession of the former Employed Men doe not faile Besides a great Number of Seruants and Attendants Men and Women And this we doe also We haue Consultations which of the Inuentions and Experiences which wee haue discouered shall be Published and which not And take all an Oath of Secrecy for the Concealing of those which wee thinke fitt to keepe Secrett Though some of those we doe reuease sometimes to the State and some not For our Ordinances and Rites Wee haue two very Long and Faire Galleries In one of these wee place Patternes and Samples of all manner of the more Rare and Excellent Inuentions In the other wee place the Statuas of all Principall Inuentours These wee haue the Statua of your Columbus that discouered the West-Indies Also the Inuentour of Shipps Your Monke that was the Inuentour of Ordnance and of Gunpowder The Inuentour of Musicke The Inuentour of Letters The Inuentour of Printing The Inuentour of Obseruations of Astronomy The Inuentour of Works in Mettall The Inuentour of Glasse The Inuentour of Silke of the VVorne The Inuentour of VVine The Inuentour of Corne and Bread The Inuentour of Sugars And all these by more certaine Tradition then you haue Then haue we diuerse Inuentours of our Owne of Excellent VVorkes Which since you haue not seene it were too long to make Descriptions of them And besides in the right Vnderstanding of those Descriptions you might easily erre For vpon euery Inuention of Valew wee erect a Statua to the Inuentour and giue him a Liberall and Honourable Reward These Statua's are some of Brasse some of Marble and Touchstone some of Cedar and other speciall VVoods guilt and adorned some of Iron some of Siluer Some of Gold Wee haue certaine Hymnes and Seruices which wee say dayly of Laud and Thanks to GOD for his Marueillous VVorks And Formes of Prayers imploring his Aide and Blessing for the Illumination of our Labours and the Turning of them into Good and Holy Vses Lastly wee haue Circuites or Visits of diuers Principall Citties of the Kingdome wher as it commeth to passe we doe publish such New Profitable
Inuentions as wee thinke good And wee doe also declare Naturall Diuinations of Diseases Plagues Swarmes of Hurtfull Creatures Scarcety Tempests Earthquakes Great Inundations Cometts Temperature of the Yeare and diuerse other Things And wee giue Counsell thereupon what the People shall doe for the Preuention and Remedy of them And when Hee had sayd this Hee stood vp And I as I had beene taught kneeled downe and He layd his Right Hand vpon my Head and said GOD blesse thee my Sonne And GOD blesse this Relation which I haue made I giue thee leaue to Publish it for the Good of other Nations For wee here are in GODS Bosome a Land vnknowne And so hee left mee Hauing assigned a Valew about two Thousand Duckets for a Bounty to mee and my Fellowes For they giue great Largesses they come vpon all occasions The rest was not Perfected MAGNALIA NATVRAE PRAECIPVE QVOAD VSVS HVMANOS THe Prolongation of Life The Restitution of Youth in some Degree The Retardation of Age. The Curing of Diseases counted Incurable The Mitigation of Paine More Easie and lesse Loathsome Purgings The Encreasing of Strength and Actiuity The Encreasing of Ability to suffer Torture or Paine The Altering of Complexions And Fatnesse and Leannesse The Altering of Statures The Altering of Features The Encreasing and Exalting of the Intellectuall Parts Versions of Bodies into other Bodies Making of New Species Transplanting of one Species into another Instruments of Destruction as of Warre and Poyson Exhilaration of the Spirits and Putting them in good Disposition Force of the Imagination either vpon another Body or vpon the Body it selfe Acceleration of Time in Maturations Acceleration of Time in Clasifications Acceleration of Putrefaction Acceleration of Decoction Acceleration of Germination Making Rich Composts for the Earth Impressions of the Aire and Raising of Tempests Great Alteration As in Induration Emollition c. Turning Crude and VVatry Substances into Oyly and Vnctious Substances Drawing of New Foodes out of Substances not now in Vse Making New Threds for Apparell And New Stuffes Such as are Paper Glasse c. Naturall Diuinations Deceptions of the Senses Greater Pleasures of the Senses Artificiall Mineralls and Cements FINIS In the New Atlantis Pag. 28. lin 27. for both read bath Pag. 36. lin 6. for procueed read produced This Epistle is the same that should haue been prefixed to this Booke if his Lordship had liued Experiments in Consort touching the Straining and Passing of Bodies one through another which they Call Percolation Experiments in Consort touching Motion of Bodies vpon their Pressure Experiments in Consort touching Separations of Bodies by Weight Experiments in Consort touching Iudicious Accurate Infusions both in Liquors and Aire Experiment Solitary touching the Appetite of Continuation in liquids Experiment Solitary touching the Making of Artificiall Springs Experiment Solitary touching the Venemous Quality of Mans Flesh. Experiment Solitary touching the Version and Transmutation of Aire into Water Experiment Solitary touching Helpes towards the Beauty and good Features of Persons Experiments Solitary touching the Condensing of Aire in such sort as it may put on Weight and yield Nourishment Experiment Solitary touching the CoÌ„mixture of Flame and Aire and the great Force therof Experiment Solitary touching the Secret Nature of Flame Experiment Solitory touching the Different force of Flame in the Middest and on the Sides Experiment Solitary touching the Decrease of the Naturall motion of Grauity in great distance from the Earth or within some depth of the Earth Experiment Solitary touching the Contraction of Bodies in Bulke by the Mixture of the more Liquid Body with the more Solid Experiment Solitary touching the Making Vines more fruitfull Experiments in Consort touching Purging Medicines Experiments in Consort touching Meats and Drinks that are most Nourishing Experiment Solitary touching Filum Medicinale Experiment Solitary touching Cure by Custome Experiment Solitary touching Cure by Excesse Experiment Solitary touching Cure by Motion of Consent Experiment Solitary touching Cure of Diseases which are contrary to Predist sition Experiment Solitary touching Preparations before Purging and setling of the Body afterward Experiment Solitary touching Stocking of Bloud Experiment Solitary touching Change of Aliments and Medicines Experiment Solitary touching Diets Experiments in Consort touching the Production of Cold. Experiments in CoÌ„sort touching the Version and Transmutation of Aire into water Experiments in Consort touching Induration of Bodies Experiment Solitary touching the Version of water into Aire Experiment Solitary touching the Force of Vnion Experiment Solitary touching the Producing of Feathers and Haires of diuers Colours Experiment Solitary touching the Nourishment of Liuing Creatures before they be brought forth Experiments in CoÌ„sort touching Sympathy and Antipathy for Medicinall vse Experiment Solitary touching the Secret Processes of Nature Experiment Solitary touching the Power of Heat Amalgama Experiment Solitary touching the Impossibility of Annibilation Experiments in Consort touching Musicke Experiments in Consort touching Sounds and first touching the Nullity and Entity of Sounds Experiments in CoÌ„sort touching Production Conseruation and Dilation of Sounds And the Office of the Aire therein Experiments in CoÌ„sort touching the Magnitude and Exiluy and Damps of Sounds Experiments in Consort touching the Loudnesse or Sofinesse of Sounds and their Carriage at longer or shorter Distance Experiments in Consort touching the Communication of Sounds Experiments in CoÌ„sort touching Equality and Inequality of Sounds Experiments in Consort touching the â—â—â— treble and the â—â—â— Base Tones or Musicall Sounds Experiments in Consort touching the Proportion of Treble and Base Tones Experiments in Consort touching Exteriour and Interiour Sounds Experiments in Consort touching Articulation of Sounds Experiments in Consort touching the Motions of Sounds in what Lines they are Circular Oblique Straight Vpwards downwards Forwards Backwards Experiments in CoÌ„sort touching the Lasting and Perishing of Sounds And touching the Time they require to their Generation or Delation Experiments in Consort touching the Passage and Interceptions of Sounds Experiments in CoÌ„sort touching the Medium of Sounds Experiments in Consort what the Figures of the Pipes or Concanes or the Bodies Diferent conduce to the Sounds Experiments in Consort touching the Mixture of Sounds Experiments in Consort touching Melioration of Sounds Experiments in CoÌ„sort touching the Imitation of Sounds Experiments in Consort touching the Reflexion of Sounds Experiments in CoÌ„sort touching the Consent and Dissint between Visibles Audibles Experiments in Consort touching the Sympathy or Antipathy of sounds one with another Experiments in Consort touching the Hindring or Helping of the Hearing Experiments in Consort touching the Spirituall and Fine Nature of Sounds Experiment Solitary touching the Orient Colours in dissolution of Metalls Experiment Solitary touching Prolongation of Life Experiment Solitary touching Appetite of Vnion in Bodies Experiment Solitary touching the like Oâ—â—â—â—â—â—ons of Heat and Time Experiment Solitary touching the differing Operations of Fire and Time Experiment Solitary touching Motions by Inuitation Experiment Solitary touching Infectious Disease Experiment Solitary touching the incorporation
of Powders and Liquours Experiment Solitary touching Exercise of the Body Experiment Solitary touching Meats that induce Society Experiments in Consort touching the Clarification of Liquours and the Accelerating thereof Experiments in Consort touching Maturation and the Accelerating thereof And â—â—â—ft touching the Maturation and Quickning or Drinks And next touching the Maturation of Fruits Experiment Solitary touching the Making of Gold Experiment Solitary touching the Nature of Gold Experiments in Consort touching the Enducing and Accelerating of Putrefaction Experiments in Consort touching Proâ—â—â—â—â—â— and Preuenting Putrefaction Experiment Solitary touching Wood Shining in the Darke Experiment Solitary touching the Acceleration of Birth Experiment Solitary touching the Acceleration of growth and Stature Experiments in Consort touching Sulphur and Mercury two of Paracelâ—es Principles Experiment Solitary touching Chameleons Experiment Solitary touching Subterrany Fires Experiment Solitary touching Nitre Experiment Solitary touching Congealing of Aire Experiment Solitary touching Congealing of Water into Crystall Experiment Solitary touching Preseruing of Roseleaues both in Colour Smell Experiments in Consort touching the Continuance of Flame Experiments in Consort touching Burialls or Insusions of diuers Bodies in Earth Experiment Solitary touching the â—â—â—â—â— in Mâ—â—â—â—â—â— from seâ—â—â— winds Experiment Solitary touching Winter and Summer â—â—â—â—â—â— Experiment Solitary touching Pesilâ—â—â—all Seasons Experiment Solitary touching an Enour 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 about 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Diseases Experiment Solitary touching the Aâ—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â— or Preseruation of Liquours in Wells or deepe Vaults Experiment Solitary touching Stutting Experiments in Consort touching Smells Experiments in Consort touching the Goodnesse and Choice of Water Experiment Solitary touching the Temperate Heat vnder the AEquinoctiall Experiment Solitary touching the Coloration of Blacke and Tawney Moores Experiment Solitary touching Motion after the Inflant of Death Experiments in Consort touching the Acceleration of Germination Experiments in Consort touching the Putting backe or Retardation of Germination Experiments in Consort touching the Melioration of Fruits Trees and Plants Experiments in Consort touching Compound Fruits and Flowers Experiments in Consort touching the Sympathy and Antipathy of Plants Experiments in Consort touching the Making Herbs and Fruits Medicinable Experiments in Consort touching Curiosities about Fruits and Plants Experiments in Consort touching the Degenerating of Plants And of the Transmutation of them one into another Experiments in Consort touching the Procoâ—tic and Lownesse and Artificiall dwarsing of Trees Experiments in Consort touching the Experiments in Consort touching the Producing of Perfect Pâ—ants without Seed Experiments in Consort touching Forrâ—â— Plants Experiments in Consort touching the Seasons in which Plants come forth Experiments in Consort touching the Lasting of Herbs and Trees Experiments in Consort touching the seuerall Figures of Plants Experiments in Consort touching some Principalâ— Differences in Plants Experiments in Consort touching all Manner of Composts and Helps of Ground Experiments in Consort touching the Assinities and Differences betweene Plants and Inanimate Bodies Experiments in Consort touching the Affinities and Differences of Plants and Liuing Creatures And the Consiners and â—â—â—â—â—â—â— of them Experiments Prâ—â—â—â—â—ous touching Plants Experiment Solitary touching Healing of Wounds Experiment Solitary touching â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â— Experiment Solitary touching Repening of Dâ—â—nk before the Time Experiment Solitary touching Pilosity and Plumage Experiment Solitary touching the Quicknesse of Motion in Birds Experiment Solitary touching the different Clear enesse of the Sea Experiment Solitary touching the different Heats of Fire and Boiling Water Experiment Solitary touching the Qualification of Heat by Moisture Experiment Solitary touching Yawning Experiment Solitary touching the Hiccough Experiment Solitary touching Sneezing Experiment Solitary touching the Tendernesse of the Teeth Experiment Solitary touching the Tongue Experiment Solitary touching the Taste Experiment Solitary touching some Prognosticks of Pestilenitall Seasons Experiment Solitary touching Speciall Simples for Medicines Experiments in Consort touching Venus Experiments in Consort touching the Insecta Experiment Solitary touching Leaping Experiment Solitary touching the Pleasures and Displeasures of the Senses especially of Hearing Experiment Solitary touching Veines of Medicinall Earth Experiment Solitary touching the Growth of Sponges Experiment Solitary touching Sea-Fish put in Fish Waters Experiment Solitary touching Attraction by Simulitude of Substance Experiment Solitary touching certaine Drinkes in Turkey Experiments in Consort touching Sweat Experiment Solitary touching the GloWorme Experiments in Consort touching the Impressions which the Passions of the Minde make vpon the Body Experiments in Consort touching Drunkennesse Experiment Solitary touching the Helpe or Hint of Wine though Moderately vsed Experiment Solitary touching Catterpillers Experiment Solitary touching the Flyes Cantharides Experiments in Consort touching Lassitude Experiment Solitary touching the Casting of the Skin and Shell in some Creatures Experiments in Consort touching the Postures of the Body Experiment Solitary touching Pestilentiall Yeares Experiment Solitary touchine the Prognosticks of Hard Winters Experiment Solitary touching Medicines that Condense and Releeue the Spirits Experiment Solitary touching Faintings of the Body Experiment Solitary touching the Vse of Bathing and Annointing Experiment Solitary touching Chamoletting of Paper Experiment Solitary touching Cuttle-Inke Experiment Solitary touching Encrease of Weigh in Earth Experiments in Consort touching Sleepe Experiments in Consort touching Teeth and Hard Substances in the Bodies of Liuing Creatures Experiments in Consort touching the Generation and Bearing of Liuing Creatures in the Wombe Experiments in Consort touching Species Visible Experiments in Consort touching Impulsion and Percussion Experiment Solitary touching Titillation Experiment Solitary touching the Scarcity of Raine in AEgypt Experiment Solitary touching Clarification Experiment Solitary touching Plants without Leaues Experiment Solitary touching the Materials of Glasse Experiment Solitary touching Prohibition of Putrefaction and the Long Conseruation of Bodies Experiment Solitary touching the Abundance of Nitre in certaine Sea-Shoares Experiment Solitary touching Bodies that are borne vp by Water Experiment Solitary touching Fuell that consumeth little or nothing Experiment Solitary Oeconomicall touching Cheape Fuell Experiment Solitary touching the Gathering of Wind for Freshnesse Experiment Solitary touching the Trials of Aires Experiment Solitary touching Increasing of Milke in Milch Beasts Experiment Solitary touching Sand of the Nature of Glasse Experiment Solitary touching the Growth of Corall Experiment Solitary touching the Gathering of Manna Experiment Solitary touching the Correcting of Wine Experiment Solitary touching the Materialls of Wild-Fire Experiment Solitary touching Plaster growing as Hard as Marble Experiment Solitary touching Iudgement of the Cure in some Vlcers and Hurts Experiment Solitary touching the Healthfulnesse or Vnhealthfulnesse of the Southerne Wind. Experiment Solitary touching Wounds Experiment Solitary touching Mortification by Cold. Experiment Solitary touching Weight Experiment Solitary touching the Super-Natation of Bodies Experiment Solitary touching the Flying of Vnequall Bodies in the Aire Experiment Solitary touching Water that it may be the Medium of Sounds Experiment Solitary of the Flight of the Spirits vpon Odious Obiects Experiment Solitary touching the Super-Reflexion of Eccho's Experiment Solitary touching the Force of Imagination Imâ—â—a â—â—ng that of the Sense Experiment Solitary touching
Preseruation of Bodies Experiment Solitary touching the Growth or Multiplying of Metalis Experiment Solitary touching the Drowning of the mne Base Metall in the more Pretious Experiment Solitary touching Fixation of Bodies Experiment Solitary touching the Restlesse Nature of Things in Themselues and their Desire to Change Experiments in Consort touching Perception in Bodies Insensible tending to Natural Diuination or Subtill Trials Experiment Solitary touching the Nature of Appetite in the Stomach Experiment Solitary touching Sweetnesse of Odour from the Rainbow Experiment Solitary touching Sweet Smells Experiment Solitary touching the Corportall Substance of Smells Experiment Solitary touching Fetide and Fragrant Odours Experiment Solitary touching the Causes of Putrefaction Experiment Solitary touching Bodies Vnperfectly Mixt. Experiment Solitary touching Alterations which may be called Maiors Experiment Solitary touching Bodies Liquefiable and not Liquefiable Experiment Solitary touching Bodies Fragile and Tough Experiment Solitary touching the Two Kindes of Pneumaticals in Bodies Experiment Solitary touching Concretion and Dissolution of Bodies Experiment Solitary touching Hard and Soft Bodies Experiment Solitary touching Bodies Ductile and Tensile Experiment Solitary touching other Passions of Matter and Characters of Bodies Experiment Solitary touching Induration by Sympathic Experiment Solitary touching Honey and Sugar Experiment Solitary touching the Finer Sort of Base Metals Experiment Solitary touching Coments and Quarries Experiment Solitary touching the Altering of the Colour of Haires and Feathers Experiment Solitary touching the Differences of Liuing Creatures Male Female Experiment Solitary touching the Comâ—arâ—â—e Magnitude of Liuing Creatures Experiment Solitary touching Exessasion of Fruits Experiment Solitary touching the Melieration of Tobacco Experiment Solitary touching seuerall Heats working the same Effects Experiment Solitary touching Swelling and Dilatation in Boyling Experiment Solitary touching the Dulcoration of Fruits Experiment Solitary touching Flesh Edible and not Edible Experiment Solitary touching the Salamander Experiment Solitary touching the Contrary Operations of Time vpon Fruits and Liquours Experiment Solitary touching Blowes and Bruises Experiment Solitary touching the Orris Root Experiment Solitary touching the Compression of Liquours Experiment Solitary touching the Working of Water vpon Aire Contiguous Experiment Solitary touching the Nature of Aire Experiments in Consort touching the Eyes and Sight Experiment Solitary touching the Colour of the Sea or other Water Experiment Solitary touching Shell-Fish Experiment Solitary touching the Right Side and the Left Experiment Solitary touching Frictions Experiment Solitary touching Globes appearing Flat at Distance Experiment Solitary touching Shadows Experiment Solitary touching the Rowling and Breaking of the Seas Experiment Solitary touching the Dulcoration of Salt Water Experiment Solitary touching the Returne of Saltnesse in Pits vpon the Sea-Shore Experiment Solitary touching Attraction by Similitude of Substance Experiment Solitary touching Attraction Experiment Solitary touching Heat vnder Earth Experiment Solitary touching Flying in the Aire Experiment Solitary touching the Dye of Scarlet Experiment Solitary touching â—â—â—â— Experiment Solitary touching the Rise of Water by Meanes of Flame Experiments in Consort touching the Influences of the Moone Experiment Solitary touching Vinegar Experiment Solitary touching Creatures that Sleepe all Winter Experiment Solitary touching the Generating of Creatures by Copulation and by Putrefaction Experiments in Consort touching the Transmission and Influx or Imâ—â—teriate Vertues and the Force of Imagination Experiments in Consort Moaâ—â— touching Transmission of Spirits and the Force of Imagination Experiments in Consort touching Emission of Spirits in Vapour or Exhalation Odour-like Experiment Solitary touching the Emissions of Spiritual Species which Affect the Senses Experiments in Consort touching the Emission of Immatcriate Vertues from the Mindes and Spirits of Men either by Affectious or by Imaginations or by other Impressions Experiments in Consort touching the Secret Vertue of Sympathy and Antipathy Experiment Solitary touching Secret Proprieties Experiment Solitary touching the Generall Sympathy of Mens Spirits
the effect will follow For that Artificiall Conuersion of water into Ice is the worke of a few Houres And this of Aire may be tried by a Moneths space or the like Induration or Lapidification of Substances more Soft is likewise another degree of Condensation And is a great Alteration in Nature The Effecting and Accelerating thereof is very worthy to be inquired It is effected by three Meanes The first is by Cold vvhose Property is to Condense and constipate as hath beene said The Second is by Heat which is not proper but by consequence For the Heat doth attenuate And by Attenuation doth send forth the Spirit and moister Part of a Body And vpon that the more grosse of the Tangible Parts doe contract and serre themselues together Both to Auoid Vacuums as they call it And also to Munite themselues against the Force of the Fire which they haue suffered And the Third is by Assimilation when a Hard Body Assimilateth a Soft being contiguous to it The Examples of Induration taking them promiscuously are many As the Generation of Stones within the Earth which at the first are but Rude Earth or Clay And so of Mineralls which come no doubt at first of luyces Concrete which afterward indurate And so of Porcellane which is an Artificiall Cement buried in the Earth a long time And so the Making of Bricke and Tile Also the Making of Glasse of a certaine Sand and Brake-Roots and some other Matters Also the Exudations of Rock-Diamonds and Crystall which harden with time Also the Induration of Bead-Amber which at first is a soft Substance As appeareth by the Flies and Spiders which are found in it And many more But wee will speake of them distinctly For Indurations by Cold there bee few Trialls of it For wee haue no strong or intense Cold here on the Surface of the Earth so neare the Beames of the Sunne and the Heauens The likeliest Triall is by Snow and Ice For as Snow and Ice especially being holpen and their Cold actiuated by Nitre or Salt will turne Water into Ice and that in a few houres So it may be it will turne wood or Stiffe Clay into Stone in longer time Put therefore into a Conseruing Pit of Snow and Ice adding some quantity of Salt and Nitre a Peece of Wood or a Peece of Tough Clay and let it lye a Moneth or more Another Triall is by Metalline Waters which haue virtuall Cold in them Put therefore Wood or Clay into Smiths water or other Metalline water And try whether it will not harden in some reasonable time But I vnderstand it of Metalline waters that come by Washing or Quenching And not of Strong Waters that come by dissolution for they are too Corrosiue to consolidate It is already found that there are some Naturall Spring-waters that will Inlapidate Wood So as you shall see one peece of Wood whereof the Part aboue the Water shall continue Wood And the Part vnder the Water shall be turned into a kinde of Grauelly Stons It is likely those Waters are of some Metalline Mixture But there would be more particular Inquiry made of them It is certaine that an Egge was found hauing lien many yeeres in the bottome of a Moate where the Earth had somewhat ouergrowen it And this Egge was comen to the Hardnesse of a Stone And had the Colours of the white and Yolke perfect And the Shell shining in small graines like Sugar or Alablaster Another Experience there is of Induration by Cold which is already found which is that Metalls themselues are hardned by often Heating and Quenching in Cold Water For Cold euer worketh most potently vpon Heat Precedene For Induration by Heat it must be considered that Heat by the Exhaling of the Moister Parts doth either harden the Body As in Bricks Tiles Or if the Heat be more fierce maketh the grosser part it selfe Runne and Melt As in the making of ordinary Glosse And in the Vitrification of Earth As wee see in the Inner Parts of Farneces And in the Vitrification of Brick And of Mettals And in the former of these which is the Hardening by baking without Melting the Heat hath these degrees First it Indurateth and then maketh Fragile And lastly it doth Inciuerate and Calcinate But if you desire to make an Induration with Toughnesse and lesse Fragility A middle way would be taken Which is that which Artistotle hath well noted But would be throughly verified It is to decoct Bodies in water for two or three dayes But they must bee such Bodies into which the Water will not enter As Stone and Metall For if they be Bodies into which the Water will enter then long Seething will rather Soften than indurate them As hath beene tried in Eggs c. Therefore Softer Bodies must be put into Bottles And the Bottles hung into Water seething with the mouths open aboue the Water that no Water may get in For by this Meaues the virtuall Heat of the Water will enter And such a Heat as will not make the Body adust or fragile But the Substance of the Water will be shut out This Experiment wee made And it sorted thus It was tried with a Peece of Free-stone and with Pewter put into the Water at large The Free-stone we found receiued in some water For it was softer and easier to scrape then a peece of the same Stone kept drie But the Pewter into which no water could enter became more white and liker to Siluer and lesse flexible by much There were also put into an Earthen Bottle placed as before a good Pellet of Clay a Peece of Cheese a Peece of Chalke and a Peece of Free-stone The Clay came forth almost of the Hardnesse of Stone The Cheese likewise very hard and not well to be cut The Chalke and the Free-stone much harder than they were The colour of the Clay inclined not a whit to the Colour of Bricke but rather to white as in ordinary Drying by the Sunne Note that all the former Trialls were made by a Boyling vpon a good hot Fire renewing the water as it consumed with other hot water But the Boyling was but for twelue houres onely And it is like that the Experiment would haue beene more effectuall if the Boyling had beene for two or three daies as we prescribed before As touching Assimilation for there is a degree of Assimilation euen in Inanimate bodies wee see Examples of it in some Stones in Clay-Grounds lying neare to the top of the Earth where Pebble is In which you may manifestly see diuers Pebbles gathered together and a Crust of Cement or Stone betweene them as hard as the Pebbles themselues And it were good to make a Triall of purpose by taking Clay and putting in it diuers Pebble-Stones thicke set to see whether in continuance of time it will not be harder then other Clay of the same lump in which no Pebbles are set Wee see also in Ruines of old Walls especially towards