Snow TO discover what Liquors Ice would be soonest dissolved in we contrived to freeze Water in a long Cylinder which being loosen'd by applying a warm Hand we divided some into Pieces ¼ of an Inch long and others into Inches and our Experiments being made with these Cylindrical Pieces of Ice In the first Tryal 1. In Oyl of Vitriol a Cylindrical Piece of Ice of an Inch in length lasted 5 Minutes 2. In Spirit of Wine 12 Minutes 3. In Aqua fortis 12 ½ 4. In Water 12 Minutes 5. In Oyl of Turpentine about 44 Minutes 6. In Air 64 Minutes The second Tryal 1. In Oyl of Vitriol an Inch of Cylindrical Ice lasted undissolv'd 3 Minutes 2. In Spirit of Wine 13 Minutes 3. In Water 26 Minutes 4. In Oyl of Turpentine 47 Minutes 5. In Sallet-Oyl 52 Minutes 6. In Air 152 Minutes 2. We likewise thought it worth while to try what difference there would be in the Duration of Pieces of Ice of the same Bulk and Figure but of different Liquors as also whether Attrition would contribute to the Dissolution of Ice which Iobserv'd it did Whence it appears That as the Agents contiguous to Ice are different they dissolve it's Texture sooner or later and if Snow or Ice be kept in a Place where neither the Sun nor the Air hath much Influence upon it it will continue a long time An Appendix to the XVI Title 1. In confirmation of what was said in the Close of this Title I shall add the following Account of the Italian Conservatories sent me by my ingenious Friend Mr. J. Evelyn The Snow-Pits in Italy c. are sunk in the most solitary and cooled Places commonly at the Foot of some Mountain or elevated Ground which may best protect them from the Meridional or Occidental Sun 25 Foot wide at the Orifice and about 50 deep is esteemed a competent Proportion And though this be excavated in a Conical Form yet it is made flat at the Bottom or Point The Sides of the Pit are so joyced that Boards may be nailed upon them very closely jointed About a Yard from the Bottom is fixed a strong Frame or Tresle upon which lyes a wooden Grate the Top or Cover is double thatch'd with Reed or Straw upon a copped Frame or Roof in one of the sides whereof is a narrow Door-case hipped on like the Top of the Dormer and thatched To Conserve Snow They lay clean Straw upon the Grate or Wattle so as to keep the Snow from running through whilst they beat it to a hard Cake of an icy Consistence which is near one Foot thick upon this they make a layer of Straw and then Snow and Straw again and continue S.S.S. 'till the Pit is full and then laying Straw or Reeds upon all they keep the Door locked This Grate is so contrived that the Snow melting by any Accident in laying or extraordinary Season of Weather it may drain away from the Mass and sink without stagnating upon it which would accelerate the Dissolution and therefore the Bottom is but very slightly steened c. 2. And it hath been observ'd by the Dutch-Men in their Voyage to Nova Zembla That in June the Sun was not powerful enough to melt Snow And even in warmer Climates where the Reflection of the Sun-beams is not so considerable Snow continues unthawed all Summer as upon the Top of the Alps and other high Mountains And Capt. James observes that in August Ice that was kept in the Sun-beams continued unmelted 8 Days or more and the same Author observes that the very Ground was frozen in June TITLE XVII Considerations and Experiments concerning the Primum frigidum Of the Primum Frigidum 1. THO several Sects of Philosophers have disputed about a Primum Frigidum some contending for Earth others Water others Air and another Sect for Nitre yet I am apt to believe That there is no such thing as a Primum Frigidum or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in which that Quality principally resides and from whence all other Bodies derive theirs no more than that there is a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Principle subject of Residence for any other Quality For if an intense Degree of Motion amongst the minute Parts of a Body be sufficient to give it the Quality of Heat it may be enough to render a Body cold that that Motion is diminished upon a removal of its Cause so that it may be doubted whether Cold be a positive or a privative Quality The Earth not the Primum Frigidum 2. Indeed Plutarch supposes the Earth to be the Summum Frigidum But we daily see That it is froze by the contiguous Air communicating Cold to it and by the Interposition of another Body may easily be preserved from that So the Salt-Works upon the Marshes of the Island Xaintonge in France are preserved from the Dammage the Frost would do them by letting in Water by Sluces to overflow them Besides were the Earth the Summum Frigidum it might justly be wonder'd why it congeals not the Water contiguous to it sooner than Hail or Snow in the Air Since Terrene Parts of Matter cannot be brought thither without some Cause able to elevate them and perhaps to alter the Qualities of them Not to mention those Vulcano's which argue the Earth to abound with Subterraneal Fires and that in several Places where there are no such Vulcano's as in deep Mines those that work there find it very hot and troublesome And in deep Wells it is observ'd that the Water is so far from being froze that it comes up reaking hot which cannot be supposed to proceed from the Beams of the Sun since it hath been observ'd by Monsieur de Claves Livre 11. Chap. 8. That in the Southern Countries the Heat of the Sun penetrates not above six or seven Foot deep And the subterraneal Parts are so far from being extremely Cold That it is observ'd by Miners That the lower they dig the more Vapours exhalations and Heat they find And Jo. Baptista Morinus witnesses That in Mines in Hungary four hundred fathom deep after the descent of 80 fathom it is always hot but whether these may proceed from Subterraneal Fires or a Mixture of other Bodies I shall not determine since I have seen Bodies actually Cold mix'd together produce Heat And I am told That in some Parts of England they dig up a Mineral which upon a Addition of Water only becomes Hot and for a like reason perhaps those Heats in the Hungarian Mines may be caused For that Mineral Steams ascend is evident since they have been observ'd in a Perpendicular Groave not only to stink◠but by their Corrosive Qualities to corrode the wooden Ladders And Morinus himself tells us That descending into the Golden Mines at Cremnitz the Heat increased extremely as he descended which they attributed to a Mine of Smaragdine Vitriol which lay under it of which kind of Vitriol there is some even in the Cold
of Nitre The Ingredients of Gun Powder Charcoal and Sulphur without the least shadow for the Pretence of a Substantial Form a Body is produc'd of Effects more prodigious than any of Nature's Production Nor can Nature produce a more Noble Concrete than Glass which is but the Product of Matter brought together by Art where in less than an Hour an Opaque Body becomes transparent and acquires several other Qualities for as much as appears to Sense without the Addition of any other Body which yet by another change in a trice may make a Substance not Glassy but Opacous * Substantial Forms not necessary to Discriminate Bodies Nay the Aristotelians themselves allow That there may be slight Changes in Matter so as to distinguish Genus's without an Introduction of Substantial Forms as in Coral which in the bottom of the Sea is tender and grows like a Plant yet when harden'd in the Air it is by several Eminent Writers class'd amongst Stones And indeed its Calx is very much unlike the Ashes of Plants being apt to be corroded by Vinegar as Lapis Stellaris and several other Mineral Stones are And a thing equally to be admir'd is to be seen in Sombrero an Island in the East-Indies near Sumatra according to Sir James Lancester who relates a Story of a Worm which is transform'd into a Tree and that again into a Stone much like white Coral And Piso in his History of Brasil vouches many Witnesses for the Transformation of Animals like Grass-hoppers into Vegetables Likewise Michael Boym a Jesuit affirms That he saw in the Island Hainan in China Crabs which pull'd as out of the Water were immediately petrify'd But Pyrophilus that I may draw to a Conclusion I shall only further add to what hath gone before Oyl of Vitriol turn'd into Allom. that Remarkable Experiment of Helmont's which is that Oyl of Vitriol may be turn'd into Allom by the Fumes of Mercury To which may be added another Instance presented us in the Production of Salt-Petre For if on the white Salt afforded by Solution of Pot-Ashes Spirit of Nitre be pour'd Salts obtain'd from Spirit of Nitre and Pot. Ashes till they cease to ferment that Mixture will yield Crystals endued both with the Shape and other Qualities of Nitre CHAP. VII Experimental Attempts concerning the Redintegration of Bodies HAving already to confirm the Origin of Forms as intimated in our Hypothesis alledged the Measures taken in the Productions of Forms I now proceed to illustrate it from their Reproduction which might prove the stronger Argument of the Two could it be clearly made out because to Re-produce a Body whose Substantial Form hath been destroyed may argue that a Form is only a Modification of the Parts of Matter of which a Body is composed in such order in reference to each other as is requisite to produce such Properties Whereas were those Parts otherwise placed they would make up a Body of a different Nature which would be again of the nature of the former were the Parts of which it consists associated in their former Order But tho' an Adaequate Redintegration of Bodies Chymically Analized were impossible by Reason of some Dissipated Parts yet such a one as is possible may be sufficient to our Purpose which is the Experiment concerning the Reproduction of Salt-Petre But Experimental Attempts of this kind being very difficult all that I shall do at the present is to represent that Difficulty And An Attempt to re-unite the Parts of Amber First we shall do it by relating our Success in an Attempt to dissipate and re-unite the Parts of common Amber for having put Four or Five Ounces of Amber into a Glass Retort by a gentle Heat it began gradually to melt and bubble and after the Operation was ended we found in the Receivers half the weight of the Amber consisting of a Mixture of Volatile Salt Spirit Phlegm and Oyl and in the bottom of the broken Retort we found a Cake of Matter very black yet so smooth that nothing could be finer Polished so that it might very well have supplied the place of a Looking-Glass which when it was broke the Fragments were accompanied with a more than ordinary Lustre All which divided Parts of Amber being mix'd in a Glass Body to which a Blind Head was luted and placed in Sand the Fire being by Accident increased the Fumes raised the Vessel out of the Sand which falling the Top of it was broke by striking against the side of the Furnace and the Fumes flew away The remaining Matter was very like Tarre but would not Tincture Spirit of Wine tho' with Oyl of Turpentine it would make a Blood-Red Balsom The whole Process being again renewed and some Accidents happening we could not finish the Experiment An Attempt to re-unite the Parts of Roch-Allom But notwithstanding the Difficulty of Tryals of this kind having once drawn what Quantity I could of Phlegm and Spirit from Roch Allom and poured it again upon the Caput Mortuum after some time some Parts were so associated again as to form several curiously figur'd Crystals An Attempt to re-unite the Parts of Vitriol And though Vitriol may seem a Body unapt for such Experiments yet I once drew from blew Vitriol a Phlegm and Spirit together with a heavy Oyl which being divided into several Parts the red Caput Mortuum was divided into an equal Number one part of each of which being mixed over Night in the Morning I found several Grains of pure Vitriol upon the Surface of the Matter which I again found upon the Mixture of another part of the Powder and Liquor only more in Quantity and this Experiment was also confirm'd by a Third Tryal As also of Antimony and Oyl of Vitriol To these I shall add what happened upon the digestion of powdered Antimony with a double quantity of Oyl of Vitriol For having drawn from it a little Liquor together with a considerable Quantity of combustible Antimonial or Antimonio-Vitriolate Sulphur the Caput Mortuum remaining in the Report was light and friable and upon the upper part white like common Wood-Ashes the rest being like a Cinder Whereupon we exposed it to the Fire in a Retort of Glass well Coated and fitted with a Receiver and after some time separating the Vessels we found very little Sulphur sublimed and not the least Antimonial Quicksilver but the Caput Mortuum was united into a Mass of black Antimony covered over with white transparent Glass From whence we may infer that Antimony generally abounds with more Sulphur than is requisite to constitute that Mineral though in this Experiment we might suspect that part of it was turned into Glass by the Loss of the Sublimed Sulphur Another to re-unite the Parts of Vitriol But amongst all my Experiments of the Redintegration of Bodies the following was the most successful for having distilled from several Ounces of Turpentine in a Glass Retort a considerable Quantity
hath to stick to the Pores of another whence some Fluid Bodies whose Parts are not adapted so as to adhere to the Pores of other Bodies want that Quality as Quick-silver which slips over the Surfaces of most Bodies without sticking to them tho' in Respect of some as Gold or Tin it may be esteem'd Fluid since inasmuch as it dissolves them it hath much the same Virtue as Liquids have in softening other Substances And that Humidity depends on an apt Configuration of the Parts of Matter and their Congruity with the Pores of other Bodies is further evident since Water it self in respect of some Bodies is not moist as the Feathers of Swans Ducks c. Add to this That it is further observable that when the Texture of a Liquor is chang'd it may adhere to Bodies it would not stick to before As for Instance Tho' neither Quick-silver Lead Tin or Tin-glass will stick to Glass yet a due Proportion of each mix'd together will presently without the Assistance of Fire adhere to it That the Pores of a Body cannot be perceiv'd no Argument of their Non-existence But further If it be objected That the Insensible Agitation of the Parts of Fluid Bodies are but Imaginary and Precarious since the Smallness of them makes them too fine to appear I must answer That since their Vacuities are so small as not to be Visible it is as impossible to discern their Parts and consequently the Motion of them since one Part is so presently succeeded by another that the Eye hath always a whole heap before it tho' separated by Pores so small as to be undiscerned And tho' the. Vacuities betwixt the Parts of powdered Nitre be so large as to be discern'd by the Eye yet when it's Corpuscles by the Action of the Fire are render'd more Minute not only Salt-Petre but Gold also are said to possess a less Space and consequently must leave less Vacuities betwixt their Parts and which are altogether Invisible to the Eye For which reason the Body appears continuous The Motion of the Parts of Liquids variously determin'd And that the Particles of Fluid Bodies are in Motion variously determin'd appears from their Effects since they not only penetrate but putrify some Bodies and presently dissolve them as when Sugar is cast into Water that sweet Substance is dissolv'd and its Parts so much associated with those of the Water as to be carry'd up to the Top of it which is further observable in Sea-water whose Salts upon Evaporation swim at the Top of the remaining Liquor and it is not less remarkable That a Solution of Gold in AquaRegis will presently Tincture twenty times as much fair Water And further That the Particles of Flame may be discern'd to move very fiercely even by the Eye is commonly known and further confirm'd both by their Operations and the Rays which every way expand themselves and strike against the Neighbouring Bodies And that the Air hath it's Parts in a constant Motion variously agitated we have ä great deal of Reason to believe since we may easily discern whole swarms of Motes swim up and down in the Sun-Beams and not only so but in clear Sun-Shine Days we may perceive on the Walls of Churches and other Spacious Buildings certain obscure Shades to quiver and tremble And we have yet a further Instance in Salt of Tartar which after Fusion being for a considerable time left in a moist Cellar will dissolve and put on the Form of a Clear Liquor by imbibing the Moistness of the Circumambient Air which penetrates and gets into the Pores of the Salt by an Intestin and Powerful Motion And it is further to be Noted That if in Summer cold Water be put into a Glass the moist Vapours which move about it will be condens'd on the outward side of the Glass and appear in the Form of Dew those Moist Particles which swim in the Air being by the Perpetual Motion of it's Parts successively driven upon the External Superficies of it In trying of which Experiment it is Remarkable That the Dew on the out-side was not to be observ'd above the Surface of the Liquor contain'd in it And these Relations are the less to be wonder'd at if we consider that so weighty a Body as Lead may be rais'd in the Form of Smoke a considerable height into the Air by the Assistance of proper Vessels plac'd in a convenient Furnace which Smoke will be soon scatter'd and dispers'd by the Various Motion of Aerial Particles And this Experiment does not only shew that the Parts of Air are in a Perpetual Motion but also how much the Minuteness of them contributes to their Fluidity And tho' Quick-silver much exceeds any other Body in Weight except Gold yet it 's Minute Parts agitated and rais'd in the Form of a Vapour will like other small Particles of Matter glide to and fro in the Air whence it hath often-times happen'd that in Evaporating of it several pieces of Gold have been so whitened over with the Fumes of it as not to be got off again without a great deal of Trouble But to make it almost Visible that the Parts of Liquid Bodies are perpetually in a variously determin'd Motion mix a Solution of unrefin'd Silver in Aqua fortis with 15 times its Proportion of Fair Water Decanting or Filtrating the clear Mixture In which Liquor the Parts of the Silver are not in the least discern'd tho' upon Immerging a Copper-Plate into it the Particles of that Metal which before swam up and down in the Mixture presently adhere to the Copper and crust it over with a Metalline Powder and if the Copper Plates remain in that Liquor for a Night the whole scatter'd Corpuscles of Silver will be collected together about them the Liquor being Tinctured with a Blue Tincture by some Parts of the Copper corroded and divided into Parts by the Salt Parts of the Aqua fortis And to render this Experiment still more Useful I have observ'd That by letting a piece of Spiltre lye in this Tincture for some Days the Copper Particles were gather'd round about that also from all the Parts of the Liquor which could not be were not the Water in a Perpetual Intestin Motion so that its Parts might by often changing their Places successively strike against the Spelter and so leave the Silver behind To this Experiment may be added another which I have long since try'd when first I began to consider the Reason of Fluidity I drop'd then into Spirit of Wine moderately Deflegm'd a small quantity of Oyl of Turpentine letting it fall so far that it might by the force of it be broke into small Drops which by reason of their Tenacity being unapt to mix with the Spirit would swim upon it and be mov'd up and down variously and irregularly by the Spirituous Parts of the Liquor which struck against them in their Ascension and whilst these Spirituous Parts continue to exhale it is
pleasant to behold how the Globous Parts of the Oyl will sometimes be gather'd together and almost unite and presently after be again dispers'd abroad and move to and fro amongst one another and this Motion would continue till the most Agile and Spirituous Parts of the Liquor were wholly spent And lest this Motion of the Oyly Parts should be suspected to arise from some Antipathy betwixt it and the Liquor I try'd the Experiment with small chop'd Straws which were likewise impetuously and confusedly mov'd up and down on the Superficies of the Spirit From whence we may learn That there may be an Intestin Motion of the Parts of a Liquid Substance tho' it be not discern'd by the Eye I might here reckon up a great many more Phaenomena exhibited by this Experiment but it shall suffice to take Notice besides what hath been already deliverd That some of the aforemention'd Spirit being clos'd up in a Glass Hermetically seal'd to try whether the Oyly Drops would continue their Motion when the Vinous Spirit could not exhale the Vessel was presently broke without any force otherwise discernible than by the effects of it And that the small Parts of the most weighty Liquors are actually in a Continual Motion may not only appear from what hath gone before but may be further confirm'd since Quick-silver will not only penetrate into the Pores but destroy the Texture of so solid a Metal as Foliated Gold And Salt of Tartar tho' cold is able to extract Tinctures from several Bodies And that the Parts of Oyl of Vitriol are in a Perpetual Motion may be evinc'd by the Corrosive Qualities of it which it powerfully exerts without the Assistance of Heat not only in Corroding Metals but if pieces of Camphire be thrown into it they are presently turn'd into an Oyly Substance And whoever is unwilling to believe that there is an Intestin Motion of Parts in these two Oyls may easily be undeceiv'd by the Heat and Ebullition which follows upon the Mixture of them agitated together in a Glass But here we are to observe that tho' it be an Essential Property of Fluid Bodies that one Particle readily gives way to another and that the other is as apt to succeed in the Place of it interchangeably yet that is not to be conceiv'd of all Fluid Bodies in General but is to be understood only in such Bodies as are either Simple and Homogeneous or as have an Aptitude to mix with each other as Wine and Water since there are some Liquid Bodies which will not be mix'd together but like compact Substances resist the Impressions of each others Superficies and it is not a little strange that Lucretius and some other of the Antient Atomists should overlook so obvious an Observation since it is apparent in Oyl which will not mix with Water but more eminently in Quicksilver which denys to mix any of those Liquors which were familiar amongst them But to add an Experiment which is more remarkable having so prepared and opened the Body of Copper with a sufficient Quantity of Sal Armoniack as to render the prepared Mineral inflammable I applied some Grains of it to the Wiek of a Candle by the force of whose Flames it was not only Melted but carried up along with the Tallow to the Bottom of the Flame where it was observable that the Flame of it was both lasting and as distinct from that of the Candle as if the two Flames had been separated by the Interposition of some other Body Why some Liquids are unapt to mix with each other But to return to what I have said of the unaptness of Liquors to mix with one another the reason in general seems to be no other than the particular Texture and peculiar Motion of their Parts And this I am the rather induced to believe because Salt of Tartar dissolved by the moistness of the Air into a Liquid Form will readily mix with Spirit of Wine the Texture being only changed by an addition of Water tho' before they both had their distinct Superficies and tho' mixed by a Violent Motion yet would presently separate again and each regain it's former Position And Oyl or Spirit of Turpentine gently drawn off from Sea-Salt Melted or well Decrepitated will readily mix with Spirit of Wine though there was no sensible difference betwixt that Oyl and another which would not Again a Solution of Salt of Tartar digested for some time with Oyl of Almonds would be turned into a soft Saponary Substance tho' by a strong Agitation Lixivial Liquors cannot be mixed with Oyls Moreover tho' cold Quicksilver will not mix with Oyl of Vitriol yet the boiling Oyl will by piercing it's Substance both alter and incorporate with it The Superficies of Liquids by pressing one against another give each other a determinate Figure There remains one thing yet to be taken notice of concerning the Difference in fluid Bodies which is That some of them which will touch each others Superficies without Mixture will also reduce them to a determinate Shape As for Instance if Spirit of Wine be poured upon Oyl of Tartar per deliquium tho' the contiguous Superficies of both be parallel to the Horizon yet the upper Superficies of the Spirit will be endewed with a visible Concavity if the Experiment be tryed in a slender Glass unstopped In which Liquors it may be further noted that upon a Mixture of Oyl of Almonds it presently separated the one from the other the Superficies of the Oyl of Almonds contiguous to the Oyl of Tartar being Level as well as that which was next to the Spirit of Wine But if Oyl of Turpentine be poured upon it instead of Oyl of Almonds it will be divided into several Portions some of which Swimming in the Spirit of Wine will be of a Globular Figure and others which rise to the top of the Liquor will be partly Level with the Superficies of the Liquor and partly Sphaerical on the immersed Superficies And it may be yet further observed that some Globular Parts would tho' the Liquor was shaken continually Swim upon the Oyl of Tartar being contiguous to it only in a Point But what is more Remarkable is that several drops of Oyl of Turpentine falling into the Spirit of Wine lay upon the Superficies of the Oyl of Tartar like so many Hemispheres their convex Superficies being upwards yet by degrees they became Globular being equally pressed on every side and touching the Oyl of Tartar only in a Point And these Experiments I have the rather recited because they being added to that which may be observed in the Torrecellian Experiment by suspending Mercury in the Air by admitting Air into the Glass Tube so as to separate the Mercurial Pipe into several Short ones which will have on each side a Superficies something convex because I say they might be of Use in Accounting for the different Configurations of Fluid Bodies as well as the distinct Superficies of
those Vapours which Swim in our Atmosphere A Transparent Liquor may yield a Liquor Diaphanous and another Opacous Having said thus much of Fluidity it may not be amiss to subjoyn one Experiment which shews how a transparent Liquor may be divided into two the one Diaphanous and the other Opacous Pour into a warm Solution of an Ounce of Quicksilver with a double Quantity of Aqua Fortis about half an Ounce or an Ounce of Filings of Lead being cautious that it be not put in so fast as to make the Liquor Boyl over the Event of which will be that the Lead will be immediately precipitated in the Form of a white Powder the Mercury running together again into a Fluid Body immersed in the Aqua Fortis And here it is to be noted that if the success of this Experiment be frustrated the Mercury may by degrees be again recovered if the white Precipitate be diligently ground for some time with Water Motion in the Parts of some Consistent Bodies But to put a Conclusion to this Chapter it is highly probable that not only Fluid but some consistent Bodies have their Parts in a certain degree of Motion whence as we may conjecture proceeds that Dust which is the Effect of Putrefaction in some sorts of Wood And it is not absurd to imagine that from hence Worms in Fruit as well as Magots in Cheese derive their Original And that there is Motion amongst the Parts of some consistent Bodies is further made probable both by that Turpentine which I have observed to Sweat out of Deal Boards and the growth and increase of the Bones and other consistent Parts of Bodies but more particularly in those of colder Animal Substances as Oyster-Shells Crabs-Claws and such like consistent Substances Having said thus much concerning Fluidity it might not be improper to take notice how by the Mixture of Liquids their Fluidity is sometimes promoted and also sometimes destroyed But since we shall have occasion sometime or other in the following Chapter to make such Observations I shall to close this Chapter add an Experiment which may intimate that the event of Mixtures is not always certain The Experiment is the following We Evaporated a Solution of Copper in Spirit of Nitre from whence we obtained a Vitriol of a lovely Colour We likewise dissolved one Part of good Tin in a double Quantity of Spirit of Nitre and tho' Salt-Petre as well as Tin be both Fusible yet this Metalline Mixture would neither melt on quick Coals nor in a red hot Crucible Whereas the Vitriol of Copper would melt with the heat of ones Hand though the Metalline Ingredients be much more hard to be brought to Fusion than Lead or even Silver it self and we have sometimes obtained such a Vitriol as might be preserved in a Fluid Form by the Languid heat of the Sun in Winter either with Spirit of Nitre or a certain Aqua Fortis From whence it appears that the Textures of Compositions are to be considered as well as the Particular Consistence of the Ingredients CHAP. XII Experiments concerning the Superficial Figures of Fluids Especially of Liquors Contiguous to other Liquors COnsidering that the greatest Part of the Universe is made of Fluid Bodies especially if according to the Cartesian Hypothesis the Sun and fixt Stars consist of Fluids it may not be amiss to illustrate what we have only hinted at in the foregoing Chapter For the following Experiments made about the superficial Figures of Fluid Bodies may not a little contribute to illustrate as well what hath been before delivered as what hath been said concerning the Pores of Fluid Bodies besides they may be of no small use in accounting for several Phaenomena belonging to the Grand System of the World EXPERIMENT I. and II. The Figure of the Surface of a Nitrous Liquor To try whether the concave Surface of Fluids contained in a Pipe was wholly to be attributed to the Pressure of the Contiguous Air I poured Dephlegmed Spirit of Wine upon a strong Alkalizate Menstrum which was made of fixed Nitre run per deliquium in a moist Celler and contained in a Cylinder of Glass of about a quarter of an Inch Diameter I found that the Menstrum changed it's concave for a horizontal Superficies and the like succeeded in a Glass of a much greater Diameter And that Superficial Cavity was likewise almost destroyed by pouring on Oyl of Turpentine instead of Spirit of Wine EXPERIMENT III. Of Water If instead of the former Liquor common Water was put into the Glass Cylinder it retained it's former Surface tho' Oyl of Turpentine Swam upon it instead of Spirit of Wine EXPERIMENT IV. To try what Surface would be made by an Oyl heavier than Water Of Oyl of Turpentine by being contiguous to it I put pure Oyl of Turpentine into a Glass Cylinder and found that the Concave Superficies which it had whilst the Air was Contiguous became Convex and protuberant upon an Affusion of Water EXPERIMENT V. The Superficies of a Solution of Tartar c. Again having put Salt of Tartar deliquated into a Glass Cylinder and poured Oyl of Guajacum upon it we found that the Concave Superficies was not altred as it was by Oyl of Turpentine And having gently poured Water upon these two the Oyl of Guajacum Swam betwixt the Water and the Oyl of Tartar having a Convex Superficies at each end that next the Oyl of Tartar being most protuberant EXPERIMENT VI. Of Oyl of Cloves Having likewise put Oyl of Cloves into a Glass Cylinder by pouring Water upon it it 's Concave Superficies presently became Convex and this Oyl being too heavy to Swim upon Water we poured some of it upon Deliquated Salt of Tartar pouring upon it likewise a little common Water which being done we found the Oyl Protuberant at both Ends but more at that which was Contiguous to the Water EXPERIMENT VII Again having put a considerable Quantity of Quicksilver into a Pipe of the same Diameter Of Quicksilver but much longer than the former we found that the Superficies of it which was otherwise considerably Protuberant was in some measure Depress'd when Water instead of Air was Contiguous to it EXPERIMENT VIII Of the same Upon tryal whether a greater or less Quantity of Water would alter the Surface of the Mercury I found that the greater the Quantity of Water was the more it was depressed tho' it did not always succeed But when the Cylinder being of a considerable length was filled with Water the Mercury Contiguous to the Glass was depressed to a Level having in the Center of its Superficies a Protuberance Semicircular and raised above the other level Surface half it's Diameter which Protuberance gradually subsided as the Mercury was drawn off EXPERIMENT IX The Surface of Liquors in Vacuo Boyliano Having conveighed two of the afore-mentioned Cylinders one containing Water and the other Mercury into our Pneumatical Receiver
we found that notwithstanding the Air was not Contiguous the Superficies of the Water was not manifestly altred by the Exsuction of the Air tho' the Mercury seemed sometimes to be a little more Protuberant especially when the Exhausted Air was let in with any Celerity But one thing in the Mercury which was observable was that upon the Exsuction of the Air several Bubbles seemed to rise in the Mercury and how much those might conduce to the mentioned Phaenomenon we leave others to try Again having conveighed another Cylinder into our Receiver which contained an Oyl whose Superficies when Water was poured upon it was Convex we found that upon the Exsuction of the Air neither the Oyl lost it's Protuberant nor the Water it 's concave Superficies From which Experiments it may appear what Effects the Pure Aether would have upon such Bodies were they remov'd out of this Atmosphere EXPERIMENT X. Though the Figures of the Parts of scatter'd Fluids and of condensed Vapours be usually Globulous yet those Observations being too Transient to deduce from them the Figures of the Parts of Fluids we tryed the following Experiment that I might observe something more Remarkable Having mixed Fixt Nitre dissolved into a Liquor by running per deliquium with exactly rectified Spirit of Wine and found that those two Liquors tho' shaked together would retain distinct Surfaces I drop'd Oyl into the Spirits which gradually subsided till it touched the Superficies of the Nitrous Liquor The Phaenomena exhibited by this Experiment were the following Phaenomena exhibited by a Nitrous Liquor and Spirit of Wine I. That if the Drops were small they retain an exact Spherical Figure being neither depressed by their own weight nor the gravity of the ambient Spirit the Oyl being much of the same specifick Gravity with the Spirit of Wine II. If an Aggregate of Drops were a quarter of an Inch in Diameter the Pressure of the upper Parts would depress the lower so much as to form a Plain on that side Contiguous to the Nitrous Liquor so that the Horizontal exceeded the Transverse Diameter in Length III. And if the Quantity of Oyl was greater it would so depress the lower Parts as to form an imperfect Hemisphere the lower Part of it having it's plain and horizontal Superficies parallel to that of the Superficies of the Nitrous Liquor IV. But if the Oyl poured in was moderate as to Quantity tho' at the first it would spread over the Surface of the Nitre yet by degrees it would be compress'd and be so raised as to form either an Hemisphere upon the Surface of the Nitrous Liquor or a Segment of a Globe or even of an Imperfect Ellipsis to the production of which Phaenomenon the Tenacity of the Oyl as well as the Ambient Spirit in some Measure contributed V. Tho' these Globules of Oyl would sometimes readily mix and associate when brought together yet for the most Part they would make an Impression into one another without uniting and again recover their former Figure when permitted to separate VI. It was not unpleasant to behold how if a large Quantity of Oyl was poured into the Spirit the Convex Superficies of it would acquire various Figures upon the Motion of that Ambient Spirit and if the Agitation was strong several Parts being broke off would form as many Aggregates of a Globular Figure EXPERIMENT XI Of Oyl of Turpentine Having put a Mixture of two Oyls one of which was drawn from Turpentine into other Liquors to try whether the Lighter Oyl would separate from the heavier with which it was incorporated I found that tho' it answer'd not my Expectation yet as the Quantity of either of the Oyls was prevalent the Mixture would either sink or swim in the Liquors it was put into And to the Phaenomena exhibited by Oyl of Turpentine it may be added That when part of it is contiguous to the Liquors it is put into and part adheres to the Glass the Superficies contiguous to the Water is of Figures too various and extravagant to be described EXPERIMENT XII Several Colours exhibited It is to be noted that when the Nitrous Liquor is very clear it will in the former Experiments be very difficult to discover where the Surfaces of the two Liquors are contiguous they both appearing to be one and the same Mass except some Dust swims upon the Nitrous Liquor or the Rays of Light fall obliquely upon it EXPERIMENT XIII Having pour'd a peculiar sort of Oyl upon a Deliquation of Nitre and Tartar ting'd with Cochinele I observ'd that by holding the Mixture in a certain Position the plain Superficies not only variously refracted the Incident Beams of Light so as to represent several vivid Reflections but the plain Superficies appear'd almost as convex as that of Quick-silver and it was further to be observ'd That it almost as strongly reflected the Rays of a Candle as a Close Specular Body usually does which Phaenomenon could not proceed from the Alkali altogether but might partly from the Concurrent Action of the Oyl which I observ'd to contribute to Refraction when mix'd with other Liquors but I shall not here endeavour to determine what was the Cause of the Foremention'd Phaenomena but in order to it shall observe First that neither the Confining Plain which separated these two Liquors nor the Superficies of the Nitrous Liquor was the Occasion of that Red Colour which the Flame of the Candle acquir'd Secondly the Liquor being chafed the uppermost would be turn'd into a Froth consisting of Bodies imperfectly Globular which in a little time would form a rude Physical plain the Upper Superficies of which would reflect the Rays of Light very briskly and when the Parts of the Froth became a little finer they would reflect the Rays of a Candle so as to represent so many pieces of Silver polish'd or a Copper Plate freshly immers'd in a Solution of Silver in Aqua fortis To which Phaenomena a Third may be added viz. That the confining Surface of the aforemention'd Oyl upon Spirit of Wine was not a little strongly reflective Most of these Phaenomena before mention'd were afforded by making use of Oyl of Limons instead of the former except that the Reflection was not so brisk EXPERIMENT XIV Of Oyl of Aniseeds Having pour'd Oyl of Aniseeds dissolv'd by a Moderate Warmth upon warm Water contain'd in a Viol I found that the Upper Surface of the Oyl as well as that of the Water was Concave tho' the Lower Superficies of it was very Protuberant and Convex and when it had been remov'd for some time into a Cold place so that the Oyl might be Coagulated the Convex Superficies of the Oyl was something less protuberant So that it seem'd to resemble a Concavo-Convex-Glass made use of for Dioptrical Purposes EXPERIMENT XV. It is not only observable in the former Liquor that the Oyl caus'd a much more vivid Reflection in a Fluid than Consistent Form but it
in common Experiments yet the Load-Stone sustain'd it's Weight almost as firmly as before the Pump was ply'd and the Reason why it was not altogether was the thinness of the Medium since the Weight suspended must be heavier when the Air which was nearer proportion'd to their Weight was exhausted FINIS ADVERTISEMENT THE Number of Sheets contain'd in this Volume amounting to what the Booksellers think fit to answer the Price put upon it And also to make the succeeding Volume Proportionable the next Volume begins with a Continuation of what our Author further delivers concerning the Air. The TABLE A. ACCIDENTS no distinct Entities Pag. 3. Secondary Affections of Matter what Pag. 8. The Effects of Natural Agents how diversify'd Pag. 10,21 Considerations in order to the Doctrin of Alteration Pag. 13 14. Alteration what Pag. 15 16. Products of Art the Effects of Nature Pag. 59. An Acid may be turned into an Alkaly Pag. 90. The Air 's Spring and Weight proved Pag. 166 167 311 317. from thence to the End of this Volume Objections raised by Franciscus Linus answered Pag. 393. The Actions of some Bodies depend on the Catholick Laws of the Vniverse 241. and the Established Laws of Nature Pag. 242. The Temper of the Air in Subterraneal Groves Pag. 256. The Air inclosed in the Receiver acts by Virtue of it's Spring Pag. 315. What Weight is requisite to draw the Sucker down Ibid. The Air 's Expansion in a Lamb's Bladder Pag. 317. The Force of it Pag. 318 371 451. It 's Expansion measured Pag. 319 320 409. Whether Air be a Primogeneal Body Pag. 341. The Air 's Gravity and Expansion under Water Pag. 351. The weight of the Atmosphere considered Pag. 360. Why Air is indisposed to pass through Pores which Water will Pag. 370. Proportion betwixt the weight of the Air and Water Pag. 372. beewixt it and Mercury Pag. 374. The Height of the Atmosphere considered Pag. 372. The Tunicular Hypothesis examined Pag. 398. A Table of the Air 's Condensation Pag. 411. of it's Rarefaction Pag. 413. Why Air condensed by Cold does not raise Mercury equally as when condensed by Pressure Pag. 415. Why Animals die in the Exhausted Receiver Pag. 430. The Air 's Pressure on Bodies contained in it Pag. 431. The weight of a Pillar of Air of a Determinate Size Pag. 480. The Air 's Pressure sensible to the Touch Pag. 461. B. A Bitter Substance may become sower Pag. 96. The Expansive Force of steeped Beans Pag. 243 244. A Bubble broke in the exhausted Receiver Pag. 450. A Bladder broke by the Air 's Expansion Pag. 449. A Portable Barometer Pag. 465 C. Colours no Inherent Qualities Pag. 9. Considerations in order to the Doctrin of Corruption Pag. 13 14. Corruption what Pag. 15. Similar Colours no Arguments of Similar Substances adequately Pag. 24 25. The Chymists Doctrin refuted Pag. 100 112. Motion in the Parts of Consistent Bodies Pag. 144. Colours exhibited by Reflection Pag. 151 153. Camphire dissolved in Oyl of Vitriol Pag. 188. A Concrete the Result of a Mixture of Spirit of Wine and a Solution of Coral Pag. 196 197. The different Temper of Climates Pag. 252. Observations concerning Coral Pag. 272. Of the Flame of a Candle in the Exhausted Receiver Pag. 323. Concerning Live Coals c. Ibid. Corrosives their Effects Pag. 390. Cupping Glasses how they operate Pag. 474. D. Motion in the Parts of Diamonds Pag. 205 206. E. Eggs how Hatched Pag. 73. A strange sort of Earth Pag. 196. The Temperature of the Regions of the Earth Pag. 256. of the First Pag. 257. of the Second Pag. 259. of the Third Pag. 261. Why the Middle Region is coldest Pag. 259. The Pneumatick Engin described Pag. 307. The Method of managing it Pag. 310. Elasticity explained Pag. 418. The Pneumatick Engin made use of in the First continuation described Pag. 435. F. Forms what Pag. 11. Their Effects whence Pag. 12. The Doctrin of Substantial Forms considered Pag. 29. Forms not reduced out of the Power of Matter Pag. 30. The Aristotelian Doctrin of Forms contrary to Reason Pag. 31. Their Arguments considered Pag. 32 33. Substantial Forms no Causes of Adhesion Pag. 34 35. A Compound Form what Pag. 36 41. The Doctrin of Subordinate Forms considered Pag. 37. Subordinate Forms proved Pag. 38. A Compound Form what Pag. 39. Specifick Forms considered Pag. 40. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hard to be distinguished amongst the Forms of Natural Bodies Pag. 41 50. How distinguished Pag. 51 55. Subordinate Forms act how Pag. 42 43. Subordinate Forms in Inanimate Bodies Pag. 49 52. A Superadded Form it's Effects Pag. 53. Concurrent and Subordinate Forms how distinguished Pag. 56. Subordinate Forms not necessary to Discriminate Bodies Pag. 67. Fluidity it 's Definition Pag. 115. What is requisite to render Bodies Fluid Pag. 116 119 120 121 193 434. All Bodies not equally inclined to Fluidity Pag. 117 118. What the Motion of the Parts of Fluids depends on Pag. 124. The Superficial Figures of Fluids Pag. 142. of a Nitrous Liquor Pag. 146. of Water Ibid. of Oyl of Turpentine Pag. 147 151. of a Solution of Tartar Ibid. of Oyl of Cloves Ibid. of Quick-silver Pag. 148. of a Nitrous Liquor and Spirit of Wine Pag. 150. of Oyl of Aniseeds Pag. 153. of Water included in Oyl Pag. 155. of Oyl of Turpentine upon Cloves Ibid. of Oyl of Aniseeds coagulated Pag. 155. of several other Mixtures Pag. 156 157. A Fluid turned Solid Pag. 180. Fluids not divisible into Fluid Parts as Quantity into Quantity Pag. 183. Subterraneal Fires their Effects Pag. 262. Filtration it 's Cause Pag. 365. G. Considerations in order to the Doctrin of Generation Pag. 13 14. Generation what Pag. 15. Gun-powder it's Ingredients Pag. 67 Phaenomena afforded by a Gummy Substance in Vacuo Boyliano Pag. 154. Solidity of Glass depends on a Juxta-position of Parts Pag. 162. The Parts of Glass in Motion Pag. 207 208 209. What Figured Glasses best resist the Pressure of the Air Pag. 320 321. Gun-powder exploded in Vacuo Boyliano c. Pag. 328. Glass Plates broke in the Exhausted Receiver Pag. 448. Flat Glasses broke in the Exhausted Receiver Pag. 447. H. Heat no Inherent Quality Pag. 9. Heat what Ibid. Humidity a Relative Quality Pag. 125. Heat unusual in Mines whence Pag. 263. Heat produced by Attrition Pag. 445. I. Juxta-position of Parts not the only cause of Cohesion Pag. 160. Juxta-position of Parts promoted by the Air 's Spring Pag. 161. proved by the Cohesion of Polish'd Glasses Pag. 163. by the Cohesion of Polished Marbles Pag. 164 165 166. The Interposition of Minute Parts may turn a Liquor into a Solid Pag. 178. Observations of Indurated Bodies Pag. 191. of the Bone of a Deer's Hart Pag. 192. The Effects of a Bar of Iron held to a Mariner's Compass in a Perpendicular posture Pag. 202. Iron how it acquires Magnetical Virtues Pag. 246. L. The Motion of the Parts of Liquids variously determined Pag. 126 127 128 140. proved
high Octob. 16. 77. Three Ounces of bruised Grapes being included in an exhausted Receiver large enough to contain 30 Ounces of Water with half an Ounce of Spirit of Wine Octob. 17. The Mercury did not ascend much Octob. 18. It was not an Inch high Jan. 2. 18. The Receiver was quite full and some of the Liquor as it was poured out produced Bubbles in some Turpentine about the Orifice which broke outwardly Tho' Spirit of Wine promotes the Generation of Air in Vacuo yet in the open Air it hinders it See the II. VIII and XIV Exp. Art II. EXPERIMENT VII July 19. 78. MVST expressed From Must bruised Grapes were put into a Receiver when it was 10 Months old The 21. The Mercury was no higher 23. It was raised 3 Inches 24. Raised 5 Inches 25. In the Morning it was 104 in the Evening 137 and the Must made its way out 26. More Must got out The Air was further expanded but the Mercury was suspended at the same heighth 27. The Screw being left open half the Must got out From thence it appears that by keeping Grapes for some time their Fermentative Virtue becomes more powerful EXPERIMENT VIII Jan. 30. BOiled Apples being put into Receivers From boil'd Apples with and without Sugar they both presently filled them full of Air. Jan. 31. Raw Apples being shut up in Receivers in one of which was put a third part of Sugar and the other without Feb. 10. The former had yielded some Air. Feb. 14. The raw Apples and Sugar rais'd the Mercury 30 Inches Those which were boyled raised it two Inches In the other Receivers we had no Air generated Feb. 18. In the Receiver in which the raw Apples and Sugar were enclosed the Mercury was raised 56 Inches The Boiled Apples and Sugar raised it 3. The raw Apples had yielded little but in that which was almost full the Apples were very little Fermented but of a very pleasant Taste Feb. 21. The Cover was broke and the Apples and Sugar had lost some of their Juice but they were not Rotten March 1. In the great Receiver in which raw Apples were shut up the Mercury was rais'd 25 Inches In the little One not above 7. Where Boiled Apples and Sugar were contained it was raised 9 Inches March 8. In the large one it was 29. In the less 22 ½ That where the Boiled Apples were stayed at 9 Inches March 17. Some Juice got out of the large Receiver In the less the Mercury stood at 67 Inches and the boiled Apples and Sugar raised it 15 Inches From whence it appears that the Sugar and the largeness of the Receiver as well as the Crudity of the Fruit contributed to the Production of Air. ARTICLE II. Several ways to hinder the Production of Air. EXPERIMENT I. Decemb. 20. 78. DOugh made without Leaven From Dough. but with the same Meal with Bread-Corn being enclos'd in a Receiver where the Heat of a Fire kept it warmer than at Midsummer in 10 hours it yielded no Air So that if Dough be once too cold it hinders it's Fermentation for the future which I the rather believe because Dough being shut up in the Summer presently generated Air. EXPERIMENT II. May 23. THree Ounce of Dough Leaven'd being enclos'd in a Receiver large enough to hold 50 Ounces of Water I put Spirit of Wine to it May 24. The Mercury was Three Inches high May 26. The change was small May 27. None at all May 29. None at all June 2. It ascended a little June 14. Not at all Decemb. 14. Being taken out it smell'd subacid And being put into an Empty Receiver it swell'd so much as to take up twice as much space as before with a gentle Ebullition May 23. The same Quantity being of Dough shut up without Spirit of Wine May 24. The Mercury was 19 ½ Inches high May 26. It 's Heighth was 38. May 27. No alteration Decemb. 14. It continued at the same Heighth and the Dough smell'd subacid From whence it appears that Spirit of Wine prevented the Generation of it in the last Experiment EXPERIMENT III. August 29. PEars From Pears and a Mercurial Gage being clos'd up in a Receiver fill'd with Water such a Quantity of Air was pressed in as was able to raise the Mercury 26 Inches higher than it us'd to be In a little time they were all made like a Pultis for Consistence Aug. 30. In 24 hours the Mercury was depress'd an Inch and an half Aug. 31. It remain'd at the same Heighth Sept. 1. They began to yield Air the Mercury being rais'd to 27 Inches Sept. 2. In 24 hours it was rais'd 8 Inches higher Sept. 3. The Heighth of the Mercury was 17 Digits higher the heighth being 52 Inches Sept. 4. The Mercury was buoy'd up 7 Inches further rested at 59 Inches Sept. 5. The heighth of the Mercurial Tube was 64 Inches And a Pear broken in the Receiver was turned Black Sept. 6. It was rais'd 3 Digits and ¼ higher than what is usual Sept. 7. It was 3 Digits lower and rested again at 64 Inches Sept. 8. This day the Mercury subsided to 58 Inches Sept. 9. It was rais'd up 3 Digits higher again and was suspended at 67 Digits Sept. 10. In 24 hours it was rais'd 1 ½ higher being suspended at 69 Inches Sept. 11. It descended to 67 Digits again the Night being very cold Sept. 12. No Alteration happen'd at all Sept. 13. It subsided further to 64 Digits the Cold was sharper Sept. 14. It was 70 Digits high Sept. 16. It subsided to 69. Sept. 19. It stood at the same heighth Sept. 20. It was rais'd again to 71. Sept. 23. It subsided to 69. Octob. 1. It was buoy'd up again to 75 Digits Octob. 3. On the 2 there was no alteration To Day it stood at 70 the Weather being exceeding cold Octob. Yesterday the Mercury remain'd at the same heighth but this Day being Rainy it rose again to 75. Octob. 7. The Weather being the same the Mercury was at a stand Octob. 10. This Day it subsided to 69 Inches the Rainy Weather continuing Octob. 12. To Day it was Depress'd to 65 Inches Cold Weather coming on again Octob. 13. It was 64 Inches high Octob. 14 It was 69 Digits high Octob. 15 It was 74 Digits high Octob. 24 It was 68 Inches The Season being cold Nov. 2. It was 64. The Cold more violent Nov. 5. The Mercury was 80 ½ Inches high The Cold more moderate Nov. 2. It was 65 Inches high It was sharp frosty Weather Nov. 27. It was 68 Inches high A Thaw coming on Dec. 6. It was 61 Inches high The Weather being very Frosty From the former Experiment it appears that Fruits yield not Air plentifully when violently compress'd in the Air The Air afforded when they are compressed not being ⅛ of what they yield in the Empty Receiver But that the Cold might concur to hinder the Generation of Air will be evident from the following
Receiver was 42 Inches In the other 26. The Bubbles which before appear'd in the full Receiver disappear'd And the Air in the Gage possessed a larger Space than before In the full Receiver the Height of the Mercury was Octob. 16 60 Inches Octob. 18 90 Inches Octob. 22 90 Inches Octob. 23 108 Inches Octob. 26 108 Inches Octob. 28 138 Inches In the other Octob. 16 30 Inches Octob. 18 40 Inches Octob. 22 42 Inches Octob. 23 50 Inches Octob. 26 60 Inches Octob. 28 63 Inches The Bubbles appear'd again Nevemb 8. When the Receiver was open'd the Ale seem'd ready to fly into Froth except the Orifice was presently stopp'd again It 's Taste was very Pungent As the Hole in the Gage is open'd or shut the Mercury will descend or ascend Novemb. 9. Almost the same Phaenomena were taken notice of when the other Receiver was open'd From this Experiment it appear'd that tho' the Ale sooner ferments when Air is permitted to be with it than when it is not yet the Ale in such Receivers at the last expands more violently EXPERIMENT XIV June 27. Pease with Spirit of Wine GReen Pease and Spirit of Wine being put into the Receiver by some Air that got in accidentally the Mercury was rais'd 18 Inches to prevent which a second time the Receiver was cemented and made firm with Turpentine June 30. The Height of the Mercury did not vary July 7. No Air was generated in the highest Degree of Heat Pease without Spirit of Wine The same Quantity of Pease being put into the Receiver as in the last Experiment without Spirit of Wine June 28. At night the Height of the Mercury was 5 Inches Jun. 29 It was 10 Digits high Jun. 30 It was 16 Digits high July 1 It was 19 Digits high July 5 It was 26 Digits high July 7 It was 30 Digits high July 8. The Air got out of the Receiver it being too much filled From which it appears that Spirit of Wine hinders the Generation of Air in Pease ARTICLE III. The Effects of Artificial Air are different from the Effects of common Air. EXPERIMENT I. June 19. 77. Cherries in closed in a Receiver CHERRIES being shut up in an evacuated Receiver the Mercury was rais'd in 6 hours 5 Inches ½ June 20. The Mercury was rais'd 3 ½ At night it was 2. June 21 It was rais'd 1 ½ June 22 It was rais'd 1 ½ June 23 It was rais'd 2 June 24 It was rais'd 1 ½ June 25 It was rais'd 1 ½ June 26 It was 3 June 27 It was 3 June 28 It was 5 June 30 It was 1 ½ July 1 It was rais'd 3 July 2 It was rais'd 4 July 3 It was rais'd 2 July 4 It was rais'd 2 ½ July 5 It was rais'd 3 It was 45 Inches high but the Air being conveighed into another Receiver It subsided to 25 Inches July 6 It rose 4 July 7 It rose 5 ½ July 8 It rose 5 July 9 It rose 5 July 10 It rose 6 July 11 It rose 12 July 13 It rose 7. July 13. The Mercury being rais'd 3 Inches was suspended at 92 Inches and the Air being conveighed into another Receiver was 50 Inches high July 14 It was rais'd 14 July 15 It was rais'd 11 July 16 It was rais'd 13 July 17 It was rais'd 5 July 18 It was rais'd 9 The 19 It was subsided from 102 to 92 Inches Part of it being conveighed into another Receiver The 20 It ascended 15. The 22 Air getting out it subsided to 63 Inches ½ The 23 It ascended to 12 ½ The 24 It ascended 4 the height of the Cylinder being 79 But the Air being remov'd into another Receiver it stood at 62. July 25 It rose 8 July 26 It rose 9 July 27 It rose 4 July 28 It rose 5 July 30 It ascended ten Inch. the Length of the suspended Cylinder being 98 Inches And part of the Air being conveighed into another Receiver it stood at 64. July 31 It rose 6 Inc. August 1 It rose 9 Inc. August 2 It rose 4 Inc. August 3 It being removed into another Receiver was 68 Inches high August 4 It being removed subsided to 54 Inches August 6 It rose 7 In. August 7 It rose 4 In. August 8 It rose 0 In. August 9 It rose 3 In. The Receiver being open'd the Cherries were almost insipid being of a whitish Colour and the Pulp spungy From this Experiment it appears that tho' Cherries are capable of yielding Air yet the Production of it is not very regular EXPERIMENT II. July 13th 67. Cherries enclos'd in a Receiver CHerries being enclosed in a Receiver together with as much Air obtain'd from Cherries put up in another Receiver as was able to sustain a mercurial Cylinder 50 Inches July 15. It was rais'd two Inches higher tho' the day before there was no Variation in it's Height July 16 It was rais'd 1 ½ July 17 It was rais'd 1 ½ July 26 It was rais'd 18 Some Air got out July 27 It was rais'd 2 Some Air got out July 30 It was rais'd 7 July 31 It was rais'd 9 Inches August 1st It stopped at the height of 61 Inches some Air making it's way out Aug. 27. The Air being wholly vanish'd I took out the Cherries which retain'd their Colour without Putrefaction Their Taste was acid and the Pulp was full of Cavities like fermented Paste From this and the foregoing Experiment compar'd it appears that Fruits yield less in artificial than common Air and consequently their natural State is longer preserv'd EXPERIMENT III. Septemb. 10th 77. Common Air. Grapes inclosed in a Receiver SIX Ounces of unripe Grapes being shut up in a Receiver which was large enough to hold 25 Ounces of Water with common Air I shut up the Receiver firmly with a Screw Septemb. 11 The Mercury rose not in the least Septemb. 12 It was about an Inch high Septemb. 13 It was rais'd to 3 ½ Septemb. 14 It was rais'd to 7 Septemb. 15 It was rais'd to 10 Septemb. 16 It was rais'd to 12 ½ Septemb. 17 It was rais'd to 14 Sept. 18 It was rais'd to 16 Sept. 19 It was rais'd to 18 Sept. 20 It was rais'd to 20 Sept. 21 It was rais'd to 22 Sept. 22 It was rais'd to 23 ½ Septemb. 23 It was rais'd to 27 Inches no Alteration being observ'd in the Grapes Septemb. 24 It was 30 Inches high Septemb. 25 It was 31. The Colour of the Grapes being turn'd yellow Septemb. 26 It was rais'd to 32 ½ Septemb. 27 It was rais'd to 34 Sept. 29 It was rais'd to 35 Sept. 30 It was rais'd to 35 Octob. 1 The Mercury was 35 Inches high Octob. 2 It was 36 Octob. 0 It was 36 Octob. 6 It was 36 Octob. 10 It was 35 Octob. 13 It was 32 ½ None of the Air made it's way out but the Cold encreased Novemb. 9 The Mercury had neither ascended nor descended Decem. 19 The Air was lost Decem. 20 The Grapes took out of the Receiver
Harts-horn in Vacuo HArts-Horn burnt in Vacuo yielded some Air. June 17. Air produced by burnt Harts-horn was soon destroy'd but if it lasted an hour undiminish'd it usually continu'd a considerable time June 19. Harts-horn taken out of the Receiver yielded a fetid Oyl but no Volatile Spirit EXPERIMENT III. June 21. Amber in Vacuo AMber being burnt in a Receiver ascended in Fumes up to the Top and thence reflected downwards but burnt in Vacuo they rose not above a Digit at the first but afterwards it rose almost to the Top The Mercury in the Gage was not alter'd in it's height June 22. Water in which the Receiver was immers'd got into the Receiver July 8. No more Water got in Nor did the Amber produce the least Air. EXPERIMENT IV. Jan. 18. 77 Camphire included in a Receiver TWO Drachms of Camphire being put in an empty Receiver upon a Digesting Furnace Jan. 19. It was sublimed into Flowers no Air was produced EXPERIMENT V. May 24. 76. Sulphur Viv. melted in a Receiver SULPHUR Viv. being melted in an exhausted Receiver by the help of a Burning-glass yielded no Air. EXPERIMENT VI. July 19. PASTE included in a Receiver and burnt afforded so much Air that the Cover which before could not be mov'd without difficulty easily parted from the Receiver ARTICLE IX Concerning the Production of Air in Vacuo EXPERIMENT I. Sept. 9. 76. Dry'd Grapes in Vacuo AN Exhausted Receiver being half full of dry'd Grapes Sept. 10 It ascended ½ Sept. 12 It ascended ½ Sept. 14 It ascended â…œ Sept. 17 It ascended â…œ Sept. 22 The Ascent was â… Sept. 27 The Ascent was â… The Height was 3 Digits Octob. 11. The Mercury was 6 Digits high Sept. 9. 76. A Receiver being half full of dry'd Figs the Air was drawn out till it stood at 3 Inches Sept. 10. No Air produced Sept. 17. No Air. Whence it appears that there is no Regularity in the Production of Air from dry'd Fruits EXPERIMENT II. August 5. 76. Pears and Apricocks PEARS and Apricocks were shut up in Vacuo Aug. 6. In 18 Hours the Mercury was rais'd 2 Inches In ten Hours more the Height of it was 3 Digits Aug. 7 The height was 5 Aug. 8 The height was 6 ½ Aug. 9 In 14 hours it was 7 ¼ Inc. hig Aug. 10 The height was 8 ¾ Aug. 11 The height was 10 ¾ Aug. 12 The height was 12 ¼ Aug. 13 The height was 14 ¼ Aug. 14 The height was 16 Aug. 15 The height was 18 Aug. 16 The height was 20 Aug. 18 The height was 25 Aug. 19 The height was 29 Aug. 20 The height was 31 ½ Aug. 21 The height was 32 ½ Aug. 22 The height was 34 Aug. 23 The height was 35 Aug. 26 The height was 38 ½ Aug. 29 The height was 41 Sept. 1 The height was 42 ½ Sept. 4 The height was 44 Sept. 7. The three last Days being hot it was rais'd to 46 ¼ Sept. 10 The height was 47 ½ Sept. 13 The height was 44 Sept. 23 The height was 48 Sept. 27 The height was 50 ½ Nov. 5 The height was 52 â…“ Nov. 28. The Apricocks were reduc'd to Water the Skin being sever'd from the Pulp no more Air was produc'd Jan. 10. 77. It was a hard Frost at which time the Mercury came to 57 Inches Upon a Thaw it was depress'd to 23. March 3. The Apricocks were putrifi'd and had lost their Colour Hence it is evident that Apricocks afford Air almost as fast in their wonted Pressure as in Vacuo EXPERIMENT III. June 20. 76. Sowre Cherries SOwre Cherries whole being put into one Receiver and others cut into another The whole ones rais'd the Mercury in two hours 10 Lines the dissected ones 20. June 21. The whole ones rais'd the Mercury to 3 Inehes the other Gage was spoil'd June 26. The whole ones rais'd the Mercury 15 Digits The other Receiver was full of Air. July 9. The Receiver being remov'd from it's Cover I eat a Cherry which was well tasted The rest being included in Vacuo and some of them broke in an hour rais'd the Mercury 2 Digit July 10. The Mercury ascended not because the Gage was spoil'd July 15. The Cover was sever'd from it's Receiver Whence it appears that dissected Fruits produce Air sooner than whole ones EXPERIMENT IV. June 9. 77. Cherries in Vacuo CHerries being put into a Receiver rais'd ¼ of a Digit of Mercury in an hour Jun. 10. The Mercury was rais'd in 18 hours to the height of 11 Digits June 11 It rose to 15 June 12 It rose to 15 †June 13 It rose to 22 June 16 It rose to 30 June 18 the Receiver was open'd Fruits of the same kind in France fill'd their Receiver in 2 Days and probably there may be the like difference in other Fruits in several Countries EXPERIMENT V. June 12. 76. Cabbages in Vacuo CAbbages being included in a Receiver in an hours time rais'd the Mercury a Line June 13. It was rais'd to 10 Digits June 17. It was rais'd almost to the Top of the Gage the Cabbages being very little alter'd June 19. Having been 2 days expos'd to the Air were corrupted and blackish being shut up in Vacuo they rais'd the Mercury ½ an Inch. June 22. It was rais'd to the height of 1 ½ June 23. No more Air being produc'd the Cabbage was taken out It stunk much So that I suspected that Bodies have afforded as much Air as they can before they putrifie EXPERIMENT VI. May 29. 76. Oranges in Vacuo HAving shut up two pieces of Orange which weigh'd 4 Ounces in 2 exhausted Receivers large enough to hold 10 Ounces of Water June 10. They remov'd the Receiver from it's Cover upon which I shut them up in an exhausted Receiver capable of containing 8 Ounces of Water upon which the Mercury ascended ½ of a Digit June 13. It was almost 2 Digits high June 16. It ascended about 3 Lines June 21 It ascended not one Line July 18. The Mercury was no higher but some Mouldiness appear'd EXPERIMENT VII April 27. 76 A Tulip in Vacuo A Tulip being shut up in a Receiver with as much Air as rais'd the Mercury 2 Digits May 2. That which before was strip'd put on a dark Red and became moist It afforded but little Air. EXPERIMENT VIII April 22. 76. A Limon in Vacuo A Limon shut up with a Mercurial Gage 3 Digits long April 24 It was 1 ½ Digits high April 25 It was 2 Digits high April 26 It was 4 lines higher Apr. 27 It rose 1 Line Apr. 28 It rose 1 Line Apr. 29 May 3. In four Days it ascended a little above a Line May 3. 77. The Limon was a little alter'd The Mercury was rais'd to the Top of the Gage Jan. 1. 17. The Limon had contracted a Yellowness and Moisture EXPERIMENT IX March 16. 67. An Apple in Vacuo AN Apple which began
26 Inches high Aug. 13 The height of it was 33 Aug. 14 The height of it was 36 Aug. 15 The height of it was 39 Aug. 16 The height of it was 41 ½ Aug. 17 The height was 44 Aug. 11 The height was 47 Aug. 19 The height was 50 The Air being transmitted and the Goosberries taken out they had lost their Colour and almost all their Acidity They produced Air very regularly except a little faster when some part had been drawn out EXPERIMENT VII Sept. 12. Crude Grapes CRUDE Grapes were put into a Receiver with as much Air as rais'd Mercury 3 Digits Sept. 13 The hight was 5 Sept. 14 The hight was 10 Sept. 16 The hight was 17 Sept. 17 The hight was 19 Sept. 19 The hight was 23 Sept. 20 The hight was 25 Sept. 22 The hight was 30 It was stop'd with a Screw Sept. 23 The hight was 3 ½ Sept. 24 The hight was 32 Sept. 26 The hight was 34 ½ Sept. 27 The hight was 36 ¼ Sept. 28 The hight was 36 ¼ Sept. 29 The hight was 37 ¼ Sept. 30 The hight was 37 ¼ Oct. 2 The hight was 39 ½ Oct. 4 The hight was 39 ½ Oct. 5 The hight was 40 ½ Oct. 7 The hight was 41 ½ Oct. 8 The hight was 42 ½ Oct. 15 The hight was 46 Nov. 2 The hight was 54 Nov. 5 The hight was 58 Jan. 10 The hight was 70 There was no sensible alteration in the Gage when the Frost was most severe tho' the Grapes and their Juice was Froze Sept. 21. The Grapes being little alter'd and the Mercury not much higher the Receiver was openâ—d and the Grapes tho' more pungent had not lost their Taste but their Juice preserv'd it's red Colour Hence it appears that Grapes yield not all their Air in a little time EXPERIMENT VIII August 10. 77. Pears in Vacuo PEars cut in two being included in a Vacuum about Evening the Mercury was rais'd 10 Digits Aug. 11 It rose to 20 Aug. 13 It rose to 38 Aug. 14 It rose to 48 Aug. 15 It rose to 55 Aug. 16 It rose to 60 Aug. 17 It rose to 68 Air being Transmitted it subsided to 53 ½ Aug. 18 The hight was 61 Aug. 19 The hight was 64 Aug. 20 The hight was 70 Aug. 21 The hight was 72 Air being transmitted it stood at 61. Aug. 22 The hight was 68 Aug. 23 The hight was 74 Aug. 24 The hight was 79 Aug. 25 The hight was 81 Air being transmitted it sunk to 61. Aug. 26 The hight was 56 Soem got out being transmitted it sunk to 52. Aug. 27 The hight was 60 Aug. 28 The hight was 68 Aug. 29 The hight was 75 Aug. 30 The hight was 83 Aug. 31 The hight was 88 Sept. 1 The hight was 93 Sept. 2 The hight was 100 Sept. 3 The hight was 89 Some Air got out Sept. 4 The hight was 100 Sept. 5 The hight was 100 Sept. 7 The hight was 100 No Air got out Sept. 9 The hight was 107 Sept. 10 The hight was 107 Air being Transmitted it sunk to 99. Sept. 11 Sept. 13 The hight was 105 Oct. 8 Air got out Pears yielded their Air by fits ARTICLE XI Various Experiments EXPERIMENT I. March 16. Melted Lead in a Receiver LEad being melted in a Brass Vessel an Inch and ½ in Diameter it was conveigh'd into a Receiver and the Air pump'd out before the Lead cool'd when it was cool the Surface was concave especially in the Middle tho' when it cools in open Air the Surface is generally convex except in the Middle The same success happen'd when the Experiment was made with Tin Neither of the Metals afforded Bubbles EXPERIMENT II. Sept. 2. A Solution of Salt in Water A Solution of Salt in Water being conveigh'd into a Receiver Sept. 15. The Salt was not Christaliz'd EXPERIMENT III. August 8. 76. Artificial Air. ARtificial Air from Goosberries was included in a Receiver March 1. 7 6 7. No Alteration in the height of the Mercury EXPERIMENT IV. August 8. Air weighed A Phial which was large enough to hold 7 Ounces 5 Drachms and 3 Grains of Water having the Air exhausted was pois'd to an Aequilibrium with another weight Upon which a Piece of a Bladder which cover'd it was pierc'd with a Needle and the Air getting into it weigh'd 4 Grains ½ which Weight is to the former as 1 to 814 so that Water is 800 times heavier than Air of the same Bulk EXPERIMENT V. Jan. 16. 77. Aqua fortis and fixed Nitre AQua fortis and fix'd Nitre being mix'd in a Receiver together yielded much Air. March 5. The Air was not destroy'd nor the height of the Mercury alter'd But Nitre was produc'd in Vacuo from the Mixture EXPERIMENT VI. May 12. 76. Several Bodies in Vacuo A Phial which had a long Neck being so far fill'd with Oyl that it wrought up to the middle of it's Neck was conveigh'd into a Receiver and so much Air Compress'd into it as rais'd the Mercury 120 Inches above the usual height The Surface of the Oyl subsided ¾ of an Inch being condens'd by Cold which was evident since the compress'd Air being let out the Surface rose not again August 5. The same Experiment being made with Water there was no sensible Alteration in the height of it's Surface tho the heat might have given reason to expect some change Jan. 14. 78. A Glass Phial being fill'd with Spirit of Wine till it rose within 3 Inches of the Top of it's Neck was by the heat of my Hands caus'd to rife to the top of the Vessel Which being then Invert'd into a Vessel full of Mercury and my Hands remov'd the Cold Spirit admitted 3 Inches of Mercury into it's Neck yet being conveigh'd into a Receiver and so much Air compress'd into it as rais'd 90 Digits of Mercury the Spirit was not in the least condens'd by compression tho Cold had such a considerable effect on it When the Receiver was open'd there was no appearance of Bubbles in the Spirit of Wine It would be worth while to consider why Cold should have such a considerable Effect in condensing Spirit and why it cannot be condens'd by Compression EXPERIMENT VII May 12. 76. Spirit of Wine and Oyl of Turpentine SOme Spirit of Wine contain'd in a Glass Vessel with some drops of Oyl of Turpentine upon it were briskly mov'd about till the Receiver being exhausted they stuck to several Bubbles which rose out of the Spirit of Wine and were by them carri'd to the sides of the Vessel where they were kept except 2 Drops which the Bubbles left behind upon the Surface of the Spirit which whilst the Receiver was exhausting continued their Motion but in a little time after were wholly at rest Yet upon a Re-ingress of Air they for a little while renew'd their Motion again The same Experiment being repeated with Spirit of Wine and Oyl of Turpentine
Influences or Effluviums in the Air. SIR Celestical Effluvia in the Air IN order to discover the several affections of Winy Liquors and the several Distempers incident to them and how to preserve them it is requisite to consider the Qualities of the Air it 's Temperature and Motion And this puts me in mind to beg our Friends Assistance who would do well to make some progress in perfecting the Theory of the Planets for if that be not clear we cannot be free from Errors in respect of their Motions and Calculations and if we be mistaken in these i'ts impossible to know either their Places in the Heavens or their Aspects and consequently the Phisical way of their Motion must be uncertain and of no use or advantage But tho' by some they are looked upon to have little or no influence upon our Globe yet all the Arguments alledged against that Opinion are rather levelled against Astronomy in Relation to some Superstitions about this Doctrine than that they shew why when the Rays of each make different Angles upon one another they may not at the last affect us Since that they do is evident by undeniable Experiments not only on inanimate and vegetative Bodies but likewise from the Observations of Physitians in all Lunatick Epileptick Paralitick or Lethargick Persons And indeed since Rarefaction and Condensation are mediate Motions which dispose Bodies to Corruption and are assisting in Generating New ones and since all the Affections and dispositions of Moisture Heat Cold Drought the Course of all Winds Showers Thundering or whatsoever else is used by Nature to produce these two General Effects of Rarefaction and Condensation do in a great Measure if not wholly depend upon and are altogether regulated by the Course and Aspects of the Celestial Bodies it will not be irrational to teach that every one of those emitting Rays peculiar to themselves have by the Influence of those different Effects on our Atmosphere The subtle parts of the Air being not only subject to be worked upon by them but likewise our Spirits and other Humours whose Parts by the impression of these subtle Rays may acquire a new determinate Motion and consequently be altered whence may arise Convulsions Cramps Lameness c. Accordingly as the Humours influenenced by them are differently acted on and disposed to shew their ill Effects in this or that Part. So that it would be of considerable Import to Natural Philosophy and of no small use in Husbandry Gardening as well as Physick to make such Observations as might tend to the Improvment of the Theory of the Planets by keeping exact Dià ries in several Places of the Changes of the Weather and at the same time of the Mutual Aspects places and Motions of the Planets Besides it would not a little conduce to the Perfecting of the Natural Histories of Countries and particular Places But in instituting and perfecting Observations of this kind we are not yet Furnished with Thermometers sufficiently improved for First We are not yet acquainted what Proportion the Diameter of the Cylinder ought to bear to the Diameter of the Head to make our Observations of the Alterations in the Air regular Secondly We are not told what Length the Cylinder ought to be nor hath it as yet been well graduated 16 being the greatest Number whereas to make Observations on the more Minute alterations every Inch may be divided into 10 and consequently the whole into a 1000 Degrees Thirdly We are not yet told what Liquors are most proper to make such Experiments with Whether such as Attract the Air and preserve their first Quantities such as Ol. Sulph per Campanam Ol. Vitriol or Liquors such as Sal Tartar c. or whether Liquors whose Parts are more subtle and fine such as Spirit of Wine or Turpentine or Lastly Spirit of Vinegar or well refined Quicksilver In making such Experiments it may be convenient to fix several Glasses in one Frame with several sorts of Liquors in them and that Observations should be made in several Rooms together the Glasses being neither exposed to the Sun Beams nor to the injury of Storms Rain or Winds In the History it self it will be requisite to give an Account of the very place such Experiments were made in taking Notice whether the Experiments are not influenced by the Air in the Chimney the Cranny of a Wall or Door or the Breath of People It will be requisite likewise to note the Proportion betwixt the Warmth of Day and Night in constant Weather The agreement or disagreement of the Motion of the Air and Bodies above it in uncertain Weather How far these may foretell Winds or Rain the disposition of Air when it Thunders under times of Mildews or Blasting eminent Eclipses Conjunctions It is a Received Tradition in Java that the Beams of the Moon if one stays long under them will cause Contractures so that a Physitian who Slept under them had his Mouth strangely contorted and his Neck stiff which Symptoms he removed sooner than they are wont to go off by the use of Aromatick Medicines TITLE XIV Of the Height of the Atmosphere TITLE XV. Of the Motion of Air and of Winds Storms of Wind. AT Porta Nova Nov. 22. 1667. There was so violent a Rain and Wind that most of the Houses were Ruined Men and Beast carried into the Water by the Violence of the Winds and Flood the Town Wall was most of it thrown down and few Trees left standing I am told that Hurricanes are very frequent about the Island Mauricius where one lasted four days in one of which it had seven Exacerbations each of which differed two Points of the Compass from the Preceding The surface of the Sea by the Collision of the Waves was covered with a White Froath the Day was darken'd by it and the Noise like that of Thunder so that those on the Shrouds could not hear those on the Decks A Learned Physitian that Travelled into America told me that those Countries are supplyed with a constant Wind from the Hills but Barbadoes which wants Hills hath no such Winds In the Island of Teneriff Breezes constantly flow from the Sea but all Night a sharp Wind blows on each side from the Land Sea-ward I am told by a Traveller that tho' the Tops of Mountains are generally calm yet he had met with Winds considerably strong In Lettere di Venetia MArtedi sui li 29. Agosto 1679. alle hore 19. incirca si leuolevò nelle Paludi della Villa di Fauis del Dominio Cesareo tre miglia lontana da Palma Noua Dominio Veneto un ucnto chiamato Bissa boua che allargandosi per circa cinquanta passi scorse con â—anto empito e furore che portò per aria diuersi huomini che tagliauano il fieno in quei Prati e anco alcuni Carri carichi di fieno con i Buoui precipitandoli assai lontano con la rouina delli animali de Carri e
was open'd the external Air rush'd in with a considerable Noise whence it was evident that all the Air the Limon had yielded in that time was not sufficient to fill the Cavity of the Receiver Neither the Limon nor the Juice were mouldy or ill tasted so that it made me think that Mouldiness cannot be well produc'd without a Concurrence of the Air. The Liquor was acid but clear and without Faeces being of a Colour betwixt brown and red It turned Syrup of Violets into a Purple Colour and corroded Fragments of red Coral in the Cold. It hath been observ'd that Lozenges which a Scholar frequently carry'd in his Pockets were dissolv'd when he came near the Line but recover'd their old Consistence when much past it TITLE XXIII Of the Operation of the Air on consistent mineral Substances The Effects of the Air on mineral Substances IN drawing Copper out of deep Mines in Sweedland I am inform'd they use Ropes made of Leather Links of Iron being subject to break with the Coldness of the Air and the Weight of the Ore It hath been observ'd that Glasses kept half a Year tho' well neal'd have broke in pieces and froze of themselves the Cracks partly depending on some Particles of Salt which had not undergone a sufficient Comminution I am told there is a House in Suffolk near the Sea in which tho' it is but 8 Years old the Iron Bars are swell'd and so rotten that they 'll crimble away The Winds which blew upon those Windows in which they were being Southward and I am likewise told that Iron Bars drench'd in Sea Water and after expos'd to the Air were so far impair'd that when hammer'd great Flakes would fly off them Purbeck and Blechington-stone will moulder away in the Air But those dug up at Painswick near Gloucester will by being expos'd to the Air change their Primary Softness for a Crust-hard and Glassy Marble which penetrates but a little way into it's Substance but is generated sooner the oftner it is wash'd TITLE XXIV Of the Air in reference to Fire and Flame CAndles which burn in Grooves furnish'd with Air Shafts will sometimes continue burning 8 Fathom deep or more When they come into close Ground tho' Candles will burn for a while yet when the Dust rises they go out Experiments touching the Relation betwixt Flame and Air. THE burning of Candles c. under a Glass Bell as also Spirit of Wine Matches Touch-Wood Sponck c. The keeping of Animals under a Glass Bell whilst the Flame is burning The burning of Bodies to Ashes in sealed Glasses as also in exactly clos'd Receivers Cotton burnt in a seal'd Glass The burning of a Mixture of Flames under Water in an E. R. as also of a saline Substance and likewise of Salt Petre. A Pistol not firing in an E. R. An Experiment of burning Gunpowder The burning of Spirit of Wine and Oyl of Turpentine in Glass Vessels with slender Necks TITLE XXV Of the Air in reference to Fermentation Of the Air in reference to Fermentation RAisins being enclos'd in an exhausted Bolt-head half full of Water and set on a digestive Furnace presently began to ferment and swimming upon the Liquor afforded Bubbles which were gradually fewer and at last a Sediment appeard in the Bottom The Top of the Bottle being accidentally broke the External Air rush'd in with some Noise and the Surface of the Liquor was cover'd with Froth like Bottle Drink and I thought I perceiv'd a visible Fume come out of the Glass which had a Languid Smell The Liquor had a high Tincture of the Raisins and was of a better Consistence than that of Water TITLE XXVI Of the Air as the Receptacle of Odours TITLE XXVII Of the Operation of the Air on the Odours of Animal Substances Of the Effects of Air on Odours SOur Grapes having lain 3 Years in Vacuo were not mouldy but the Surface of the uppermost was discolour'd with a Tartarous Efflorescence The Grains had a musty Smell but the Liquor tasted Acid and would corrode Coral in the Cold. The Gage scarce discover'd any Air produc'd In Madrid I am told tho' they throw their Excrements into the Streets in the Night yet the stink is not very much the next Day nor will dead Animals stink long there TITLE XXVIII Of the Operation of the Air on the Odours of vegetable Substances LArge Pieces of Oranges having been three Years included in Vacuo their Rinds were on their Surface almost black they yielded very little Liquor being neither mouldy nor putrid TITLE XXIX Of the Operations of Air on the Odours of Mineral Substances TITLE XXX Of the Operation of Air on the Tastes of Animal Substances MR. Nickson told me that Meat might be preserv'd in frosty Weather all Winter without Salt but if drest when froze would not relish well TITLE XXXI Of the Operation of Air on the Tastes of Vegetable Substances TITLE XXXII Of the Operation of the Air on the Tastes of Mineral Substances TITLE XXXIII Of the Operation of the Air on the Colours of Animal Substances Of the Effects of Air on Colours THE Air influences Colours so much on black Taffety that in Brasil after it hath been worn a few days it becomes of an Ironish Colour but if it be kept from the Air the Colour fades not In a Particular Region in Brazil 50 Leagues beyond Parigna White People turn Tawny but a little beyond that they recover their Colour again Upon Charlton Island there is a sort of Birds call'd Partridges which are white in the Winter and gray in the Summer TITLE XXXIV Of the Operation of the Air on the Colours of Vegetable Substances I Am told that most Trees in Jamaica acquire a Greenness when newly cut down on that Part which is most expos'd to the Air and that Lignum Vitae when green is as soft as Oak Several Trees which are soft when cut down afterwards grow hard especially the Cabbage-Tree which presently hardens and the Pith rotting out it serves for a Pipe about 100 Foot long which will not corrupt under Ground but grows as hard as Iron The Juice of Aloes Plants which in the Island of St. Jago was clammy bitter and of a dark Colour under the Line lost it's Bitterness and acquir'd a green Colour Stains are most easily got out of Linnen at those times of the Year when the Fruit with which they were stain'd flourish TITLE XXXV Of the Operation of the Air on Mineral Substances ONE Part of Lapis Calaminaris being mix'd with four of Salt-Petre was kept some hours in a vehement Heat in a Crucible by which means the Matter being alkaliz'd Water was pour'd upon it which made a muddy red Tincture which being set in a Wide-mouth'd Glass in a Window it became green and more diaphanous than before but in a few Days it became a transparent Liquor a Powder subsiding which was red like Brick-dust Spirit of Vinegar receiv'd no Tincture
came through it that they appear'd to the Eye of a greenish Blew and the like succeeded with a Leaf of Silver EXPERIMENT X. I Am told that Lignum Nephriticum is us'd in the Country where it grows as an excellent Medicine against the Stone which Virtues Monardes likewise ascribes to it given in Infusion An Infusion of this Wood if it be not too strong will appear betwixt the Eye and the Light to be of a golden Colour except that upon the Top it will be cover'd with a sky Colour'd Circle but if your Eye be plac'd betwixt the Window and the Vial the Liquor will appear to be of a lovely Blew And this Experiment hath succeeded by Candle Light If the Liquor be held partly before the Eye and a Light and partly betwixt the Eye and an Opacous Body it will half of it seem of a golden Colour and half a Blew but if turning your back on the Window you observe the Liquor as it is poured out it will at the first seem Blew but when it hath fallen lower and the Rays of Light penetrate it more it will seem Particouloured If a little of this Tincture be pour'd into a Basin of Water partly in the Sun Beams and partly shaded it will afford several pleasing Phaenomena If some of it be pour'd upon white Paper the drops about it will appear of different Colours as the Position of the Eye in reference to them varies and when it is pour'd off the Paper will be dyed Yellow and if this be plac'd in a Window in the Sun-shine and a Pen held betwixt the Sun and part of the Paper the Verge of the Shadow next the Body that Causes it will be Golden and the other Blew Which Phenomena proceeded from the most subtile Parts of the Wood Swimming in the Water and in several Positions variously reflecting the Rays of Light Some of this Liquor being carefully Distill'd it yielded a colourless Limpid Water a deep ceruleous Liquor remaining behind Spirit of Wine and Salt of Harts-horn being mixed together I observ'd that it required a certain proportion betwixt the Liquor and the Salt which enabl'd it to vary it's Colour So that tho I was induc'd to believe that our Tincture receiv'd its Colour from a Salt dispers'd through it yet I suspected that this Salt would be either alter'd or incorporated by Acid Salts and accordingly dropping Spirit of Vinegar into some of the Tincture it lost its Blew but not the Golden Colour but upon an Affusion of Oyl of Tartar per deliquium that correcting the Acid Salts it presently regain'd its Blew Colour again the ponderous Tartarous Liquor first altering the Bottom of the Liquor and gradually rising again And since Kercherus Art Mag. lucis umbrae Lib. 1. Part 3. writes something of this Exotick Plant which agrees not with our account of it since he says it will according to the difference of the Medium in respect of Light and its several Positions vary its Colour yet from the Account he gives of it it appears that the Wood he made use of was different from Ours since he calls it a white Mexican Wood whereas ours as Monardes witnesses is brought from Nova Hispania and is not of a White but a darker Colour except on the outside which part is much weaker than the other Besides he tells us that his Tincture was like Spring Water when held betwixt the Light whereas ours is Yellowish or Reddish as the Tincture is weaker or stronger And since he tells us that the Tincture will afford all sorts of Colours and resume a ceruleous Colour in the Dark I could wish to know how he was convinc'd of the Latter and as for the Former I have tryed that it would not at all Answer Tho' this I must needs own that having held a Tincture of Lignum Nephriticum in the Rays of the Sun in a darken'd Room partly in and partly out and also wholly out of the Beams but partly near them it afforded a much greater Variety of Colours than in a lighten'd Room In this Experiment it is not a little to be admir'd that the Blew Colour should be so easily destroy'd whereas the Yellow Colour is so durable and further that Acid Salts should destroy it and Sulphureous one Restore it A Corollary of the Tenth Experiment Acid and Sulphureous Salis adistinguish'd THis Experiment may give us a hint towards a Discovery of some way to distinguish whether Liquors abound with Acid or Sulphureous Salts for if they be Acid they destroy the ceruleous Colour if Sulphureous they restore it And by this Method we have found that tho' it hath been doubted what was the Nature of Quicklime it abounds with Lixiviate rather than Acid Salts But of what use this Tincture may be where neither Acid nor Alkalious Salts are Predominant I leave to be determined by Experience since I found not that Spirit of Wine Spirit of Tartar freed from Acidity or Chymical Oyl of Turpentine would restore the ceruleous Colour of this Tincture when it disappear'd upon a mixture of Oyl of Turpentine EXPERIMENT XI I Have a flat Piece of Glass which held betwixt my Eye and the light appears Yellow but being held so that it reflects fewer Beams upon the Eye it degenerates into to a pale Blew And the same Piece of Glass being held Perpendicular to the Horizon that Part which the Sun shines on will be of a more dilute Yellow than the other which is shaded but if it be held Perpendicular to the Horizon the shaded Part will be of a Golden Colour and the other Blew if the Sun-beams pass through it upon a white Paper they will represent a Yellow yet the Position may be so vary'd as to yield a mix'd Colour more or less inclining to Yellow in some Places and in others to Blew N. 1st In trying of these Experiments the Sun-beams must fall upon the superficial Parts of one side of the Glass on which we must take care to keep our Eye And we have prepar'd a sort of Glass which would answer our expectation by laying a Leaf of Silver on one side and urging it with a stronger Fire than usual And one thing in this Experiment remarkable was that whereas common Artificers colour their Glass by putting a Calx of Silver Calcin'd without corrosive Liquors and temper'd with fair Water on the Plates of Glass when they burn them theirs appears Yellow whatever side is held to the Eye or in whatever Posture but this of ours held betwixt the Eye and the Light appear'd Transparently Yellow but the Eye being placed betwixt the Light and it it appear'd Blew and not in the least Transparent EXPERIMENT XII IT is worth observing that tho Painters can imitate most Colours which are to be met in Nature yet they make use of no more than White Black Red Blew and Yellow to produce all their Compositions Thus Black and White represent several sorts of Grays Blew and Yellow
Greens Red and Yellow Orange Tawny Red with a little White a Carnation Red with an Eye of Blew a Purple and by a Decomposition of all these they represent what Colours they please But in producing of Colours it is to be observ'd that we must take care that the Pigments be so harmless as not to destroy each others Textures for then the success will be frustrated EXPERIMENT XII WE observ'd that the Colour of a Body did not only seem compound when we look'd through two Glasses at once upon it but when the Beams of the Sun were cast through a double Glass the penetrating Beams would be ting'd with the compound Colour But the Rays of Light cast by reflection on a Sheet of Paper from several varnish'd Glasses they were ting'd with none of the Colours except Yellow so that I suspected the Beams of Light to penetrate deeper into that Substance than others and to be ting'd with the Varnish which Guess I was confirm'd in by spreading a little transparent Varnish of a Gold Colour on a Plate of Muscovy Glass for the Rays thence reflected were of a Yellow Colour EXPERIMENT XIV I Not only found by Experience that those Colours which are by the Schools taken to be Phantastical might be compounded with as much certainty as real ones but that if those Colours were deficient the resulting Colour would be so too And amongst those Experiments I made it was observable that the Yellow Beams of an Iris passing through a blew Glass were turn'd Green And the blew Part of an Iris cast upon Red CIoth would turn it Purple And by casting one Part of an Iris upon another Iris made by another Prism I could compound Colours which would answer my expectation as well as with those that are esteem'd real Colours EXPERIMENT XV. I Endeavour'd to try what alteration would be made in Colours by the use of a Colour'd Prism but I found that it was too difficult to get such as I desir'd since whatever Pigments a Prism was Colour'd with they would make it too Opake for our Purpose EXPERIMENT XVI THere are some Liquors which are of themselves devoid of Colour but when rais'd in the form of Vapours for the time have very conspicuous Ones as Spirit of Nitre and Aqua fortis which in the form of Vapors put on a Red or a deep Yellow And I further Observ'd that the Beams of the Sun Trajected through these Steams appear'd Ting'd with their Colour and so did the Rays of Light which were receiv'd from the setting Sun upon a Piece of white Paper EXPERIMENT XVII HAving mix'd Colour'd Powders together I observ'd that if a Liquor was made use of in the Mixture the same Colour would not emerge as from the dry Powders Orpiment and Yellow Oker being mix'd afford a good Green A Yellow solution of Gold in Aqua fortis being mix'd with a blew Solution of crude Copper by shaking yielded a transparent Green And so did blew and yellow Amel melted together Whether this compound Colour proceeds from a Union of Rays or else from the joint Effect they have upon the Retina as when two Strings sound at the same time they make one united Sound I shall not now stay to Examine but shall briefly intimate that by a good Microscope I could discern each of the Powders of the Bise and Orpiment Distinct so that a Transposition and Juxtaposition of Parts may produce a new Colour by variously modifying and reflecting the Rays of Light that fall upon them So that Colours being mechanically produc'd there is no need of substantial Forms to explicate them nor do they seem to be such inherent Colours as they would have them to be since they consist only of a heap of mix'd Particles of Matter Nor does it appear how these compound Colours should be caus'd by a Sulphur which tho' the Ingredients must contain it cause no such Effect there EXPERIMENT XVIII SYrup of Violets being drop'd upon Paper and a yellow Solution of Gold mix'd with it the result was a Red not a Green which was occasion'd by the Acid Salts in the Solution so that to produce a particular Colour with certainty by the mixture of Ingredients it is requisite they should be such as may be mix'd without altering each others Texture for a blew Solution of Copper in Spirit of Urine made with Syrup of Violets not a Blew but a Green EXPERIMENT XIX TO shew that Colours may be alter'd without any Change in the Chymical Principles of a Body I shall urge that essential Oyls or Spirit of Wine being shaken till Bubbles rise they will afford as long as they last very lively Colours and so does Water and Sope made into Bubbles by Children and so will Bubbles in Oyl of Turpentine and thin ones blown of Glass And I have discern'd several Rainbows represented by holding before my Ryes and the Sun a Feather or a Piece of black Ribband EXPERIMENT XX. ALmost any Acid mix'd with Syrup of Violets will turn it Red but Oyl of Tartar per deliquium will turn it Green and all other Alkalize Salts And this may discover what Salts are predominant in Bodies as well as our Tincture of Lignum Nephriticum Only it will not be work'd upon by so slight and weak Ingredients EXPERIMENT XXI BLew Bottle or Corn-weed being Candied preserves its Colour a long time and when newly press'd the Juice will be Blew yet Spirit of Salt will turn it Red and Alkalies Green and this being drawn upon a piece of Paper moisten'd with an Acid it render'd it Red. A Solntion of blew Vitriol in Water upon an Addition of a Lixiviate Liquor or an urinous Salt becomes Yellow Whence it appears that Volatile or Alkalizate Salts change not Blew into Green upon the account of an easie Transition from Blew to Green but upon the Account of the Texture of them EXPERIMENT XXII ITalian Painters being us'd to imitate Vliramarine Azure by grinding Virdigrease with Sal Armoniack and leaving it to rot in a Dunghil This gave us a hint to pour Oyl of Tartar upon a Solution of Verdigrease which tho' at first the Mixture was turbid yet being settl'd it produc'd a lovely Tincture and a Lixivium of Pot-ashes being made use of instead of this Oyl it yielded an Azure something Paler than the former and if Spirit of Harts-horn be made use of instead of these a greater variety of ceruleous Liquors may be obtain'd The better way to separate these Azure Liquors from their Feces is by Decentation than Filtration the Lquor being by the latter means usually stain'd EXPERIMENT XXIII THo' the Fumes of Sulphur usually whitens Rose Leaves yet Oyl of Sulphur per Campanam heightens the Colour of their Tincture EXPERIMENT XXIV A Grain of Cochinele dissolv'd in Spirit of Wine and afterwards gradually in Water it gave a Tincture to above 125000 times its weight which is an Instance of the great Minuteness of the Parts of Matter and of a vastly minute
Division of them EXPERIMENT XXV RIpe Privet Berries being crush'd upon white Paper stain it with a Purple Yet Spirit of Salt will turn it Red and a Solution of Pot-ashes Green and so will Meserion and the Juice of Pease From whence and the like Experiments before premis'd it appears that the Saline Parts of Bodies have a considerable stroke in producing their Colours EXPERIMENT XXVI SPirit of Salt being drop'd upon several Substances already Red as Syrup of Clove-july-flower Berries of Spina Cervina an infusion of Red Roses Brasil and several others it either made no Alteration or render'd the Red Lighter An infusion of Roses was turn'd into a dirty Colour by an affusion of a Solution of Pot-ashes and Syrup of Cloves was render'd a little more inclining to Green Another Red Infusion was advanc'd into a Crimson but the Juice of Buckthorn-berries acquir'd a lovely Green EXPERIMENT XXVII SPirit of Salt had a very small Effect upon the Juice of Jasmin but Spirit of Urine turn'd it to a Greenish Yellow and the Event was much the same when we try'd it with those less Oyly Leaves call'd Snow Drops which appear about the end of Winter EXPERIMENT XXVIII MAry-Gold Leaves fresh Madder and early Primroses c. being rubb'd upon Paper till they Coloured it they would be turn'd Red or Green by Alkaliz'd Liquors tho' so Acid a Salt as the Spirit of it rather diluted them yet it almost destroy'd the Colour of the early Primroses and an Alkalizate Solution turn'd the Juice of Madder Root Red as well as the bruis'd Root it self From whence it abundantly appears that the Effects of a peculiar Salt upon the Juices of Vegetables depends on their particular Textures EXPERIMENT XXIX A Black-berry full Ripe and another only Red being rubb'd upon a Piece of Paper the Juice of the former was turn'd into a Green by a Lixivium and one much fainter by a Urinous Salt and by an Acid into a Red. But the unripe Berry was little alter'd by the Acid but by the other Juices receiv'd Impressions different from the former Damask Roses would be colour'd Red by an Acid and Green by an Alkaly but a Yellow Province Rose by a Solution of Salt of Tartar was turn'd into a Green Blewish Tincture but an Acid only diluted the Yellowness of the Leaves And were I in the Island of Banda I should try what Effects these Salts would have on the Juice of Cloves which I am told are first White then Green and afterwards Reddish and when dry'd grow Black but the Flowers of them are said to be of an excellent Blew And one thing which deserves our notice is that tho' Damask as well as red Roses give a red Tincture to Water acidulated yet the one hath a purgative and the other a binding Quality And to what hath been said under this Experiment I shall add that Mr. Parkinson tells us that Buckthorn Berries gather'd green and bruis'd into Allum-Water yield a yellow when they are black they yield a Sap Green and if they grow upon the Trees till the middle of November they yield a Purple Colour And Clusius of Alaternus tells us that the grosser Parts of some Plants differ in Colour from each other for the Portugal's Dye their Nets blew with a Bark and blackish blew with the Wood. EXPERIMENT XXX TO shew that a change of Colour depends on an Alteration of Texture I shall add that the same Matter being seal'd up in a Philosophical Egg it will by Digestion pass through several degrees of Colours before it comes to that of the noblest Elixir And that several Substances will undergo changes of Colour by Digestion is evident in rectify'd Spirit of Harts-horn Precipitations of Amalgamas of Gold and Mercury without Addition where by a continu'd Heat the Silver-colour'd Amalgama will be turn'd into a shining red Powder which Effects are produc'd without an Addition or Substraction of Matter by the bare change of Texture EXPERIMENT XXXI IN most Tinctures which the Chymists draw Redness is the common Colour as well as in more gross Solutions tho' the Menstruums be colourless as with Spirit of Wine from Jalap Guajacum Amber and Benzoin Flowers of Brimstone Turpentine c. And most Acid or Alkalizate Salts will with sulphureous Bodies produce a Red and so will Glass of Antimony and I know an Acid which will turn Oyl of Turpentine into a Red. EXPERIMENT XXXII THO' Balsam of Sulphur seems red as well as other Liquors in a broad Vessel yet it stains Paper yellow but a Tincture of Cochenele never so much diluted will still remain Red. EXPERIMENT XXXIII OYL of Turpentine digested upon white Sugar of Lead yields a red Tincture EXPERIMENT XXXIV IF 5 Ounces of Brimstone and Sal Armoniack be distill'd in a Retort with 6 Ounces of Quick-Lime in a Sand-Heat gradually increas'd a volatile Tincture of Sulphur will be obtain'd which is red tho' none of the Ingredients were so yet if agitated when the Vessel it 's contained in is unstopp'd it will yield a white Fume And sometimes it may be so drawn that tho' the Fumes are white yet the Liquor will dye the Fingers black EXPERIMENT XXXV WE let a Drop or two of Oyl of Vitriol fall upon Oyl of Aniseeds coagulated and spread upon white Paper by which there was a red Colour produced with Heat and Smoak EXPERIMENT XXXVI ONE thing to be observ'd in the Experiments above recited is that tho' the Colours mention'd are easily produc'd yet some of them presently fade by the Influence of the Air or the Intestine Motion of their own Parts And Parkison tells us that Berries of that Plant which bears Turnsol a Pigment well known in Painters Shops when they are at their full Maturity yield a Juice which being rubb'd upon Paper appears green but presently degenerates into a blewish Purple upon the Cloth or Paper and these being wet in Water and wrung forth will give it a Claret Colour And I have observ'd the Red Colour of Buckthorn Berries degenerate into a dirty Grey Colour yet by the Mixture of an Alkaly or an Acid it would put on a green or red Colour and the same Success we had when we dropp'd the same Liquor upon a Piece of glaz'd Tile And I have observ'd that Silver precipitated in Aq. Fortis tho' at the first it is white yet when upon a Decantation of the Liquor the Superficies becomes expos'd to the Air it presently turns blackish And I have seen a sort of Pears which would give a red Tincture to Wine And it is observ'd that Spirit of Wine being kept upon white Salt of Tartar acquires a red Tincture But as for the reasons of these things and also why all Bodies burnt in the open Air almost are black I shall leave to Pyrophilus to enquire EXPERIMENT XXXVII SPirit of Salt pour'd on a Solution of Cochinele or the Juice of black Cherries renders their Colours clearer but turns an Infusion of Brasil yellow the Acid Liquor in
and the like Colour was afforded by it on a Piece of flat glaz'd Earth And some of the same being dropp'd into a Glass of Water of the Figure of an inverted Cone exhibited great-Varietys of Crimson and Purple and when the Litmase was perfectly mix'd with the Water it afforded a glorious Yellow like that of a Topaz when a few Drops of Spirit of Salt were dropp'd into it And if a few Drops of a Solution of Pot-ashes were dropp'd into it they Subsiding into the bottom of it would afford a bright dilute Colour in the bottom of the Glass a Purple above that and a deep Crimson betwixt that and a Yellow which rought to the top of the Glass And if Spirit of Sal Armoniack were pour'd upon that it would turn Part of the Yellow into a Purple or Crimson From which Experiments it appears that as the Particles of a Pigment are nearer or more dispers'd the Colours represented by them Vary EXPERIMENT XLV A Preparation of Steel us'd as a Succedaneum of Spaw-Waters and whose Colour was like that of German Amethist being dropp'd into Rhenish-Wine afforded a lovely Green but Water or Spirit of Wine will not receive that Tincture from it And to satisfie my self that the Effect depended not on any Acidity in the Wine I impregnated Water with Spirit of Salt but notwithstanding it would not receive a green Tincture from the Liquor And to vary the Experiment I dropp'd Alkalizate and urinous Salts into the Green Tincture by which it put on a dirty and a turbid Colour but if this essense of Steel was drop'd into Water impregnated with Spirit of Salt a Solution of Salt of Pot-ashes or of Spirit of Sal Armonick would turn it Yellow the Vitriolate Salt being precipitated by them And Olaus Wormius takes Notice of a rare kind of Turn-sole which would communicate a red Tincture to Water and tho' it would to Wine yet Spirit of Wine would not be at all Ting'd by it so that Tincture both depends on the peculiar Textures of the Body that receives and that which gives the Tincture EXPERIMENT XLVI THe Adventitious Colours of Metals are either such as they acquire by the Action of the Fire upon them or such as result from the Coalition of Metaline Particles with the Mestruum which dissolves them or lastly when they are mix'd together by Fusion And first Tin by the Action of the Fire being calcin'd affords a white Calx and Lead a Red one and Copper calcin'd per se yields a dark blackish Powder and Iron by reverberated Flames may be turn'd into a Crocus and Mercury may be turn'd into a Red Powder And Besides these more obvious Colours there are several intermediate ones whilst by the Action of Fire Metals are a Calcining And not only the Calces but the Glasses of Minerals vitrifi'd per se are of Colours different from the Metal so that I have seen a Glass made of Silver of a dark Colour And not only Metals but Minerals may be brought to yeild Colours by the Action of the Fire different from their own as Antimony affords a whitish Gray Calx and Flowers variously Colour'd and the Calx by being flux'd will yield a Glass of a yellow or reddish Colour And Vitriol Calcin'd passes through several Colours before it comes to be of a dark Purple EXPERIMENT XLVII AS for the Adventitious Colours produc'd by the Union of Metals with their Solvents Gold gives Aqua Regis it 's Yellow Colour but Mercury gives no considerable Colour to Aqua Fortis except a Greenness or Blewness at the first which presently disappears Tin corroded by Aqua Fortis subsided in the form of curdl'd Milk or Eggs. Lead dissolv'd in Spirit of Vinegar affords a clear Solution and if the Menstruum be drawn off appears White Iron dissolv'd by Oyl of Vitriol diluted with Water yields a Green Vitriolum Martis but gives a Saffron Colour to Aqua Fortis or a yellowish Red. Common Silver such as is coin'd gives a Copper Tincture to Aqua fortis but such as is refin'd perfectly gives a blewish Green to Aqua fortis and Spirit of Vinegar and being sublim'd with Sal Armoniac it affords a blewish Sublimate And indeed Copper dissolv'd in several Menstruums will yield a great Variety of Greenish Blew or blewish Green Colours But with Spirit of Sugar and Turpentine it affords a Blew Tincture with a mixture of Green And to shew that the Adventitious Colour may result from the Copper it self as well as the Salts which Corrode it I moistned Dantzick Vitriol with Spittle and then rubbing it upon a Knife it gave it a redish Colour like that of Copper Saccharum Saturni with Spirit of Turpentine will yield a red Balsam and that Stone which Helmont calls Paracelsus his Ludus in a proper Menstruum affords sometimes a yellowish and sometimes a red Solution And before I leave this Experiment I shall add that if Quicksilver be precipitated out of Aqua fortis with Spirit of Sea-salt or Sea-salt dissolv'd in Water it will subside in the form of a white Powder but if it be precipitated with an Alkaly it yields a yellow tawny Powder but if the Menstruum be drawn off without precipitating it the remaining substance will vary it's Colour as it is expos'd to different degrees of Heat so that once I observ'd the white Calx to remain partly in the bottom of the Vial of a deep Yellow and in some part Red the remaining Part being elevated in the form of a reddish and ash-colour'd Sublimate And Vermilion is only a Sublimate of Mercury and Brimstone EXPERIMENT XLVIII TO shew that Metals Associated with other Bodies will afford different Colours I have given an Instance in Silver which gave Glass a lovely golden Colour And I shall now add that I am told that Artificers paint Glass yellow with Calx of Silver And I have obtain'd a Substance of a saphirine Blew from Shel-silver mix'd with Powder of crystal Glass kept in Fusion two or three Hours which I attributed to some Copper latent in the Silver And tho' Copper calcin'd per se yields a dark colour'd Calx yet it tinges Glass Green But being kept in Fusion with 100 times it's Weight in Glass it afforded not a green but a blew Substance which whether it proceeded from the Action of the Mineral or it 's saline Parts only or both I must not stay to enquire But to proceed Putty made of Tin and Lead Calcin'd together being a white Calx gives colliquated Glass the resemblance of white Amel which will receive into it the Colours of divers Minerals which will indure the Fire And I have elsewhere taken Notice that blew and yellow Amel being compounded will afford a Green And it is commonly known that the dark Substance call'd Zaffora will give Glass a blew Tincture And that dark Substance term'd Magnesia from it's similar Colour to that of a Load-stone gives Glass not only Colours different from its own
burst by the Airsmoisture page 274 Metals may be raised in the form of Vapors page 297 298 Of the ill Effects of Mineral Fumes page 293 Of the Celeftial and Aerial Magnets page 312 313 314 Of the Production of Magnetical Qualities page 315 316 317 Chymico-Magnetical Experiments page 318 319 320 321 322 Of Mists page 344 The Effects of the Air on Mineral Substances page 400 406 Of Maturation page 428 N. Nut-Kernels in a Receiver page 128 157 O. Oranges shut up in a Receiver page 67 83 84 88 119 149 Oyl per deliquium with Spirit of Wine page 145 Onyons in a Receiver page 69 81 159 Oysters page 177 207 Of the Effects of the Air on Odours page 403 Of the Mechanical Production of Odours page 429 430 431 432 P. Pears included in a Receiver page 75 92 126 136 160 171 Paste inclosed in a Receiver page 97 102 131 155 Pease in a Receiver page 104 128 Paper burnt in Vacuo page 113 Paste burnt in a Receiver page 114 Plums in a Receiver page 40 127 129 Peaches page 74 169 170 172 Antidotes against the Plague page 294 Why the Plague sometimes ceases unexpectedly page 295 The Vestigation of Plants c. page 410 Q. Quicksilver slacked in Vacuo page 12 Latent Qualities in the Air page 299 310 Whence p. 300 Of the Manifest Qualities of the Air page 375 376 394 Of the Production of manifest Qualities page 408 409 R. Roses in a Receiver page 83 89 165 Radishes with Claret page 142 Raisins of the Sun page 39 158 Rosemary and Water distilled in Vacuo page 191 A Roasted Rabbet in Vacuo page 195 Of Rain page 418 S. Whether Sounds be Propagated in Vacuo page 8 A Shrew-Mouse in a Receiver page 85 91 94 103 148 A Shrew-Mouse in a Wine-Gun page 94 A Snail in Artificial Air page 103 Sulphur Viv. in Vacuo page 114 A Solution of Salt in a Receiver page 138 Spirit Sal Armon with Copper page 145 151 Sal Armon and Oyl of Vitriol page 154 Sheeps Blood in Vacuo page 196 A Snake in Vacuo page 202 Steams elevated by the Air. page 222 A Slow-worm and a Leech in Vacuo page 123 The Reason of Suction page 232 236 238 Saline and Sulphureous Parts in the Air page 301 343 352 How raised Ibid. Seminal Principles of all sorts in the Air. page 304 Damasco Steel improved page 305 The Medium of Sounds 363 T. Tulips in a Receiver page 82. 120. 166 A Tube immersed in Water page 142 Venice Turpentine in a Wind Gun page 150 Calx of Tin page 167 Tadpoles in a Receiver page 217 Of Terrestrial Steams page 344 Of the Effects of the Air on Tasts page 404 Of the Mechanical Production of Tastes page 421 422. 423. 424. 425. 426. 427 V. Vinegar with Eels in Vacuo page 109 Vrine in Vacuo page 123 Violent Leaves page 196 A Viper in Vacuo page 201 213 215 Of the Production of Vitriol page 303 The Effects of the Air on Vegetable Substances page 398 W. Spirit of Wine and Oyl of Turpentine in Vacuo page 141 A Whiteing in Vacuo page 152 179 Of Winds page 359 Of the Production of Whiteness page 519 The End Books Printed for and sold by John Taylor at the Ship in St. Paul's Church-Yard In FOLIO POOL's Annotations on the Holy Bible with Mr. Clark's Concordance to the same in 2 Vol. the 3d Edition Much corrected Monsieur Thevenot's Travels into Persia and the East-Indies Phillips's New World of Words or an Universal English Dictionary containing the proper Significations and Derivations of all Words from other Languages c. the 5th Edition with large Additions and Improvements from the best English and Foreign Authors Systema Agriculturae The Mystery of Husbandry discovered treating of the several new and most advantagious Ways of Tiling Planting Sowing Manuring Ordering and Improving all sorts of Gardens Orchards Meadows Pastures Corn Lands Woods and Coppices with Monthly Directions for Husbandmen and the Interpretations of Rukick Terms the 4th Edit IMPRIMATUR Liber Cui Titulus THE WORKS Of the HONOURABLE ROBERT BOYLE Esq EPITOMIZED By RICHARD BOULTON JOHN HOSKYNS V. P. R. S. Vicesimo Septimo Martii 1699. THE WORKS OF THE HONOURABLE Robert Boyle Esq EPITOMIZ'D VOL. III. BY RICHARD BOULTON of Brazen-Nose College in Oxford Illustrated with COPPER PLATES LONDON Printed for J. Phillips at the King'-s Arms and J. Taylor at the Ship in St. Paul's Church-Yard MDCC TO THE Most Illustrious Prince WILLIAM Duke of Bedford Marquiss of Tavistock Earl of Bedford Baron Russel and Baron Russel of Thornhaugh Baron Howland of Streatham Lord Lieutenant of the Counties of Bedford and Cambridge and during the Minority of Wrichesly commonly called Marquiss of Tavistock his Grandson and Heir apparent Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex as also Custos Rotulorum for the said County and the Liberties of Westminster One of the Lords of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council and Knight of the most Noble Order of the Garter May it please your Grace THE Great and Noble Character which you have already obtained in the World hath justly obliged them both to applaud and admire You and no Wonder then that it should raise in me an Ambition to lay this at Your Feet where whilst I lye secure from the Censure of the World under your Grace's Patronage I have this great Advantage that in whatever I can say in relation to your Illustrious Character I cannot be Guilty of Flattery since the World universally agrees that Your Noble Qualifications are not unworthy so Noble a Prince Your Sagacity and Judgment not being less conspicuous in State Affairs than your Virtue and Piety in Divine things the Former having rendred You both acceptable and serviceable in Council as the Latter have made You an Eminent and Illustrious Example of Christianity so that You become serviceable to your Country upon a double score Your Virtues incite your Admirers to pursue and emulate Good Actions and your Wisdom and Prudence contribute to the well Governing of a People who are the more disposed to be Loyal and Good Subjects the more by Example you promote Religion which teaches them to obey Upon which Account we may truly say that You act not the Politician but what is much more difficult like a Wise and Prudent States-Man You gain the People not by Stratagem but Example But on this Ocasion I can make use of no greater Encomiums than what his Majesty hath been pleased to Honour You with in the Preamble to the Patent which creates you Duke where He declares in better Words than I am now Master of that as there was no Family in England more conspicuous in Virtue and Piety so he thought himself obliged to give Testimony of it by conferring that Honour on You which You long before deserved But not to enlarge too much on a Subject which the World is so well acquainted with I shall need to say no more than that in Your Illustrious Person
their In doing of which instead of Liquors made use of in common Glasses we employ Spirit of Wine tinged with Cochineele opened by the most Volatile Spirit of Urine which is not only in less danger of being froze but susceptible of the slightest degrees of Cold impressed upon it by external Bodies But tho' we think these Weather-glasses subject to fewer Exceptions than common ones yet in estimating the several degrees of Cold we look upon them as Instruments to be employed by our Reason and not quite exempt from those Imperfections we have imputed to Weather-glasses since I suspect that some sort of Steams penetrateing the Pores of the Glasses may have other effects upon the Spirit of Wine than what they have in reference to Heat and Cold For I once observ'd that having immersed the Ball of a Weather-glass in a strange kind of a Luke-warm mixture the Spirit rose up slowly 8 or 9 Inches in a Tube not above a foot long and subsided not again much above half an Inch when exposed to the Air a good while after it had been immersed in Water 5 hours The Chymist Orthelius in his Theatrum Chymicum Vol. 6. tells us That the Liquor Distilled from the Oar of Magnesia or Bismute will swell considerably in the Glass it is kept in at the full Moon and subside at the New which observation the Jesuit Casatus makes use of as an Argument And I have observed my self a Tincture of Amber made with rectified Spirit of Wine undergoe several changes when stopped up in a Bottle which other Liquors abounding with Spirit of Wine did not so that not unlikely if Weather-glasses furnished with different Liquors were kept together in the same Place there would be some disparity which could be ascribed to nothing but the peculiar Natures of the respective Liquors which tho' of different kinds may receive the same Colour from the same Metals So Copper gives the known Colour to Aqua fortis and affords a fair Solution in Aqua Regis as well as gives a lovely Blew to Spirit of Urine or Sal Armoniac and I have found that it would give a good Tincture to Chymical Oyl of Turpentine And to shew that even Spirit of Wine in Weather-glasses may be worked upon and influenced by external Bodies I shall add That I have observed in one that lay by me some time emergent Bubbles Which whether they were only made up of united Bubbles lodged in the Pores of the Liquor or some Parts of the Wine disposed to Elasticity by frequent alterations I examin not But sometimes they have been so great as to possess many Inches of space in the shank of the Weather-glass which Bubbles if they be small and lurk about the juncture of the Ball and of the Cylinder may by dividing the Spirit in the Stem from that in the Ball hinder it from rising according to the Changes of the Weather a Bubble of Air being more dicffiultly removed up and down in the Stem of the Glass than the Spirit it self in favour of which we have else-where shewn That Water will pass through a narrower space than Air except the latter be forced But to draw near to a conclusion tho' I have mentioned all these difficulties about sealed Glasses I would not be thought to do it with a design to set Men upon greater Nicities than are necessary but rather to excite us to take into our Consideration as many collateral Experiments and Observations besides those made by our Sensories on Natural as well as Factitious Bodies in judging of the degrees of Cold as we can For tho' Water be thought to be most susceptible of such an intense degree of Cold as destroys Fluidity yet besides Oyl of Aniseeds I have distill'd a substance from Benzoin which becomes fluid and consistent upon much slighter alterations as to Heat and Cold than would freeze Water or thaw it And I have observed likewise That Amber-grease dissolv'd in highly rectified Spirit of Wine or in other Sulphereous or Resinous Concretions dissolved in the same Liquor will shoot into fine figured Masses in cold Weather and re-dissolve in warm others being more rudely congealed And even in Chymical Preparations of Harts-horn and Urine I have observed That sometimes the Spirits would be clear and at other times would suffer a greater or less quantity of Salt to Chrystallize at the bottom according to the various alterations of the Weather in point of Heat or Cold. But to bring Instances from more obvious Liquors it is observed in some Parts of France by the Water-men That their Boats will carry greater Loads in Winter than Summer and on frozen Coasts in several Countries it is observed That Ships draw less Water than on our British Coasts which is an Argument that the Water is heavier and thicker in Winter than in Summer And I my self have poised a Bubble so exactly with Water in it that tho' it would swim upon the top of the Water at Night yet in the Day when the Sun had rarified the Water it swam in it would subside to the bottom And sometimes was so exactly of a correspondent weight with and so equally poised in the Water that it would neither subside nor swim upon the top but move up and down till the Water was either more rarified or further condensed From what hath been said in this Chapter it appears 1st That by reason of the various predispositions in Bodies the testimony of our Senses is not to be taken in judging of the several degrees of Cold. 2dly Tho' Weather-glasses are subject to fewer alterations than our Senses yet they may misinform us except we at the same time measure the Air 's Gravity by other Instruments 3dly Our sealed Weather-glasses are highly preferable before common ones 4thly To conclude this Chapter I shall add That I would not have Men easily deterred from making Experiments about estimating Cold because they may seem disagreeable to vulgar Notions since I doubt not but that the Theory we have is not only very imperfect but ill grounded CHAP. IV. Concerning the cause of the Condensation of the Air and ascent of Water by Cold in common Weather-glasses COncerning the Reason why Water in common Weather-glasses descends upon Heat and is raised by Cold there are three Opinions which may deserve our Consideration The Opinion of the Schools concerning the ascent of Water in Weather-glasses examined The first is that of the Schools and common Peripateticks which teaches That the external Air condensing that included in common Weather-glasses it rises to fill up that space deserted by the Air to prevent a Vacuum But not to urge That they have not yet proved that Nature will not admit of a Vacuum or that it is contrary to the Notion a Naturalist ought to have of Matter to suppose it to act any thing contrary to its own natural tendency for a publick Good I say not to urge these Arguments which we have elsewhere made use of I
sublimate made with common sublimate and Sal-Armoniack nay and with both loaf and Kitchin-Sugar as likewise a strong solution of Pot-ashes mixed with Snow did freeze tho' very faintly And both a Solution of Salt of Tartar and Pot-ashes Agitated with Snow in a small Vial produced Filmes of Ice on the outside the Glass tho' very thin ones 9. A sweet Solution of Minium in Spirit of Vinegar mixed with Snow excited the frigorifick Quality of it yet some of that Solution being enclosed in Snow and Salt would not be froze by them Snow shut up alone thawed much more slowly than that which was mixed with Salts or Spirits No Salts will promote the frigorifick Quality of Snow so far as to enable it to freeze which quicken not it's Dissolution Neither Chrystals of Tartar nor Borax both beaten to powder nor Sublimate would enable Snow to freeze as well as the Powder of each lying undissolved in it 10. Water of Quick-lime being twice tryed would not freeze but only gather a dew on the outside yet the Liquor being kept up 12 Months the Spirits with which those Waters abound flew away 11. Oyl of Turpentine in which Ice dissolves slower than in several other Liquors enables not Snow to freeze Tho' Spirit of Wine shut up with Snow in a Bottle enabled it to freeze powerfully and to Chrystalize even Urine it self which might be taken off in Scales 12. Spirit of Nitre and Snow being mixed together in a just Proportion froze very powerfully and speedily not only Water but Spirit of Vinegar and weak Spirit of Salt the first of which retained it's taste when froze and the latter shot into Chrystals which lay across each other A Solution of Sal-Armoniack partly evaporated would shoot into Chrystals like combs and feathers and Sal-Armoniack distill'd from Quick-lime would shoot into Branches almost like those so nimbly that one's Eye might discern them to spread and increase The like Experiments being tryed with Wine and strong Ale succeeded but very faintly 13. Since Bodies generally help Snow to freeze which hasten it's dissolution we threw into a Vial which contained Snow heated Sand which enabled it to cause a Dew but not to freeze And warm Water poured into another when it had been shaken produced a considerable degree of Cold and gathered Dew but froze it not 14. Tho' it is generally believed That the Hoar-froast on Glass-windows is only exsudations through the Pores of the Glass and froze by the External Cold yet it will easily appear That it is rather on the inside the Glass the Steams which rove up and down the Room being condensed by the External Cold and froze 15. To shew That the Ice which appears on the outside of the Vial in the fore-going Experiments proceeds not from any subtil Parts of the Mixture penetrating the Pores of the Glass and settling on the outside we found that four Ounces and ¼ of the Mixture of Ice and Salt being shut up in a Vial by the access of Dew on the outside the weight of it was increased 12 Grains Another Vial which contained two Ounces six Drams and a half increased in weight 4 Grains the Vial being unsealed under Water it sucked in a good quantity of it Six ounces Snow and Salt being sealed up in a Glass the Hoar-Frost was wiped off but returned again and the Vial being counterpoised in a pair of Scales the Vapours condensed by the coldness of it in the time that the Snow was melting weighed 10 Grains A like quantity of Snow and Spirit of Wine being shut up in a single Vial the outside was presently cover'd with Ice and in all it became 7 Grains heavier than before Another time a mixture of Snow and Salt which weighed 3 ¾ ounces afforded 18 grains of condensed Vapours And a mixture of Snow and Sal-Gem which counterpoised 3 ounces and 70 grains upon an additional weight of condensed Vapours weighed 20 grains more than before TITLE II. Experiments and Observations concerning Bodies disposed to be Frozen Of Bodies disposed to be frozen WIthout any more than barely intimating that there are several Bodies disposed to be froze by one degree of Cold that are not with another I shall observe 1. That in very cold snowy Weather Water Urine Beer Ale Milk Vinegar French and Rhenish Wine were either totally or partly turned into Ice But besides these more obvious Instances we froze a Solution of Sugar and another of Gum Arabick in Water a Solution of Allum Nitre and Vinegar froze without affording any considerable Phaenomena A Solution of Vitriol was in part froze and in part unfroze that which was froze being not much different in colour from Water but the unfroze part was of a very high Vitriol-colour 2. Spirit of Urine and Spirit of Vinegar exposed to an intense Fire both of them froze 3. A drachm of Salt of Pot-ashes being dissolv'd in two ounces of Water presently froze in an intense Cold and Oyl of Tartar per deliquium or at least a Solution of the fixed Salt of Tartar was congeal'd in a mixture of Snow and Salt Appendix to the II. Title Oyl becomes much more hard in Muscovy than here in England in the most excessive Cold but will in neither be turn'd into perfect Ice And Captain James speaking of an Island where he and his Men were forced to Winter Pag. 58 says All our Sack Vinegar Oyl and every Thing else that was liquid was now frozen as hard as a piece of Wood and we must cut it with a Hatchet And Olaus Magnus Gent. Sept. Hist l. 11. c. 24 says speaking of the Fights wont to be made on the Ice in the Northern Regions Glacialis congressus fit in Laneis calcibus non pellibus aut coriis unctis Vis enim frigoris quodcunque fit unctuosum convertit in Lubricitatem glacialem There being a great similitude betwixt Spirit of Wine and Oyl in respect of their inflammability and being dispos'd to mix with oily Bodies and as great an aptitude in the Spirit of Wine to mix with other Liquors I enquir'd of the Russian Emperor's Physician what alterations he had observ'd to be produc'd by Cold in Muscovy To which he answer'd That Aniseed and other weak Spirits would be turned into an imperfect kind of Ice and that strong ones would turn Ice into a kind of Substance like Oyl Particulars referrable to the II. Title 1 In a very hard Frost in December a Solution of Minium near the Fire seem'd to be froze tho' it was made with Spirit of Vinegar and so strong that part of it was shot into Saccharum Saturni Some at the top which was yellow did not freeze tho' poured out 2. A Solution of Gold made with Salts was likewise froze As also a Pint-vial full of the Tincture of Lignum Nephriticum which being froze the Ice had no such colour as the Tincture 3. It is reported That in Russia Brandy will freeze but the Ice of it is
not so hard as common Ice And I am inform'd that in Moscow the Spirit of Wine would freeze leaving some dissolv'd in the middle which was much stronger than ordinary Brandy And I am told that in Russia it is usual to have Wine froze French Brandy being exposed to the Air in Russia froze and Sallet-oyl become as hard as Tallow but Water at the same time did not freeze TITLE III. Experiments touching Bodies indisposed to be frozen Bodies not disposed to freeze 1. THE subtil parts of several Bodies being brought over by distillation would not freeze by such an application of Snow and Salt as froze other Bodies Of this sort were Aqua-fortis Spirit of Nitre of Salt Oyl of Turpentine and almost all the Chymical Oyls we had then in possession Spirit of Wine and of other fermented Liquors and Sack if good would scarce freeze but the inflammable Part being spent by burning it would easily freeze 2. Two drachms of Salt of Pot-ashes being dissolv'd in an ounce of Water the mixture would not freeze tho' the outside of the Vessel was cover'd with Ice At another time a strong Solution of Salt of Tartar would not freeze tho' at the same time Salt of Pot-ashes being dissolv'd did 3. That common expressed Oyls of Vegetables will freeze after their manner and curdle in cold Weather is commonly observed yet Train-oyl which is usually made of the Fat of Whales by the help of Fire continued fluid in Weather that was very sharp but in an excessive cold night it lost its fluidity which seems to disfavour what Olaus Magnus writes who says That in the Northern Regions it is usual to cast Train-oyl upon the Water in their Ditches to keep the Water from freezing and thereby unpassable the Oyl as he says not being subject to congele with Cold but it may be worth while to enquire Whether the Train-Oyl he speaks of be the same as is used by the Swedes Laplanders and Muscovites and whether they have a different way in keeping of it or not 4. Tho' a Solution of Sugar would freeze yet a strong Solution of Sugar of Lead would not in a mixture of Snow and Salt which is remarkable since the Spirit of Vinegar it self would freeze Besides there must needs be some Water in the Solution and the Sugar being but a Vitriol of Lead it is not a little strange that it should not freeze as well as common Vitriol tho' in this latter concrete Metal be corroded by a Spirit which if we may judge by the Liquor afforded in Distillation is very much sharper and stronger than Spirit of Vinegar 5. Quick-silver would not freeze in the sharpest Air tho' expos'd to it in very thin Glasses and in such a manner that a little quantity of it made a large Surface 6. A very sharp Frost was not able to freeze a strong Brine tho' at the same time other saline Solutions were congeal'd But a Solution consisting of twenty Parts of Water and one of Salt was froze in a very sharp Night the Ice swimming at the top in Figures almost like Broom spreading from the surface of the Water downwards The Salt dissolv'd in this Water is double the proportion of that which is usually in Sea-water I thawed Ice of Salt-water to try whether the dissolved Ice would be fresh or not but it retain'd a little brackishness which I suppose it receiv'd from the contiguous Brine tho' I am inform'd That in Amsterdam they make use of thaw'd Ice instead of common fresh Water in Brewing And Bartholinus de usu Nivis Cap. 6. p. 42. says De Glacie ex marina aqua certum est si resolvatur salsum saporem deposuisse quod etiam non ità pridem expertus est Cl. Jacobus Fincbius Academiae Nostrae Senior Physices Professor benemeritus in Glaciei frustis è portu nostro allatis Particulars referrable to the III Title 1. Spirit of Sal-Armoniack made with Quick-lime volatile Oyl of Amber a small quantity of Oyl of Vitriol being exposed two Nights and a Day froze not A Solution of Silver in Aqua fortis was and Spr. Sanguinis Humani being froze swelled so much as to force out the Cork 2. Unrectify'd Oyl of Turpentine exposed to the Cold in a Bottle would not freeze but another Portion being contain'd in an earthen Porringer did 3. I am inform'd That there is a Lake of Water in Scotland out of which a small River runs the Water of both which is never froze but dissolves Snow or Ice if cast into it 4. Sallet-oyl being made use of to keep the Locks of Guns from freezing hinder'd them from being discharg'd but Oyl of Hemp or Train-oyl kept them from freezing TITLE IV. Experiments and Observations concerning the degrees of Cold in several Bodies Of the degrees of Cold in several Bodies TO discover the different degrees of Cold we have proposed several Thermometers in the preceeding Chapters concerning which we shall add this Advertisement viz. That tho' those which are to be immersed in Liquors have the Ball end round yet when we are to try the degrees of Cold of consistent Powders it is better to make use of such as have flat Bottoms that they may be able to stand on their own Basis For so it will be pleasant to see the suspended Bubble in one of our Thermometers rise and fall as it is removed from one Body to another 2. Freezing hath been so generally esteemed the utmost Effect of Cold That most have been content without examining strictly the several degrees of it Nor indeed is it very easily done since if we do it with common Weather-glasses it will be a hard thing to distinguish whether the Cold of one Day exceeds that of another since there intervening so much time betwixt the Observations the Alterations may be caused by an increase in the weight of the Atmosphere And should we make an estimate by the Testimony of our Senses we should easily be mistaken since it is believed That the different sensations of Cold which we perceive depend on the various Dispositions of our Bodies But allowing that vulgar Thermometers might give us a true Information of the degrees of Cold which Nature affords yet they acquaint us not whether Art may not produce greater much less will they help us to make an estimate of this Disparity And though we may make some guess by the Operation of Cold on Liquors exposed to it yet some as Aqueous Liquors freeze too soon and vinous Liquors here in England will not freeze at all except French Wine which happens seldom and leaves too great an Interval betwixt the degrees necessary to congeal Wine and sufficient to freeze Water besides the uncertainty proceeding from the several strengths of Wines Wherefore to discover the Intensity of Cold produced by Art above the highest degree that Nature affords See Plate 1. Fig. 1. we furnished a sealed Weather-glass Such as Plate 1. Fig. 1. Delineates with
condensed by Cold the Air breaks in to prevent a Vacuum For that Water is expanded by Cold appears from what I have said besides nothing is more commonly observ'd than that Water being froze in a Vessel whose sides are strong enough to keep it from bursting them the Superficies of the Ice is generally protuberant and convex And that the breaking of Bottles depends not on Nature's abhorrency of a Vacuum appears since should we suppose That the Fluid contain'd in a Bottle would be so far condensed as to possess less space than before it is possible there might be a Vacuum there and the Bottle not burst since Glass-Bubbles much thinner than ordinary Bottles will endure the frost tho' stopped close with Air in them But not only Water expands it self upon freezing but other Aqueous Bodies so Eggs being froze burst their shells asunder And Milk Urine Rhenish Wine and good Spirit of Wine being set to freeze in distinct Glass-Eggs the Wine being froze swell'd an Inch above the first Surface the Milk two Inches and the Urine six or seven And a Solution of Dantzick-Vitriol did not only become Opace but rose considerably higher in a Cylindrical Pipe upon Congelation Whether more stable and consistent Bodies are capable of being expanded by Cold would be worth enquiring since it hath been observ'd That in Nova Zembla the very Clocks have been froze so that they would not goe and the like hath been observ'd by Capt. James in his Voyage at Charlton-Island his Watch being froze as well as his Clocks Whether these Effects depended on any Swelling of the Ropes or whether the Spring of his Watch might be weakned by Cold or whether some Iceicles stuck to the Internal Parts of it I shall leave as bare Conjectures to be further examined into by Experience The Phaenomena of an Experiment about Freezing referrable to the VII Title read before the Royal Society Having filled a Bolt-head which was as big as two Turkey Eggs with Water till it rought a pretty height into the slender Stem being put into a Mixture of Snow and Salt it subsided a little but when it began to freeze it would sensibly swell The Experiment being repeated with a Glass whose Stem was as thin as a Raven's Quill when first the Ball of it was immersed in the frigorifick Mixture the Water presently ascended the height of a Barly-corn and presently subsided again which the Florentine Virtuosi would attribute to a Constriction of the Glass upon the Application of the frigorifick Mixture Secondly And tho' the Florentine Virtuosi relate That they have observ'd the Water after it had subsided a little to rest and then subsided again yet in all the Tryals I made I did not observe it Thirdly When the Water had subsided a little it would be at a stand till the Liquor began to freeze Fourthly The Experiment being try'd with Glasses whose Stems were unequally big upon Glaciation the Ascent of the Water in the large ones would be indiscernible but in a slender one it would ascend several Inches in a Minute till it rose up to the top of the Stem Fifthly Tho' the Forentine Academians say they have observ'd the Water to rise again before Glaciation yet I could never see such a Phaenomenon Sixthly If the Glass was taken out of the Mixture when first it began to freeze as soon as the small Iceicles were melted it would subside again yet if reapply'd to the Mixture a second time it would freeze in half a Minute TITLE VIII Experiments concerning the Contraction of Liquors by Cold. Of the Contraction of Liquors by Cold. 1 THO' the Liquors we have mention'd expand themselves upon an Intense degree of Cold yet we are not thence to couclude that all will since we have found it by experience not only in Spirit of Wine Aqua fortis Oyl of Turpentine and several other Liquors which would not be brought to freeze but also in Oyl congeal'd by the vehemence of the Cold. 2. Amongst the several Experiments made of the Efficacy of Cold to condensed Liquors I shall lay down the following 3. Spirit of Wine being put into a small Glass-Egg with a slender Stem in a Mixture of Snow and Salt subsided ¾ of an Inch. 4. Mercury being freed from Air and placed in a Bold-head in a Mixture of Snow and Salt subsided 2 Inches Common Oyl placed in the same Mixture subsided till it froze but if it were immediately thaw'd near the fire it would expand it self so much as to rise about the Mark. The Experiment succeeded a second time and being try'd a third time the Lumps of the congeal'd Oly would sink in the fluid Oyl Oyl of Aniseeds artificially froze subsided considerably in a small Pipe Empyreumatical Oyl of Gaujacum being exposed to the utmost degree of Cold would not freeze but evidently subsided Particulars referrable to the VIII Title 1. Two seal'd Weather-Glasses the one made of a Tincture of Cochineele in Spirit of Wine and the other of a blew Tincture of Spirit of Man's Blood and Copper in Spirit of Wine were immersed in Water till it began to freeze and then being remov'd into Oyl of Turpentine set in a Mixture of Snow and Salt we observ'd That the Liquor in both Thermometers subsided Oyl of Aniseeds being put into a small Glass with a large Stem and placed in a frigorifick Mixture made by a Solution of Sal-Armoniack subsided 3 Inches the substance of the Oyl being turn'd into a white Concrete which when it was leasurely dissolv'd the fluid Part emitted several Bubbles and it was further observ'd in this Concrete That tho' when thaw'd it swims upon Water yet when congeal'd it will not TITLE IX Experiments concerning the Bubble from which the Levity of Ice is supposed to proceed Of the Levity of Ice and its Cause 1. IT is usually accounted an Argument of the levity of Ice above Water that it swims upon it For tho' the superficies of small Portions of it are not sensibly emergent above the Surface of the Water yet in Greenland where huge Rocks of Ice float in the Sea they are observ'd to be as high above the Water as the Masts of Ships which could we suppose to float in an erect Posture and to be of a prismatical Form that Part immersed would be nine times as much as that above the Water As for the Reason why Ice is born up above the surface of the Water so much in Greenland more than in our Climate besides that the size of those pieces of Ice contributes to the rendring the Observation more remarkable the Water's expansion in that cold Climate may cause it to be further expanded there than here and consequently lighter 2. Pieces of Ice free from Bubbles floated in Spirit of Wine drawn from Brandy and likewise from Quick-lime and tho' if that Spirit were warmed it would presently subside yet as it cooled the Ice would ascend nevertheless some part of it being thaw'd
the Water would subside in a stream through the Spirit In warm Water the Ice would swim but in Oyl of Turpentine and the rectify'd Spirit of Wine it would sink like a Stone 3. A piece of Ice which was clear from Bubbles for as much as we could discern and very transparent would not sink in Water but another piece which in a Microscope appear'd to be full of Bubbles was nevertheless transparent and would float on Water 4. That the levity and expansion of Ice depends on the number of Bubbles dispersed through it is unquestionable but how it comes by those Bubbles is a matter that deserves our Inquiry And tho' Mr Hobbes attributes it to the Intrusion of some external airy Parts yet we observ'd That Water defended from the Intrusion of external Air was not without Bubbles when froze in a Glass hermetically sealed but being expanded the numerous Bubbles dispersed through it gave it a whitish Opacity and the same Phaenomena were afforded by Ice froze in Metalline Vessels 5. And that the Ice froze in the hermetically sealed Glass received not its Bubbles from the Air shut up with it is reasonable to believe First Since the Water must be expanded before it could divide that Air into Bubbles Secondly That the Air in the sealed Glass cannot be dispersed through the Ice and thereby cause it to expand appears since oftentimes it is so far compress'd by the swelling Ice that it breaks the Glass which it would not do could it be mixed with the Ice and dispersed through the freezing Water But Thirdly Were the expansion of Ice to be attributed to the insinuation of airy Parts it may be question'd How when Liquors begin to freeze at the bottom first the Air which is so many times lighter than Water can dive into the bottom of it and that too without being seen Fourthly If the Bubbles contained in Ice were deriv'd from the external Air depress'd through freezing Water Ice thaw'd would yield Air enough to fill as much space as the frozen Water possess'd more than the thaw'd Water 6. That the Bubbles contain'd in frozen Water are not adequately fill'd with Air tho' sometimes the Air that they contain be afforded by those airy Parts dispers'd through the Pores of Water and that they are often generated numerously notwithstanding a recess of the greatest part of that Air will appear from the following Experiments I. Water freed from Bubbles in Vacuo Boyliano and afterwards convey'd into a frigorifick Mixture expanded not so much as common Water nor was the Ice near so full of Bubbles II. Water which had been freed from Bubbles in our Prismatical Engine being froze contain'd few Bubbles but being thaw'd and then pour'd into a Glass-Cylinder it was powerfully expanded so far as to burst the Glass III. A Glass-egg with a narrow Stem being filled so far with Water that the surface of it rose an Inch within the Stem it was convey'd into a Receiver and whilst the Air was exhausting Bubbles rose so plentifully that the Liquor seem'd to boyl Which when it was in a great measure cleared of we placed it in a mixture of Snow and Salt and observ'd that the expanded Liquor being froze had risen a great way above its first height When it was placed in the open Air of such a temper as made it thaw leisurely we observ'd That the exterior part of the Ice was full of Bubbles But when that was dissolv'd the Ice in the middle was of an unusual Texture being void of Bubbles and not unlike a frosted piece of Glass whose aspereties were very thick set When the Ice was almost thaw'd we convey'd the Bubble into the Receiver but tho' the Air was exhausted we perceiv'd not that the Ice was sooner melted but the Water afforded a few Bubbles and in a little time some few appear'd in the Ice When the Ice was wholly thaw'd we took the Glass-Bubble out of the Receiver and found That the Water had subsided to its first Mark if not a little below it so that the Water when expanded rising three Inches in the Stem and the weight of the whole Water being but two ounces and a half the Ice seem'd to take up about a twelfth Part more than the unfroze Water 7. A Cylinder of Water being immers'd in a Mixture of Ice and Salt and that convey'd into a Receiver we found That when the Air was exhausted and the Water in a great measure freed from Bubbles the surface of it was considerably rais'd the Water in the bottom being turn'd into Ice as far as the Mixture wrought in which we perceiv'd besides a few large Bubbles small ones enough to render it opacous 8. To shew that the Bubbles perceivable in Ice are not filled with true and springy Air I shall subjoyn the following Experiment We plac'd a Glass-egg which was about as large again as an ordinary Egg in a mixture of Ice and Salt the Cavity of it being fiill'd with Water which rising up into the Neck stood about an Inch above the superficies of the frigorifick Mixture which circumscribed it the Diameter of the Stem being large enough to receive the end of my Finger The Particulars afforded by this Experiment were I. The Water did not sensibly subside before it began to freeze II. Some part of it began to swell in a quarter of an Hour III. In an Hour the Liquor rose 4 2 9 Inches and continu'd to rise till it was above five Inches ½ when we took it out IV. The frigorifick Mixture being below the surface of the Water it froze at the bottom first leaving the top of the Water uncongeal'd V. No Bubbles appear'd in the Water tho' the Ice was full of them some being as large as small Pease VI. We pour'd as much Sallet-oyl upon the Water as wrought two Inches in the Stem and then hermetically sealing the end of it up the Water subsided a little but was presently rais'd again to its former height in the Mixture about an Inch and a half of the Stem remaining above the Oyl filled with Air. VII The Glass-egg being weighed first in Air was left in the Water poised with its opposite weight VIII Upon the thawing of the Ice several Bubbles rose which vanish'd at the top IX The Water being thaw'd the Aequilibrium continu'd the same and subsided to its first Mark and no lower tho' it had parted with so many Bubbles X. The Glass being inverted the seal'd end was broke off under Water upon which some of it being forced up into the Pipe press'd the contain'd Air into less room than before XI The Water and the Oyl possess'd the same Places that they did before XII The Oyl being thrown out and so much Water put into the Stem as rais'd the surface as high as it was rais'd by Glaciation the Glass weighed 4374 Grains When fill'd to the lowest Mark it weighed 4152 and when empty 1032 so that the Water contain'd betwixt the two
the Mixture tho' consistent was Colder than the fluid Ingredients To try whether Water was capable of Compression we took a Glass-Ball with a long Stem and filled it with Water within two Inches of the Top then we Hermetically sealed it up and freezing it from the Bottom upwards in a frigorifick Mixtre when the included Air was compressed as much as we thought the Glass would bear we nipt off the Apex and found That thereupon the Air flew out and the Water rose ¼ of an Inch above it's former Surface So that it seemed to be compressed ⅜ of the length of the Aqueous Cylinder but whether this Phaenomenon might be occasion'd by the Spring of some latent Air in the Pores of the Water or whether it might be occasioned by some Springiness in the Ice or Whether the Glass being before distended and now reduced to it's former Dimensions occasioned this Phaenomenon I will not undertake to determine without further Tryals And To what hath been observed in this Experiment I shall add That if the Apex were broke off before the Air was much compressed it would cause no considerable Noise And further when the Experiment was a second time repeated with one of the same Glasses and the same Liquor it would rise ⅛ and ¼ in the Stem higher than before upon breaking of the Apex CHAP. VI. An Examen of Antiperistasis as it is usually taught and proved Arguments alleaged in Favour of an Antiperistasis THO' the Doctrine of Antiperistasis be asserted by Aristotle and some of his followers urge Reason and Experience in favour of it yet from what follows it will appear That what is offered is not sufficient to maintain his Doctrine For first it is Reasoned in favour of it That nothing can be more requisite for the Preservation of things and more agreeable to the wisdom and goodness of Nature than to furnish Cold and Heat with a self invigorating Power which each of them may exert when encompass'd with the other and that nothing is more Natural than for one Quality when surrounded with a Predominant one to retire into the innermost recesses of that Body where the force of it being increased an occasional Exertion of that Power is called Antiperistasis But from Reason to proceed to Experience it is offered by the maintainers of an Antiperistasis That in the Summer when the lowest and uppermost Regions of the Air are insupportably Hot the Cold flyes to the middle Region of it and there defends it self against the other two about it And as the Cold remains in the middle Region by virtue of an Antiperistasis so Lightning is but an Explosion of Exhalations pinned up in the Cold. And to this it is further offered That the Effects of Antiperistasis are not only evident in the Air but the Earth it self for in the Summer when the Air above the Earth is Hot that in Cellars to which the Cold retreats is of a contrary Quality and on the contrary in the Winter when the Air without is excessive Cold that in Vaults and Cellars is warm and even the Water drawn from Wells is warm when at the same time Rivers themselves are covered over with Ice And To these things it is further offered in Favour of an Antiperistasis That in deep Pits as well as Mines it is observed that the Air is troublesome hot in the Winter And that it is further observed That the Water in Charlton-Island hath been observed to be much Colder in June when Ice swam in it than in December and that a Well which furnished them with Water in December afforded none in July and further That in Musco the Cellars are able to defend them in Winter from the Excessive Cold and that even in those Gelid Climates Water drawn out of Wells usually steams or smoaks if agitated when newly drawn Thus much being offered in favour of the Doctrine of Antiperistasis Those Arguments exmined it is answered on the contrary first as to the rational defences of it That there it no necessity that these two Qualities should thus invigorate themselves there being no danger of them being lost out of the World since without the help of an Antiperistasis there are several substances which are plentifully stocked with matter to supply each Quality Besides according to the course of Nature contrary Qualities rather destroy than preserve one another and even the Peripateticks themselves allow That all Agents act as much as they can And we have several Instances in the Northern Countries That the Natural Heat of Animals is destroyed and not increased by the help of Cold and tho' it be commonly alledged to shew that Contraries endeavour to shun each other That a drop of Water falling upon a Table keeps in a Globular form yet the Reason of that seems only to be this viz. That the specifick Gravity of the drop is not so far prevalent above it's Tenacity as to cause it to spread besides it is prevented partly by the Ambient Pressure of the Atmosphere And that it 's Globous Figure is not owing to its aversion to spread upon a dry Body and its disposition to shun Contraries is evident since it retains the like Figure when mixed with fluid Oyl and Mercury on the contrary tho' it be apter to retain a Globular Figure upon a Table yet if put upon Gold it loses that Figure Whether the Phaenomena of slacked Quick-lime be an Argument of Antiperistasis But to pass by what Reasons may be offered against the Doctrine of Antiperistasis To proceed to examine what Experiments and Observations have been alledged in favour of it I shall first observe That tho' the slacking of Quick-lime with Cold Water be generally looked upon to be an Effect of Antiperistasis yet it appears otherwise since it will cause a much more violent Ebullition if boiling Water be made use of instead of Cold the Parts of the hot Liquor being much more apt to penetrate and dissolve it and to set the Igneous Parts at Liberty for which Reason Spirit of Salt causes still a stronger ferment than hot Water But to shew further That Water slacks not Lime because its Coldness keeps in and thereby invigorates the Power of the Igneous fiery Parts of the Lime I put a piece into Oyl of Turpentine which did not in the least dissolve it nor did Spirit of Wine tho' upon the removal of it into Water it was presently dissolved Another Argument Examin'd Another Argument alledged for an Antiperistasis is the freezing of a Pot to the Top of a stool at the fire side by a mixture of Snow and Salt but this Experiment having likewise succeded where there was no fire near it could not be said that the Effect depended upon the force of the fire invigorating the Cold. Another Experiment employed by the Asserters of an Antiperistasis is That if a Pot of Snow be set over the fire and a Vial full of Water be placed in the middle of
Deliquium instead of Water and Spirit of Wine instead of Oyl of Turpentine these Liquors being not disposed to mingle with one another and instead of fair Water 06 we may make use of a filtred Solution of Sea-Salt when the other is not easily got And when we have a mind to vary the Experiment we may make use of Oyl of Turpentine along with the other two and by depressing a Tube into them with Water in the bottom exhibit very pleasing Phaenomena PARADOX II. That a lighter fluid may gravitate or weigh upon a heavier paradox 2 The truth of this is evident since all Bodies have a tendency towards the Center by which they are always disposed to press downwards tho' sometimes they have a respective Levity as when a piece of Wood emerges in Water yet nevertheless that relative Levity argues not that it hath no weight at all since tho' when a Man stands in a pair of Scales and lifts up a weight notwithstaning the Ascent of the weight he will perceive a manifest tendency of it downwards But to make it more plain See Plate 2d Fig. 2. where supposing a Cylinder of Water I G See Plate 2. Fig. 2. to be immersed in Oyl of Turpentine to the immaginary Surface E F the Water in the Pipe I H being heavier in Specie than the Oyl it will equally ponderate upon the Surface E F as the lighter Oyl K E L I and if the Pipe be immersed deeper the Cylinder of Water being not equiponderant with the extenal Oyl the Oyl will tho' a lighter Body in Specie rise in the bottom of the Tube and buoy up the Water Again the Bubble X which consists of a Glass heavier than Water and Air which is lighter See Plate 2. Fig. 3. or partly of Water it self which is specifically as heavy as long as the whole aggregate is lighter than Water of an equal bulk it will float but if it grows heavier it will sink and if any heavy Body presses upon it which is specifically heavier than Water by which the included Air may be compressed the Bubble will subside but when that Pressure is taken off and the Air expands it self again it will as soon emerge the Water that was before sucked in being by that means expelled But for a further Confirmation of this second Paradox I shall add the following Experiment viz. That having put a Glass-Bubble pretty well poised into a Tube filled within a foot of the top with Water it swam there till a good deal of Oyl of Turpentine was poured upon the Water but then more Water being forced into the Bubble by the weight of the incumbent Oyl it presently subsided but when part of that Oyl was taken off the spring of the Internal Air forcing the impressed Water out again the Bubble presently immerged And For a further Confimation of this Paradox as well as the first I shall add that a Bubble swimming in a Tube as in the former Experiment tho' depressed to the bottom by a Wier yet when that Pressure is taken off again it will rise up as before but if it be held under Water till more is poured in and till it rises about a foot above it in the Tube the weight of the incumbent Water will depress it but if that Water be gradually taken off the Bubble will presently emerge If it should be asked why in these Tryals I did not make use of Oyl of Tartar per Deliquium instead of Water I shall answer That in such slender Pipes as the first Experiment was made in as the Oyl of Tartar flowed down one side the Oyl of Turpentine would rise on the other which makes me wonder that Monsieur Paschall should teach that if a Tube filled with Mercury be immersed fourteen foot under Water if the Tube be fourteen foot long the Mercury will not wholly run out but continue to the height of a foot in the bottom of it and I the more wonder at it since probably the Impetus would make it descend and since the like would not succeed with much more favourable circumstances betwixt Oyl of Turpentine and Oyl of Tartar PARADOX III. paradox 3 That if a Body contiguous to the Water be altogether or in Part lower than the highest level of the said Water the lower part of the Body will be pressed upward by the Water that touches it beneath This may be proved from what hath been delivered under the first Paradox for where-ever an imaginary Surface is beneath the real one the weight of the Water being incumbent on all other Parts of the same Superficies that part on which the immersed Body chances to lean must have a Proportionable endeavour upwards and if that endeavour be greater than the specifick Gravity of the immersed Body is able to resist then it is buoyed up and tho' the Gravity of the immersed Body is so great as to over-power the tendency of the Water upwards yet the tendency of that Water is not therefore to be denyed for as much as it in some measure resists the subsiding of that Body And this may be confirmed by the Experiment tryed in the second figure for as more Oyl is externaly poured on the Water is impelled and buoyed up in the Pipe by the subjacent Oyl which could not be if the Oyl did not press against it beneath and even when the Water and Oyl are in an Aequilibrium the latter presses upwards in as much as it resists the descent of the Water out of the Tube And the truth of this Proposition is equally true whether we suspend Oyl in Water or Water in Oyl And that the Water makes a resistance to Bodies that descend in it See Plate 2. Fig. 4. will appear from the following Scheme for supposing the Pipe E F to contain Oyl specifically heavier than Water and when the Oyl and Water without were in an Aequilibrium the Pipe be raised drops of Oyl will fall out but much more slowly than in the open Air where if the drop G were not specifically heavier than the Water it would not break the imaginary Surface of the Water H I. But further it not only from hence appears that since as long as the two Liquors are in Aequilibrium they are not able to remove each other out of their places but from hence we may infer that a Liquor of an equal specifick Gravity with Water being placed in any part of that Liquor would remain in the place assigned But to illustrate what we have said of Water obstructing the descent of Bodies heavier than it self I shall add that if twelve ounces of Lead be counterpoised in the Air when the Lead is let down below the Surface of the Water the Scale in the Air will manifestly preponderate which shews that the Water hinders the descent of the other And the resistance of Fluids to the lower superficies of Bodies may be further confirmed by observing that Bodies specifically lighter than
Titles for the Natural History of Blood I. Of the Colours of Human Blood Arterial and Venal II. Of the Taste of Human Blood III. Of the Odours of Human Blood IV. Of the Heat of freshly emitted Human Blood which is observed to be much violenter after it hath run a while than when it first began The Blood that came out of the Veins of a young Gentlewoman falling upon the Ball of a Thermoscope caused the Liquor to ascend above an Inch nearer the smaller and upper Ball of the Glass And in another Tryal it was raised almost as high as to the Ball of an ordinary Thermoscope but being held in the Blood of a healthful and lusty Man the Heat raised the tinged Liquor a good way into the upper Ball which was higher than the Heat of the Air in the Dog-days usually does and the Blood of a healthful Man continued its Heat so lo long that it raised the tinged Liquor three or four Fingers breadth when it was coagulated V. Of the inflamability and some other Qualities of Human Blood A piece of Human Blood being dryed 'till it was fit to be powdered and then held in the flame of a Candle it took Fire and afforded a flame not much unlike that which caused it burning with a Crackling noise and here and there melting and if it was laid upon live Coals and now and then blown it would yield a very yellow Flame and during its Deflagration would seem to fry upon the Coals and in a great measure to melt into a Black Substance almost like Pitch And some of the Powder of Blood being cast into the flame of a Candle they took Fire in their passage and flashed not without some noise as if they had been Rosin VI. Of the Aerial Parts naturally mixed with Human Blood and also found in its distinct Parts VII Of the Specifick Gravity of Human Blood entire It may be different in several Persons according to their Sex Age Constitution c. as also in the same Person according to the time of the Year the Day or as it is taken out at a less or greater distance from a Meal But to make an Estimate of its Specifick Gravity we took the Blood of a sound Man and put it into an oblong Glass and when it was setled we marked with a Diamond that part of the Glass to which the Liquor wrought and then weighing the Glass and the Blood contained in a very Tender Ballance we poured out the Blood and having washed the Vessel we filled it up to the same Mark and then weighed it in the same Ballance and then weighing the Glass and deducting that from the weight of the Glass and the two Liquors the Water weighed nine Ounces six Drams and fifty Grains And the Blood equal to it in Bulk weighed ten Ounces two Drams and four Grains so that the Blood being three Drams and fourteen Grains heavier it was about â— 2â— part heavier than Water VIII Of the Specifick Gravity of the Fibrous and Red part and of the serous part of the Blood IX Of the Consistence of entire Human Blood X. Of the Disposition of Human Blood to Concretion and the time wherein it was performed XI Of the Liquors and Salts that coagulate Human Blood Clotted Blood being kept some Hours in Spirit of Wine which is a Menstruum fit to dissolve some Bodies it was taken out as hard as if it had been dryed by the Fire XII Of the Liquors and Salts that obstruct or dissolve its Coagulation XIII Of the Liquors c. that preserve Human Blood XIV Of the Mixture that Human Blood may receive from Aliments XV. Of the spontaneous or Natural Analysis of Human Blood into a serous and a fibrous Part. XVI Of the respective Quantities of the serous and fibrous part of Human Blood XVII Of the differences betwixt the serous and the Red part of Human Blood XVIII Of the Artificial or Chymical Analysis of Human Blood and first of its Spirit XIX Of the Volatil Salt of Human Blood and of its Figures This Salt is so fusible that one part of it may be brought to boil whilst the other flies way and this Observation will hold in most Volatil Salts And tho' this Salt when sublimed looks white and Clean and a very homogeneous substance yet I am apt to think that it is made up of Parts of Matter of sizes and shapes different enough for having weighed some Grains of re-sublimed Salt of Human Blood that seemed pure its smell was very strong and diffusive so that one would have expected it to fly away in a little time but we observed that it was very little diminished in seven or eight days time yet what remained had lost its Odour but retained a saline Taste and being put upon a Solution of Sublimate in common Water turned it White so that its diffusive and penetrant Humour seemed to depend on some more volatil Parts of the Blood But it may be a Question to be solv'd by further Experience whether the fixedness of this Salt may not proceed from the Coalition of an Acid Salt in the Air. A Dram of Volatile Salt of Human Blood sublimed in a Lamp-furnace was put into common Water and when a Thermoscope was brought to its right temper being immersed in this mixture the tinged Spirit of Wine manifestly subsided about 2 10 parts of an Inch tho' a considerable part of the Salt lay undissolved in the bottom of the Water And when the Liquor would descend no further we added to the Solution strong Spirit of Nitre 'till it would no longer make a manifest Conflict with the Salt and then we observed that whilst the Conflict lasted the Spirit of Wine rose above three Inches and a half higher than the station it stood at before The figure of this Salt may be either considered in reference to single Grains or an Aggregate of them when they are raised and sublimed to the top of the Glass the latter of which may be best observed when they fasten themselves to the inside of the Glass that is set to receive them for in the begining of the Operation one may observe the little saline Concretions to lye in rows sometimes straight enough and sometimes more or less crooked with different Coherings and Interferings so that they sometimes represent either Trees or their Branches or Harts-horn c. which are casual figurations depending on several accidental causes and circumstances as the degree of fire made use of to sublime the Salt the quantity of the ascending matter in reference to the Capacity of the Vessel that receives it And the like diversity of Configurations I have observed amongst the Salts of other Volatile Salts as well as those of Human Blood And as for the single grains of the Salt of Human Blood I discovered a good many of them to be finely shaped but whether they were accidental or not experience must determine But these figures were