our selues that there is a substance sustaining those accidents which doth alwaies remaine though the accidents doe faile or change neuer so often As for example Wee see in water that though it be sometime hot and sometime cold now of one colour and now of another yet the substance of water doth still remaine so as we may perceiue those accidents to be one thing and the substance of water to be another Now as touching the kindes of substance according to Aristotle there be two that is first and second What call you first substances First substances be those substances which the Logicians call Indiuidua as Iohn Thomas this man or that man this horse or that horse and by reason of their accidents are to bee discerned with outward senses Which call you second substances Second substances are those which they call speciall kindes and generall kindes as man a sensible body a liuing body and such like which are to be comprehended only by mans reason and be not subiect to our outward senses as first substances bee And these second substances are otherwise called of the Schoolemen vniuersall natures How many properties doe belong to substance These three First substance is contained in no subiect as an accident is for though the parts of a mans body be contained in the whole yet euery such part is a peculiar body or substance and hath his proper being of it selfe so well as the whole whereas accidents without substance haue no being at all Secondly substances are said to be diuers but not contrary one to another for neither is fire as touching his substance contrary to water nor the Wolfe contrary to the Lambe but onely in respect of their qualitie whereunto contrarietie doth properly belong Thirdly of substances one cannot be more or lesse then another for the greatest Giant as touching substance is no more a man then the least Dwarfe that is neither is a man full growne more a man then a childe newly borne for more or lesse appertaineth properly to quantitie and not to substance But if you will vnderstand how farre the predicament of substance doth extend and what it comprehendeth consider well this Table following whereby you may learne how to define any kinde of substance whatsoeuer it be for there you shall finde all the kindes both generall and speciall together with their differences most plainly set forth The Table of Substance Substance is either without body as An Angell as Gabriel Michael c. A spirit or soule separate from the body as the spirit or soule of this or that dead man Or with body if it bee with body it is either Simple if it be simple it is either Celestiall as the eleuen heauens and all the starres and planets Or elementall as fire aire water earth Or compound if it bee compound it is either liuing if it be liuing it is either Sensible if it be a sensible body called in Latine animal it is either Reasonable as man as Socrates Plato Virgil Or vnreasonable as A bird or fowle as a Larke c. A 4. footed beast as a horse A fish as a salmo a creeping beast as a worme a snake a viper Or vnsensible as a plāt which is either A tree as an Oke an Apple-tree c. A shrubbe as briers broome c. Or hearbe as Thyme Isope Margerum or vnliuing if it be vnliuing it is either Perfect if it be perfect it is either Metall as gold and siluer c. Or stone which is either Naturall as a precious stone a flint Or artificiall as a tile or bricke Or liquor as wine hony c. or vnperfect as Firie impressions as thunder lightning Or watrie impressions as raine ha◅le snow c. CHAP. IX Of Quantitie WHat is quantitie and how is it diuided Quantitie is that which comprehendeth the greatnesse and number or multitude of things and is diuided into two kindes that is whole and broken What is whole quantitie Whole quantitie called in Latine quantitas continua is that whose parts are ioined together with some common bound or limit which is the ending of one part and the beginning of another as the parts of the line here set downe in the margent marked with the letters a. c. are coupled together with the middle point b. which point is the ending of a. b. and the beginning of b. c. How many kindes of whole quantitie be there Of whole quantitie there be three kindes that is linea superficies and corpus Shew how they are defined and diuided Linea in English a line is a length without either bredth or thicknesse which is either right or crooked ◅ight as a yard an ell or pole crooked as a hoope or circle Superficies which wee may properly interprete to be the vpper face of any thing is a length and bredth without depth or thicknesse and that is either plaine or bowing plaine as a plaine or smooth floore bowing or compassing as a vault or ouen whereof the outward side is called conu◅x and the inward side concaue or hollow Corpus which is as much to say as a body is that which hath both length bredth and depth and that is either round or with angles round as a bowle or ball with a◅gles or co◅ners as a square die or such like thing All which three kindes of quantitie are to be considered onely with the minde mathematically as things abstract and separated from all k◅nde of matter t◅at is to say as things that haue no being ◅t al but imaginatiuely and yet so nec◅ssarily inuented by man as nothing can be measured without them To these three kindes of whole quantitie may be also added two other kindes that is to say mouing and time being taken for the measure space or distance of place or time wherein any thing is moued How many kindes of this mouing be there and which be they Of this mouing there be three kindes that is right circular and mixt The right belongeth to the foure elements and to bodies without life for their natuall mouing is either right vpward or else right downeward as the fire whose proper mouing is alwaies to ascend right vp and the mouing of a stone or such like heauie thing is to fall right downeward for according to the rules of philosophie all light things doe moue vpward and all heauie things downeward Circular or round mouing belongeth to the heauens and celestiall bodies which doe turne round like a Cart wheele The mixt mouing that is to say partly right and partly round belongeth to all liuing beasts that goe sometime forward sometime backward or sidelong sometime vpward and sometime downeward How is time diuided Time is diuided into three kindes that is into time past time present and time to come and vnder time are comprehended yeares moneths weekes daies houres and all other words signifying distance or difference of time What is broken quantitie Broken quantitie called of the Latines quantitas discreta is that whose parts
in the predicament of quantitie yet it is called a substantiall diuision because the generall kinde here is diuided by his speciall difference into his proper speciall kindes What call you a partible diuision I call that a partible diuision which diuideth some whole thing into his parâ—…s which is called of the Latines partitio as if yee would diuide the Romane Common-wealth into Senators Knights and Commons You may also diuide a house into his principall parts as into the foundation walles and roofe thereof But the better to vnderstand this kinde of diuision it shall not be amisse to shew you here what kindes of whole and what kindes of parts there be for there is whole substantiall and whole integrall againe of parts some are called substantiall and some integrall and of parts integrall some are called similar or like and some dissimilar or vnlike againe of the dissimilar some are called principall and some not principall of all which things I minde here briefly to speake First I pray you tell what you meane by whole substantiall and whole integrall Whole substantiall is that which consisteth of substantiall parts cleauing wholly together and not seuerally distinct in number as whole man consisting of soule and body but whole integrall is that which consisteth of integrall parts which though they cleaue together yet they are distinct and seuerall in number as mans body consisting of head brest bellie legs c. How define you substantiall parts Substantiall parts are the first and chiefe parts whereof any thing is compounded of which parts if any bee wanting the whole must needs perish and loseth his name as the matter and forme of any compound thing be it naturall or artificiall as the body and soule are the first and chiefe parts of man the metall and fashion of a siluer cup are the first and chiefe parts of the cup whereof neither can be wanting for the soule without the bodie is a spirit and not man and the body without the soule is but a dead carcase againe the cup without matter or shape is no cup at all Which be called integrall parts Certaine secondarie parts which being all gathered together do make the whole perfect as the head brest bellie armes hands thighes legges and feet are the integrall parts of mans bodie and of these integrall parts some are called similar and some dissimilar that is to say like and vnlike Which are similar and which dissimilar Similar or like are these that be of one kinde and of one selfe name and being diuided into parts euery such part be it neuer so small beareth also the name of the whole as flesh bone sinew skin and such like for euery little part of the flesh is called flesh and euery part of bone is called bone and so of all the rest Hitherto also may be referred water fire gold iron or any other simple metall wine wood stone and such like for euery drop of water is called water and so of the rest Which call you dissimilar or vnlike Those parts that differ both in kinde and name as the head brest bellie armes and legges are the parts dissimilar of a mans body likewise a house a ship and many other things haue also such parts of any one of which parts the whole cannot be spoken for you cannot say Because here is the head of a man Ergo here is a man Againe of these dissimilar parts some are called principall whereof if any be wanting the whole must needs perish as without the head bellie heart liuer or guts mans body cannot be The not principall are those parts without the which the body may be for though those parts be wanting yet the body is counted a whole thing though not perfect in euery point as without armâ—…s hands legges or feet the body may liue that building also that hath a foundation walles and roofe is counted to be a whole house though it hath neither doores nor windowes yet not perfect in euery respect Wherein doth partition and diuision differ In diuers points for in diuision any generall kinde may bee rightly spoken of euery speciall kinde contained vnder the same as this word sensible body which is spoken both of man and beast But in partition the whole cannot be spoken of euery part for you cannot say that the soule or body of man is whole man nor that the head or foot is his whole body Againe diuision diuideth vniuersall things into their particulars and partition diuideth particulars into their parts and most commonly followeth diuision helping to make subdiuisions as for example when diuision hath diuided a sensible body into man and beast then followeth partition and diuideth man into soule and body and the body into his integrall parts as head brest bellie legs and such like How manifold is diuision accident all Threefold for by that wee either diuide some subiect into his accidents or some accident into his subiect or some accident into his accidents Giue examples of all these three waies Of the first let this be your example Of men some be free and some be bond some be vertuous and some be vicious and after this sort you may diuide the predicament of substance into as many accidents as you will running thorowout all the nine predicaments of accidents Of the second way thus Of goods some are said to be of the minde some of the body and some of fortune Of the third thus Of good things some are said to bee honest some profitable and some pleasant or delâ—…ctable which kinde of diuision is much vsed of the Orators To this also may be referred the common order of diuiding any speech or oration into his parts which the Orators call partition or distribution whereby is set downe in what order euery thing shall be vttered and declared which first and which last and so forth CHAP. IIII. Of the precepts to be obserued in Diuision HOw many precepts are to be obserued in making a true diuision Three First that the generall kinde be diuided into his next speciall kindes by such speciall differences as are meerely repugnant one to another and doe comprehend the whole nature of the thing diuided as thus Of sensible bodies some be reasonable and some be vnreasonable for it were no good diuision to say of sensible bodies one is reasonable another is two-footed What is the second precept That the parts being ioined together may bee equall to the whole and may comprehend neither more nor lesse then the thing which is diuided as reasonable soule and carnall bodie being the chiefe parts of man doe comprehend neither more nor lesse then whole man What is the third precept That no part or speciall kinde be vsed as a generall kinde nor the generall kinde as a part or speciall kinde as in this diuision which Cicero reproueth I will shew that through the concupiscence boldnesse and couetousnesse of our aduerâ—…aries all mischiefes haue chanced to the Common-wealth here couetousnesse
intricate barbarous speeches then to serue to any other good purpose I thinke it better to passe them ouer with silence then to trouble your memorie therwith wherfore leauing them as things superfluous I minde now to treat of an hypotheticall or cōpound proposition of al the necessarie accidents therunto belonging CHAP. X. Of a compound or hypotheticall proposition WHat is a compound proposition It is that which consisteth of two or more simple propositions coupled together with some coniunction How manifold is it Threefold Conditionall Copulatiue and Disiunctiue When is it said to be conditionall When the coniunction If is set before any simple proposition as thus If it be a man it is a sensible body When is it said to be copulatiue When two simple propositions are ioined together with a coniunction copulatiue as God is true and man is a lier When is it said to be disiunctiue When two simple propositions are ioined together with a coniunction disiunctiue as thus Either it is day or night Of how many parts doth a compound proposition consist Of two that is of the antecedent and of the consequent Which call you the antecedent That which followeth next after the coniunction as thus If it be iustice it is a vertue here this speech If it be iustice is the antecedent and the rest of the speech that is to say it is a vertue is the consequent and so it should be though the words were contrarily placed as thus It is a vertue if it be iustice What things are to be considered in hypotheticall propositions These First whether they haue any quantitie or qualitie then whether any opposition equiualence or conuersion doe belong to them or not thirdly how to know the truth or falshood of euery such proposition be it conditionall copulatiue or disiunctiue And first as touching quantitie they haue none at all for quantitie is to be measured by signes vniuersall or particular which are only incident to the subiects of categoricall propositions but qualitie they haue in that they affirme or denie some thing by reason whereof there may be contradiction in hypotheticall propositions but it cannot bee properly said that they be either contrarie subcontrarie or subalternat for that they are without quantitie for want whereof they neither doe aptly admit opposition equiualence or conuersion but onely contradiction How is that Contradiction to be vnderstood By reason of affirmation or negation which as in simple propositions is to be taken on the behalfe of the verbe copulatiue and not of the subiect or predicate so in compound propositions it is to be taken on the behalfe of the coniunction hauing a negatiue set before it and yet not of euery coniunction but onely of that coniunction conditionall If whereof I cannot aptly giue you any example in our natiue tongue because it is contrarie to our naturall and vsuall speech to put a negatiue before the coniunction If and therefore I leaue to speake thereof any further and to say the truth it maketh but a strange kinde of speech in the Latine tongue and I beleeue is seldome vsed in any disputation as to say thus Non si animal est homo est or Non si lux est dies est both which are said to be negatiue speeches according to the rule before giuen because the negatiue is set before the coniunction si and by vertue thereof as the Schoolemen say maketh the whole proposition to be negatiue CHAP. XI Of the truth and falshood of Hypotheticall propositions and first of the Conditionall WHat is to be considered to know the truth or falshood of Conditionall Propositions First whether they be affirmatiue or negatiue for in the affirmatiues it sufficeth that the one part doth necessarily follow of the other as thus If it be a man it is a sensible body and it maketh no matter though the parts seuerally taken be both false so as the Cousequent be good as If a tree be a man a tree is a sensible bodie for though both these parts be false yet the Consequent conditionally is true for a conditionall Proposition hath no regard to the truth of the parts but onely that the Consequent may necessarily follow of the Antecedent How is the truth of the negatiue Proposition to be knowne By the Consequent for if the Consequent bee not rightly inferred of the antecedent then the negatiue is true as thus it followeth not that because a Lyon is a sensible body that therefore a Lyon is a man Of the truth and falshood of propositions copulatiue WHen is a copulatiue Proposition said to be true or false It is said to be true when both the parts bee true as when I say God is true and man is a lyar againe it is said to be false when either one part or both parts be false as when I say man is a sensible bodie and God is not a Spirit Here because the first part is true and the second part false the whole Proposition is said to be false It is said also to be false when both parts are false as thus Man is true and God is a lyar Heere both parts be false What kinde of propositions are wont to bee referred to this copulatiue Those which they call Temporall Locall by similitude and causall as of time thus When a penitent sinner prayeth then God heareth him Of place thus Where two or three are gathered together in the Name of the Lord he is in the midst of them By similitude thus As a man dealeth with his neighbour so will God deale with him Of the cause thus Because the Sunne shineth it is day And therefore certaine Aduerbes as these When Where Vntill so long as as so as for therefore because and such like haue the signification sometime of the Coniunction And and sometime of the Coniunction If Of the truth and falshoode of disiunctiues WHat belongeth properly to disiunctiue Propositions To consist of repugnant parts according to the signification of Coniunctions disiunctiue such as these bee vel or eyther or else and such like as eyther it is day or it is night whereof the one destroyeth the other for if the one be the other can not be and therefore they can not bee both true but they may be both false if there be any mean betwixt the two contraries as when wee say This woman is eyther white or blacke both these are false if she be browne which is a meane colour betwixt white and blacke But the later writers affirme the disiunctiue to bee true if any one or both of the parts bee true as thus Eyther a man is a sensible body or else a tree is a Substance and to bee false when both parts bee false as Eyther a man is true or God is a lyar The end of the third Booke of Logicke THE ART OF LOGICKE THE FOVRTH BOOKE CHAP. I. Of Places THough immediately after the Treatise of a Proposition the old men are wont to deale with
made to signifie none but Christ only likewise when we say The Greeke Poet we meane none but Homer CHAP. IV. Of words vniuersall or generall WHat words are said to be vniuersall or generall Those words are said to be vniuersall which are spoken of many things that is to say which may be applied to many things or comprehend many things as this word Animal which is as much to say as a sensible body comprehendeth both man bruit beast fish fowle bird and euery thing else that hath feeling and mouing How are such words diuided Into Predicables and Predicaments Of the fiue Predicables WHat call you Predicables Predicables are certaine degrees or rather petigrees of words that be of one affinitie shewing which comprehend more and which comprehend lesse How many such be there There be fiue that is to say Genus Species Differentia Proprium Accidens which may be Englished thus Generall kinde Speciall kind Difference Propertie and Accident But we thinke it best to begin first with Species because it is next to Indiuiduum Of the speciall kinde called in Latine Species WHat is Species Species is a speciall kinde which is spoken of many things that is to say it comprehendeth many things differing only in number in asking the question what the thing is as when I aske What is Iohn it is rightly answered to say A man for this word man is an vniuersall word comprehending both Iohn Thomas Robert and all other singular men How manifold is Species Twofold that is Infima and Subalterna Infima that is to say the lowest or most especiall kinde is that which comprehendeth many things differing only in number and therefore cannot be a generall kinde as man horse and such like speciall kindes Species subalterna is that which comprehendeth many things differing in kinde and in diuers respects may be both genus and species as these words animal or sensible body bird fish for this word bird in that it comprehendeth diuers kindes of birds as a Blackbird a Mauys a Goldfinch and many other kinds of birds it is a generall kinde but in respect of these words substance body or animal it is but species How is species called of the Greekes It is called Idea which is as much to say as a common shape conceiued in the minde through some knowledge had before of one or two Indiuiduums hauing that shape so as after wee haue seene one wolfe or two we beare the shape thereof continually in our mindes and thereby are able to know a wolfe whensoeuer we finde him or if need be to paint him But genus extendeth too farre and comprehendeth too many speciall kindes to bee so easily painted And note that such shapes or Ideae are said also to be perpetuall Why are they said to be perpetuall Because they continue in the minde though the things themselues cease to haue any being as the shape of a Rose continueth in our mindes in the cold heart of Winter when there is no Rose indeed And this is the true meaning of Plato touching Ideae that is to be perpetuall in the minde not separate from mans intelligence as some men faine for vniuersalities are alwaies to bee comprehended in mans mind but not Indiuidua which because they are infinite there can be had of them no certaine science or knowledge Of the generall kinde called Genus WHat is Genus Genus is a generall kinde which may bee spoken of many things differing in speciall kinde in asking the question what the thing is as if I aske What is man or horse It is rightly answered to say Animal for this word Animal comprehendeth both man horse lion and many other speciall kinds of beasts How is it diuided Into two that is Genus most generall and Genus subalternate What is genus most generall It is that which in no respect can be species as these Substance Quantitie Qualitie and all the rest of the ten Predicaments which be the highest kindes comprehending all other kindes and are comprehended of none What is that which you call subalternate It is that which in diuers respects may be both genus and species as these animal or sensible body stone tree fish bird which being compared to their superiours as to substance or body be speciall kindes but if to their inferiours as this word sensible bodie being compared to man or horse or this word stone to a flint or Diamond or this word tree to an Apple-tree or Peare-tree or this word fish to a Salmon or Pickerell or this word bird to a Mauys or Goldfinch and such like then they be generall kindes The order of all which kindes as well generall as subalternate as also most especiall you may see here in the Table following taken out of the predicament of substance in which Table Substance is the highest or most generall kinde vnder which are placed the lesse generall or speciall kindes according as they bee in degrees high or low nigh or farre from substance Moreouer on each side of the generall kindes are set downe in this Table the differences whereby the said generall kindes are diuided euery one into those inferiour kindes which it comprehendeth And the like Table may be made of all the rest of the Predicaments A Table shewing the order and degrees of generall kindes and especiall kindes taken out of the predicament of Substance Differences Generall and speciall kinds Differences Examples With bodie Substance is either Or without body as An Angell A Spirit The soule of a man separated from the bodie Compound of the foure elements as all naturall bodies and vnnatural If with body it is either Or simple as The 11. heauens The 4. elements Liuing Body compound is either Or vnliuing as Stones Metals Liquors Sensible Againe the liuing body is either Or vnsensible as Tree Herbe Shrubbe Reasonable as man The sensible body called in Latine Animal is either Or vnreasonable as Fourefooted beasts Creeping beasts Fish Fowle or Bird. Â The reasonable bodie is man called in Latine Homo which is a most especiall kinde As Socrates Plato and euery other singular man Of Difference called of the Latines Differentia WHat is difference Difference is that whereby things doe differ one from another or any thing from it selfe How many kindes of differences be there According to Porphyrius there be three kindes that is to say common proper and most proper or especiall called of the Latines Differentia specifica What call you a common difference A common difference is some separable accident whereby one thing differeth from another or from it selfe as a hot man from a cold or a man standing from himselfe sitting What is proper difference A proper difference is some inseparable accident whereby one thing differeth from another or from it selfe as the Swanne by whitenesse differeth from the Crow the gray-eied man from another man that hath blacke eies or from himselfe as hauing now an vnmoueable scarre in his face whereas before hee