Finisher of our faith is given by no less than GOD himself who though he be Omnipotent Å¿ Omnipotentia excludit omnes defectus qui sunt Impotentiae seu posse mori Peccare c. Thomas Aquinas 2. Quest 25. Art 34. yet cannot lye being Truth it self in the abstract His very existence then may be as well doubted as his Testimony And you have heard already the irrationality of Atheism in our proof of a Deity and that even among the Heathen a Deity has ever been acknowledged as also that their gods were true The Testimony God gives of Christ He was promised to Adam when fallen long before his coming The Seed of the Woman shall break the Serpents Head And his Testimony of him when sent was at his Baptism and on the Mount with Peter James and John This is my beloved Son in whom I am well pleased hear him And a little before his Death I have glorified it and will glorifie it again Likewise by the Star at his Birth which the very Heathen confest portended the descent of some God for the Salvation of Mankind Also by many Miracles wrought both by Christ and the Apostles and other wayes as well as by an Audible Voice As at his Death By Eclipsing the Sun at the time of the Full Moon contrary to the course of Nature so that many Astronomers in other parts of the World admired the strangeness thereof as a violence done to Nature whence Dionysius the Areopagite thus exclaim'd Aut Deus Naturae patitur aut Mundi machina Dissolvitur The Vail of the Temple was rent which the Superstitious Jews so adored And the saints dead Bodies arose and went into the Holy City and were seen by many Which things were so notoriously known that multitudes were Converted saying Of a Truth this was the son of God And lastly He himself did not only Rise but was taken up into Heaven both body and soul before their eyes So that the Question will be now whether there be any credit to be given to the scriptures that give such ample testimony of Christ from GOD or whether they are his revealed word more than other Writings Touching which I shall wholly lay aside those Arguments from their Majestickness and sometimes plainness of stile Their subject on which they treat or the power and influence they have on Mens Consciences as Idle frivolous not sufficiently evincing them to be Divine Oracles or to proceed from the Holy Spirit since our Consciences easily consent to what our belief is prepossest with in our Infancies Besides if this be all a Turk may plead as much for the Alchoran in every respect as we Whether the Old New Testaments be the Word of God can for the Bible Neither doth the sealing the Truth thereof by the blood of Martyrs signifie any thing in this particular since we daily see Jews Turks Pagans Hereticks Sects of all sorts Venners gang though in open Rebellion and before that the Regicides dye as resolutely couragiously with as much seeming assurance of their salvation as the best Martyr of them all in the affirmation and justification of their own belief and Deceits We must therefore endeavour to ground the Truth and Authority of Holy writ on more sure and sound Foundations Which I shall here at this time a little attempt notwithstanding the uncharitable censures of ignorant angry and narrow-witted Zelots accounting me in Discourses of this Nature an Atheist or at least one that contemns or hath but little regard for or to the Scripture And all because I have still endeavoured to bring them to a Rational ground of their Faith For although some things in Religion be beyond Reason yet it is not against Reason and most may be made out by Reason If this were not so our belief would be very Implicite I shall therefore endeavour to make it plain that the Books of the Old and New Testaments are the Word of God and that upon the pure account of Reason only For to go about to prove any such thing to an Atheist or Pagan by the Scripture or any Argument deduced thence is when he believes no such thing to be ridiculous and to prove a thing to be so as Women do because it is so and compel another mans Reason too suddenly This I hope no Pagan or Atheist will deny that there is as much reason to believe the History of the Old and New Testament as any other since there is the same Reason first to believe the Tradition of the Old and New Testaments as the Tradition of any other i. e. That there was such a Man as Moses that wrote of the Creation of the Patriarchs of Gods Judgments on the Egyptians of his delivering the Israelites from the servitude of Pharaoh and leading them through the Wilderness And after him a Joshua who was their Captain and General in their possessing the Land of Canaan And so the Judges Kings and Prophets c. that did such and such Acts. A Matthew Mark Luke and a John that wrote such things as they saw and knew in their own times to be true of one Jesus of Nazareth I say we have as much reason to believe the Tradition of these Histories as any other Histories Or as that there was an Homer that wrote Illiads a Virgil his Georgicks an Ovid his Metamorphosis A Plato an Aristotle and the rest of the Philosophers or their Works Secondly it s as Rational to believe that those Books of the Old and New Testament were written by the same Men as are their reputed Authors as to believe Plutarch's Tacitus's Tully's and Caesar's works were theirs Thirdly that all that was delivered in the Old Testament in Christs time was true appears by his frequent quoting of and referring to it in his Discourse and Disputes Besides if it had been corrupted he would no doubt have taxt them with it as well as for their Teaching for Doctrines the Traditions of Men. And that 't is the same we now have and the Jews at this day acknowledge and that 't was never corrupted is evident from the multitude of Copies distributed after the first and second Captivities to every Synagogue where they were dispersed in which they read every Sabbath-day Now how it shou'd be possible for Men in almost all Nations and at different times to combine together in corrupting the Book of God on design let a prudent Man judge But we find they do all agree which they could never do if any and not all of them shou'd have been corrupted And that they shou'd altogether designedly or casually be corrupted when there appears no solid reason for such a contrivance seems more than improbable To which add if they were corrupted 't would have been in those places especially which speak and Prophesie of Christ and against them Besides if they were corrupted they shou'd have corrupted the Septuagint Translation which was extant in Egypt three hundred years before
contrary is an emotion of the Spirits which incite the Soul to Will to be freed and separated from objects represented to be hurtful or evil In Love the motions of the Blood and Spirits if not joyned with Desire Joy or Sadness c. but simple and alone are even as also the pulse but greater and stronger than ordinary emitting more heat and Celeritating Digestion and therefore is an Healthy Passion But in Hatred the Pulse is uneven more debile and quick cold instead of heat or mixt with pungent heats in the breast sometimes concoction impedited vomits excited and the humours become corrupted or at least vitiated and so is a very noxious and unhealthy passion This proceeds from the tye that is between the Soul the Body as when any corporeal action is joyned with a thought one still accompanies the other As is apparent in such who have an aversion to some Medicine they cannot think on it but the taste smell c comes also immediately into their thought For the Blood or some good and delectable chyme getting into the Heart and becoming a more convenient Alimony than ordinary to maintain heat there the principle of Life occasion the Soul to joyn in will to this Alimony viz. Love it And thus at the same time the Spirits descending from the Brain to the muscles might press or agitate the parts from whence it came to the Heart Stomack and Intrails whose agitation increaseth the appetite or to the Liver and Lungs which the muscles of the Diaphragma may press Whence the same motion of the Spirits ever since accompanies the Passion of Love On the contrary in Hatred some strange Chyme not proper to maintain the heat of the Heart but rather like to extinguish it is thereunto communicated and so the Spirits ascending to the Brain from the Heart excite the passion of Hatred in the Soul And thus these same Spirits being from the Brain transmitted to the Nerves may expel the blood from the Spleen and the small Veins of the Liver to the Heart to hinder the noxious succ from entring and move to those which might repel this juice to the intrails and the stomack or sometimes to cause the Stomack to eject it whence these motions accompany the Passion of Hatred Benevolence and Concupiscence There are two effects of Love Benevolence and Concupiscence The former is when we wish well to what we Love The latter when we desire the thing loved There are different passions that yet participate of Love As the Ambitious Loves Glory The Avaritious Riches The Amorous a Woman The Drunkard Wine which though different yet participating of Love they are alike Affection Friendship and Devotion However Love is not alwayes the same and alike for it admits of Degrees as when we esteem an object of Love less than we esteem our selves it may be termed only an Affection when we value it equal to our selves it may be termed Friendship when more Devotion And sometimes we love merely for the possession of the object whereunto our passion relates and not the object it self for which we have only a desire mixt with other particular passions As Ambition Avarice c. But the Love a Generous Soul and a Man of Honour bears his Friend is of another and purer Nature And that of a Father to his Child is more immaculate and sublime Now although Hatred be Diametrically opposite to Love yet are there not so many sorts of Hatreds as Loves Because we observe not so much the difference between the evils we separate from in Will as we do between the goods whereunto we are joyned And forasmuch as the objects of both Love and Hatred are represented to the Soul both by the External senses and Internal it will follow there are two sorts of Love and as many of Hatred according to the object whether good or handsom evil or ugly When we judge any thing good and convenient for us by our internal Senses and Reason we may most properly term it Love if contrary to our Nature and offensive Hatred Liking and Horrour If it be judged by our external Senses we term it Handsom or Ugly and so have either a liking or abhorring to it Which two passions of Liking and Horror are usually more violent than Love and Hatred Because what is conveyed to the Soul by the Senses makes greater impression and yet presents things more false than what is communicated to it by Reason Love and Hatred proceeding from Knowledge as 't is clear they do must needs precede Joy and Sadness except when Joy and Sadness proceed from Knowledge and when the things this Knowledge inclines us to Love are in themselves truly good or to Hate truly evil Love is then most excellent and transcendent for it joyning things that are truly good to us we are thereby rendred more perfect Neither can it then be in excess the most that can be does but joyn us so absolutely to those good things that we distinguish between the Love we have to them and our selves which cannot be evil Nay Love is so good that were we un-bodyed we could never Love too much Neither can it fail of producing Joy because it represents what we love as a good belonging to us Hatred on the other side can never be in the least degree but it is noxious and accompanied with sadness Yet Hatred of evil is necessary in respect to the Body though not manifested but by pain Therefore 't is never enough to be avoided though it proceed from a true knowledge since 't is not only prejudicial to the Soul but extremely hurtful to the Body if it exceed in relation to its health Much more is it then to be shun'd when it arises from any false Opinion SUB-DIVISION III. 4. Desire YOu must remember as was said that all the Passions arise from the consideration of good and evil and so doth this As we may Desire the possession of a good or to be rid of an evil or to avoid it c. 'T is caused by the Spirits agitating the Soul thereby disposing it to will such things as she accounts convenient whether it be the presence of an absent good or the conservation of a present or è contra The Heart is thereby agitated more than by any of the other passions and the Brain furnish'd with more Spirits which passing thence into the muscles render all the Senses more nimble and consequently all the parts of the Body It hath no contrary for seeing there is no good the privation thereof is not evil nor any evil taken in the notion of a positive thing the privation thereof is not good it must be the same motion which causes a Desire after good and the avoiding of evil that is contrary to it If it be considered thus I say it may be clearly perceived to be but one passion Aversion Horrour and Liking Herein only is the difference that when desire is after some
good 't is accompanied with Love afterwards with hope and Joy when it tends to the avoiding of an evil contrary to that good 't is accompanied with Hatred Fear and Sorrow and so it is conceived contrary to its self and in the Schools opposed by that which they call Aversion but on no good ground Yet the desire arising of Likeing is notwithstanding Horrour be its contrary and the Desire after good and avoiding evil be from the same motion extremely different from that which ariseth from Horrour For though they be contrary they are not the good and evil which are the objects of these desires but only two emotions of the Soul that cause it to seek after two very different things Horrour is instituted by Nature to represent to the Soul a sudden and unexpected Death so that even at his very own shadow he is put into such an horrour as makes him immediately feel as great an emotion as if a most evident danger of Death were before his eyes which causeth a sudden agitation of the Spirits inclining the Soul to employ all her strength to shun the evil and this kind of desire is called Aversion or Flight Likeing on the other side is peculiarly instituted by Nature to represent the enjoyment of what is liked as the greatest good which causes a Man very earnestly to desire this enjoyment There are several sorts of Likeing and the desires arising from them yet not alike powerful As the loveliness of any neat toy makes us like and desire it but the chief is that which arises from the perfections a Man imagines in another Person especially the Female Sex by reason of certain impressions in the Brain which at a certain Age and certain Seasons causes us to look on our selves as defective to desire the Person of the other Sex to be united to us to make us compleat and so fixes our Souls to feel all the inclinations Nature has given us to seek after the good she represents to us as the greatest we can possibly possess on that Woman only Of Heroick Love And this Desire which is bred thus by liking is denominated Love more commonly than the Passion and has indeed far stranger effects The kinds of Desire are as various as its objects As the desire of Revenge differs much from the desire of Learning and both from this desire call'd Love occasioned by Likeing Now as the acquisition of a good or the avoiding of an evil is sufficient to incite a desire so on more serious consideration of the probability of obtaining the desire if the probability be much or great Of Hope Doubting Fear Jealousie Assurance Security and Despair it excites Hope if little or small Doubting or Fear whereof Jealousie is a sort Likewise when Hope is extreme so strong as to banish all fear 't is converted into Assurance and Security and is commonly accompanied with Anxiety for though we be assured our desire shall be accomplish'd and still wish it should yet notwithstanding we never cease to be agitated with the passion of desire which makes us seek the event with Anxiety Of Anxiety in this Affair As extreme fear degenerates into Despair And although this Hope and Fear be Passions contrary one to the other yet at one and the same time we may be possessed by them both As when on any desire we fancy unto our selves several Reasons pro and con some make it easie whence Hope the other difficult whence Fear Hope is a Disposition of the Soul perswading her what is desired shall be accomplished through a peculiar motion of the Spirits mixt with those of Joy and Desire As Fear is another disposition perswading it shall not be accomplished Jealousie is a kind of fear of losing some good we desire to keep to our selves proceeding rather from the value we set on the thing than Reason which causes us not only to examine the least occasion of suspition but to conclude them forcible Arguments too and relates only to suspitions and distrusts for none can be said to be Jealous that shuns an evil when there is just cause and reason to fear it 'T is a laudable Passion in some cases as when a Woman is Jealous of her Honour and so shuns all occasions of suspition as well as the Action of evil In as much as great goods are more carefully to be kept than less When the event of Hope or Fear depends on a mans self as it does not alwayes there may be many doubtings touching the Election of means Irresolution Courage Boldness Emulation Cowardize Affrights When it don't depend on us it occasions Irresolution which causes again Debates and Counsels When it does it excites Courage or Boldness whereof Emulation is a kind Contrary to Courage is Cowardize and to Boldness Affrights which become not a Gentleman Remorse of Conscience When we are resolved on an Action before the Irresolution be quite taken off it occasions Remorse of Conscience which regards the present or past time only and is a sort of sadness proceeding from a scruple in our Consciences that something we have committed or omitted is not well or good it necessarily presupposing Doubt for if we were assured the thing were evil Of Doubt and Repentance it would cause rather Repentance or we should never have committed it since the Will inclines us to nothing but what has an appearance of good However this Remorse makes us examine whether what we doubt of be good or no and hinders us from committing the like another time and so is an useful Passion but better it is never to feel it since it ever presupposeth an evil Irresolution is a kind of Fear which causing the Soul to waver between several feasable Actions hinders her so as she performs none yet it may so happen that a Man having his choice of many things equally good he may be for a while Irresolute and at a pause and yet not be afraid which arising only from the Subject presented and not any emotion of the Spirits can be no Passion except the fear of failing in the choice increase the uncertainty Which fear is so strong in some as it becomes an excess of Irresolution arising from too great a desire to do well and weakness in the Understanding which having no clear and distinct Notions is fraught with a company of confused ones However since Irresolution gives time to consider and debate it may be of good use and oft-times is but if it continue longer then it ought thereby slipping the time of Action it may prove as pernicious Courage is oft-times Natural or an Habit as well as a Passion when the latter 't is a certain heat or agitation disposing the Soul and powerfully addicting her to Execution Boldness is a sort of Courage exposing the Soul to the Execution of things most dangerous It s object is Difficulty whence commonly proceeds Fear and sometimes Despair so that Courage and
Boldness is in most dangerous and desperate cases required joyned with hope or assurance of success Emulation as I said is also a sort of it but in another sence for Courage may be considered as a Genus that is divided into as many sorts of species as there are objects and as many more as it has causes In the first sence Boldness is a sort in the other Emulation which is nothing else but an heat disposing the Soul to attempt things which she hopes may succeed from the example of others yet so attended with Desire and Hope that they are more powerful to send abundance of Blood to the Heart than Fear or Despair to hinder it Cowardize is Diametrically opposite to Courage 't is a frigid languishing whereby the Soul is from the Execution of what it should do impedited It proceeds from want of Hope and Desire and very unbecoming a Gentleman and is extremely noxious in that it diverts the Will from profitable Actions yet is advantagious to the Body For by hindring the motion of the Spirits it also hinders the dissipation of their Forces Besides it frees him that 's possessed with it of pain Fear the opposite to Boldness or Affright is not only frigidness but as it were Animae atonitus that divests her of all power of Resistance much more unbecoming a Gentleman it being an excess of Cowardize as Boldness is of Courage The chief cause is Surprize But I shall draw to an end SUB-DIVISION IV. 5 6. Joy and Sadness SInce in the midst of Joy there is commonly Sadness our Lives being a Glucupicron I shall here joyn them together and briefly touch them both with their subordinate Passions and hasten to a Conclusion Joy is a pleasing emotion of the Soul consisting in her enjoyment of good that the Impressions of the Brain represent unto her as her own Joy is the only fruiâ— the Soul possesses of all other goods insomuch as he that is wholly without Joy is as it were without a Soul Intellectual Joy There is also an Intellectual Joy which differs from this that is a Passion being a pleasing emotion in the Soul excited by her self and her sole action consisting in her enjoyment of good which her Understanding represents to her as her own yet is hardly separable from that which is a Passion For the Understanding being sensible of the good we possess the Imagination immediately makes some Impression in the Brain whereby the Spirits being moved the Passion of Joy is also excited 'T is evident then Joy whether a Passion or Intellectual proceeds from the opinion we have we possess some Good as sadness some Evil. Intellectual Sadness For in the same manner there is also an Intellectual sadness as well as Sadness a Passion which is an unpleasant languishing consisting in the Inconveniencies it receives from evil which the Impressions of the Brain represent unto her However many times we are Joyful or Sad without any apparent Cause or Reason we being not able to observe distinctly the good or evil exciting them Because the good or evil make their Impressions in the Brain without any intercourse of the Soul they belonging only to the Body And sometime also though they appertain to the Soul because she considers them not as good or evil and so the Impression in the Brain is joyned thereunto under some other Notion In Joy the Pulse is even but quicker than ordinary yet not so strong nor so great as in Love in it a Man feels a pleasant heat not only in the Breast but over all the parts of the Body with the Blood In Sadness the Pulse is slow and weak feeling the Heart as it were contracted or tyed about also frigidity which communicates a coldness to the whole Body and is extremely prejudicial to the Health The Orifices of the Heart being greatly streightned by the small Nerve that environs them and but little Blood sent to the Heart being not agitated in the Veins Yet the Appetite faileth not because the Pilorus the Lacteals and other Vessels through which the Chyle passes from the Stomack and Intrails to the Liver are open unless it be joyned with Hatred and that closes them On the other side in Joy all the Nerves in the Spleen Liver Stomack Intestines and the whole Man Act especially that about the Orifices of the Heart which opening and dilating them enables the Blood which the rest of the Nerves have sent from the Veins to the Heart to get in and issue forth in greater quantity than ordinary which Blood having often passed through it coming from the Arteries to the Veins easily dilates and produces Spirits fit for their subtilty and equality to form and fortifie the Impressions of the Brain which dispense lively and quiet thoughts to the Soul And therefore is a Passion conducing much to Health rend'ring the Colour and aspect of the Countenance livelier brisker and more Vermilion which we call Blushing For by opening the sluces of the Heart the blood is made thereby to flow quicker in all the Veins become hotter and more subtil Whereas clean contrary in Sadness the Orifice of the Heart being contracted the blood flows more slowly to the Veins and so becoming colder and thicker doth not dilate so much but rather retires to the internal parts neglecting the remote and external whence the Face becomes pale and squalid especially in great Sadnesses or such as are sudden as is seen in Affrights whose surprizals augment the Action that obstructs the Heart Change of Colour or Blushing Gesture of the Visage and Eyes Tremors Languishings Syncope Laughter Tears Sighs and Groans Whence these Passions cause various effects in us as well as Change of Colour or Blushing As Gesture of the Face and Eyes Tremors Languishings Syncope Laughter Tears Sighs and Groans Though for the most part the face is pale with Grief Sorrow Affrights and red in Joy yet sometimes it may also be red in Sadness especially when Desire Love nay and often times when Hatred is joyned therewith Definition of Shame Or in Shame which is only a mixture of Self-love and an earnest desire to avoid some present Infamy or 't is a sort of Modesty or Humility and mistrust of ones self for he that values himself so highly as to think none can slight or dis-esteem him can hardly ever be ashamed For the blood being heat by the passions they drive it to the Heart and thence through the Great Artery to the Veins of the Face and Sadness that obstructs the ventricles of the Heart not being able to hinder it unless when it is in extreme as also hindring the blood in the Face from descending when but moderate whilst the afore-named Passions send others thither which fixing the blood in the Face makes it oft-times redder then in Joy because the blood in Joy flowing quick appears livelier and fresher And so in Shame which is compounded of Self-Love and an earnest desire to avoyd some
from Anger Wine Tobacco how occasioned For in Anger an earnest desire after any thing In Drunkenness by Wine other Liquors or Tobacco or extraordinary heat too many spirits being sent to the brain make such a confusion as they cannot regularly nor readily be sent thence into the muscles The Causes of Languishing Languishing is another and is felt in all the Members being a disposition or inclination to ease and to be without motion occasioned as Trembling for want of sufficient spirits in the nerves But in a different manner For Languishing is caused when the Glance in the Brain do not determine the Spirits to some muscles rather than others when Trembling proceeds from a defect of the Spirits 'T is also frequently the effect of Love joyned to the desire of any thing which cannot be acquired for the present For in Love the Soul being so busied in considering the object beloved all the spirits in the Brain are imployed to represent the Image thereof to her whereby all the motions of the Glance are stopt which were not subservient to this Design And so in Desire though it frequently Renders the Body active as was noted when the object is such as something from that time may be done for acquiring it Yet when there is an Imagination of the Impossibility of attaining it all the agitation of Desire remains in the Brain where being wholly imployed in fortifying the Idea of this object without passing at all into the Nerves leaves the rest of the Body Languishing And thus also Hatred Sadness and Joy may cause a kind of Languishing when they are violent by busying the soul in considering their objects But most commonly it proceeds from Love because it depends not on a surprize but requires some time to be effected Swoonings and the Causes Swooning is another effect of Joy and is nothing but a suffocation of the vital heat in the Heart some heat remaining that may afterwards be kindled again It may be occasioned several wayes but chiefly by extreme Joy in that thereby the orifices of the Heart being extraordinarily opened the blood from the Veins rush so impetuously and so copiously into the Heart that it cannot be there soon enough rarified to lift up those little skins that close the entries of those veins whereby the fire and heat thereof is smothered which used to maintain it when it came regularly and in a due proportion 'T is seldom or never the effect of Sadness though it be a Passion that contracts and as it were tyes up the orifices of the Heart because there is for the most part blood enough in the heart sufficient to maintain the heat though the Orifices thereof should be almost closed Subordinate to Joy and Sadness also is Derision Envy Pity Satisfaction Repentance Gratitude and Good Will Indignation and Wrath Glory and Shame Distrust sorrow and Light-heartedness Of Derision and its Causes When a Man perceives some small evil in another which he conceives him worthy of it occasions Derision Whence 't is apparently a kind of Joy mixt with Hatred But if the evil be great he to whom it happens cannot be thought to deserve it but by such as are very ill-natur'd or have much hatred against him When the evil comes unexpectedly being surprized with Admiration it occasions Laughter For Laughter as was said never proceeds of Joy unless it be very moderate and some little Admiration or Hatred be therewith complicated When the accident is good it excites Joy and gladness when anothers welfare is perceived by us And this Joy is serious and no ways accompanied with Laughter or Derision But when we account him worthy of it it occasions Envy as the unworthiness of the evil Pity and these two are the Daughters of Sadness Cause of Envy and Pity Envy is a Vice proceeding from a perverse Nature causing a Man to molest and vex himself for the goods of Fortune he sees another possessor of and so is a kind of Sadness mixt with Hatred and a Passion that is not alwayes vitious For I may Lawfully Envy the Liberal distribution of the goods of Fortune on unworthy Illiterate and base Fellows that no wayes deserve them inasmuch as my love of Justice compels me thereunto because its Laws are violated by an unjust distribution or the like Especially if it go no farther and extend not to the Persons themselves 'T is somewhat difficult to be so just and generous as not to hate him that prevents me in the acquisition of any commendable good which is frequently seen in Honour Glory and Reputation though that of others hinders me not from endeavouring their attainment also though it render them more difficult to be atchieved Wherefore Envy not thus qualified is no wayes becoming a Gentleman there being no Vice so hurtful both to the Soul and bodily health of him that 's possessed therewith What mischiefs does it not do by Detractions Lyes Slanders and several other wayes beneath the Action of a Gentleman Cause of Pity Pity is a mixture of Love and sadness towards such whom we see that we bear a kindness to suffer any evil which we think they deserve not So that its object is diametrically opposite to Envy and Derision considering it in another manner And although it proceed rather from the Love we bear to our selves then to the pityed those being most incident to it that find themselves impotent and subject to the frown of Fortune thereby fancying themselves possible to be in the same condition yet 't is no wayes unbecoming a Gentleman since the most high generous and great Spirits that contemn want as being above the frowns of Fortune have been known to be highly compassionate when they have heard the complaints and seen the failings of other men Besides to love and bear good will to all men is a part of Generosity and thus the sadness of this Pity is not extreme Nay none but evil mischievous pernitious and envious Spirits want Pity or such as are fraught with an universal hatred and destitute of love For 't is chiefly excited by Love whence it sending much blood to the Heart causeth many Vapours to pass through the eyes and then sadness by its frigidity retarding the agitation of those vapours condensing them into tears is the cause that Weeping often accompanieth it 'T is much more to be preferred in a Gentleman than Derision since the most defective in Body and Mind are the greatest Deriders of others desiring to see and bring all Men equally into disgrace with themselves This proceeds from Hatred that from Love Jesting exploded Nothing more vain then than Jesting so much now in use with such as assume the name of Gentlemen if thus grounded Wit in moderate Jesting for the detecting or reprehending vice may be allowed it being a seemly quality in the best and greatest thereby discovering the Tranquillity of the Soul and liveliness of the disposition Nay even to Laughter
Exploits here upon Earth and excelled the rest of the Noblest of their time have been still born in some abject place or of some base and obscure Parents and are usually most fortunate What wise man thinks the worse of Tully for being an Up-start or of Iphicrates and Marius for their mean Birth or of Agathocles King of Sicily for being a Potters Son So Telephanes King of Lydia was but the Son of a Carter Valentinian the Emperour of a Rope-maker Primislaus King of Bohemia of a Cow-herd And Tamberlain the great is by most reputed only the Son of a Shepherd as he was himself nay and David the King a man after Gods own heart was no other So that I may conclude if thou hast had never so many Noble Ancestors 't is nothing to thee vix ea nostra voco If thou manifest it not in the practice of their Virtues If thou hast a good Soul good Education and art Virtuous well qualified in thy Conditions Honest Ingenuous Learned hating all baseness thou art a true Gentleman nay perfectly Noble g 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 though born of Thersites Which comprehending the true qualifications of a Gentleman because I love not tedious Discourses I shall only hint at some few of the chiefest as they may and do concern a Gentleman beginning with MEMBER I. Education IT being indeed another Nature altering our understandings wills and affections or a custom imbibed at the Commencement of our Capacities for a man may as soon change his colour from white to black or his Nature as his Customs Nay its h For we are only civil or uncivil good or bad foolish or wise or any thing else according to Custom so that they that adore it not in in their actions and do not dress themselves make their Congies to obey and observe it pass in this World but for Fools and all the rest of their Actions accounted ridiculous Tyranny is so Universal as we daily see men chuse rather to destroy their healths Estates and Lives than alter their Customs There is not only a necessity of good Education to accomplish a Gentleman but great caution it be not bad or indiscreetly managed Many Parents love their Children so foolishly by their too much indulgence and remissness in Correction or for want of wit to govern them that they seem rather to hate them whereby they being uncultivated must needs bring forth the steril and briary fruits of rudeness ignorance incorrigeableness gracelesness c. Against indiscreet Parents and Rulers Others again on the other side are so indiscreet morose austere and passionate especially some Tutors and pedagogues that they dishearten Youth and many times besot or mope good wits and so cow them out as they never have any courage or ingenuity all their lives after Such Martyring Tutors or Parents are no better than Hangmen Nimia severitate deficiunt desperant making them weary of their Lives and despair not only perverting the good temperature of their minds but the Constitution oftimes of their Bodies too for force makes their Nature return with the greater violence Discipline and Education less importune Thus our Minds and Natures become Figgs or Thistles therefore we ought seasonably to prune the one and eradicate the other For while Young they are most flexible may be brought to any proportion before they have taken to an Habit. To spare any cost in so excellent a work and of so great consequence is to be penny wise and pound foolish And 't is a great fault in many Parents and extremely prejudicial that give not sufficient allowance as they grow up for it inevitably splits them on the Rock of baseness causes them to associate with mean company whereby they lose their time by learning little or nothing debases their Spirits casts them on sneaking Inferiour shifts oft-times is the cause they prove more than ordinary Extravagant when Means fall into their hands That Women are no less Rational Intelectual and Docible than Men. I am not of their Opinion who think a Woman wise enough if she can keep her self out of the Rain and can distinguish between her Husbands Hat and his Cloak concluding it never a good World since they could either Write or Reade For Women have Souls as well as we and differ nothing from us but in the odd Instruments of Generation They are generally more witty and quicker of Spirit than Men and oft-times many Women have been known to excell all the Men of their Countrey Learning Wisdome Valour Magnanimity Government of Empires Kingdoms c. are not solely Masculine The Being of Man or Woman simply doth not make either of them good or bad happy or unhappy Noble or base handsome or unhandsome both of all are common to both Sexes And in truth if any may challenge the preheminency the Females have much reason if we consider they are for the most part more pitiful more pious faithful merciful chaste beautiful than Men coming sooner to a ripeness of judgment and reason the faculties of their Souls being more vigorous Man was made of the Dust of the Earth or h 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Homo utriusque Sexus includens Gen. 5.2 Fuit rubicatus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ex terra rubâ—a formatus red Earth but Woman of Man himself a more Noble Matter and refined and in the order of the Creation we see after God had made all the inferiour and meaner things he makes the Noblest Man as the Lord and Governour of them all and then lastly ends with the Creation of the Woman as the Master-piece of Nature and glory of the Man I say if we consider these things the Woman may be equal'd if not prefer'd before the Man were not we taught by an infallible Spirit that the Man is the Head of the Woman and that he was not made for her but she for him and he for God and therefore is she to be in subjection to the Man 'T is extremely idle however to despise them for had they the Mens Education they 'd perhaps exceed them They are * Gen. 5.2 Their name was by God himself given Adam and as this signifies both so does homo haec homo as well as hic Female Men as I may say and differ as was noted but in trifles merely for the propagation nutrition and continuation of Mankind Semiramis Thamyris and others abroad Queen Mary and Elizabeth at home have shewn Women as well as Men knew how to govern Kingdoms and Empires Deborah was a Prophetess and so were all the Sybels to shew God reveals himself as well to Women as Men and a leader of the People nay of God's People against their Enemies And if Joshua were a i 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Jeshugnah Solus Salvatio á Rad. in Hiph 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hoshiong Salvavit Saviour of Israel by his Valour Jael that slew Sisera and Judith that cut off Holofernes's Head
by thee These are the ordinary effects of Drinking and when the Senses and Reason are denubilated what Vice may it not be an In-let to bringing all Diseases both of Body and Mind upon the Transgressors As I have elsewhere noted To which I might here add This good-fellowship will prove the worst fellowship in the World in the end and their maintaining of Friendship the greatest enmity it destroying both Reputation Good Name and Estate as well as Health Life Body and Soul How many in their Jovial Cups have done that which they have Repented all their lives after And by thinking to drive away care by drink have drank care their own confusion here and eternal damnation hereafter on themselves A Gentleman therefore should have better Recreation and Past-time than this sordid one of Drinking forasmuch as his endowments are beyond others If he have but little Worldly business he may employ his time many wayes in edifying others If he rightly and seriously considers the uncertainty of our times and Lives how above the one half is spent in sleep eating and other necessary diversions in our Callings Visits from Relations Friends c. He will find Time is the most precious thing in the World and that his whole time is but little enough to work out the Salvation of his Soul and that he hath none to squander away in Drinking then SUBSECT III. To Inferiours EVery Condition is or may be made pleasant unto us since there are miscarriages in all Men it behoves a Gentleman to be so discreet as to pass them by neither injuries nor favours being other then as we apprehend and apply them to our selves Our conceits and Interpretation of all Actions and things making them pleasing or displeasing unto us As it is arrogancy to be at variance with Superiours dangerous as well as hazzardous with Equals so with Inferiours 't is baseness and beneath a Gentleman The truth is we should avoid the displeasure of all nay even of the meanest could we think seriously how advantagious such an one with whom we are angry may be unto us hereafter Be civil and affable therefore to all carrying thy self in an equal temper between Pride and Familiarity Discharge thy heart of those turgid thoughts that all kind of passions frequently occasion whereby thou shalt never break Friendship If it be a Child or Ignorant whether Man or Woman that gives thee Offence or cause of Anger 't is beneath thy notice for this is but to mistake them and so to give them the occasion of Offence If a Droll let him Droll on and reflect not that on thy self that was not intended towards thee for so thou wilt not only make a Fool of thy self but him wise by thy application If a Servant perswade or command him yet so as thy Love to his good by amendment may be rather seen than the venting thy Rage which will never do good for angry words and Rage do but excite contempt in him and hatred towards thee it ought to be done then mildly seasonably and gravely And be sure thy iâ—l example lead not him nor any of thine Inferiours to err If a Scurrilous Person as thou hast no cause of admiring at it so thou hast as little of taking notice of it Let thy great care be to oblige all thy Inferiours if it lye in thy way and to gain their Love whereby thou shalt assuredly avoid the hatred envy and malice which thou must ever suspect from such as are beneath thee Expect the worst so shalt thou be so wise as to know how to Remedy thy self let it be what it will And be not too scrupulous for if a wise Man should take notice of all the mad and foolish Actions of most Men he should never be quiet and so a wise Man would be rendred a Fool miserable and unfortunate and Fools would be more happy Pay every Man his due without grudging or endeavours of abatement especially when agreement was made before or you know the worth of the thing That money which is gotten by Robbing the Spittle will prove the worst gotten of any and by grinding the faces of the poor will eat as a Canker into thine Estate Neither despise them if thou wilt render thy self Rational it being Fortunes fault not theirs they ought rather to be pityed than slighted For if they help not themselves God will never help them So that in some measure Faber quisque est Fortunae suae SUBSECT IV. To Relations SUch as are Parents Wife Children I call and understand by the Name of Relations in this place All other Kindred as Brethren Uncles Cousins c. come either under the Notion of Superiours Equals Inferiours or Friends and therefore I shall speak only as to the three former Parents challenge as their due from us Love Obedience Honour and Reverence as Instruments and the Procaâ—…rtick cause of our Beings and that however they are affected in Body or Mind Nothing so unbecoming as Pride towards hatred of Rebellion against Parents especially in a Gentleman and yet how frequent is it among them to wish their Parents Death to get the Inheritance And by so much is this the more frequent by how much the greater is the Possession than which nothing is more inhumane and abominable and this is the end of all our labour under the Sun or that can be expected in this Vale of misery and Ocean of tears wherefore David might well exclaim Mine Age is as nothing before thee verily every Man at his best State is altogether Vanity And I have observed however such have to their extreme trouble been Retaliated in the same manner by their own Children as a just Judgment of the Almighty As Marriage is a most Honourable Estate being appointed by God himself in Paradise So if the Parties can agree as they ought it is the greatest Happiness can befall a Man on this side Heaven But if they be unequally Matcht live at variance no greater torment or misery To have a Scold a Fool a Whore a Fury is the worst of Plagues and an Hell upon Earth A Gentleman ought to be exceeding wary in so weighty a matter as Marriage which is for Life and perhaps may be but once done and therefore ought to be well done Of Marriage and single Life See more Division 7. Especially since thereby he shall either make or marr his Fortunes Marriage being usually the impediment to great and Noble Atchievements Better therefore never Marry than Marry amiss since the most glorious noblest Acts and most laudable and meritorious have been done by unmarried Men. And truly though Marriage in some Respects and for some men be very commodious yet a single Life is more free from all cares fears and troubles more pleasant more advantagious and prosperous in every respect since he that is married has given Hostages to Fortune and is but a Prisoner to the World at best But if thy Constitution of Body or conveniency
Defects and Infirmities of both Body and Mind if any be As they grow up and become capable the best seasoning of their minds and Spirits will be with Piety and the Fundamentals of Religion besides other Education before Discours'd of not being too morose on the one hand nor too indulgent on the other to let them run on in any Vice till it become habitual But if possible by fair admonitions and advice reclaim them If that won't do the Rod of Correction must bring it out provided it be done seasonably moderately and without passion lest the Child should apprehend himself corrected not so much for his own fault as thy humour and Rage and become rather worse than better afterwards Neither is it for thee only to have a tender care over thy Children while such to see them well Educated and Instructed but to have a watchful Eye over them even when at years of Discretion whether they live according to the Rudiments they have received that they may be encouraged or reprehended as occasion serves giving them thy self a good Example which usually is more prevalent than precept For without it neither Admonition Reproof nor Correction can either take place or be well attempted when guilty of the same which thou thy self shouldest Reprehend and Correct in thy Son There are several other Circumstances that belong to a Parent towards his Children but most of them if not all being Intersperst in the fore-going Discourse to avoid prolixity which I hate and tautology I shall proceed SUBSECT V. To Strangers EVen Strangers as well as those of a Gentleman 's own Countrey City or Town ought to be civilly treated forasmuch as all Men are of one Stock Lineage throughout the whole world And nothing is more commended to us than Love nay we are commanded to love one another by the Founder Author and Finisher of our Religion and Faith And yet there are a sort of dirty People mean-spirited and froward that hate all that are but above them or Strangers though they are enjoyned not to vex a Stranger but rather to entertain them for many thereby have unawares entertained even Angels from Heaven And though this little giddy People make he greatest outward shew of Piety godliness yet they have not so much knowledge as to know this is Scripture but 't is no wonder since the wicked one has sown his Tares among the Wheat in most of the Cities and Towns of England in the late Rebellion which I fear will never be rooted out by the Clemency of Government till the conflagration of all things and they receive the just Judgment of Hypocrites I cannot nor do not generally tax the Gentry with this Crime but this I may and can safely say that many that go under that Denomination are highly hereof culpable But I look on such either as Spurious or Up-starts or tainted with the fore-mentioned sin that is as the sin of Witchcraft I hope a Gentleman worthily so called will not only avoid it but make it a mark of distinction from such as Usurp the Title undeservedly And therefore since as to their Quality I have spoken before I shall here descend SUBSECT VI. To Friends and Enemies YOur Acquaintance may be many yet perhaps your Friends but few True Love is the bond of Friendship grounded upon Virtue not Vice He that loves another for his Company in Drinking Whoring Gaming or any other Vice only is his Enemy rather than Friend Friendship is Zealous and Instrumental for each others good So that he that is Friendless is as it were out of the World or alone 'T is not Company makes Society since in the midst of it a Man may be in solitude without Love As the Latine Proverb is Magna Civitas Magna Solitudo A great City is a great Wilderness For generally there is so much Self-love Covetousness Fraud and Deceit that not one of an hundred you will find true-hearted And then what Society unless merely on the account of Profit Thus a Man may live all his Life in the world without pleasure in solitude and misery there being no greater ease to a Mans Soul Spirit and Heart then to discharge its fulness by communicating his imprison'd thoughts to a Friend whereby Joys are revived and increased Sorrows and Troubles kill'd and impaired Besides by this Communication of thoughts a man 's own Intellect is not only bettered but avoids splitting on the Rock of his own flattering thoughts and arrives into the safe Haven of the good and impartial advice and Counsel of his Friend both in Relation to his Affairs Deportment Great benefit hath risen from Friendly Counsel for the Tongue of the wise man is Health Animi est Remedium oratio Good advice is of force to quiet even a wounded Spirit if it be wisely administred 'T is Incantationis instar a Charm Aestuantis Animi refrigerium The true Nepenthe of Homer which was no Indian Plant but an opportune and seasonable speech Alt'ring and moving a Man more then Circes Cup Helena's Boul Medea's Unction or Venus's Girdle As z In Plotinus's Life written by him Porphirius the Philosopher in a discontent as he was going to make away himself being met by his Master Plotinus was pacified Reconciled to himself and Redeemed é faucibus Erebi by his seasonable and comfortable advice So powerful a Charm is a discreet and dear Friend Ille Regit Dictis Animas Temperat Iras. Nay what cannot he indeed do And how many good Wits good Natures and Excellent parts have been lost and sunk for want of the Admonition and Counsel of a Friend In all Affairs two is better than one especially since a Man is apt to be partial to himself whence a Friend becomes a Man's second self And if he be a true and faithful Friend indeed a Man's Life becomes as it were double all Affairs whatsoever appertaining to his Felicity in this World being given to him and his Assistant since he may perform them by his Friend even at a distance Nay and those things which is another advantage that it may be he cannot neither would it be convenient for him to do himself he can perform with ease by his Deputy Since Friendship then is of so excellent use great care is to be had of maintaining it To which Faithfulness in all secrets and trusts is a great requisite Nay 't is beneath a Gentleman to betray his Trust reposed in him by an Enemy much more by a Friend such a Crime is unsufferable irreparable unpardonable almost for it wounds to the bottom of the heart Constancy also is a very good band to Friendship and so is gentle prudent and seasonable advice on all occasions For this revives a Man's Love when he sees his Friend as it were unexpected watching over him for his good And such a Friend is better than a Brother Shew not thy Levity and weakness in forsaking an old Friend which is very injurious let not every
any disparagement to him The same may be said of Bowling Nothing so pleasant to some Men as Fowling or Fishing is a good pastime if it be not too melancholy a Recreation they are nothing expensive and not unbecoming a Gentleman Hawking doth not unbecome him neither nor Hunting provided he have a care he be not with Acteon devoured by his Hounds that the charges exceed not treble the pleasure Also Raceing if he run and gallop not himself out of his Estate as too many Hair-brain'd Men that have the Name of Gentlemen have done They are very Laborious Exercises and accompanied with many dangers otherwise Lawful and good disports used moderately and discreetly which a Gentleman should be very careful of The truth is no Recreation done seasonably moderately and discreetly is unbecoming a Gentleman for his health sake even to Ringing Running Leaping Nine-pins Quoits Catt Trap-ball however they are not so graceful nor suitable and therefore better let alone where any other can be had As also Hurling Wrastling and Foot-ball such rude pastimes better becoming the Vulgar and Labouring Man the sight of them however as a Spectator is not amiss But no less pleasant and befitting a Gentâ—eman than any of the rest is with some good Company to take a Journey to Visit some Friends or see some City Castle Monument or walk in delicate Gardens Orchards Mounts Groves Wildernesses These Ravish some Constitutions As to go upon the Water Walk by the bank side of a River Pond Brook doth others But since each Man's discretion and inclination will be herein a sufficient guide I shall add no more of this but descend to the fifth non-natural viz. DIVISION V. Retention and Evacuation REtention and Evacuation you must know is as effectual a non-natural cause of Diseases as any whatsoever A Gentleman therefore ought to be very careful he exceed not in either of them for since for the nourishing of our Bodies and restoring strength we have daily need of Food and since the Aliment is seldom perfectly concocted or converted into pure nourishment of necessity there must remain a faeces the Retention of which beyond the requisite time must needs occasion many Infirmities Untimely and intemperate Evacuations on the other side are worse ejecting many times the profitable nourishment with the Excrements whereby the whole Body is rendred debil and Consumptive As I have abundantly shewed else-where 'T were good to prevent the mischief there being many sorts of Retentions and Evacuations by timely consultation with the Physitian which is all I shall say here since as I have formerly declared in another Book 't is against my Conscience to encourage Emp'ricks and bold Intruders into the practice of Physick to ruine Mens Lives there being too many of these Vermine already in every Town and Countrey I shall therefore hasten to the last thing promised but first praemize a word SUB-DIVISION I. Of Custome OF all things Custome is one of the strongest as you have heard a second Nature alt'ring our very Constitutions and Temperatures Wherefore in all these non-naturals somewhat ought to be allowed to Custome which gradatim incroaches on us by multiplied Actions Wherefore whatsoever a Man is accustomed to though in its own Nature bad yet it is less hurtful than its contrary working less resistance and consequently less disturbance in our Bodies because of its agreement in equality with what was before in the Body Wherefore as these ought rather to teach us to enure our selves to what is laudable and good than evil since it is so powerful in its self and so difficult to be altred so on the other side we are not suddenly to break off a Custom though pernicious For nothing is more destructive to Mens Bodies than sudden alterations It must be done therefore 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 gradatim nay even such as have been long accustomed to Wine or any thing worse Tobacco c. whereby they have perhaps subverted their healths and good temperatures even in Fevers or any other Distemper their Custom ought to be indulged since otherwise Nature being prohibited her delight will despond and yield so to the Disease as may prove her Ruine But of this I have else-where Discoursed Wherefore I shall add no more here but proceed to the last thing promised viz. DIVISION VI. Passions and Perturbations of the Mind FOr the better understanding of what I mainly desire to drive at in this particular 't is requisite to know that there are divers passions whereby we are or may nay must be notwithstanding the idle boasts of the Stoicks at one time or other affected with As 1. Admiration 2. Estimation 3. Contempt 4. Magnanimity or Pride and 6. Humility or Dejection 7. Veneration 8. Disdain 9. Love 10. Hatred 11. Desire 12. Hope 13. Fear 14. Jealousie 15. Security 16. Despair 17. Irresolution 18. Courage 19. Cowardize 20. Emulation 21. Affright 22. Remorse 23. Joy 24. Sorrow Grief or Sadness 25. Distast 26. Discontent 27. Light-heartedness 28. Derision 29. Envy 30. Pity 31. Satisfaction 32. Repentance 33. Good will and gratitude 34. Indignation and Wrath. 35. Glory 36. Shame With innumerable more which I might particularize So that their number is indefinite and without number yet may be referred to these six 1. Admiration 2. Love 3. Hatred 4. Desire 5. Joy 6. Sorrow Sadness and Grief which innumerable wayes and on as many occasions terrifie our minds and shake our Souls corrupt our Spirits Humours and Ferments to the destruction of our healths and Lives wherefore I 'le take the liberty before I give any direction how to resist and mitigate these unruly Sons of Zeruiah our Passions to rip them all up as near as I can and shew you what they are and how they depend one on the other Philosophers in former time have deduced the passions from the two Appetites of the Soul Concupiscible and Irascible contrary to Reason making it have distinction of parts and applying or attributing all to the two faculties of Anger and Desire more then to its faculties of Admiration Love Hope Joy Fear or any other All Passions and Perturbations are certain motions resentments and apprehensions of the Soul and occasioned only by the motion of the small Glance in the midst of the Brain the principle seat of the Soul through the agitation of the Spirits which being hung on the top of the Conduit by which the Spirits of its anteriour cavities have communion with those of the Posteriour the least motions in it cause a great variation in the course of the Spirits and so é Contra the least alteration in the course of the Spirits causeth the motions of this very little kernel and chief Throne of the Soul extremely to alter However the Soul is notwithstanding this kernel be her chief part where she more vigorously Acts and Resides really joyned to all the parts of the Body yet is not diminished when any part is cut off but withdraws on the dissolution of the
contexture of its Organs For it admits not of dimensions but refers to the whole Mass and contexture of Organs SUB-DIVISION I. Of Admiration PEripatetick Philosophy is not herein to be followed Admiration is on the first rancounter of an object a sudden surprize of the Soul causing a serious consideration of the object whether rare or different from what she knew before or supposed it should be and then we admire it Astonishment Estimation and Contempt If it be in excess 't is Astonishment And according as we more or less admire the object is Estimation or Contempt which is only our opinion of the object and are sorts of Admiration inasmuch as if the object be not admired there is no reckoning made of it more than Reason dictates But if they proceed from Love or Hatred as sometimes they do and often may the object is considered as we have more or less affection to it Magnanimity Pride Humility Dejection And indeed Estimation and Contempt may generally relate to all kind of objects And so we may either Esteem or Contemn our selves and then the motion of the Spirits occasioning them is so apparent that it causeth a mutation not only in the countenance but even in the very Actions Gate and Deportment whence arise Magnanimity Pride and Humility or Dejection Which in process of time from Passions become Habits And truly if we rightly consider 't is no absurdity for a Man to esteem himself for he that is wise will do it But then he must be one that has an absolute command over his Will and a free Disposition for only the Actions thereon depending may be justly prais'd or blamed esteemed or condemned And thus we become Masters of our selves when we have the free disposing of our Wills and so become truly Generous and Magnanimous as that we may set our selves at the highest rate we justly may if we rule our Wills well But if ill it can never be He that hath attained to this free disposition of his Will will never contemn nor blame another For all faults in others he rather extenuates and excuses than aggravates and condemns as believing they proceed rather from ignorance than good will And although he think himself no ways Inferiour to those of far greater Estate Honour Knowledge Wit c. So on the other side he doth not esteem himself much above his Inferiours For all these things in comparison of his good will he values but as trifles imagining that for which he esteems himself is or may be in every one Nay he is the most humble of any Man for the same Reason since by Reflecting on his former faults and those he is like to commit are no ways inferiour to others He prefers not himself before any body but concludes others that have this free Disposition may use it as well as himself This is the truly Generous Person and most likely to Master his Passions and inclined to do great things as shall be shewed beneath d In Passions Rectified He that esteems himself for ought else than for this free disposition of the Will is not really Magnanimous nor has true Generosity but only Pride which is a Vice the other a Virtue arising chiefly of flattery whence Men become proud oft-times for things that deserve not any praise but rather the contrary so that most frequently we find the most stupid sort of People fall thereinto Dejection is a vitious Humility and as much unbecoming a Gentleman as Pride And is Diametrically opposite to Generosity For as Pride enslaves a Man to his desires his Soul must needs be perpetually perturbed with Anger Hatred Revenge Envy and Jealousie So Dejection impoverishes the Spirits of Men yet such become most commonly arrogant and proud shamefully at other times debasing themselves and sneaking to such as they fear or may get by and yet insult over such from whom they neither hope nor fear any thing In prosperity they are as much elevated as in adversity deprest When as a generous free and Virtuous Soul is still one and the same Another branch of Estimation when we regard an object as able to do good or hurt is Veneration and of contempt Disdain The motion of the Spirits that excites Veneration is compounded of that which excites Admiration and Fear beneath spoken of Those that excite Disdain of those that excite Security or boldness as well as Admiration Veneration is an inclination of the Soul not only to esteem the object it reverenceth but also to submit to it with some kind of fear and to endeavour to make it become gracious to her Veneration and Disdain Our Love and Devotion is only to those from whom we expect good our Veneration to free causes only which we apprehend are able to do good or evil to us Disdain is an inclination of the Soul to contemn a free cause though it can do both good and evil yet esteemed so far beneath him that he fears neither Thus much shall suffice to be spoken briefly of the first Passion Admiration whose cause is in the Brain and not in the Heart or Spleen Liver Blood c. Though the other Passions are in them also as well as in the Brain For the knowledge of the thing admired is only in the Brain and not in the Heart Liver Blood c. on which depends all the good of the Body It has no contrary in that if the object don't surprise a Man he considers it without passion being not at all moved And in that he admires nothing but what seems rare 't is a beneficial Passion making him not only to apprehend but remember things he was before ignorant of the Idea thereof being by some passion or other imprest in his Brain or applyed by his Understanding But if it be in excess as commonly we are apt to admire too much 't is not only very unbecoming a Gentleman but also it doth much hurt in perverting the use of Reason And if we admire nothing but what differs from that we knew before or seems rare this passion must needs be an effect of ignorance in that nothing can seem so unto us unless we were ignorant of it The more ingenious and wittiest of Men however especially if they distrust their own sufficiency are most apt to admire And none but ignorant stupid Block-headed Dolts are free from this passion SUB-DIVISION II. 2 3. Love and Hatred HEre we may premise 't is more facile to consider the passions all together than to speak distinctly of each I shall therefore put Love and Hatred together in this place Love is an emotion of the Soul inciting it by the motion of the Spirits to joyn in Will to the objects that seem good and convenient for us which occasioneth Love That is so to joyn in Will as to make a mans self and the thing beloved one and the same And so 't is different from Desire which is a Passion apart Hatred on the
The best Natures most affectionate loving and such as have most goodness are most prone and inclined to the first proceeding only from a sudden Aversion that surprizes them and not any deep hatred For being apt to imagine all things should be in the way they conceive as soon as any thing falls out contrary they admire it and are often angry too even when it concerns not themselves For being full of affection they concern themselves in the behalf of those they Love as for themselves So that what would be an occasion only of Indignation to some is to them of wrath but is not of any duration because the surprize continues not and when they see the occasion that moved them was not of any moment to do so they Repent thereof Yet they cannot forbear again when the least occasion offers in that their inclination to Love causeth alway much blood and heat in their hearts and the aversion that surprizes them driving never so little Choler thither causes a sudden violent emotion in their blood Inward Close and Occult Anger The Inward Close and Occult Anger is composed of hatred and sadness of which in it there is a very large proportion and is hardly perceptible at first but by the aspect and perhaps paleness of Face but increases by little and little through the agitation which an ardent desire of Revenge excites in the blood which being mixed with Choler driven to the Heart from the Liver and Spleen excites therein a very sharp pricking heat The proudest meanest Spirited and lowest are most prone to this sort of Anger How befitting it is a Gentleman then As the most generous Souls are to gratitude For injuries are so much the greater by how much Pride makes a Man value himself A Gentleman should be free of this above all nothing more unbecoming him then Pride and this low mean-spirited Anger more becoming a Pesant and yet many madly and rashly account this their shame their glory by Duelling and such rash fooling and impious as well as ungenrile Actions before condemned Of Glory and shame Glory is a kind of Joy grounded on Self-love and proceeding from an Opinion or hope a Man has to be applauded or esteemed by some others for some good that is or has been in him as evil excites shame for this causes a man to esteem of himself when he sees he is esteemed by others and may become a Gentleman well enough provided he bear not so great Sail as to over-set the Bark Besides as was said before it excites to Virtue and Noble atchievements by hope as shame by fear Impudence is not a Passion but a contempt of shame and many times of Of Impudence Glory too Because there is not any peculiar motion in us that excites it 'T is a vice opposite to both glory and shame while either of them are good and proceeds from the frequent receipt of great affronts whereby a Man thinking himself for ever degraded of Honour and condemned by every one he becomes Impudent and measuring good and evil only by the conveniencies of the Body he many times lives more happy than such as merit much more Such a sway has Impudence with most Men in the World For though it be no Virtue yet it will beggar them all However very unbecoming a Gentleman Of Distaste Distaste is a kind of Sadness arising from the too much continuance of a good which occasions weariness or Distaste As our food is good unto us no longer then we are eating ir and afterwards distastful Of Sorrow and Light-Heartedness Sorrow is also a kind of Sadness that has a peculiar bitterness being ever joyned to some despair and remembrance of the Delight taken in the thing lost or gone having little hope of its Recovery As from good past proceeds discontent a kind of Sorrow so from evil past Light-heartedness a kind of Joy whose sweetness is increased by remembrance of past misfortunes And thus have I given an hint at every Passion to shew not only how they depend one on the other but also by knowing what we are incident to their Nature Rise and Causes we may be the better able to regulate and subdue them which is the part especially of a Gentleman SUB-DIVISION V. Passions Rectified IN the next place having described unto you the several Passions we are all incident to at one time or other we are to endeavour a Regulation or at least a mitigation of them which most of all becomes a Gentleman Forasmuch as he that can govern and command himself the microcosm is more then if he governed or conquered the macrocosm Alexander that subdued the World was himself a slave to his own Passions and Lusts Hic Labor hoc opus est For indeed although now we have described and explained them with their Rise and Causes we have the less reason to fear their over-swaying us Yet since most Men through inadvertency not duly premeditating and for want of Industry in separating the motions of the blood and Spirits in a Mans self from the thoughts and Imaginations wherewith they are usually joyned whereby Natures defects should be corrected and since on the objects of Passions the motions excited in the blood do so suddenly follow the impressions they make in the Brain although the Soul be no wayes assistant it is almost impossible for even the wisest Man if not sufficiently prepared to oppose them However the best way is when thou perceivest thy blood and Spirits moved at the object of any Passion to remember that whatsoever is presented to the Imagination tends to the delusion of the Soul and therefore shouldest weigh the Reason why thou art so on what ground what is the cause and then whether it be just or no and divert thy self by other thoughts till time have allayed that emotion of thy blood and Spirits Learn Octavian's Lesson to repeat the Letters of the Alphabet or rather the Lord's Prayer for diversion so shall thy Passion be smothered for the present and Reason will have the more space to operate and suppress it wholly as elsewhere I have particularly hinted touching Anger or thou shouldest counterbalance them with Reasons directly repugnant to those they represent or make them Familiar to thee and follow the Tract of Virtue viz. Live so as thy Conscience cannot accuse thee of not doing all things which thou judgest to be best Irresolution Remorse Cowardize and Fear Rectified As for instance the Remedy against Irresolution and Remorse is to accustom thy self to frame certain and determinate Judgments of all things that Represent themselves and conceive thou dost alwayes thy Duty when thou dost what thou conceivest best though it may be thou hast conceived amiss As that of Cowardize is Remedied by augmenting Hope and Desire And Fear by using premeditation so as to prepare thy self against all events So Generosity checks Anger which making a Man set no great value on such things as
stands at a stay Increasing or decreasing in Health Strength Wealth and subject to many casualties and misfortunes as well from our selves as others Nothing better than a contented mind GOD has but one Son without Sin but none without Affliction Cast thy care on him and trust in him for Worldly Sorrow causeth Death 'T is but thy mistake and over-weenedness to thy self to think thy misfortunes the greatest Consider how many thousands want what thou hast Compare conditions with thy Inferiours as well as Superiours Be thankful for what thou hast remember thou deservest nothing good at all at Gods hand It may be it would be worse with thee wer 't thou in better condition Shall a living Man complain The wise disposer of all things knows what 's best for thee be therefore content Comfort in sickness What canst thou then complain of Art thou sickly Remember the Flesh Rebels against the Spirit and that which hurts the one must needs help the other and 't is for the good of thy Soul 'T will put thee in mind of Death and Judgement and bring thee out of thy self wean thee from the World and bring thee nearer to God Against Losses Hast thou Losses Covet not Wealth and Honour overmuch which rightly considered puff Men up with Pride Insolency Lust Ambition Cares Fears Suspition Trouble Anger Emulation Envy all Diseases both of Body and Mind Damning indeed more Souls than all the Devils in Hell being the in-let of all manner of Sin and Vice High-place macerateth a Man with fears of Death Perils Degradations Treasons Treacheries c. 'T is Lubrica statio proxima praecipitio Shrubs are more secure from storms than lofty Oaks and Cedars There is much more happiness in a meaner State For Riches are the Devils hooks by which he catches Men And as the Moon is fullest of light when farthest from the Sun that gives her that light So the more Wealth a Man has the farther commonly he is from GOD. Riches consist not in the multitude of Gold and Silver but in the use of it and a contented mind For a Man cannot be said to have more then he makes use of though he has never so much by him He is Rich that has bread to eat and a Potent Man that is not compelled to be a Slave If Fortune take away other means it should not take away our Minds Le ts defie her therefore and come what will come Bona mens nullum tristioris Fortunae recipit incursum If it can be amended do it if not make the best of a bad Market but either way let it not trouble thee Against Imprisonment and Banishment Art Imprisoned Be not troubled we are all Prisoners in this Island Nay the whole World is a Prison Thy Soul is imprisoned in thy Body How many take delight to Navigate and is a Ship any thing but a Prison Nay a Prison may be in some cases desired How many worthy Men have been Imprisoned all their Lives to the publick good and their great Honour Art Banish'd What then Patria est ubicunque bene est That 's a Man's Countrey where he can live at ease 'T is a Childish humour to long after thine own Chimney Corner many would think it a Banishment to be sent to their Home How many Travel for pleasure and it may be to that very place whither thou art Banisht Friends are every where to him that behaves himself well mll places are alike distant from Heaven and GOD is as well in one place a another So to a Wise anm there is no difference of places Against Death of Friends Hast thou a Friend Dead Grieve not as without hope thou must go to him Since he is taken from this miserable World thou hast more Reason to rejoyce than mourn Is it a Wife Thou mayst haply find another as good or make her so therefore never despair Or now thou art at Liberty keep thy self so never be in Love with thy Fetters though of Gold many a Man would have been rid of his willingly before thou wast bound 'T was a pretty Child indeed but who knew whether he would be an honest man or a knave we should rather rejoyce for such as Dye well All things must have an End Houses Castles Cities Families Provinces and Kingdomes have but their times of living only longer than we they have their times of Flourishing Decaying and Periods How many Cities doe we read of famous in former times that are now scarce villages Niniveh that great City is Destroyed and so is Jerusalem That Glorious Temple what 's become of it Mycenae was the Fairest City in Greece Jam Seges est ubi Troja fuit And Babylon hath nothing remaining but Rubbish and Pieces of Walls and yet was once the greatest City in the World Nay we have Liv'd to see the Death of our own ancient and chiefest City London and its interment in Ashes Greece of old was the nursery of Sciences the seat of civility and Humanity now a Den of Thieves and over-run with Barbarism Italy in the time of the Romans was Lady of the World Rome the Queen of Cities now Divided by many petty Princes and the Empire translated to Germany of old time uncultivated and rude Epirus a goodly Province in time past now left desolate of good towns and almost Inhabitants Seventy Citys overthrown by Paulus Aemilius Sixty two Cities in Macedonia in Strabo's time Thirty in Laconia that now are hardly villages All the Cities in Peloponesus so Delicately built and adorned Destroyed where are those 4000 Cities of Aegypt those 100. Cities in Crete Are they now come to two in old Italy there were 1166. Cities and now Leander Albertus can find but 300. and nothing near so populous as in the time of Augustus They mustred 70 Legions in former time which now the known World will scarce yield Nay the world it self must have an end How is it that we are so troubled then at the Death of one another when we are less Durable This is also our foly and great weakness Art Slighted undervalued and Contemned This I confess would move some tempers but to a stayd wise Man 't is nothing For he will counterpoize them with their contraries or make them familiar to him that they Against Contempt and slights may be the less grievous or on mature deliberation avoid or remove the cause An Old Souldier in the World me-thinks should not be troubled come what will come but ready to receive and stand the brunt of all Encounters especially since Faber quisque est Fortunae suae nemo Laeditur nisi à seipso In some kind Prosperity and Adversity are in our hands and every mans mind is stronger than Fortune and leads him to what side he will Our Fortunes Friends Enjoyments Wife Children Parents c. ebb and flow with our Conceits of them Please or displease as we construe apprehend and apply them to
offend God if he be conformable to the World or else he must live in contempt disgrace and misery all his Life What difference between words and deeds the Tongue and Heart How common is it for a Scholar to crouch to an illiterate Pesant for a meals meat A Scrivener better payed for a Bond or Bill then a Student A Lawyer get more in a day then a Philosopher in a year Better rewarded for an hour then a Scholar for a twelve moneths study If we have any bodily Disease we send for the Physitian but of the diseases of the mind we take no notice Lusts torment us on one side Envy Anger Ambition c. on the other we are torn in pieces by our Passions one in disposition the other in Habit. But the misery is we seek for no Cure Every man thinks with himself I am well I am wise laughs at others when indeed all fools But now adayes we have Women Polititians Children Metaphysitians Every silly fellow can square a Circle make perpetual motions find out the Philosophers Stone interpret the Revelation make new Theoricks new Logick new Philosophy a new Body of Physick a new System of the World For one Virtue notwithstanding you shall find ten Vices in any individual Person on Earth A wise man is a great wonder Our Life is but a span or hand-breadth as David declares We are but of yesterday and know nothing because our days upon Earth are as a shadow Swifter than a Post they flye away and see no good Few Man that 's born of a Woman is of few dayes and full of trouble he cometh up like a flower and is cut down he fleeth also as a shadow and continueth not * St. August Confess Lib. 10. Cap. 28. Catena est vita nostra perpetuorum malorum tentatio super terram quis potest molestias Difficultates pati All his dayes are sorrows and his Travel grief Hath he not an appointed time upon Earth Are not his dayes all like the dayes of an Hireling Nay his dayes are as grass and as a flower of the Field Surely the People are grass At the best estate man is but Vanity and that every man The King as well as the Pesant The Philosopher as well as the Dunce The Noble as well as the base The Earth is curst for his sake and in sorrow shall he eat of it all his dayes it shall bring him out nothing but Thorns and Thistles and in the sweat of his Face shall he eat bread till he return unto the ground out of which he was taken into which again he must be transmuted and while he remains in the Land of the Living he shall be fraught with all manner of miseries and calamities Man is full of miseries miseries of Soul of Body while he sleeps wakes whatever he doth or wherever he turns as St. Bernard well notes Great travel is Created for all men and an heavy yoak on the Sons of Adam from the day that they came out of their Mothers Womb unto that day they return unto the Mother of all things namely their thoughts and fear of their hearts and their Imagination of things they wait for and the day of Death from him that sitteth on the glorious Throne to him that sitteth beneath on the Earth from him that 's cloathed in blew silk and weareth a Crown to him that 's cloathed in simple Linnen wrath envy trouble and unquietness and fear of Death and rigour and strife and such things come to both man and Beast but seven-fold to the ungodly If the World smile on us we are thereby ensnared puffed up Dat vitam animamque Pecunia And Prout res nobis fluit ita et animus se habet we thereupon forget our selves and others If we are poor and dejected we rave take on lament repine and covet wealth Or if we can carry our selves even between these two yet to Riches we shall find cares fears anxieties and troubles annexed To Poverty disgrace slights derision and affronts c. And no condition we shall find without Inconveniencies To Idleness is Poverty annexed To Wisdom Knowledge Learning much labour pain and trouble To Honour and Glory Envy To increase of Children care and sollicitude To Voluptuousness and Riot Diseases and Infirmities As if as the Platonists hold man were born into the World to be punisht for such sins as he had * Maintaining very idly the Pre-existency of the Soul and that it is sent into the Body upon Earth to play as it were an after-game A preposterous way of Reformation to put the Soul into such fatal prophasities of sinning as it must be here in this World This must needs be the direct course to Ruine it and cast it on a fatal necessity of perishing especially if cast on such times and places as are over-run with Barbarism and Vice If our conditions of Recovery be so near impossibility our State is as bad as the Devils and if the non-performance of these conditions be punisht with greater penalties 't is worse Better be abandoned to eternal Despair then have hopes to be Rescued by such means only as 't is ten thousand to one but will exceedingly increase our torment and misery formerly committed All this befalls man in this Life and perhaps eternal trouble in the Life to come Whence Pliny on the consideration of the many miseries man brings with him into the World said It were good for a Man not to be Born at all or else so soon as he is Born to dye Which made the Scythians mourn at their Births and rejoyce at the Funeral of their Children and Friends They cease from their Labours c. Job also cursed the day of his Birth Why dyed I not from the Womb Why did I not give up the Ghost when I came out of the Belly Why did the Knees prevent me or the Breasts that I should suck For now should I have been still and been quiet I should have slept then had I been at Rest And farther in this manner he exclaims Wherefore hast thou brought me then forth out of the Womb Oh that I had given up the Ghost and no eye had seen me And Solomon the wise concludes the day of Death to be better then the day of ones Birth In a word 't is a misery to be born into this wretched World a pain to live and a trouble to dye For the Lives of the best men you see are stuff'd with vexation mischief and trouble To particularize all is as great a task as to perfect the motion of Mars and Mercury which so puzzles our Astronomers or to Rectifie the Gregorian Calendar or Rectifie those Chronological Errours in the African Monarchy find out the Quadrature of a Circle The Creeks and Sounds of the North-East and North-West passages I shall therefore content my self with this hint only of the Vanity of the World and therein of our Lives that we may endeavour to amend
thy self to many eminent dangers For while thou art sollicitous to preserve thy self thou hazzardest thine Honour Virtue and Honesty The contempt of Death produces the most Honourable exploits whether in good or evil He that fears not Death fears nothing for he can do what he will and is master both of his own and anothers life That the self-murther of the Romans and other Nations was rather pusillanimity and Cowardize than Magnanimity and Courage I know the wisest were wont to say That a Wise Man liveth as long as he should not so long as he can Death being no more at his command and in his power than Life There is but one way into the World but ten hundred thousand wayes out of it Every vein will set us free This way has been much commended by some rather then live in care trouble misery and accounted the best gift of Nature that no one is compelled to live against his will Whence Timon the Athenian imployed all his skill in perswading his countrey-men to shorten their lives by hanging themselves on Gibbets which he had erected in a Field that he bought for the same purpose to whose perswasions many agreed But whether this be a lawful course may be questioned The Platonists approve of it so do the Cynicks and Stoicks Socrates and Seneca who commend Dido Cato and Lucretia So likewise Sr. Thomas More * In his Vtopia If a Man be troublesome to himself or others Dost thou see that precipice that Pit that Pond that Tree that Well that Knife that Sword that Pistol c. There is Liberty at hand Wherefore has our Mother Earth broughtforth so many variety of Poysons but that Men in distresses might make away themselves so Seneca advises we give God thanks no one is compelled to live perforce And * Lib. 8. Cap. 15. Eusebius admires Sophronia a Roman Matron that to save her self from the Lust of Maxentius the Tyrant kill'd her self * Lib. 3 De Virginitate Ambrose likewise commends Pellagius for the same fact But Lactantius explodes this opinion and confutes it Lib. 3. Cap. 18. De Sapientia So does St. Augustine Epist 52. ad Macedonium Cap. 61. ad Dulcitium Tribunum St. Hierom to Marcella of Blesilla's Death and St. Cyprian de Duplici Martyrio 'T is a prophane act abominated by GOD and all good Men and expresly prohibited in Scripture Exod. 20.13 Thou shalt not kill Now if we must not kill our Neighbour much less our selves He that kills another destroys but his * Mat. 10.28 Body but he that kills himself destroys both Body and Soul * Rom. 3.8 No evil is to be done that good may come of it Yet if any which is a sad case be given over to such an act they should rather be objects of our greatest pity then condemnation as murtherers damn'd Creatures and the like For t is possible even for Gods elect having their Judgments and Reasons depraved by madness deep melancholly or how otherwise affected by Diseases of some sorts to be their own executioners We are but flesh and blood the best of us and know not how soon God may leave us to our selves and Deprive us of our Understanding Wherefore le ts be slow to censure in such cases Again for a man to Kill himself is an act of pusillanimity and the greatest cowardize imaginable notwithstanding in former times it was held among the Hebrews Greeks Romans Egyptians Medes Persians Britains French and Indians an act of virtue courage magnanimity c. since thereby a man hides himself Basely and sneakingly from the strokes of Fortune which is beneath a Gentleman For a true and lively virtue should never yield That 's true Fortitude to contemn and smile at the miseries of fortune If the whole VVorld should fall on such a man it might kill him but never daunt him VVell then I shall close with this That as we should not fear Death but rather contemn it nor on the other hand pull it on our selves So we should be alwayes walking ready to meet it in any place at any time alwayes prepared Remembring our whole life is but a continual dying or death We are every day nearer to our end every moment the less time to live Let then our Lives be with care and speed amended that when this Life is ended our souls may be saved and eternally glorified Which of our Hope Life and Creation is the END Mors Ultima Linea Rerum ERRATA PAge 8. 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