Selected quad for the lemma: soul_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
soul_n	body_n	call_v	death_n	12,105	5	5.7391	4	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A51184	Remarkable addresses by way of embassy from the East-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Emperor of Japan Containing a description of their several territories, cities, temples, and fortresses; their religions, laws, and customs; their prodigious vvealth, and gorgeous habits; the nature of their soil, plants, beasts, hills, rivers, and fountains: with the character of the ancient and modern Japanners. Collected out of their several writings and journals by Arnoldus Montanus. English'd, and adorn'd with a hundred several sculptures, by John Ogilby Esq; His Majesties cosmographer, geographick printer, and master of the revels in the Kingdom of Ireland.; Gedenkwaerdige gesantschappen der Oost-Indische maatschappy in 't Vereenigde Nederland, aan de Kaiseren van Japan. English.	Montanus, Arnoldus, 1625?-1683.; Ogilby, John, 1600-1676.; Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Compagnie.; United Provinces of the Netherlands.	1671 (1671)	Wing M2486A; ESTC R218646	565,250	480

hang several burning Lamps Hither the Japanners come daily to their Devotion some laying themselves flat on the Ground others bowing their Heads down to the Earth The Bouzies false Relations concerning the Ox. Strange Stories and Fables do the Bonzies relate to the Japanners concerning this Ox namely That the World before the Creation was inclos'd in a great Egg the Shell of which consisted of Brass With this Egg the World drove on the Water till at last the Moon by her piercing light drew up some of the bottom thereof which afterwards growing together became Earth and Stone on which the Egg lay fast and the Ox finding it butted so vehemently against the Brass Shell that breaking it the World came forth But the Ox blowing very much being heated with such hard Labor his Breath entred into a Calabash which grew to be a Man The Calabash the Bonzies call Pou and the first Man Pourang because he owes his original to a Calabash The Devil King of the Oxen. Gasper Villela relates that the Devil in his time possess'd the Japanners that he was the King of Oxen and that he would not leave off punishing them till they had built him a Temple and worshipp'd him in the shape of an Ox for which reason in some of the Japan Kingdoms it is present Death to kill an Ox. It deserves no small admiration Rom. 1.23 that the Heathens which chang'd the splendor of a never-dying God into the likeness of mortal Man Birds four-footed Beasts and creeping Animals but chiefly and most of all chose the shape of an Ox which made the Indians flock by thousands to the mountainous Province of Nakarecit belonging to the great Magor to offer to the Cow Matta standing in a costly Temple on a far more rich and costly Altar The Floor and Cieling of the Temple consisted of Golden Plates fastned together the Altar Inlay'd with Pearls and Diamonds But the Sacrifices themselves above all are to be admir'd at for the Indians cut off their Tongues burning it before Matta The Romans and Greeks were much concern'd in the use of an Ox. On the Hill Aventinus in Rome the Temple dedicated to Diana was hung full of Ox-Horns Those that were banish'd from Athens to Argiva were said to keep the Ox because a great Copper Ox was erected there and worshipp'd The Thracians and Egyptians offer'd Wine out of Ox-Horns when they promis'd Marriage or made other Obligations to one another The antient Romans had a long time no Coyn'd Silver nor Gold but made Money of Ox-Hides They also made a Law That no Judge should lay a greater Fine on any Criminal than thirty Oxen every Ox being reckon'd at four Shillings Julius Obsequen de Prodig And how common is it amongst the Latine Writers to ascribe the Language of a Man to an Ox for an Ox spake in Sicily when the Roman General Marcellus broke up the Siege before Nola and routed Hannibal in the heighth of his Victories Another Ox made a noise in Privernum when Hannibal fled from Marcellus The same is ascribed to this Beast among the Romans when Scipio subdu'd the resisting Spaniards At Formii an Ox cry'd out O Romans look to your selves when Antiochus came down with a mighty Army In Campania another Ox spoke whilst the Romans made themselves Masters of Sardinia At other times the distinct Language of an Ox was a bad Omen Volater l. 25. for in Frusimo an Ox was heard to speak when the Roman General Cneius Octavius was slain by the Guardian of the young King Antiochus and also another when the Romans receiv'd a great Overthrow near Numantia and another when the Cimbrians march'd with Victorious Arms to Italy about which Speech a Council was call'd that sat under the azure Canopy of Heaven In Sinuessa Cows brought forth Horses which signifi'd the destruction of Posthumius in France In Rome an Ox ran up Stairs and leap'd down from the highest Story letting them know by that that the Romans should be miserably beaten by Hannibal near the Lake Thrasimenes An Ox also in Essium breath'd Fire Moreover the Roman Priests offer'd a white Ox of five years old fetch'd from the Menanian or Felician Fields to Jupiter in the middle of every Moneth but the Egyptians a red Ox to Typhon and Pythagoras who else forbad the killing of Beasts because humane Souls transmigrated into their Bodies a grey Ox to the nine Muses Where Oxen may not be kill'd on pain of Death The Greek Law-giver Solon forbad very strictly the killing of an Ox either for Sacrifice or otherwise according to the opinion of the antient Greeks who accounted the killing of a Man to be a less sin than killing of an Ox wherefore Prometheus underwent great reproach because he was the first that cut an Oxes Throat and Homer the Greek Poet says That the Sun was exceedingly enrag'd against the Mariners of Ulysses that did not scruple to eat Ox-Flesh At Chusa an Egyptian City Venus was formerly worshipp'd with Ox-Horns on her Head Columella relates That the antient Latines condemn'd him to die that had kill'd an Ox. Oxen highly esteem'd by the Indians And what the Opinion is of the Oxen on the Coasts of Cormandel Malabare Calicut Gusaratte and in other Indian Territories Abraham Rogerius relates from the Mouth of the Brachman Padmanaba these are his words That as amongst all Beasts the Cows amongst all Fowls the Bird Garronda which is a red Sparrow with a white Ring about the Neck amongst all Trees the Ranasettou so amongst all Men the Generation of Brachmans was most acceptable to God Moreover Padmanaba relates That the Inhabitants of Cormandel are divided into four Tribes or Families namely the Brachmans Settrea's out of which the Kings are chosen Weinsja's divided in Comytis and Sitti-weapari and lastly the Soudra's The Settrea's and Soudra's eat Fish and Flesh that of Oxen onely excepted but the Brachmans and Weinsja's eat no Food that ever had liv'd according to the Commandment in their Vedam for so those Heathens call their Law-Book Why those Souls are the happiest that assume the Bodies of Oxen. These four Tribes hold the Pythagorean Transmigration making the Soul wander into other Bodies and esteem that Soul the most happy that enters into a Cow for which they give this Reason Eswara who next to Wistnow is their prime and chief Deity hath a Consort call'd Parvatia by which he begat five Sons viz. Viegneswara Vierrepadra Beirewa chief Judge over Men who after Death changes the Wicked into evil Serpents Comara Swami and Nandi which are also call'd Baswa and Basanna Handi is an Ox and Wahanan that is A Bearer whereon Eswara is carry'd The interring of Oxen very sumptuously performed Rogerus witnesseth that he hath seen a dead Ox to have had a more statelier Funeral than a Person of Quality sounding of Trumpets is usual where any one dies covering the Ox and offering Frankincense before him In like

themselves all joyfully and lovingly together Drown themselves Why the Japanners ear no manner of death But nothing more their Religion prompts them to than a sleighting scorn of all the Terrors and Pangs of Death looking upon those that shrink at such fears as Vulgar and Ignoble Persons not fit to be convers'd withal because they all believe that Death is the certain way to Happiness which Opinion hath been anciently receiv'd in Japan and very old in many other places especially amongst the Gauls Brittains and Germanes and several other Nations That the Souls of those that fear'd not Death whether offering themselves for the publick good or the honor of their gods should immediately so dying be translated into Paradice Strange self-murder of the Goths Herod●s lib. 4. ¶ HErodotus says That the Goths held for the valliantest amongst the Thracians believe themselves immortal and that they never die but leaving this world they go to their God Zamolxis upon which account every fifth year by Lot they choose an Ambassador whom they send to this their God-amighty in such manner as followeth First Having well instructed him in his Message and made fit for so honorable an Embassy then they lift him up by the Arms and Legs placing under him three Arrows with the barbs upwards which done they let him drop upon the Points by which if he be so well transpierc'd that he dies suddenly then they believe that they have made a good choice but if so it happen that the sharps missing the Vitals he die a lingering death they judge him to be a vicious liver and not fit for the undertaking so presently go to a second Choice giving him the like Instructions The Grave Philosopher Seneca also hints thus concerning the Immortality of the Soul When the time comes that separates the Soul and Body leaving the Material Substance on the Earth the Spirit reascends to God the Donor Then also he makes the Soul thus a Speaker Now free from Earth I dwell in the Air or Etherial Sky This his Description of Dying and leaving this Mortal Life signifies his Opinion of a better and Immortal Residence We must remove says he for death which we fear destroys us not but gives us another and a happier Life which hereafter we shall assuredly know and rejoyce at our so blessed a change This Doctrine of a second Life though wanting the pure light of the Gospel most of the antient Heathens believ'd of which our Western and Eastern World have given notable Testimonies Strabo tells us That one Mandanis a Brachman Strabo lib. 15 Geograph being presented to Alexander the Great and he Courting him with fair Promises and rich Presents to be as his Companion and Councellor look'd upon him though he had Conquer'd the whole World as a contemptible Fellow he being fully satisfi'd from their own Principles of future Hopes Disputes of the old Brachmans concerning the ●●●e and after death for his Just and Meritorious Life to receive the great Rewards of Everlasting Beatitude said O Alexander I despise your Gifts neither need I any The saying of Mandanis to receive them from one that is poorer than he that is in the greatest want being hungry and still unsatisfi'd with all the Plunder and Spoil which thou hast got Neither fear I your threats since I by dying already worn out by Age shall remove to a far better and happier life than thou canst expect in the World which thou hast here unjustly gotten or in the World to come Cicero de D●vinat p●●o Calamus the Indian burns himself Cicero also tells of the Indian Calamus Who making a fire under a Gilded Bed covering himself over with Straw kindled the same and so by degrees felt the extremest of all tortures burning to death a brave and noble departure as he says out of this World the day of whose death Alexander the Great appointed to be kept holy and not long after he follow'd him Next he tells us of Hercules who with conjesting Trees which he had himself torn up by the roots erected his own Funeral Pyre where laying himself down and there consum'd to Ashes the greatest of Hero's they after his magnanimous departure reckon'd him among the number of Gods ¶ FUrthermore as to what was said before by the Japan Interpreter concerning the vanishing of one of the Bonzi which annually meet in the Castle on the Mountain Conay The Bouzies are often carry'd away none know whether the like happens as they say in several other meetings in which some of them vanish from thence or are snatch'd away how and by what means we know not Villela relates in his foremention'd Letter That this Romance or Hocus-Pocus of conveying bodies is generally believ'd to be real amongst the Japanners but always lookt upon as a bad Omen And in his time he says there dwelt one of the Bonzi in the City Sacci who being very rich liv'd as vicious a life and being seventy years old lying on his death-bed could not endure to hear of death but one day at high noon he was taken away on a sudden in the presence of all his friends and was never heard of after The Netherland Ambassadors leaving the Palace of the Bonzi Village Cancia they Rode towards the Village Cancia where they rested that night in the morning the Ways being frozen very hard they went on in their Journey and in a short time they reach'd the swift Current Oyengauwa River Oyengauwa which they crost very easily because it had not Rain'd there in a long time for in wet seasons the Floods are so high and the Current so strong that none can pass it but with great trouble There the Emperors Faulkoners met the Ambassadors Stepping on the opposite shore they spy'd three of their Emperors Faulkoners after their Game the Ambassadors Sedans in honor to the Emperor were set down on the ground the Horsemen alighted and the whole Train stood still till the Faulkoners were past by them Then travelling through the Villages Simanda Torisjeda and Ocambe over several steep Ascents and Declivings they enter'd Mirice Surunga a great City but ruinous and uninhabited ¶ SOmewhat farther they came to Surunga a great City but desolate because since the death of the Emperor Toxogunsama who was Crown'd Anno 1629. the Inhabitants deserted it resorting to other places for Trade The Emperor taking some distastes against his Brother forc'd him to rip up his own Belly which cruel Execution they commit in the following manner The manner of the Japanners ripping up their own bellies ¶ THe Criminals sit according to the Eastern manner in an open place before a Temple being bare from the middle upwards behind him stands one with a Cordial if he should faint and six Priests that give him Spiritual Comfort and take care of his Funeral before him sits one with the Knife that must perform the cruel Office on

large Image which make up their University where Scholars Study and have their Residence in each of them are fair Libraries Japan Library stuft with innumerable Catalogues of Books where with a Skrew or turning of a Wheel what Book soever they desire to see presents it self Many Churches in Japan ¶ THe Number Magnificence and wonderful Riches of dedicated Places and Temples for Divine Worship are beyond admiration and almost incredible The greatest have dwelling in them to perform the Rites and Ceremonies twenty Priests the second Rate fifteen others ten and the least two Make bad use of them But these Structures built for religious intentions and commonly in the most luxurious and pleasantest Situation of the whole Isle are made by their dissolute and gormandizing Priests the Academies of all Debaucheries and especially the Schools of Gluttony Drunkenness and Lust who in their Frollicks in open view of all their Idols in a gallanting humor will not spare to prostitute their wanton Mistresses and for their more conveniency lay them at the Feet of their gods and make them Bolsters for their Adulteries Hendrick Hagenaer relates that he saw six Temples near Osacca at whose Doors stood large Images of Wood holding Boxes in their Hands into which the Japanners throw Pieces of Copper by them call'd Caxa A strange Chappel There is also a Chappel through the middle whereof runs a Stream into which the poor Women throw several Written Papers The Dining-Room wherein the Bonzi eat is very costly On one side of the Temple stands the Colledge of the Bonzi which is as glorious to behold and as strong being an hundred and twenty Foot long and thirty six Foot broad And also the Places where they sleep their Lodging-Rooms about the same are reckon'd to be an hundred and eighty besides many stately Halls whereof one stands on twenty four Cedar Columns in which is the Library of the Bonzi full of the choicest Japan Books Here are also several fair Stoves in deep Vaults and provided with all Necessaries Their Kitchins are very curiously furnish'd their Kettles made of the best Copper are two Foot and a half deep three in circumference and two Inches in thickness before these runs a Rivulet of fresh Water In the Nights they hang up twenty four Lanterns with lighted Candles in their Chambers Before this Colledge or Court of the Bonzi is a Pool that abounds with all sorts of Fish of which if any one should adventure to steal he is without mercy put to death This Temple Cobucui hath been built above seven hundred years The like Temple is also in Jedo in which the Idol Xaca of an exceeding huge stature may be seen This Image was erected formerly by the Widow of the Emperor Taykosame who caus'd it to be made hollow pouring it full of melted Copper and the out-side to be Gilt very costly Description of the Idol Xaca ¶ THe Head of this their god Xaca hath the likeness or Face of a middle-aged Man with a thin Beard the Hair of his Head cropt above his Ears his Cap folded like a Scarf about his Neck are Chains of Gold interlaid with Diamonds about his Middle a Scarf woven of Gold and Silver his Hands he holds forth but a little asunder in a praying posture about his Wrists are Strings with long Tassels and sits cross-Legg'd on a great Golden Plate before and behind him are two large Vessels in which they put their Offerings the Golden Plate whereon he sits covers a square Altar on whose Brim hangs twelve Pots by Gold Chains in which both Night and Day they burn Incense which are still supply'd with odoriferous Gums the Altar being square stands on a broad Foot cut with several Japan Characters What Xaca was formerly But this their god Xaca whom they worshipp'd when living was a great Proficient in the Pythagorean Doctrine which of old was most generall and a Religion most spread through all the World and much follow'd by the Greeks and Latines from whence the Grecian Fables of Transformation took their rise who according to Plato generally believ'd Plato 17.10 de Legibus that Orpheus after his death became a Swan Thamyras a Nightingale Ajax a Lyon Agamemnon turn'd to a Crane Ambros Lib. De Bono Mors. Cio Ambrose relates they also believ'd That the Souls of their Learned chang'd into Bees or Nightingales because that whilst living they had pleas'd the Peoples Ears with their sweet and eloquent Language but the Souls of the malicoius turn into Serpents Thieves and Robbers into Wolves Cozeners and Cheaters after their Death become Foxes every one changeth into such Creatures as best analogizeth with their several Vertues and Vices Plato and Pythagoras according to Herodotus first taught the Egyptians this Doctrine Zamolxis spread the same amongst the Northern Goths for which they worship him as a god The Druides spread it all over Gaul and Germany and the West Indians I know not how are much of that belief And Josephus tells us Joseph L. 18. Ant. G. 11. that the Pharisees amongst the Jews were much biassed with this Perswasion Julian fondly imagin'd That the Soul of Alexander the Great inform'd and gave life to his Body and therefore sleighted all dangers This their god Xaca saith Father Kircher the Indians call'd Rama the Tunkmensers Chiaga by the Chineses Xen Kian The Chineses derive him from India in the Province of Tien Turk Gnoe Moreover the Japanners have this Tradition concerning Xaca The Dream of Xaaca's Mother That his Mother dream'd that she saw a white Elephant issuing out of her Mouth and went into her left Side Why the white Elephants are of so great esteem in India From hence proceeds that great esteem which the Indians and chiefly those in China Lai Tunchim Siam and Pegu have of white Elephants for they are kept and attended on like Kings and feed on all variety of high Fare and in Golden Dishes The Nobility visit them in humble and submissive postures No other Quarrel than a white Elephant caus'd a great War Anno 1576 between the King of Siam and Pegu in which the Siams were so defeated that they not onely lost their white Elephant but were utterly subdu'd and brought under by the King of Pegu But this Yoke the succeeding Princes did soon shake off and were Masters of two white Elephants which in short time after dying caus'd great lamentation to the King and People of Siam judging them to be sent from Heaven as an evidence and earnest of future blessings Xaca Murder'd his Mother But the first piece of divine service which this their god Xaca in his humanity perform'd was offering his Mother which he himself kill'd lifting up his right Hand towards Heaven and his left pointing to the Ground said with a loud voice Behold neither Heaven nor Earth affords a greater and more holier Saint than I This done he withdrew to a dark

Bonzi the Minister that performs the Funeral-Rites in a great Coach which shines being all Silk and Gold Thirty Bonzies more run about the Coach they wear broad-brimm'd Hats over a fine Linnen Surplice a Black Cloke cover'd with a gray upper Garment each carrying a long Torch lighted made of Pine-Branches which they say lights the Defunct that he may not mistake or miss the Way These thirty are follow'd by two hundred more who call aloud upon that God or Idol which he most Worshipp'd when alive They also beat on great Copper Basons and carry two large Baskets full of Artificial Paper-Roses of divers Colours which they tie at the end of a long Stick shaking them as they go in such a manner that the Roses fly out of the Baskets that being a sign as they say That the Soul of the Deceas'd is already gone to the Place of Everlasting Happiness After these follow eight Youths young Bonzies in two Rows who trail after them long Canes with Flags each Inscrib'd with the Name of his Idol They also carry eight Lanthorns with lighted Candles which in stead of Horn are cover'd with fine Cotton Near these Lanthorn-carriers walk two Youths in gray Clothes which carry also Pine-Torches which they light when they come out of the City and with these kindle the Fire that must consume the dead Body The remaining Ceremony Next before the Corps walk a great number of People all in gray Clothes their Heads cover'd with little three-corner'd Caps of black shining Leather on which they pin small Papers written with the Name of his Idol And that it may be more conspicuous a Man follows which carries in a Frame in large Characters the Name of that God he had so much ador'd The Corps it self Then follows the Corps it self which is carried by four Men on a Bier cover'd with a Bed very richly adorn'd on which sits the dead Body with his Head bent forward and his Hands folded together being cloth'd all in white over which hangs a Paper Coat being a Book concerning the Mysterious Devotions belonging to his Deity and full of Prayers That he would be pleas'd in mercy to save him After the Corps follow the Sons of the Deceas'd in comely Habits the youngest Son carrying also a Torch of Pine to kindle the Funeral-Pyre Last of all comes a second Rabble of Common People suited with black Caps as the former How the dead are burnt in Japan When coming near the Pyle they stand in a Ring and soon after make a hideous Noise the Bonzies striking with great force on their Copper Basons and Kettles and all the People calling aloud on the Name of his Idol which continues a whole Hour during which they prepare the Pit being square and Rail'd about and hung with Mats Towards the four Points of Heaven are four Entrances being the East West North and South The Pit is cover'd over with Canvas and on each side of it stands a Table with all manner of Fruits near the Table Pots smoking with Perfumes and Frankincense no sooner they approach near the Inclosed place but they throw a long Rope over the Corps on which every one lays their hands and call on the name of their Idol several times together then they walk three times about the inclosed place At last they set the Bier with the Bed and Corps on the Funeral-pyre to which the Bonzi who Conducted the whole Train steps forth and Mutters several Words which none of those that are present can understand and takes a burning Torch which he Waves three times over the Head of the Dead Body signifying by those Circles that the Soul of the Deceased had never beginning nor shall ever have an end when done he throws away the Torch which two of the nearest Relations to the Deceased whereof one stands at the East end of the Bier and the other at the West as a Ceremony reaching it over the Corps to one another thrice together then they throw it on the Pyle whilest others pour on Sweet Oil then setting Fire which kindles so suddenly and grows to that height that the Body is consum'd in a moment Strange Custom when the body is burnt In the Interim his Sons and kindred walk towards the two Tables where setting Fire to the Pots with Perfumes they fall on their Knees and Worship the Deceased then as they believe to be in Heaven This finish'd their Bonzies are rewarded according to their several Services and the Chief Orderer of the Funeral receives at least twenty Duckets and the other Officers lesser Sums After the departure of the Friends and Bonzies to their several Houses then the Common People and those which were Habited in Grey make merry about the Fire with such Food as stands on the Tables On the next day the Children and Friends of the Deceased repair again to the Funeral Fire where they gather the Ashes Teeth and Bones in a Gilded Pot or Urn which they carry home and covering it over with a Cloth set it in one of the chief Rooms of the House Make repetition Sermon after what manner Thither all the Bonzies come to make a Repetition of the Funeral Sermon On the seventh day they begin their Visit and set the Urn with the Relicks on the Ground others set down a square Stone on which is Engraven the Name of the Idol After this the Sons go daily to their Father's Grave on which they strow Roses and place hot Liquor and set several Dishes of Meat about it so that their Father's Soul may be refresh'd Bon a dead Fast But besides these Funerals which commonly cost those that are able at least three thousand Duckets and the ordinary Citizens generally two or three hundred They keep on one day yearly a general Feast through the whole City which they call Bon dedicated to all the souls of their deceas'd friends on which day each hangs a Lanthorn and Candle at his Door and all visit the Graves of their several Relations great multitudes carrying out of the City Chargers full of Variety of Cates with which they Treat as they believe their departed Spirits then inviting them home to their Houses of which we have already spoke at large The corps of poor people misused The Funerals of the Poor People are no way to be compar'd to those of the Rich for not one Bonzi follows their Dead they having no Money for to satisfie them for their Labor without which they will not budge one Foot so that they onely take care for to provide Food for the Departed Souls and the more because most of them either publick or private are against the Immortality of the Soul therefore the Dead Bodies of the Poor of which there are very great numbers in Japan they throw in the night time in some private place or other or else upon the nearest Dunghil Departure of the Netherland Ambassadors from Jedo ¶ BUt to return

Apes requiring a peculiar Worship the Inhabitants Consecrated a peculiar Prayer Lucan saith That the Lybians worshipp'd the famous Jupiter Ammon in the manner of a Ram as being one of the twelve Celestial Signs to whom the Heathens came from all Parts to know future Events Moreover he saith some of these Worshippers of Beasts did not adore them as gods but because they were Consecrated to their Deities and for their good Deeds shewn either to the gods or men and therefore at Delphis according to Aelianus a Wolf was religiously honor'd because he gave direction of the sacred stoln Gold buried in the Mountain Parnassus The Ambraciots worshipp'd a Lyonness after the Tyrant Phayllus was devour'd by one big with Young Aristotle tells us That the Citizens of Troas worshipp'd the Mice Arist Rhetor. L. 2. because they gnaw'd their Enemies Bow-strings when they were at War with them Moreover some of the Heathens and also the Japanners believ'd That the Souls of Men by death were transmigrated into Beasts and therefore they worship not the Beast it self but the Souls of Men which resided in them Apollonius Tyancus perswaded the Alexandrians Philostr in Vit. Apollon That a tame Lyon which he had was the Egyptian King Amasis for which reason the Priests made Offerings to this suppos'd Amasis adorning the Beast with Golden Armlets and Collars and in that manner sent him to the farthermost Parts in Egypt Singing before him religious Hymns and Praises of their god In Leontopolis they erected a stately Temple because Apollonius said That it was not fitting that the powerful King Amasis whose Soul was transmigrated into a Lyon should go a begging from Door to Door for his Food But chiefly the Apes seem to afford the best Residences for humane Souls because they resemble a Man both in outward Shape and within Humane Bodies as Aristotle affirms wherefore Physicians when they want humane Bodies often Anatomize an Ape Galen calls an Ape an imperfect resemblance of a Man Arist L. 2. Hist Anim. Coel. Resp L. 3. C. 10. as Coelius Rodignius relates of him What more resembles Humane Shape Than the vile ridiculous Ape Moreover the foremention'd Tulp relates That the King of Sambaces told Samuel Blomert that the Baboons in the Island Borneo dare encounter with Armed Men and will set upon Women and if by their kindness and courtship they cannot vitiate they will force them Therefore by reason of the great resemblance of Apes and Men the Japanners are of opinion and chiefly those that believe the Pythagorean Doctrine concerning Transmigration That the Souls of deceased Kings and Emperors reside in Apes The Bonzies call'd Neugori how they live ¶ THe Netherland Ambassadors left the Temple of Apes near Toska and came on the eleventh day after their departure from Jedo on the seven and twentieth of April to Meaco the chiefest City for Trade in Japan wherein are erected several Cloysters of the Bonzi in which the Penitentiaries are Lockt up that will take their leave of this World yet account it no sin to commit all manner of Vices without the least regret in which wickedness those exceed which have promoted Cacubaw to be a god The Sect call'd Neugori are divided into three Degrees or Sections for some of them Pray continually others study and exercise themselves in Martial Discipline and the rest make daily a set number of Arrows And because they acknowledge no Superior nor chief Commander they carry on business in great disorder The oldest give their Votes first which if any one oppose the business falls so that all jangle and disagree which Consultation the Bonzies break up till the Evening and when grown dark they decide their business with the Sword and often kill one another though their Religion strictly forbids them to hurt a Mouse or kill the smallest Flye The Netherland Ambassadors take a survey of Meaco ¶ FUrthermore as to what concerns Meaco it is much adorn'd by the Palaces of the Emperor Cubus Taikosama and also that of the Payro In this City the Ambassadors stay'd till the thirtieth of April and being invited on a Day by the Master of the House where they lay and one of the Bongois to view some of the chiefest Buildings in the City they were carry'd with several other Merchants in Sedans often standing still to admire the costliness and magnificence of their several Temples and Towers after which being scarce satisfi'd with viewing the beauty of the various Edifices they were carry'd to a Musick-Lecture where the Master of their Lodgings had provided a handsom Collation for them which done they in the dusk of the Evening return'd to their House Description of the Emperor Cubo's Palace But amongst those famous Buildings which they view'd none seem'd so rich and stately as the Palace of the Emperor Cubo Lodowick Frojus an eye-witness relates That he had not seen the like Fabrick neither in Europe nor all India The Gardens which encompass it are surrounded with Cedar Cypress Pyne and Orange-Trees besides many others whose Names are to us unknown which are all Planted in such a decent order that they represent many fair Arbors the Lilies Roses and other Flowers which deck the Garden Beds also amaze the beholders not onely for their sweet Smells and various Colours but also their strange manner of Setting them The Governor of Meaco's Palace The Governor's Palace of Meaco merits also observation behind whose Privy-Lodgings is a marvellous Garden which is not onely artificially adorn'd with Imagery Trees and Plants but a River in the middle cut through Rocks and runs up above nine thousand Paces This River or Lake is shaded on both sides with all manner of delightful Trees the middle every where sprinkled with Isles which are all conjoyn'd with Stone-Bridges The Cloysters of the Bonzi in a Grove Not far from the City appears a pleasant Grove which shadeth fifty large and spacious Cloysters of the Bonzi where most of the Royal Youth have their Education sent thither to ease their Parents of the charge of bringing them up yet all pay great Admittances which are to be disbursed in the enlarging and beautifying of their Colledges each striving to outvie one another in greatness lustre and conveniency Lodowick Frojus viewing one of them saith thus I went being led by some that had newly embrac'd the Christian Faith through a Door curiously varnish'd into a Cloyster of the Bonzi behind the fore Gate was an open Court Pav'd with black square Stone and surrounded with a large Gallery the Walls underneath being also Varnish'd shine very curiously next to this Court lay a stately Garden where neither Art nor Cost had been spar'd several rising Grounds or Mounts being made in the same of polish'd Marble neatly joyn'd together the tops of these Hillocks crown'd with Trees were all made passable to one another with Stone-Bridges the Ground underneath being a course and glittering Sand mix'd with small black

amongst them Hannibal himself being wounded in the Thigh with a Pike was forc'd to Retreat and the Army rested till their General was cur'd who then mustering his Forces afresh Besieg'd the City closer than before Strange destruction of Saguntus a hundred and fifty thousand being daily in Arms against whom the Saguntines were forc'd to keep Watch on all Corners The Enemies Battering-Engines had by this time made Breaches in the Walls in several Places three Towers undermin'd also turn'd topsie-turvey So that the City lay in a manner open and undefended and the Soldiers which fill'd the Breaches were naked and without shelter having neither Battlements nor Breast-works against which Hannibal drew up his whole Army Hope spurr'd on the Assailants and Desparation kept the Defendants in their Stations so the Storm was very fierce long and well maintaind Hannibal if his Men did their parts not doubting but to carry the City made a fierce Assault the Saguntines making good their Breaches with Throngs of Soldiers match'd with equal Valour the Carthaginians in so close a Body that the Enemies Arrows never mist a Mark. The Saguntines answer'd them with thrown Javelins Strange Darts carrying Wild-fire which were so terrible and did such Execution that Hannibal was forc'd to Retreat Thus both Parties being tired there hapned a short Cessation Onely the Saguntines labour'd day and night to make up the Breaches of their ruin'd Walls Soon after Hannibal giving the Plunder of the City to the Soldiers made a more fierce and general Assault Saguntus is divided in the middle But the Saguntines having divided the Town rais'd a new Wall with the old Houses Here they made fresh Resistance against the Enemy it being then eight Months that they had suffer'd so great a Siege In the interim their Wants began daily to increase and their Hopes of being Reliev'd by the Romans vanish'd the Enemies never ceasing from Storm For though Hannibal went with a part of his Army against the Oretans and Carpetans which he much fear'd yet Maharbal Hamilcar's Son went on so fiercely that none could observe the Generals absence pulling down the new Wall in three several Places and setting upon them with such fury that he made himself Master of some of their Fortifications The Business seeming thus to be finish'd the Besieg'd besought that they might Treat with Hannibal concerning Peace But the disturb'd General was too much incens'd to give ear thereto yet by the Entreaties of the Spaniard Alorcus they obtain'd so much at last that Hannibal would permit the Saguntines to depart and inhabit in such Countreys as he should appoint for them but that they should leave all their Gold Silver and other Treasures behind With these Proposals of Agreement Alorcus went over the Walls into the City at whose coming all the Council gather'd Thither the People also repair'd from all Corners to hear the News The chiefest of the Council without giving any Answer upon the propos'd Articles departed and went away bringing their greatest Treasures into the Market-place where setting Fire on them they also stabb'd themselves The Saguntines burn themselves and their City and fell in the Flames This occasion'd a sudden Alteration which was agitated by a great Cry from the Fortification for a Tower having been storm'd and shaken a long time fell to the Ground which making a great Gap in the Walls a whole Band of Africans seeing the Guards fled to the Market-place throng'd in Of which Hannibal having sudden notice immediately enter'd the City without any resistance with several thousand Men But the Citizens in like manner as Xibatadono in a moment set Fire on all their Houses chusing rather to be burnt with their Wives and Children than to be slain by Hannibal's Sword Thus Toquixiro having Conquer'd Xibatadono's Castle he return'd to Meaco where he not only chang'd his first Name Toquixiro but also his second Faxiba which Nobunanga had given him calling himself Cambacundono that is Supreme Lord of Japan and after that Anno 1504. took upon him the Name of Taicosama that is Mighty Emperor Policy of Taicosama ¶ BUt though he had thus brought under his absolute Subjection the whole Island yet he warily consider'd how to prevent future Inconveniences and what might happen to his prejudice under his new Acquirements For several of his Substitute Kings being of Ancient Royal Blood would not easily submit themselves to an Emperor of so mean an Extract and that if any of them should but once appear against him it might shake his new-laid Foundation and the whole Fabrick of his Government the rest of the Princes being ready to follow their Examples which might suddenly cause a general Defection and so his utter Ruine To prevent all which he had need to be very circumspect Whereupon after serious consideration Taicosama thought no way convenienter than to employ these Princes and busie them where they might spend their Time and show their Valour in some Foreign Countrey Which Design to effect the neighboring Corea gave him a fit Opportunity Description of Corea ¶ THis Countrey is divided into eight Territories namely Kinki Hoanchai Kyangyven Civenlo Kingxan Changoing Kaokiuli and Pingan On the North it joyns to Niuche in Tartary the South respects the Island Fungma the West is wash'd by the Stream Galo and the remaining part the Ocean borders The Chineses call it Chaosie It s Length extends to two hundred and seventy German Miles and its Breadth thirty The Province Kinke is adorn'd with the Metropolis Pingjang The whole Countrey is exceeding Populous The Towns very many most of them built square after the Chinese manner whose Fashions Language Letters Religion and Government the Coreans follow which is no wonder because the Chinese Emperor Hoavus subdu'd them two hundred Years before The Transmigration of the Soul into all manner of Bodies Their Religion is firmly believ'd amongst them Their dead Corps are laid in Coffins curiously adorn'd and not buried before the third Year after their Death Strange customs but to keep in the ill scent which might get through the crevices they glue the Coffins close up with Lime or Clay call'd Cie The Chineses account them barbarous because they give their Women so much liberty suffering them walk in the Streets or come in the company of men when they please and also because their Marriages are perform'd without the liking of any of their Friends and Relations the choice thereof being onely left to the Bride and Bridegroom The Soyl of this Countrey being very fruitful produces Rice and Tares twice a year no place affords better Paper and Cie by some call'd Sandaracha than this Isle This Sandaracha is much us'd by the Chineses and Japanners for they Plaister all their Walls with that Lime Great wars in this half Island ¶ MOreover Corea hath oftentimes been destroy'd and ruin'd and lately in the Year twenty seven it suffer'd extremely both by the hands of

good out of himself If he be good from whence are these bad Devils Did God create them bad where then is his abundant goodness Or did he give over those to evil which he could have kept from it Was Man created to serve God in holiness why doth he suffer the Devil to tempt him to wickedness Why is Man left to himself that cannot subsist without the Spirit of God How can it also agree with Gods goodness to create Men unable by their weakness to be condemn'd for their sins and by their damnation for ever miserable And why are there such Laws ordain'd that no Creature on Earth is able to perform the least breach of which is eternal damnation insomuch that upon necessity the whole Race of Mankind by the power of that Law must be cursed he being born in sin The Japan Religion was establish'd on better grounds of Gods Mercy in that they had no everlasting Hell The Worshippers and Servants of Amida Xaca Canon and other Japan gods exchanged by death their transitory Life for everlasting Salvation and if it happen'd that after death they suffer'd some torments for their sins committed in this Life that continu'd but a short time according to the Crime Arguments of those Japanners that intended to be Christians These were generally the controverted Questions which Xaverius was to answer but after these arose a new stop in the way The Japanners who by this time gave some ear to the Jesuits could no ways understand why God did make himself known to none but those Strangers which came thither from Portugal they told them That their Forefathers liv'd very retir'd but those which for Theft Adultery Murder or neglect of the Japan Religion as it was taught them from time to time could not be admonish'd in their Life-times must they according to the Japan Christian Faith be therefore tortur'd in everlasting Flames who must bear the blame of that spoil Had the Portuguese Preach'd the Gospel sooner in Japan then they should have been sooner sav'd O miserable Parents and Children which died before the Jesuits came hither A Letter of Fernandes conce●ining the Japan contradictions But the better to understand the daily oppositions and contradictions of the Japanners we will give you some Extracts of a Letter Written by Johannes Fernandes from Amangucium to Franciscus Xaverius Anno 1551. wherein he says That since the departure of Xaverius the Japanners came daily slocking to the Jesuits Houses troubling them continually with several Questions particularly they desir'd to know of what Materials God had made the Soul as for the Body they knew that the Earth Fire Water and Air had joyn'd it together Moreover they demanded of what Shape and Colour the Soul was What manner of Creatures the Devils were Why they tempted Men to sin and chiefly aim'd at his destruction How they came to be so wicked since God created all things good They enquir'd what God was and where If he could not be seen Why he had block'd up the way to Heaven with so many troubles where goodness onely resides The Bonzies curse the Jesuits Mean while the Bonzies spent their time continually in their Temples and Cloysters in railing against the Jesuits They Preach'd publickly before the People That the Christians were Cannibals or Men-eaters That the Devil had spoken from a Brazen Image prognosticating that Amangucium should in a short time be utterly destroy'd for their wickedness in embracing the Christian Religion Not long after they say that themselves saw in the Night a of Fire descending from Heaven on the Palace of Amangucium Terrible Fire which suddenly burning made their foretelling true for the City burnt eight days together and then Murder and Cruelties spared neither young nor old not so much as the poor Infants which were Sucking at their Mothers Breasts Those which sought not to escape by flight died a most miserable death whereupon the general Cry of the Bonzies was That the unknown God of the Christians must be a most horrible Monster by whose Religion if it took footing in their Countrey Japan would be utterly destroy'd The Reason why the Roman Religion went on so prosperously in Japan Notwithstanding these grand oppositions yet there is no Countrey either West North or South that hath been discover'd by Navigation which hath taken so large an impression of the true Faith as Japan notwithstanding the Blood-Baths which were made there the cruel Persecutions the barbarousness of their Tortures the meekness of the Sufferers the infinite numbers of Miseries which happen'd in so short a time that can scarcely be paralell'd by any other People in the World for which cause we will relate the way by which the Christians in Japan went on so successfully The first Reason why the Jesuits spoke for the Poor The Jesuits soon after their arrival were much frequented by the poorer sort of People which are very numerous in Japan the Countrey being so exceeding populous that they seem to undo one another the Nobles living on the gain of their Subjects who bring them in so much that they scarce know their own Revenue whilst the meaner sort undergo extreme Poverty and the more because Compassion is banish'd from the Countrey and nothing less found there than Charity to the Poor The Jesuits Preach'd against their hard-heartedness teaching them That the Christian Religion requir'd bountiful hearts towards the Poor that Men should have compassion of one anothers miseries he deserv'd to be forsaken in his misery which will not act for his Neighbors relief what is it that can happen to one but it may happen to another who will forget a poor Man that is himself subject to all frailties This Doctrine the poor Japanners embraced the more willingly because it pleaded for their poverty but yet it took a deeper impression when the action it self follow'd for when the Jesuits had gotten some of the Princes to embrace their Religion Build Alms-houses which allow'd them great Revenues they immediately built Alms-houses dividing them into two several Apartments in one of which those that were infected with the Leprosie had their Lodgings and in the other those that had other Sicknesses great multitudes came flocking thither and at the entring of the Alms-house received Baptism Thus the Jesuits numbers increased daily to their great Cost and Charge none but poor and needy People coming to them out of necessity were Baptized The Letters may be seen wherein they make heavy complaints that the Japan Christians consisted most in diseased and decrepid poor People which were Converted onely to be Maintain'd by them Bonzies are cruel to the Poor And these came the more because the Bonzies never regarded them neither bestowing Alms nor taking care of their Burial or to provide such things as their Religion requires after death to the end they may live in joy and happiness with their gods Amida and Xaca But it is no marvel why the

the Questions and Answers that the Japan Council might come to a right and true understanding of the whole Business and free them from further danger Which he promising to perform took his leave Why the Hollanders are kept longer Prisoners After this the Interpreter Phatsyosamon brought them word That the Emperors Mother was fallen exceeding sick wherefore the Court would not hear any Causes whatsoever till such time as she was recover'd Therefore they must have a little longer Patience if they got not leave to go for Nangesaque so soon as they expected See many Novelties The next day Manykebe Syovan Kitsbyoye Phatsyosamon and their Landlord brought a considerable number of Japanners into the Chamber where the ten Hollanders sat which out of curiosity came to see them holding a great Discourse amongst themselves which the Hollanders they speaking the Japan Tongue could not understand only they now and then heard them mention the Names Elserak and Overtwater Manykebe at last interpreting to Schaep said That one of the Japanners there present was lately come thither from Nangesaque and at his departure from thence spoke with Mr. Elserak and Overtwater and several other of their Countreymen which he left all in good health But no other Account would Manykebe give him for when Schaep ask'd him any thing concerning their Releasment he refus'd to answer him and scornfully commanded him to be silent The Youth Paw is examin'd Since this Visit the Hollanders had many that came to see them and the Youth Jacob de Paw was by their Landlords Son carried to Sicungodonne's Palace under a pretence that some Japan Ladies were desirous to see him But returning at night related That he had seen no Ladies but Sicungodonne's Secretary and the Dutch Interpreters Tosaymon and Manykebe who examin'd him concerning their Shooting in Namboe and how often they fired and if the Japanners discharg'd any Pistols or Firelocks on board of the Ship All which the Youth answer'd as the rest had done before A Meeting of the Japan Council before which the Hollanders appear The nineteenth of October the four Interpreters had a Meeting in the Hollanders Inn where the ten Dutch Prisoners were brought before them and told by Tosaymon That they should make themselves ready to morrow Morning an Hour before Day-light because a Meeting was agreed on by the Council at Sicungodonne's House to have another Hearing about their Business They answer'd That they would gladly be ready though in their Hearts they suspected Danger because they were commanded to appear so soon which they had never done before But at the appointed time going thither accompanied with the four Interpreters the Apostate Priest Syovan their Landlord and his Son they staid above an Hour waiting in a Princely Hall which look'd out into an exceeding pleasant Garden But being carried out of this Hall to the usual Waiting place they staid till Noon Mean while Sicungodonne's Secretary treated them with Pieces of Bread and two Cups of Wine apiece and being carried into the Place of Audience they were commanded to sit down on Mats by four Jesuits The Hollanders are plac'd next four Jesuits who look'd exceeding pitifully their Eyes and Cheeks strangely fallen in their Hands black and blew and their whole Bodies sadly misus'd and macerated by Torture This Company amaz'd the Hollanders who were not able to judge the Reason of their being plac'd by the four Jesuits These though they had Apostatiz'd from the Christian Faith yet declar'd publickly to the Interpreters Kytsbyoye and Phatsyosamon That they did not freely Apostatize but the insufferable Torments which had been inflicted upon them had forc'd them to it The Council ask'd them at large concerning their Opinions and the Power of God on which one answer'd faintly but the rest were much more resolute Questions put to the four Jesuits by the Council and their Answer O despairing Jesuits What Confidence can you repose in your God who hath so shamefully forsaken you Is he the Creator and Governor or all Things Why doth he not release you from your Troubles by which your Bodies seem rather to be Anatomies than Living Creatures Cannot the Japan Emperor do with you whatever he pleases without asking leave of the Christian God One of the Jesuits answer'd It is apparent that God hath forsaken us in this World as the Children thereof yet he hath never forsaken those that trust in him because he helps us in our greatest Extremities when a tortur'd Person is not sensible of his Pain the Soul being rapt with Heavenly Contemplations and considers that these Temporal Torments last no longer than Life The third Jesuit said God visits us for our manifold Sins with great and several Afflictions yet the Soul remains untouch'd by any Executioner When the Soul leaves the Body she goes to Purgatory where though not without great pain she is long cleansed and purified till she is fit to go to a Heavenly Elizium there to enjoy all Happiness God therefore forsakes not his Children because he brings them to Everlasting Life notwithstanding the way thither is very troublesom It is true that these poor and miserable Bodies are in the Emperor's Power which he would not have were it not granted him from God Also all Humane Authority ceases over Man when the Soul is departed out of the Body The last Jesuit concluded the propos'd Questions after this manner Without the True God is no Salvation and without his Will and Permittance nothing either good or bad can be done The Japan Council not well experienc'd in the Romish Religion wanted Questions to ask them and therefore call'd for Syovan the Apostate Priest who was there ready for that purpose So soon as he saw the Jesuits he look'd very fiercely upon them notwithstanding he had formerly been one of their Order and in a scoffing manner laid Syovan despises the Jesuits very shrewdly Now fie upon you Jesuits that make this World in an Uproar How you vapor of your God and Salvation Are none sav'd but Jesuits or those that embrace your Opinion In what consists your Interest in Heaven Is it because you privately dissemble with and defraud all Princes and gathering hoard up the Worlds Treasure Had you remain'd still in your usual Pleasures the Japan Prisons had not harbor'd such a crue of Antichrists nay Japan had never shed so much Blood for thousands by your Delusions were taken from their Worship of the ancient Gods Amida Xaca and Canon and embrac'd the Christian Religion for which they suffer'd the cruellest Deaths Was it under a pretence to win Souls Why did you then carry so many Tun of Gold yearly out of Japan And why did you plot to bring Japan under the Subjection of the Spanish Tyrant and so to order all things according to your pleasure But now what is the Power of the Christian God Look upon your miserable Bodies can he not help you Where then is he Omnipotent