Imprimatur Joh. Hall R. P. D. Episc. Lond. Ã Sac Domest 25 th August 1664. The Mysterie OF RHETORIQUE UNVEIL'D Wherein above 130 The TROPES and FIGURES are severally derived from the Greek into English together with lively Definitions and Variety Of Latin English Scriptural Examples Pertinent to each of them apart Conducing very much to the right understanding of the Sense of the Letter of the Scripture the want whereof occasions many dangerous Errors this day Eminently delightful and profitable for young Scholars and others of all sorts enabling them to discern and imitate the Elegancy in any Author they read c. By JOHN SMITH Gent. Ut hominis decus est ingenium Sic ingenii lumen est Eloquentia Cic. London Printed by E. Cotes for George Eversden at the Mayden-head in St. Pauls-Church-yard 1665. To the Right Worshipful Sir Martin Noell Knight Honoured Sir THE good Affection you bear unto all kinds of polite Literature accompanied with your genuine Inclination thereunto and in particular to Elocution together with those manifold Obligements which your Noble Self and Worthy Stock viz. Mr. Edward Noell and James Noell of Tottenham in the County of Middlesex Esq have accumulated upon me doe incite and encourage me to employ that breath which I would have spent in Expressions of Gratitude and Observance to beg your Worship to increase the Causes of it and doe thereupon beseech you to accept the tender of my Duty in this small Present to grant that your Protection and the Author your Pardon with favourable Permission to style himself Your Worships faithful Humble Servitour JOHN SMITH The Author to the Reader Courteous Reader WEre it absolutely necessary for him that would write of Eloquence to be perfectly eloquent I would easily confesse myself too rash in this enterprise But having seen often those treat knowingly of painting that never held Pencil and Cicero remarking that Aratus by the common consent of learned men wrote excellently of the Heavens and Stars though he was no noted Astronomer I 'm encourag'd to say why then may not I too discourse of Eloquence without being an Oratour Galen that great Master of Physick who wrote so learnedly of every part of that Science was little seen in the Practick Nor are those that discourse best of the embattailing Armies and differencing Military functions alwayes the best Warriers or the most daring The like may happen in this Subject that he who is able to set down the rules and laws which ought to be observed in speech or style may notwithstanding find himself defective in the application and so may be said to give that to others which he hath not himself But this Treatise indeed may not so properly be termed a Direction to the Art of Rhetorique as a Key to unlock and lay open those abstruse difficulties which the Tropes and Figures have hitherto not only been masked with but lock'd up under I mean from such at least as are altogether unacquainted with the Greek tongue and have not directed their studies to that subject Object But it may be you will say there were several books extant before that much illustrate the Tropes and Figures of Rhetorique Answ. It is very true that many learned Worthies have done exceeding well herein yet to use the expression of one of them That a child upon a Gyant shoulders can see further then the Gyant So I having the help of thâ—ir labours and of other Books have by Divine assistance without ostentation be it mentioned used a more distinct and easie method throughout the whole current of my Discourse then any other upon this Subject yet extant whereby matters of high and excellent sublimity are bowed down to the weakest capacities I render the English of each Trope and Figure likewise the English of the words from whence they are derived whether from the Greek or Latin then a brief definition and lively character and representation of each Trope and Figure then choyse Latin and English Examples pertinent to each of them as also a brief and plain explanation of the terms used in Rhetorique with an Alphabetical Table for the ready finding each of the Tropes and Figures Lastly For that the holy Scripture is not barren of but abounds with tropes and figures of all sorts as containing the most excellent and sublimest eloquence and is like a pleasant garden bedecked with flowers or a fruitful field full of precious treasures I apprehended it a work worthy the undertaking to dig into those sacred Minerals for the better finding out the Metaphors Metonymies Synecdoches c. which lie hid there and have given Scriptural Examples pertinent to each of the Tropes and Figures For the bare reading of the Scripture without searching into its heavenly mysteries and meaning is like the coming into a Treasury wherein we see many costly things folded up and some ends appearing out but when they be all unfolded then doth their glory more affect us for the present yea and leave in us a deep impression of their excellency Besides the ignorance of Rhetorique is one ground yea and a great one of many dangerous Errors this day as upon perusal of the Scriptural Examples of Synecdoche Metonymie c. will manifestly appear where you have not only bare instances but divers Texts cleared and explained for though the Spirit of the Lord be indeed that Golden Key that opens the sealed mysteries of the Book of Truth and inspires the soul with the understanding of the hidden wisdom therein and those men whose understandings are not opened by him who hath the Key of David be they never so learned yet by reason of the blindnesse of their hearts seeing they see not and hearing they understand not the wonders in Gods law yet all Science and particularly Rhetorique where it is reduced to a blessed subordination and conformity to the teachings of the Spirit of Truth is a good gift of God proceeding from the Father of lights and very conducent to the unfolding and right understanding of the Figurative and Tropical Elegancies of that blessed Book which abounds with the most excellent and divinest eloquence And herein we must beware that we take not those things literally which are to be understood spiritually that we go not out to a figurative acceptation of any place of Scripture where we have not a sufficient reason grounded upon some word of truth why the proper sense or signification of the words may not be adhered unto for we must never leave off the proper sense unlesse the coherence of the Text the Analogie of faith or some other place of Scripture require a figurative Exposition And it is very dangerous to make figures where the Scripture makes none or to make the scope and sense bleed with straining it too hard Origen would sometimes take that literally which ought to be understood mystically and thus mistaking that place Matth. 19.12 And there be Eunuches
which have made themselves Eunuches for the Kingdom of heavens sake he gelt himself And he also sometimes would allegorize plain Scriptures that is such as are to be taken literally or in their proper signification But the difference will easily appear to the wise and observant Reader Mat. 26.29 I will not henceforth drink of this fruit of the Vine untill that day when I drink it new with you in my Fathers Kingdom where the first word drink hath a proper or literal signification but the later a Metaphorical of their Communion or partaking of the joys of heaven This work will also be very useful and advantageous to youth and others enabling them to find out the elegancy in any Author and likewise help the invention of learners who may beautifie a speech and adorn a discourse with elocution by drawing their discourse through the several Tropes or Figures and taking what may best befit their purpose So I will detain thee no longer in the Porch but inâ—ite thee into the House and such as I have set before 〈◊〉 iâ— there be no such varieties as were expected yet let it have acceptance with thee seeing it is according to my ability Thus doe and thou wilt engage him who is Thy real wel-wisher John Smith From my Chamber in Mountague Close Southwark March 27. 1656. The Contents of the Pre-ambular part of this Book viz. RHetorique what with the use thereof page 1. A Trope what 2 The Affections of Tropes what and how many 3. A figure what ibid. The difference between a Trope and a Figure 4. A figure of a word what 5. A figure of a Sentence what 4 5 6. The dâ—fference between a figure of a word and a figure of a Sentence 5 6. Figures of a word which 5 6. Figures of a Sentence which 7.8 The Alphabetical Table or a Synopsis whereby the Reader may on a sudden view all the Tropes and Figures or find out which of them he principally aims at where next after the Trope or Figure is the genuine Signification of the word in English then a brief description of each Trope and Figure and lastly a referring to the Pages where they are largely Explained and Exemplified Note likewise that some words which are neither Tropes nor Figures yet being abstruse words and incident to the unveiling divers of the Figures are here inserted and the Reader referred to the pages where they are also described and exemplified A. AENigma a Riddle or an obscure Allegory pag. 72 Aetiologia a rendring of a reason a figure when the reason of a thing is shown 119 Allegoria Inversion or Changing a Trope whereby a sentence must be understood otherwise then the literal interpretation shews 51 Anacoenosis Communication a figure whereby we consult and as it were argue the case with others 146 Anadiplosis Redoubling a figure whereby the last word or sound of the first clause is repeated in the beginning of the next 80 Anamneâ—is Remembrance a figure whereby we call to mind matters past c. 232 Anaphora Rehearsal a figure when several clauses of a sentence are begun with the same word or sound 84 Anastrophe a proposterous placing of words or matter 188 Antanaclasis a bearing back a figure when the same word in likenesse is repeated in a various if not in a contrary signification 104 Anthropopathia a speaking after the manner of men 193 Anthypophora a contrary illation or inference see it in Prolepsis 123 Antimetabole a turning of the words in a sentence upside down 113 Antiphrasis a word or speech to be understood by the contrary 64 Antiptosis the putting of one case for another 181 Antistoechon a change of letters a figure whereby one letter is put for another 134 Antithesis Opposition a figure whereby one letter is put for another 163 It is also a Rhetorical Exornation when contraries are opposed to contraries in speech or a sentence 164 Antonomasia a putting of one name for another a figure when another name a common name or a nick name is put instead of the proper name 57 Aphaeresis a taking away a figure whereby a letter or syllable is taken away from the beginning of a word 161 Apocope a cutting off a figure when the last letter or syllable of a word is cut off 162 Apodioxis Rejection a figure when any argument or objection is with indignation rejected as very absurd c. 216 Apodixis demonstration or evident proof 215 Apophasis a denying a kind of an Irony whereby we deny that we say or doe that which we principaâ—y say or doe 156 Aporia Doubting a figure whereby we deliberate and as it were argue the case with our selves 144 Aposiopesis an holding ones peace a figure when through vehemency the course of the sentence begun is so stayed as thereby some part of the sentence not being uttered may be understood 142 Apostrophe a turning away or dislike a diversion of speech to another person then the speech appointed did require 150 Astismus a civil and pleasant jest 67 Asyndeton without a copulative 173 Auxesis an encreasing an Exornation when for amplification a more grave and substantial word is put in stead of the proper word 47 C. CAtachresis Abuse it is the abuse of a trope and is when words are too far wrested from their native and genuine signification 41 Charientismus Pleasantnesse a trope whereby unpleasing matters are mitigated with pleasant words 66 Chronographia a description of times and seasons 209 Climax Gradation a figure when the succeeding clauses of a sentence transcend each other by divers degrees 82 Compar even equal a Rhetorical Exornation whereby the parts of a sentence doe consist almost of the like number of syllables c. 203 D. DIaeresis Division a figure when one syllable is divided into two parts 168 Dialogismus a conference between two a figure when as one discussing a thing by himself as it were talking with another doth move the question and make the answer see Prosopopoeia 237 Dialyton Disjoyned This figure and Asyndeton are alike 173 Diastole Extension a figure whereby a syllable short by nature is made long 167 Diatyposis description or information of a thing a figure whereby we having spoken of a thing in general descend unto particulars c. 234 Dilemma an horned or double argument which every way convinceth c. 244 Dissimilitudo Dissimilitude 200 E. ECphonesis Exclamation 134 Ecthlipsis a striking out a Grammatical figure when the letter M with his vowel is taken away the next word beginning with a vowel 167 Ellipsis Defâ—ct a figure when in a sentence a word is wanting to make that sense which hath been spoken 1â—8 Emphasis efficacie of expression a figure whereby a tacite vertue and efficacy of signification is given to words c. 138 Enallage a change of order a figure whereby the number or gender mood c. are put one for another 185 Enantiosis Contention a figure when we speak that by
capacity or understanding induces or leads into a figure and by an apt limilitude agrees with some other clear sense or signification of Scripture A Figure is twofold viz. 1. Figura dictionis 2. Figura sententiae 1. A garnishing of speech in words 2. A garnishing of the frame of speech in a sentence Whereof the former belongs to the matter and as it were to the body of speech but the latter to the form and as it were to the soul that is to the sentence The garnishing of speech in words is where the elegancy lies in the placing of one word as While the minde is inslaved to vanity vanity will sowre the Conversation A figure of a word is twofold viz. 1. In the Dimension or measuring of sounds or words 2. In the Repetition of sounds or words A figure in Dimension is that sweet and pleasant number of sounds or words in a sentence The Figure Metaplasmus Transformation and all its kindes being largely described hereafter are figures in Dimension of this there are four kindes viz. In striking out two viz. Synaloepha a mingling of vowels Ecthlipsis a striking out of vowels In adding to and taking from six Figures viz. Prosthesis apposition Aphaeresis a taking away Epenthesis interposition Syncope contraction Paragoge production Apocope a cutting off In dividing and shortning two viz. Diaeâ—esis division Synerisis a shortning In changing there are five Figures viz. Tmesis section or a dividing Metathesis transposition Antithesis opposition Diastole extension or stretching forth Systole correption or shortning Secondly A Figure of a word in repetition of sounds of words in a sentence If in the same word it is Epizenxis If in diverse it is Anadiplosis If in the beginnings of sentences Anaphora If in the endings it is Epistrophe If in beginnings and endings Symploce If in the begining and end of a sentence Epanalepsis If repeated backward Epanados If a little unlike and of divers originals and descents it is Paronomasia And if of the same original it is Polyptoton See the Table for each Figure There are likewise other figures of a word viz. Climax Antanaclasis Antithesis Ploee Paregmenon Syroeceiosis Oxymoron Synthesis Hendiadys Hypallage Hyperbaton Ellipsis Pleonasmus Asyndeton Polysyndeton Hysterologia Zeugma Hellenismus Antiptosis Secondly Garnishing of the frame of speech in a sentence called Figura Sententiae is a figure which for the forcible moving of affections doth after a sort beautifie the sense and very meaning if a sentence because it carries with it a certain manly majesty which far surpasses the soft delicacy of the former Figures they being as it were effeminate and musical these virile and majestical It is when the ornament lies in the whole sentence or where the elegancy is diffused through the structure of one or more sentences as Isa. 1.2 Hear Oh heavens hearken oh earth I have nourished and brought up children and they have rebelled against me The Figures of a Sentence are called pathetical or such as move affection and passion and are these viz. Ecphonesis Epiphonema Parrhesia Epanorthosis Aposiopesis Apostrophe Periphrasis Diatyposis Horismos Paradiastole Parechesis Erotesis Parenthesis Parathesis Synonymia Hytotyposis Metabasis A Figure of a sentence is ether in thought and musing by the Greeks called in Logismo or in questioning and answering called in Dialogismo Figures of a sentence in Logismo are Apostrophe and Prosopoeopia Logismus is when a sentence is made or fashioned without conference Those are figures in Dialogismo or in questioning and answering when a sentence is made or fashioned in conference which consists in question and answer Of which kinds are Aporia Anacoenosis Prolepsis Hypophora Epitrope Synchoresis Tropes and Figures say the learned are the vertues of speech and style as Barbarisms and Solecisms are the vices There is no other Trope more frequent excellent and beautiful than a Methapor because that which is the light and star of speech and tends to richnesse majesty perspicuity and pleasantnesse is a similitude brief and contracted into one word I shall therefore according to the learned Farnaby begin with a Methapor MEtaphora gr 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Translatio translation or a removing over derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 metapherò transfero to translate It is the artificial Translation of a word from the proper signification to another not proper but yet nigh and alike Or it is a Translation of words from one species tâ— another Oâ— the friendly borrowing of a word to expresse a thing with more light and better note though not so directly and properly as the natural name of the things meant would signifie It is a Trope when we expresse our selves by a word of a like signification to that which we mean or when the property of one thing is translated to another as Gen. 6.6 God is said to râ—pent where the property of man is translated to the omnipotent and omniscient God A Metaphor is pleasant for that is enriches our knowledge with two things at once with the Truth and a similitude And there is nothing in the whole universe from whence the simile may not be taken Dat propriae similem translata Methapora vocem Laeta seges Gemmant vites Duo fulmina belli Iugenii flumen Mens ferrea Classis habenas Princeps caput Reipublicae Virgilius Poetarum sol Invidiae flamma Fulmen orationis Flos nobilitatis Expolire orationem Amicitiam dissuere Si sic loqui liceat Si verbis audacia detur Vivis coloribus virum depinxi Two necessary Rules to be observed viz. 1. A Metaphor ought not to be so far fetcht as that the similitude may not easily appear 2. It ought to be drawn from the noblest things as the Poets do that choose rather to say rosie-fingerd then red-finger'd Aurora as appears by the first English Example where 't is thought unfit to stoop to any Metaphor lower then the Heaven English Examples of a Metaphor The skie of your vertue overcast with sorrow You are the most excellent star that shines in the bright Element of beauty The wounds of grief flowers of Oratory Drops of dew are pearls Flowers in medows are stars The murmuring of the waters is musick To divorce the fair marriage of the head and body where besides the cutting off of the head we understand the conjunction of the head and body to resemble marriage To keep love close prisoner which is to conceal love There came through Cheapside a whole fleet of Coaches for a great number Scriptural Examples 1 King 10.4 The Queen of Sheba saw the wisdome of Solomon here saw Metaphoricically signifies proved and understood Hagg. 1.9 You looked for much and lo it came to little here to look for signifieth to hope for Jer. 8.15 The neighing of horses is heard from Dan that is foreseen by the Prophet Eccles. 1.8 The eye is not satisfied with seeing nor the ear filled with hearing we are in
c. 111 Paragoge Production or lengthening a figure when a letter or syllable is added to the end of a word 163 Paralipsis Preterition or overpassing it is a kind of an Ironie and is when you say you passe by a thing which yet with a certain elegancy you touch at full 157 Paralogismus false reasoning or a sophistical conclusion 246 Parathesis Apposition a figure of construction whereby substantives are added in the same case c. 180 Parecbasis Digression or Excursion a figure whereby something beyond the purpose or intended matter goes out from the appointed discourse 225 Parechesis Allusion a figure when we bring in something of anothers to another intent then his own 227 Paregmenon a derivative or derived from a figure when words whereof one is derived of another are joyned together 229 Parelcon Prolonging a figure when a syllable or whole word is added to another in the end of it c. 177 Parenthesis Interposition it is a clause comprehended within another sentence without which notwithstanding the sentence is full or the sense sound 178 Paroemia a Proverbial speech c. It is the continuation of a trope in a speech when proper and peculiar respect is had to the common use c. 70 Paronomasia likenesse of words a figure when by the change of one letter or syllable in a word the signification also is much altered c. 102 Parrhesia liberty or boldnesse of speaking a figure when we speak freely and boldly concerning things displeasing c. 212 Pathopoeia expression of the affections of the mind or an exceeding stirring up of the affections c. 247 Periphrasis Circumlocution or speaking of one word by many a figure when we shadow out a thing by some equivalent expressions c. 158 Pleonasmus Superfluity a Gram. figure whereby some superfluous word though not without its sufficient importance is added in a sentence c. 176 Ploce binding together or a continuation without interruption a figure when a word is by way of emphasis so repeated that it denotes not only the thing signified but the quality of the thing c. 106 Polyptoton variation of cases or a change of the termination end or case a figure when several cases of the same Noune and Tenses of the same verb are used in conjoyned clauses c. 107 Polysyndeton diversly and many ways coupled by Conjunctions a figure signifying superfluity of conjunctions c. 175 Proecthesis an exposition which is sent afore a figure when the speaker doth by his answer containing a reason of what he or some other hath said or done defend himself or the other person as unblameable c. 236 Prolepsis Anticipation or the prevention of an objection a figure whereby that which may be objected is anticipated c. 122 It is also a certain summary pronunciation of things and is made when the congregation of the whole doth aptly agree with the verb or adjective c. 125 Prosopopoeia a feigning of the person a figure when in our speech we feign another person speaking c. 146 Prosthesis a putting of one thing to another a figure whereby a letter or syllable is added to the beginning of a word 161 Protozeugma a joyning together in the beginning a figure when the common word is expressed in the beginning of the clause or sentence and omitted after see in Zeugma 169 S SArcasmus a biting scoffe or taunt near an Irony but somewhat more bitter 66 Similitudo a similitude c. 198 Syllepsis Comprehension a figure of construction when a nominative plural is joyned to a verb singular or on the contrary Or it is a comprehension of the more unworthy under the more worthy c. 171. Syllogismus a reasoning or rather a conclusion which is made by reasoning together in argument a Rhetorical syllogism is a form of speech whereby the matter is amplified by conjecture that is by expressing some signs or circumstances thereof c. 240 A Logical syllogism is a perfect argument consisting of three parts viz. Major Minor end Conclusion whereby something is necessarily proved 240 Symploce Complication or an agreement of words in a sentence a figure when all our beginnings and all our endings are alike 87 Synaeresis Contraction a contraction of two vowels or syllables into one 168 Synalaepha a mingling together a figure of Prosodia whereby two vowels are gathered into one syllable c. 167 Synchoresis Concession a figure when an argument is Ironically yielded unto and then marred with a stinging retort upon the objector c. 192 Syncope a cutting away or a rendring shorter a figure of Prosodia when a letter or syllable is taken away from the midst of a word 162 Syncrisis Comparison a form of speech which by apt Similitude shews that the example brought in is either like unlike or contrary c. 196 Synecdoche Comprehension a trope where the more comprehensive words are put for the lesse comprehensive and contrarily c. 30 Synecdoche Speciei 30 Synecdoche Partis 32 Synecdoche Generis 34 Synecdoche Totius 35 Synecdoche Numeri 33.36 It is also a Gram. figure when a common word or name is restrained to a part which is expressed by the Accusative case c. Synoeceiosis Reconciling a figure teaching to reconcile things that differ and to repugn common opinion with reason c. 116 Synonymia a partaking together of a name or divers words signifying one and the same thing a figure when by change of words that are of like signification one thing is reiterated divers times c. 152 Synthesis Composition a figure of construction whereby a noune collective singular is joyned to a verb plural c. 186 Systole a shortning a figure of Prosodia whereby a long syllable is contrary to its nature made short 167 T. TMesis Section or dividing a figure whereby the parts of a compound or simple word are divided by the interposition of another 183 Z. ZEugma a joyning together a figure of construction whereby one Verb or Adjective answering the nearer to divers Nominative cases or Substantives is reduced to the one expresly but to the other by a supplement c. 170 A brief Explication of the terms used in Rhetorique some being borrowed from Logick and proposed in a Greek and therefore to most in an unknown â—resse 1. A Cause is that by which any thing hath its being as God by whom the world c. hath its being 2. The Caussate is that which depends upon the Cause as having its being thence as the Artifice from the Artificer Misery from Sin 3. The Efficient is that which brings a thing to passe as Christ the Salvation of the world 4. The Effect is that which is brought to passe by the Cause as the World by God plenty by peace penury by war 5. The End is the Cause for whose sake the thing is or it is whatsoever is intended by any that set upon a work as To speak well is the end of
this place by the eye and ear to understand the desire of the minde kindled by those senses Thus in Scripture Christ is called a Vine a Rock a Lamb a Lion c. And man a shadow a flower grasse a wolfe a bear a dog c. Thus we read of Metaphors from leaven salt trees seed c. Besides many Hyperbolical Metaphors as in Hab. 2.11 The stone shall cry out of the wall and the beam out of the timber shall answer it Lam. 1.4 The wayes of Sion lament or mourn c. So Mat. 3.11 Christ is said to baptize with fire whereby we may understand that fire is there put for the power of the holy Ghost which purifies and refines as fire Psal. 82.6 I have said ye are Gods c. whereby is signified from whom Magistrates have their authority whose place they supply whose person they represent and whose example they ought to follow both in executing justice and shewing mercy MEtonymia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Transnominatio a change of names or the putting of one name for another derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 metonomazo transnomino to change one name for another or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which in composition signifies change and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 onoma Aeolice pro 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 onoma nomen a name A Metonymie is a Trope or a form of speech whereby the orator or speaker puts one thing for another which by nature are nigh knit together This change of name is used principally four waies 1. When the cause is put for the effect 2. When the effect is put for the cause 3. When the subject is put for the adjunct 4. When the adjunct is put for the subject Or as others define it It is an exchange of a name when one word comes in lieu of another not for a similitude but for other natural affinity and coherence Atque Metonymia imponit nova nomina rebus 1. Efficientis ut Inventoris Marte Lyaeo Autoris Legitur Juvenalis Livius ingens Materiae Pinus ferrum aeris acervus arundo Aut instrumenti Gladius lingua arma manusque 2. Effecti Clades Libyae Mors frigida pallet 3. Subjecti a Curii b Paterae c Germania d Rostra e Vcalegon f Cor os g Patronus h Nox i Amaryllis 4. Adjuncti k Fasces l Scelus m aetas nulla n Libelli 1 A Metonymie of the Cause is either when the cause is put for the effect which is called a Metonymie of the efficient or when the name of the matter is put for the thing made of the same called a Metonymie of the matter 1. A Metonymie of the Efficient is when the Efficient cause is put for its effect or when the name of the Inventor or Author is put for the thing invented or composed as in Farnabies inserted examples Marte pro praelio Mars being the feigned inventor of war Lyaeo pro vino Lyaeus being one of the names of Bacchus who was the feigned inventor of making wine where also the names of Juvenal and famous Livius are put for the books or works whereof they were Authors Vulcanns pro igne Neptunus pro mari Ceres pro pane Venus pro amore English Examples of a Metonymie of the Efficient Vulcan for fire Neptune for the sea Bacchus for wine Venus so love Mars for war Mercurie for eloquence So Love is usually put for Liberality the fruit and effect of love My blade is right Sebastian for of Sebastians making He learn'd his Arguments of Aristotle and his eloquence of Tully i. e out of Aristotles and Tullies works Scriptural Examples Ezek. 7.15 The sword is without and the pestilence and the famine within c. by sword pestilence and famine is signified death the effect of those causes Hag. 1.11 And I called for a drought upon the earth i. e. hunger and famine caused by drought Numb 32.23 And be sure your sin will find you out where sin the cause is put for punishment its effect Luk. 16.29 31. They have Mosos and the Prophets i. e. the writings of Moses and the Prophets Thus in Gen. 35.18 The soul is put for life See Lev. 20 20. Psal. 128. 2 Luk. 24.27 Joh. 5.45 46 c. A Metonymie of the Matter is when the name of the matter is put for the thing made of the same as Pinus pro navi a Pine-tree being much used where it growes for building of ships Ferrum pro gladio a sword being made partly of iron Aes pro nummo brasse and silver being the materials whereof money is commonly made Ferro facibusq invasit Italiam Sylva pro domibus English Examples of a Metonymie of the Matter I want silver where by silver mony is to be understood Thus Seed is put for children and Earth for man They eat the finest wheat and drink the sweetest grapes by Wheat is understood bread and by Grapes wine Scriptural Examples Psal. 115.4 Their Idols are silver and gold i. e made of those metals Psal. 105.18 He was laid in iron i. e. in fetters made of iron Gen. 3.19 Dust thou art i. e. thou art formed out of the Dust. Gen. 4.25 For God hath appointed me another seed in stead of Abel i. e. another childe Dan. 5.4 Worshipped wood and stone i. e Idols made of wood and stone In like manner also the instrument is put for the effect thereby as Gladius pro caede Arma pro bello Lingua pro sermone Manus pro Scriptura English Examples The unlikely have worn the Crown here the Crown being an instrument of royal dignity signifies a kingdome The sword being the instrument of slaughter is put for slaughter In like manner the Tongue for speech Arms for war the hand for the manuscript or hand-writing Scriptural Examples Jam. 3.8 But the tongue can no man tame where the tongue the instrument of speech is put for the speech 2 Tim. 1.16 Was not ashamed of my Chain i. e. of my bonds or bondage See Prov. 10.20 25.15 Job 31.6 Let God weigh me in an even ballance here Ballance the instrument of equity is put for equity it self See Exod. 5.3 1 Sam. 22.17 1 Cor. 16.21 c. 2. A Metonymie of the Effect is when the effect or thing caused is put for its cause As Clades Lybiae pro Cladis effectoribus qui cladem Lybiae intulerunt Mors â—â—igida pallet i. e. pallidos reddit Victoria natura insolens superba est i. e. insolentes superbos redait English Examples Hereby we say death is pale ' fear sad aâ—ger hastie wine bold by which is signiâ—â—ed that death makes pale c. Thus Love is said to be bountiful for that it renders one bountiful Scriptural Examples Exod. 15.2 He is become my salvation i.e. my saviour Gen. 25 23. Two nations art in thy womb i. e. the fathers of two nations that is Esau the father of the Idumeans and Jacob the father of the Israelites
his body It is also by this Synecdoche when any thing is spoken concerning many persons together which yet appertains not to every one of them precisely as Gen. 35.26 In this and the three precedent verses you have a recital of the twelve sons of Jacob which as this verse declares were born unto him in Padan-aram and yet this appertains not unto Benjamin who yet is reckoned with the rest as in vers 24. for he was born in the way near Ephrath as in vers 16. And in Heb. 11.13 The Apostle having enumerated many Saints and among the rest Enoch as in vers 5. generally addes These all died in the faith c. and yet Enoch was translated that he should not see death and was not found because God had translated him as likewise appears by the 5. verse Thus the plural Number is put for the singular as Nos pro ego Nos populo imposuimus Oratores visi sumus ubi de se tantum loquitur Orator An English Example Cicero to Brutus We deceived the people and seemed Orators speaking of himselfe only Scriptural Examples Judg. 12.7 And Jephthah was buried in the cities of Gilead i. e in one City of that Region Mat. 27.44 The thieves also which were crucified with him upbraided him i. e. one of the thieves namely the unbelieving and unconverted thief So also Gen. 21.7 46.7 compared with the 15 17. verses But of the Grammarians it is called a Synecdoche or Comprehension when a common word or name is restrained to a part which is expressed by the Accusative Case And they call it Comprehension because the particular is comprehended of the universal This Synecdoche is a figure of Construction and is when that which is part is attributed to the whole as Aethiops albus dentes an Ethiopian white in the teeth here white agreeing to the teeth only is attributed to the whole Ethiopian Pro toto positae partes quam passio signat Quartum vel sextum casum Synecdoche tradit Passivis Neutris adjectis participiisq 1. Dentibus alba 2. Caput doleo 3. Spoliata lacertos 1. Dentibus alba White in the teeth 2. Caput doleo I am pained in my head 3. Spoliata lacertos Bereft of the strength of the body By this Synecdoche all Nouns Adjectives signifying any property also Verbs Passives and Neuters signifying any passion may govern an Accusative or an Ablative Case signifying the place wherein the property or passion is as Aeger pedes or pedibus Diseased in the feet Rubet Capillos His hairs are red Truncatus membra bipenni Cut in the limbs with an axe Caetera similes uno differunt Like in other things in one thing they differ IRonia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Simulatio irrisio mocking or counterfeiting derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in loquendo dissimulatione utor to dissemble in speaking or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 eiro dico from whence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 eiron Simulator qui aliter dicit ac sontit from which Ironia is taken for dissimulation whereby one thing is thought and another spoken it signifies also taunting speeches or a speaking by contraries as if we should say black is whiâ—te It is called the mocking Trope whereby in derision we speak contrary to what we think or mean or when one contrary is signified by another This Trope is not so well perceived by the words as either by the contrariety of the matter or the manner of utterance or both Antiphrasis and this are of very nigh affinity only differing in this that Antiphrasis consists in the contrary sense of a word and Ironia of a sentence Contra quam sentit solet Ironia jocari Scilicet a egregiam laudem b pulchre c bone custos a Egregiam laudem i. e. turpe potius dedecus infamiam b Pulchrè i. e. foediffimè c Bone custos i. e. male custos O salve a bone vir curasti b prebè i. e. a pessime b negligenter foedè neglexisti Si genus humanum mortalia temnitis arma At 1 sperate deos memores fandi atque nefandi Alter erit maculis auro 2 squalentibus ardens Hunc ego si potui tantum 1 sperare dolorem 1. Sperate i.e. timete Sperare i. e. timere 2. Squalentibus i. e. splendentibus Est in hic vocibus Catachresis English Examples of an Irony He was no notorious Malefactor but he had been twice on the Pillory and once burnt in the hand for trifling oversights Milo had but a slender strength who carried an oxe a furlong on his back then kill'd him with his fist and eat him to his breakfast So when the Persian army was at variance among themselves Philip of Macedon their utter enemy said He would send his army to make them friends Thus Gnatho speaks Ironically to Thraso What quoth he they knew you not after I had shewn them your good conditions and made mention of your vertues Then answered Thraso You did like an honest man I heartily thank you Here both the saying of Gnatho and Thrasoe's Answer have a contrary signification Scriptural Examples Gen. 3.22 And the Lord God said Behold the man is become as one of us whereby the Lord declares his great disdain of their affectation oâ— an impossible preheminence in being like to God as if he had said he is now by his sin become most unlike unto us I see how well Satan hath performed his promise to them is he not become like one of us Judg. 10.14 Go cry to the gods which ye have choâ—en So in Isa. 14.4 8 9. The Lord teaches his children to deride the proud insulting King of Babylon Our Saviour also to awaken his drousie Disciples out of their security doth in Mat. 26.45 use this form of speech Sleeep on now and take your rest c. as if he had said A perillous â—ime is at hand wherein you shall have little list or leisure to sleep you have therefore now the moe need to watch and pray So Micaiah in 1 King 2â— 15 bids Ahab go to battail against Ramoth-Gilead and prosper i. e. go up and perish Thus in 1 King 18.27 Elijah mocked the worsâ—ippers of Baal Cry aloud for he is a god either he is talking or he is pursuing or he is in a journey or peradventure he sleepeth and must be awakâ—ned Joâ— 1â— 2 â—hus he taunts at his false friends No â—oâ—bt but â—e â—â—e the people and wisdome shall â—e witâ— yoâ— as if he hâ—d sâ—id In your own conceits there are none wise but your selves No doubt but reason hath left us and is gone wholly unto you yea wisdome is so tyed to your persons that her conversation and ruine depends upon yours 1 Cor. 4.8 10. We are fools ye are wise we nothing ye all c. See Amos 4.4 5. Eccles. 11.9 CAtachresis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 abusio abuse derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 catachraomai abutor to abuse
Exuporation or a passing of measure or bounds derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hyperballo supero to exceed It is an eminent excesse in advancing or repressing and is when the Trope is exceedingly inlarged or when the change of signification is very high and lofty or when in advancing or repressing one speaks much more then is precisely true yea above all belief Hyperbole sometimes expresses a thing in the highest degree of possibility beyond the truth that in descending thence we may finde the truth and sometimes in flat impossibilities that we may rather conceive the unspeakablenesse then the untruth of the relation But though an Hyperbole may be beyond belief yet ought it not to be beyond measure or rule let it suffice to advertise that an Hyperbole feigns or resembles not that it would by a fiction or untruth deceive but then is the vertue and property of an Hyperbole when the thing it self of which we speak exceeds the natural rule or measure therefore it is granted to speak more largely because as much as the thing is can not be reached unto Hyperbole is twofold viz. 1. Auxesis when we increase or advance the signification of a speech 2. Meiosis When we diminish or repress the signification of a speech Extenuans augensve excedit Hyperbole verum Astra ferit Pluma levior Volat ocyor Euro Merita vestra caelum contingunt Candidior Cygnis Hedera formosior alba Jam jam tacturos Tartara nigra putes Auxesis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 augmentum an increasing It is when for the increasing and amplifying we put a word more grave and substantial in stead of the proper word being lesse as Cum liberalem magnificum severum saevum improbum sacrilegum dicimus English Examples In dispraise Thus a proud man is called Lucifer a drunkard a swine an angry man mad In praise Thus a fair virgin is called an Angel good musick celestial harmony and flowers in medowes stars Scriptural Examples of Auxesis Isa. 4.1 Wars are put for some strife Jer. 15.20 And I will make thee unto this people a strong brazen wall c. Gen. 11.4 Let us build us a city and a tower whose top may reach unto the heaven c. See Mic. 9 7. Job 39.19 Gen. 41.47 Exod. 8.17 Judg. 5.4 c. Meiosis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 diminutio extenuatio Diminution or lessening It is when lesse is spoken yet more is understood or when for extenuation sake we usâ— a lighter and more easie word or terme tâ—en the matter requires or when we put a lesse word for a greater as Cum adulatorâ—m blandum affabilem prodigum aut audacem liberalem aut fortem nuncupamus Of this further at the end of Hyperbole But the Hyperbolical Meiosis or Dimunition is that which increases defect as Cum homunculum Pygmaeum stupidum stipitem qui non respâ—ndet mutum appellamus English Examples of Meiosis Thus a great wound is called a scratch a flat fall a foile and a raging railer a testy fellow c. As Auxesis of small things makes great matters so Meiosis of great matters makes but trifles In Meiosis the speaker ought to take care that he fall not into that fault of speech called Tapinosis humility that is when the dignity or majesty of a high matter is much defaced by the basenesse of a word as to call the Ocean a stream or the Thames a brook a foughten field a fray great wisdome pretty wit or as if one should say to a King May it please your Mastership Scriptural Examples of Meiosis 1 Sam. 24.15 After whom is the King of Israel come out after a dead dog and after a flea See Psal. 22.7 1 King 16.2 Thus in 1 Cor. 5.1 lesse is put that more may be gathered from it Jam. 4.17 To him that knoweth to do good and doth it not to him it is sin i. e. a great sin 1 Cor. 10.5 But with many of them God was not well pleased i. e. was highly displeased Thus in Gen. 18.27 Abraham calls himself but dust and ashes And in Job 25.6 He calls man but a worm English Examples of an Hyperbole Streams of tears gushed out of her eyes and the greatness of her grief rent her heart in sunder where by these incredible tokens of sorrow her incredible lamentation and grief is signified This form of speech is either simple or compared viz. 1. Simple as to call the belly of a great glutton bottomlesse him that is most hasty in his fury brainlesse a notable coward heartlesse 2. An Hyperbole is compared two manner of waies 1 By equality of comparison as to call a beautiful virgin an Angel a shrew a devill a drunkard a swine an extortioner a wolfe 2. By the comparative degree c. Harder then a Diamond Swifter then thought The worst that ever eye saw or heart could imagine But in the frontiers of impossibilitie as Though a thousand deaths followed it and every death were followed with a hundred dishonours The world sooner wanted occasions then he valour to go through them Words and blows came so thick together as the one seemed a lightning to the others thunder Beyond the bounds of conceit much more of utterance Scriptural Examples of Hyperbole Judg. 20.16 There are 700 men spoken of every one of which could sling a stone at an hairs breadth and not misse 2 Sam. â—â— 2.3 Saul and Jonathan were swifter then eagles and stronger then Lions Gen. 32.12 Thy seed shall be as the sand of the sea See Psal. 78.27 So in Heb. 11 12. So many as the stars of heaven Deut. 9.4 Cities fenced up to heaven Psal. 107.26 The waves of the sea mount up to heaven and go down to the depths i.e. they are sorely tossed up and down when the Lord commands and raises the stormy winde Joh. 21.25 The whole world could not contain the books if they were written c. i.e. they would be very many Luk. 10.15 Thou Capernaum which art lifted up to heaven i.e. highly exalted Luk. 10.18 I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven See Psal 42.3 69.4 Prov. 13.24 Joel 3.18 The Hills shall flow with milk and the mountains with wine c. 1 Sam. 25.37 Nabals heart died in his breast and he was made into a stone This carries a far greater and more emphatical energie of signification with it then our manner of speech he was very much affrighted and astonished ALLegoria 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Inversio permutatio inversion or changing It is an inversion when one thing is propounded in the words and another in the sense the word is derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 allegoreo aliis verbis allegoricè significo to a signifie a thing allegorically under other words Observe that in a Metaphor there is a translation of one word only in an Allegory of many and for that cause an Allegory is called a continued Metaphor And as a Metaphor may be compared to a star in respect of beauty
brightnesse and direction so an Allegory may be likened to a constellation or a company of many stars An Allegory is a sentence that must be understood otherwise then the literal interpretation shewes It is the continuation of Tropes in divers words as a Metalepsis is the continuation of a Trope in one word through the succession of significations and these are sometimes confused or distinct or It is the continual prosecution of a Metaphor and that proportionably through the whole sentence or through divers sentences or as others say It is the continuation of a Trope and of the same Allusion in the same discourse and is when one kinde of Trope is so continued as look with what kinde of matter it be begun with the same it be ended Continuare Tropos allegoria adsolet a Absque Et Cerere Baccho Venus alget Claudite rivos a i. e. Sine pane vino friget amor In Reipublicae corpore omnia membra manus pedes caput in totius salutem conspirare debent Quoniam ex vadis jam evasisse videor scopulos praetervecta videtur oratio perfacilis mihi reliquus cursus ostenditur O Naves referent in mare te novi Fluctus O quid agis sortiler occupa Portum c. In qua Navem pro Republica fluctuum tempestates pro bellis Civilibus portum pro pace concordia intelligi voluit Horatius lib. 1. Od. 14. English Examples of an Allegory Shall we suffer the monstrous Crocodile to come out of Nilus and to break into our fold to overcome our Shepherd to rent off our skins with his griping pawes to crush our carkasses with his venemous teeth to fill his insatiable paunch with our flesh and to wallow aâ— hâ—s pleasure in our wool By this Allegory our enemies are described who either by open force or secret conspiracy are prepared and fully bent to captivate infringe and destroy the people with their liberties and to possesse their dwelling places and enjoy their wealth Rub not the scar lest you open again the wound that is healed and so cause it to bleed afresh Though this be sense and a reall truth in the letter yet it hath an Allegorical signification i. e. Renew not by rehearsal that sorrow which time hath buried in the grave of oblivion or made forgot Philoclea was so invironed with sweet rivers of vertue that she could neither be battered nor undermined Where Philoclea is expressed by the similitude of a Castle her natural defence by the natural fortification of rivers about a Castle and the Metaphor continues in the attempting her by force or craft expressed by battering or undermining But when she had once his Ensign in her minde then followed whole squadrons of longings that so it might be with a main battle of mislikings and repinings aginst their creation Where you have Ensigns squadrons main-battles Metaphors still derived from the same thing to wit war The world 's a Theater of theft great rivers rob the smaller brooks and they the Ocean Sometimes an Allegory is mixt with some words retaining their proper and genuine signification whereof this may be an Example Why covetest thou the fruit and considerest not the height of the tree whereon it growes thou dost not forethink of the difficulty in climbing nor danger in reaching whereby it comes to passe that while thou endeavourest to climb to the top thou fallest with the bough which thou embracest This Allegory describes though somewhat obscurely yet very aptly the danger vanity and common reward of ambition And the words which retain their proper signification are these covetest considerest and forethink which words do make it a mixt Allegory Scriptural Examples of an Allegory A Scriptural Allegory is such as contains an abstruse and hidden sentence and other then the native signification of the words will bear and it is when under a dark and hidden saying the literal sense contains another to wit a spiritual or mystical meaning It is the representation of some mystical or spiritual thing by another mentioned in Scripture and is when by the things done under the old Law the mysteries of the New Testament are signified from whence an Allegorical sense of the Scripture hath its â—iâ—e A Scriptural Allegory is twofold viz. 1. Natural 2. Inferr'd A natural Allegory is such as is expresly delivered in the Scriptures themselves and this properly is the mystical sense of the Scripture as Gal. 4.25 For this Agar is Mount Sinai in Arabia and answeteth to Jerusalem which now is c. The Apostles meaning here is that in a mystical sense Agar hath some proportion unto Jerusalem that is unto the Jewes whose Metropolis or chief City Jerusalem was for as Agar the bond-woman obtained a place in Abrahams house and was at length cast forth thence so the Jews were in the Apostles time under the servitude of the Law and for that they would be justified by the works of the Law were ejected the house of God Exod. 34.29 The face of Moses shined c. This contains an Allegorical sense which the Apostle explains in 2 Cor. 3.7 13 14. But if the ministration of death c. was glorious so that the Israelites could not stedfastly behold the face of Moses for the glory of his countenance c. how shall not the ministration of the spirit be rather glorious vers 14. but their minds were blinded for untill this day remaineth the same vail c. in the reading of the old Testament which vail is done away in Christ. The like Allegory you may find if you compare Exod. 12.15 17. with 1 Cor. 5.7 8. 2. An Allegory inferr'd is such as the Scripture it self shewes not nor makes manifest but is brought in by interpreters Allegories of this kind are like unto pictures but their literal expositions like to stone-wals the house hath its strength from the stone-wals the pictures afford not the least strength either to the house or wals This Allegory is either offered or inforced and wrested 1. That inferr'd Allegory from Scripture which is offered hath a probable ground and foundation in the literal sense and a proportionable agreeablenesse of things and is likewise agreeable to the Analogie of faith as Gen. 6.14 The description there of the Arke of Noah doth allegorically represent Gods spiritual house or Church which in 1 Pet. 2.5 is said to be built up of living stones and also denotes the Lords miraculous preservation of that Church of his so that neither the waves or strange and pernicious doctrines or tentations or persecutions can break in upon or drown it Gen. 8.11 The Olive leaf represents the Gospel for in Luk. 10.34 it is evident that oil signifies mercy and peace Luk. 15. The prodigal when absent from his fâ—thers house sound nothing but misery and perplexity which doth Allegorically represent unto us That rest is to be found in the Creator only and not in the creature So in the whole book
Joh. 1.20 Isa. 39.4 Jer. 42.4 1 Joh. 1.5 Job 31.17 Job saith that he hath not eaten his meat alone and that he hath not seen any man perish for want of cloathing or any poor for lack of covering Here if Job had said that he had feasted many that he had cloathed every poor body that should otherwise have perished he had not spoken so modestly albeit he had said as truly It is very familiar with the Hebrewes by affirming and denying to expresse the same thing for stronger confirmation of 10 as Deut. 33 6. Let Reuben live and nor die The like in 1 Sam. 1.11 Prov. 36.11 ONomatopoeia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nominis seu nominum fictio the feigning of a name or names derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 onomatopoieo nomen seu nomina fingo fingo vocabula á sono ea deducens to feign a name from the sound Nominis fictio is a form of speech whereby the oratour or speaker makes and feigns a name to some thing imitating the sound or voice of that which it signifies or else whereby he affecteth a word derived from the name of a person or from the original of the thing which it expresseth or It is a kinde of Metonymie and it is properly said of words so feigned that they resemble or represent the sound of the thing signified A sonitu voces Onomatopoeia fingit 1 Bambalio 2 Clangor 3 Stridor 4 Taratantara 5 Murmur 1. A stammerer 2. The sound of a Trumpet 3. A crashing noise or the craking of a door 4. The sound of the Trumpet 5. The noise of water running a running or buzzing noise Teucria a Teucro Dardania a Dardano English Examples of Onomatopeia This form of feigning and framing names is used 6. waies viz. 1. By imitation of sound as to say a hurliburly signifying a tumult or uproar likewise rushing lumbering ratling blustring c. 2. By imitation of voices as the roaring of Lions the bellowing of bulls the bleating of sheep the grunting of swine the croaking of frogs c. 3. By the derivation from the original the city Troy was so called by derivation from King Tros and before that it was called Teucria from Teucrus and first of all Dardania from Dardanus so Ninivie of Ninus 4. By composition as when we put two words together and make of them but one as Orator-like Sholar-like thus also we call a churle thick-skin a niggard pinch penny a flatterer pick-thank 5. By reviving antiquity touching this I refer the reader to Chaucer and to the shepherds Kalendar 6. When we signifie the imitation of another mans property in speaking or wâ—iting this form of speaking is more usual in the Greek tongue and sometimes used in the Latine as Patrissare Matrissare Platonissare i. e. to imitate his father to imitate his mother to imitate Plato whiâ—h form our English tongue can scarce imitate except we say he doth satherize Platonize temporize which is not much in use yet we more usually follow this form thus I can not Court it I can not Italian it i. e. I can not peâ—form the duty or manners of a Courtier I cannot imitate the fashion of an Italian ANtiphrasis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sermo per contrarium intelligendus a word or speech to be understood by the contrary or contrarily derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Antiphrazo per contrarium loquor to speak by contraries Antiphrasis is a form of speech which by a word exprest doth signifie the contrary It is a kinde of an Irony and is When one and the same word hath a contrary signification or a meaning contrary to the original sense Antiphrasis voces tibi per contraria signat a Lucus b Sacra fames c Euxinus d Symphora e Parcae a Lucus signifies a lightsome place or lightning according to the original of the word but here it signifies a grove or thick wood for that it takes in no light at all b Sacra fames literally signifies holy famine or hungeâ— bue here a covetous desire c Euxinus originally Hospitable but here it signifies a part of the sea near Thrace which is nothing lesse d Symphora congestion or heaping up but it is sometimes taken for prosperity and sometimes for adversity e Parcae originally signifies sparing or favouring but here by Autiphrasis it signifies the three feigned Goddesses of destinie viz. Clotho which puts the wool on the Distaffe Laehesis which drawes the thred of our life Atropos which cuts it off and favours none English Examples of Antiphrasis It is when the speaker saith wisely or wittily meaning the contrary You are alwaies my friend meaning mine enemy You are a man of great judgment signifying him to be unapt and unable to judge Scriptural Examples The word to blesse used in Gen. 12.3.24 35. 2 Sam. 2.10 Psal. 34.2 doth also by an Antiphrasis signifie to curse as appears by 1 King 21.10 where the same word that is used in the precedent Scriptures to blesse is used in a contrary signification as Thou didst blaspheme or curse God and the King as also in Job 1.5 It may be that my sons have sinned and cursed God in their hearts and likewise concerning what Jobs wife said unto him in Job 2.9 Curse God and dye See another in Isa. 64.11 c. Thus in Rev. 5.5 c. a Lion signifies Christ and in 1 Pet. 5.8 the Devill CHarientismus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 urbanitas pleasantnesse good grace in speaking derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 charientizomai jocor to jest Charientismus is a Trope or form of speech which mitigates hard matters with pleasant words It is a kinde of an Irony and is When for rough and unpleasing words sweet and smooth words are returned Dat Charientismus pro duris mollia verba At bona verba precor Ne saevi magna sacerdos English Examples A certain man being apprehended and brought before Alexander the Great King of Macedonia for railing against him and being demanded by Alexander why he and his company had so done he made this answer Had not the wine failed we had spoken much worse whereby he signified that those words proceeded rather from wine then malice by which free and pleasant confession he asswaged Alexanders great displeasure and obtained remission Prov. 15.1 Solomon commends that answer which turnes away displeasure and pacifies Wrath. AStismus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vrbanitas sine iracundiâ a kinde of civill jest without prejudice or anger derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 asteios urbanus festivus civil or pleasant It is a kinde of an Irony consisting of a pleasant and harmelesse jest it is taken for any mirth or pleasant speech void of rustical simpliâ—ity and rudenesse Astismus jocus urbanus seu scomma facetum est Qui Bavium non odit amet tua carmina Maevi Atque idem jungat vulpes mulgeat hircos English Examples The merry and pleasant sayings incident hereunto are called Facetia
touch at full or When we say we pass by a thing which yet with a certain elegancy we note speaking much in saying we will not say it The forms of this figure are these viz. I let passe I am silent I will leave out I omit I say not Taceo mitto est Paralipsis Sunt haec et alia in te falsi accusatoris signa permulta quibus ego non utor Praeterire me nostram calamitatem que tanta fuit ut eam ad aures L. Luculli non e praelio nuncius sed ex sermone rumor afferret Hic praeterire se simulat Orator suorum calamitatem quam tamen significantius exprimere non posset Apophasis is not unlike to this figure for it differs not unlesse in the manner of speaking and is the same in the matter and sense English Examples of Paralipsis Apophasis I urge not to you the hope of your friends though that should animate you to answer their expectation I lay not before you the necessity of the place which you are to supply wherein to be defective and insufficient were some shame I omit the envious concurrences and some prepared comparisons in your countrey which have some feeling with young men of fore-sight I only say how shall our promises give judgment against us c. I doe not say you received bribes of your fellows I busie not my self in this thing that you spoyl Cities and Kingdoms and all mens houses I let passe your thefts and your robberies A Scriptural Example of both figures Philemon v. 19. Albeit I do not say to thee thou owest thy self unto me PERIPHRASIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Circumlâ—cutio a long circumstance or a speaking of many words when few may suffice derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 periphrazo circumloquor to utter that in many words which might be spoken in few It is the using of many words for one thing Periphasis is a figure when a short ordinary sense is odly exprest by more words or when a thing is shadowed out by some equivalent expressions Rem circumloquitur per plura Periphrasis unam Trojani belli Scriptor Chironis alumnus This figure is made principally four wayes viz. 1. When some notable enterprise ones native countrey or a sect or strange opinion is put in stead of the proper name c. as in the first example Trojani belli Scriptor The Writer of the Trojan war for Homer Chironis alumnus he that was educated by Chiron the son of Saturn for Achilles 2. When by the Etymologie to wit when the cause or reason of a name is unfolded as Vir sapientiae studiosus a man studious of wisdom for a Philosopher 3. When by Annotation that is by certain marks or tokens something is described as Cubito se emungit pro Salsamentario Anger is a vehement heat of the minde which brings palenesse to the countenance burning to the eyes and trembling to the parts of the body 4. When by Definition a thing is described as Ars ornatè dicendi pro Rhetoricâ The Att of eloquent speaking for Rhetorique Legum ac civium libertatis oppressor pro Tyranno An oppressor of the laws and liberties of the people for a Tyrant Other English Examples of Periphrasis Thus for having risen early Having striven with the Suns earlinesse So in stead of Mopsa wept ill-favouredly Mopsa disgraced weeping with her countenance To sleep among thieves by this figure thus To trust a sleeping life among theives When they had slept a while thus When they had a while hearkened to the perswasion of sleep where to be inclined to sleep is exprest by a Metaphor which is very helpful in this form of speech taken from one who moves and inclines by perswasion Thus instead of Plangus speech began to be suspected it is said Plangus his speech began to be translated into the language of suspicion Scriptural Examples of Periphrasis 2 Pet. 1.14 To put off or lay down this Tabernacle i. e. to die Josh. 23.14 I am going the way of all the earth for that none can escape it i. e. death Eccles. 12.3 4. Surely I will not come into the Tabernacle of my house nor go up into my bed I will not give sleep to mine eyes nor slumber to mine eye-lids untill c. the sense is I will not rest untill c. Rom. 4.11 The Father of the Faithful i.e. Abraham 1 Tim. 2.7 A Teacher of the Gentiles i.e. Paul Joh. 21.20 The Disciple whom Jesus loved i. e. John Mark 14.25 The fruit of the Vine i. e. Wine Job 18.14 The King of terrors i. e. death METAPLASMVS Transformation It is a Figure when by reason of the verse c. something is necessarily changed redundant or defficient PROSTHESIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 appositio a putting of one letter to another derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 prostithemi appono to put or add unto A figure contrary to Aphaeresis whereby a letter or syllable is added to the beginning of a word Aphaeresis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 aphairesis ademptio detractio a taking away A figure contrary to Prosthesis and is when a letter or syllable is taken away from the beginning of a word Prosthesis apponit capiti quod Aphaeresis aufert Examples of Prosthesis and Aphaeresis Vt gnatus tetuli ruit non temnere divos Gnatus for natus Tetuli for tuli Ruit for eruit Temnere for contemnere SYNCOPE 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a cutting away Syncope is a figure contrary to Epenthesis and is when a letter or syllable is taken or cut away from the midst of a word Epenthesis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 interpositio interposition or a putting in between Epenthesis is the interposition of a letter or syllable in the midst of a word Syncope de medio tollit quod Epenthesis infert Examples of Syncope and Epenthesis Relligio Mavors Jusso Surrexe Repostum Relligio for religio Repostum for repositum Abiit for abivit Petiit for petivit Dixti for dixisti APOCOPE 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 abscissio a cutting off Apocope is a figure contrary to Paragoge and is when the last letter or syllable of a word is cut off or taken away Paragoge 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 productio a making long Paragoge is a figure when a letter or syllable is added to the end of a word Aufert Apocope finem quem dat Paragoge Examples of Apocope and Paragoge Ingeni Hymen Curru Tyrio vestirier ostro Ingeni for Ingenii Curru for currui Peculi for Peculii Dicier for dici ANTITHESIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Oppositio opposition or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 antitheton oppositum opposite set or placed against derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 anti against 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 thesis positio a position or state of a question which is derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tithemi pono to put Antithesis is sometimes a figure whereby one letter is
14.22 Judas saith unto him not Iscariot Lord how is it that thou c. ANTIPTOSIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 casus pro casu positio the putting of one case for another derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 anti pro for and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ptosis casus a case It is a position of one case for another A figure of construction and is when one case is put for another and sometimes with a very good grace Antiptosis amat pro casu ponere casum Vrbem quam statuo vestra est srabeate salutat The City which I meâ—n is yours Sermonem quem audistis non est meus The talk which you have heard is not mine Aristotelis libri sant omne genus eloquentia referti for omnis generis Terence Nam expedit bonas esse vobis vobis for vos Virg Haeret pede pes densusque viro vir pede pro pedi But this figure and Hypallage are found rather to excuse the license or the error of Authors then to shew that we may do the same Scriptural Examples Rev. 3.12 Him that overcometh will I make a pillar c. Rev. 1.5 Luke 1.55 HELLISMVS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Graecorum imitatio Sermo Graecanicus Graecismus seu proprietas Graecorum verborum A Graecism or speech after the manner of the Greeks derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hellen Deucalions son from whom the Greeks are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hellenes fróm whence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hellenizo Grecè loquor to speak after the manner of the Greeks A Graecism or an imitation of the Greeks in phrase or construction or a speech after the manner of the Greeks which is When the construction proper to the Greek tongue is used in another language Hellenismus erit phrasis aut constructio Graeca Desine clamorum fallunt ardebat Alexin Nobis non licet esse tam disertis Terentius Vtique vobis expedit esse bonas didicisse fideliter artes Emollit mores Virg. Cui nec certaverit ulla Hor. desine curarum pro à curis This Graecism Edm. Spencer uses also not unelegantly in the English tongue as For not to have been dipt in Lethe Lake Could save the son of Theris from to die Tmesis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sectio a Section or dividing derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 temno or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tmao seco scindo to cut or divide Tmesis is a figure whereby the parts of a compound or simple word are divided by the interposition of another Compositae in partes est Tmesis sectio vocis Quae mihi cunque placent Septem subjecta trtoni Hor. Est quadam prodire tenus si non datur ultra i. e. licet quadantenus prodire Plaut Sed nae ego stultus qui rem curo publicam i. e. qui rem publicam curo HENDIADYS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hediaduo unius in duo solutio a dividing of one thing into two derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 edo corrodo to bite or gnaw in sunder quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hen dia duoin unum per duo one thing by two Hendiadys is a figure whereby one thing is divided into two or when one thing is expressed by more words Hendiadys unum in duo solvit mobile fixum Dans auro pateris Chalybem fraenosque momordit Pateris et auro i. e. aureis pateriâ— Chalybem fraenosque c. i.e. fraenos chalybeos In regione umbrâ mortis i. e. regione umbrosâ mortis English Examples Cups of gold i. e. golden cups In the Region and shadow of death i. e in the shadie region of death Scriptural Examples of Hendiadys Gen. 19.24 And Jehovah rained upon Sodom and Gomorrah brimstone and fire c. i. e. firie and burning brimstone or sulphurous fire See Gen. 1.26 Jer. 29.11 Ad dandum vobis finem expectationem i. e. finem expectatum Matth. 4.16 They that sate in the Region and shadow of death i. e. in the shadie region of death Matth. 20.20 Then came the mother of Zebedees children with her sons worshipping him and desiring c. i. e. desiring by worshipping ENALLAGE 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ordinis permutaetio a change of order derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 enallatto permuto to change one thing for another or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 enallos inversus praeposterus turnd upside down and disorderly A figure whereby the Number or Gender Mood Person or Tense are changed or put one for another Personam numerum commutat Enallage tempus Cumque modo genus ut Pereo quod charius est mi. Ni faciat vici praesto est hinc spargere voces Ovid. Et flesti nostros vidisti flentis ocellos Flentis pro flentium nisi nostros pro meos dixeris Cicero ad Trebat Sed valebis meaque negotia videbis meque dits adjuvantibus ante brumam expectabis pro Vale vide expecta The future Tense of the Indicative being put for the Imperative Mood Ter. in Phor. Si quis me quaerit rufus Praesto est desine pro Praesto sum nam de se loguitur Virg. Omnis humo fumat Neptunia Troja pro fumaevit The Present Tense being put for the Preter-perfect Scriptural Examples of Enallage This change of order is sometimes of the Number as Psal 14.1 The fool hath said in his heart There is no God They are corrupt they have done abominable works c. See Exod. 20.2 Prov. 1.11 Matth. 1.21 Here the singular is put for the plural number or on the contrary Thus in Isa. 3.12 Women shall bear rule over them c. i. e. effeminate men shall c. The Feminine gender put for the Masculine effeminate men are called women Psal. 1.1 Blessed is the man that walketh not in the counsel of the ungodly c. i. e. whose heart affections and will God hath so renewed that he will not walk in their counsel c. where the present is put for the future tense See Matth. 24.40 Psal. 18 29. For by thee I have run through a Troop and by my God have I leaped over a wall Deut. 32.15 But Jesurun waxed fat and kicked thou art waxed fat c. the like example you have in Gen. 49.4 SYNTHESIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Compositio Composition or a joyning together derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 syntithemi compono to compose or put together It is a construction made for significations sake or a speech congruous in sense not in voyce It is a figure of construction whereby a Noun collective singular is joyned to a Verb plural Of others it is also called a figure whereby two words are joyned into one by a sign of union Synthesis est seusu tantum non congrua voce Turba ruunt aperite aliquis pars maxima caesi Gens armati a Nation or people
in Prov. 15.8 Prov. 19.29 20.29.8.10.3.11.4.12.21.8 10.1.12 c. Isa. 29.1 Prov. 11.9 17 19 20. PARABOLA 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 parabole a parable or a similitude of a thing derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 paraballo confero comparo assimilo to confer resemble or make comparison A Parable is as it were a shadow that goes before the truth and is by nature a comparison of things that differ made under some similiâ—ude It is said to be a similitude when by some comparison we make known that which we would have to be understood So we say a man to be made of iron when we would be understood to speak of a cruel hard-hearted and strong man It is a comparing signifying a similitude or a comparative speech tending to the explanation and perspicuity of the things under it or it is a similitudinary speech whereby one thing is uttered and another signified These are English Parables or Similitudes As a vessel cannot be known whether iâ— be whole or broken except it have liquor in it so no man can be throughly known what he is before he be in authority If we need look so far back for an example we may see this truth veryfied in Hazael compare 2 King 8.13 with ch 13. v. 22. Like as it is a shame for a man that would hit the white to misse the whole But even so it is a shame for him that thirsts after honor to fail of honesty This is a saying of a Heathen Philosopher A parable in the Gospel signifies an Aenigmatical or Allegorical Comparison as also an Algory and Aenigma A parable must be expounded and no further strained then things agree with the principal intenâ—ion scope and drift of the Spirit of God in that Scripture as Matth. 20.1 2 c. where the scope is God is not a debtor unto any man In Parables we must alwayes look more â—o the sense and scope then to the letter Note that in a Parable there are three things essenâ—iâ—lly considerable viz. 1. Cottex tâ—e rind or shell that is the words and terms 1. Radix the root or the scope unto which the Paâ—able tends 3. Medulla the marrow that is the mystical sense of the Parable or the fruit which may be gathered from it Matth. 24.32 As from the budding and sprouting of trees ye may know that Summer is nigh so likewise ye when ye shall see the signs of the Son of man know that his coming is near even at the doors so in Mark 3.23 Matth. 13.33 The kingdome of heaven is like unto leaven which a woman took and hid in three measures of meal till the whole was leavened Here the former part of the Parable is that which is brought into the similitude whereof the literal sense is That a little leaven being put together with the meal into one lump hath that effect that it pierces into and spreads over the whole lump The later part is that unto which the former is applyed and by our Saviour signified in the first words The kingdome of heaven The mystical sense thereof is That the Gospel hath that efficacy that being preached in Palestina it should presently be spread over the whole world and make the Church far larger then it was for leaven doth mystically signifie the Gospel and the whole lump the Church which God hath from eternity decreed to call unto himself out of the world by the Gospel Isa. 5.1 The Parable of the vineyard you have there which in the 7. verse is explained thus The vineyard is the house of Irael the pleasant plant is the men of Judah by grapes judgment is understood and by wilde grapes oppression Ezek. 17.2 A great Eagle with great wings long winged full of feathers which had divers colours came unto Lebanon and took the highest branch of the Cedar he cropt off the top of his young twigs and carryed it into a land of Traffique c. This obscure Parable the holy Ghost explains in the 12 ver thus The great Eagle signifies the King of Babylon by Lebanon is signified Jerusalem and by the highest branch of the Cedar and the top of his young twigs the King and Princes of Jerusalem by a land of traffique and a City of Merchants is signified Babylon See Luke 16.19 Mat. 13.3.24.44 Luke 8.4 Mat. 22.2 c. EXERGASIA 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 expolitio repetitio a polishing or trimming derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 exergazomai repeto effectum reddo to repeat to polish a thing after it is finished A figure when we abide still in one place and yet seem to speak divers things many times repeating one sentence but yet with other words sentences and exornations It differs as Mâ—lancthon saith from Synonymia forasmuch as that repeats a sentence or thing only with changed words but this with like words like sentences and like things having also many exornations to the garnishing of it Thus to describe a beautiful woman may be said She hath a winning countenance a pleasant eye an amiable presence a cheerful aspect She was the object of his thoughts the entertâ—inment of his discourse the contentment of his heart Your beauty sweet Lady hath conquered my reason subdued my will mastered my judgement Scriptural Examples Psal. 17.1 Hear the right O Lord attend unto my cry give ear unto my prayer that proceeds not from feigned lips 35.1 2 3. Plead my cause O Lord with them that strive with me fight against them that fight against me Take hold of shield and buckler and stand up for mine help Draw out also the spear and stop the way against them that persecute me say unto my soul I am thy salvation More examples you have in Psalm 18.2 3. Jonas 2 3 4 6. Zech. 6.12 13. CHRONOGRAPHIA 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Temporum descriptio a description of times and seasons derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 grapho scribo to write or describe and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 chronos tempus time or season Chronographie is a Rhetorical Exornation whereby the Orator describes any time or season for delectations sake as the morning the evening midnight the dawning and break of the day the Sun-rising the Sun-setting Spring Summer Autumn Winter c. When break of day had drawn the curtain of heaven When the morning had won the field of darknesse When bright Aurora with her glittering beams sweet and comfortable rayes had re-assumed her dominion in the air When the Morns fair cheek had not yet lost her tears When the bright beams of the East had driven away the dark shadow of the night and the chearful birds had welcomed the first dawning light with their glad songs and when black and sable clowds were changed into golden glory When the stars begin to glory of the light which they borrowed from the Sun When the nights black-mantle over-spâ—eads the sky When candles begin to inherit the Suns office When the night clad in black mourns
obstacle to the discerning of the elegancy in writing but likewise to the perceiving of the writers scope drift and sense It will therefore not be impertinent here to add a few lines in explanation thereof The points used by the learned in their writings are 7 viz. 1. A Comma 2. A Semi-Colon 3. A Colon. 4. A Period 5. A note of Exclamation or Admiration 6. A note of Interrogation 7. Parenthesis Which are particularly and orderly illustrated and exemplified 1 Comma Subdistinctio the point in the part of a sentence without perfect sense A Comma or cutting short is a shutting up of the sense the measure and order in syllables being not filled up extending from two unto seven syllables or thereabouts or as others define It is a note of convenient silence or rather a place of pausing or taking breath whereby the bound or limit of pronunciation or utterance the sense remaining is so respited as that which follows ought forthwith to succeed It is a short pause and thus noted A Latin Example of a Comma Ovid. Vtendum est aetate cito pede praeterit aetas Nec bona tam sequitur quam bona prima fuit English Examples By this point or note all the parts of a sentence are distinguished as Embrace in your sweet consideration I beseech you the misery of my case acknowledge your self to be the cause and think it reason for you to redresse the effects Thus she said thus she ended with so fair a Majesty of unconquered vertue that captivity might seem to have authority over tyrannie c. Loves companions be unquiet longings fond comforts faint discomforts hopes jealousies carefulnesse c. 2. Semi-colon Semi-media distinctio a pause somewhat longer then a Comma and thus noted A Latin Example Cujus vita turpitudinis conscientia vacat ejus nomen ab invidiosa quantum in nobis est malevolentia vindicetur An English Example Her witty perswasions had wise answers her eloquence recompensed with sweetnesse her threatnings repelled with disdain in Pamela and patience in Philoclea c. 3. Colon Media distinctio a mean distinction between a Comma and a Period is where there remains almost as much of the sentence to come as is then past Or as others define it It is a part of a Sentence which finishes the sense shut up in measure and order of syllables but being pull'd away from a period it defers the hearers expectation as not perfecting the sentence and it goes forward from the twelfth to the eighteenth syllable and sometimes to the twenty fourth It is a longer stay then the former thus noted A Latin Example of Colon. Quemadmodum Horologii umbram progressam sentim us progredientem non cernimus fruticem aut herbam orevisse apparet crescere autem nulli videtur ita ingeniorum profectus quoniam minutis constat auctibus ex intervallo sentitur An English Examples If I speak nothing I choke my self and am in â—o way of relief if simply neglected if confusedly not understood if by the bending together all my inward powers they bring forth any lively expressing of that they truly feel that is a token forsooth the thoughts are at too much leisure c. 4. Periodus plena ac perfecta distinctio a period a perfect or full point or distinction this is to be put at the end of a complete sentence That period is the most excellent which is performed with two Colons and sometimes Commas or four parts of a sentence as that which suspends the mind and satisfies the ears A Period is thus noted Herein beware that the Period be not shorter then the ear expects nor longer then the strength and breath of the Speaker or Reader may bear and that it finish its course in a handsome and full comprehension A Latin Example of a Period Est enim haec non scripta sed nata lex quam non didicimus accipimus legimus verum ex nâ—tura ipsa arripuimus hausimus expressimus ad quam non docti sed facti non instituti sed imbuti sumus English Examples Lines cannot blush so as modesty admits a freedom to my pen which would be taxed immodesty being delivered by the tongue That every one may understand I seek not to talk any thing by silence or to cloud any thing by words 5. A note of Exclamation or Admiration thus noted Latin Examples Ingens atrox horridum facinus quale nec Antiquitas vidit nec credunt posteri omnium denique flagitiorum compendium in ferrei hujus seculi faeces reservatum O miseras hominum mentes O pectora caeca Qualibus in tenebris vitae c An English Example O endless endeavours O vain glorious ignorance 6. A note of Interrogation marked thus Latin Examples Et quae tanta fuit Romam tibi causa videndi Quid non mortalia pectora cogis Auri sacta fames English Examples How is my Sun whose beams are shining bright Become the cause of my dark ugly night Or how do I captiv'd in this dark plight Bewail the case and in the cause delight 7. Parenthesis which signifies interposition is a sentence shut in with two half Moons which set aside the former discourse notwithstanding remains intire and sound it is thus marked â— Latin Examples Credo equidem noc vana fides genus esse deorum Princeps quia bella minantur Hostes militibus urbes praemunit armis An English Example Tell me ingenuously if there be any ingenuity in you whether c. FINIS A Catalogue of some Books printed for and sold by George Eversden at the Maiden-head in Saint Pauls Church-yard AN Exposition with practical Observations upon the IX first Chap. of the Proverbs Grammatical Rhetorical Logical and Theological by Francis Taylor B. D. Late Minister of Canterbury in 4. An Exposition on the whole Book of the Canticles by John Robotham late Minister of Dover in 4. The Natural mans case Stated or an exact map of the little world Man In XVII Sermons by Christopher Love in 8. The Doctrine of Mortification with the hearers Duty by Christopher Love in 8. A Treatise of Prayer and of divine Providence as relating to it by Edward Gee Minister of the Gospel at Eccleston in Lancashire in 8. The 2. Edition corrected and amended A comment on the First and Second Chapters of Ruth by Thomas Fullâ—r Minister of Waltham Abby in Essex in 8. Mr. Culpepers treatise of Aurum potabile being an universal remedy for all diseases in 8 Sion and Pernassus being divine Epigrams on several Texts of Scripture by J. H. Gent. in 8. The Life and Death of Sir Tho. More sometime Lord Chancellour of England Enoch's walk being the substance of sundry Sermons digested into a Tested into a Treatise by William Bell M.A. Pastour of the Church at Highton in Lancashire in S. Usurpation defeated and David restored being an exact parallel between David and our most gracious Soveraign King Charles the II. In their dangerous dissettlement