or abate the sense of words used unequally to their true meaning not to deceive but to levell the uneven opinion of the hearers by such means rectified and the first sort is called Auxesis the last Meiosis Gigantes for proceri Nani for pusilli Mons for verruca Parricidium for homicidium and contrariwise nusquam tuta fides for apud paucos the indefinite for the finite all Hyperbolicall Synecdoches which some Authors think to be Catachresis Venere formosior pice nigrior sublimi feriam sydera vertice Every affection doth in some sort belong to all the Tropes but the Irony is least affected with them Metalepsis is most familiar to Synecdoche and the Metonymie even as the Allegory to the Metaphor Catachresis with good Authors doth only affect the speech intended for the rusticks And otherwise doth resemble the speech of Rusticks for the most part in Comoedies Tho common affections of Nouns and Verbs There be three affectious common to Nouns and Verbs to wit Number Gender and Person whereof the Number doth equally belong both to Nouns and Verbs the other two unequally for the Gender is more peculiar unto Nouns and the Person unto Verbs Of the Number There be two Numbers 1 The Singular belonging to one as Pater obijt 2 The plurall pertaining to more then one as liberi lugent Exceptions Two Substantives singular with a Coniunctive Adverb called a Copulative or one Noune Collective or a Pronoune Distributive singular referring to a society is equivalent to the plurall speaking implicitly of many And Verbs or Adiectives referring thereunto will agree with the more worthy Person or Gender the former in both being accounted worthiest saving that the Neuter standeth for the worthier Gender after copulates that betoken things inanimat as Virga Baculus nos consolata sunt gens armati perimus vestrum aliquis adeste utraque suo delectatae studio aliud de dignantur Likewise Verbs singular called Impersonalls are equivalent to the plurall by vertue of the oblique construed with them as nos docere oportet vobis discere non luberâ—ab omnibus aut luditur aut cessatur Lastly Nouns proper or common being only plurall referring in Apposition to other Substantives singular are equivalent thereunto and speak but of one as Vrbs Athenae Bacchanalia festum infame Circenses curule certamen Aeneides Virgilij poema Tu mihi deliciae Ars inopis divitiae Where may be noted that any Substantive of a continued signification speaking of the same thing must be put in the same case Phoebe nutrix nos amat alumnos Of the Gender The Gender doth distinguish Nouns betokening Male or Female physically by their sexes but otherwise doth Gramatically differ sexies Nouns having commonly like Declension and constantly a like construction unto those which have proper sexes The distinct Genders are only three 1 Masculine as Spado sermo 2 the Feminine as Vulpes Nubes 3 The Neuter as scortum slagitium Annotations A Noune cannot be of any more then one of the said three Genders in the same Sentence or Construction But otherwise many Nounes by their termination and signification may be some of the two first and others of all three Genders and of this last sort are all Adiectives which if they have three divers endings as bonus bona bonum the first as bonus is Masculine the second as bona is Foeminine the third as bonum is Neuter or having two severall endings as dulcis dulce the first as dulcis is Masculine or Foeminine the second as dulce is Neuter or having but one ending as faelix dulcibus bonis then such are of all three Genders called the Common of three Substantives physically betokening both Sexes hee and shee under the same ending as such by signification are both of the Masculine and Foeminine Gender called the Nounes of the Common of two but notwithstanding in the same Sentence or in a continued Construction they keep constantly to one Gender as Parens de quo dubitatur Africanus est Other Substantives having no reference to distinct Sexes are called Nounes of the doubtfull Gender being either Masculine or Foeminine upon the authority of approved Authors who use the same promiscuously only in a continued Construction but not in the same Sentence as nullus est dies qua literas non scribo Appellatives of Beasts Birds Fishes as vulpes hirundo passer aquila Cetus specially those least conversant with man though having distinct Sexes yet keep constantly to one Gender most agreeable to their termination and are called Epicoenes Exceptions Some such Nouns betokening domestike creatures and having a Termination that is not constant to one Gender be of the common of two as Bos Sus Canis and such like And others of like sort not having reference to any sex are doubtfull as Grus Bubo with such others Of distinct Genders knowne by generall RVLES The proper Gender of any Nouns may certainely be known by their signification or termination and sometimes by combination of both together Of Genders knowne by signification Nouns Physically betokening a certaine sex if Male are Masculines as Galba if Female are Feminines as socrus but filius is Masculine and filia feminine both by signification and by termination All proper names and many common Nouns referring to more knowne Appellatives will imitate the same as in signification so likewise in Gender some few excepted that follow the Termination constant to a certaine Gender Of Masculines following the more knowne Appellative The more knowne Appellatives being Masculines do for the most part communicate the same Gender to all proper names or lesse known Appellatives subordinate therâ—unto as Deus Pan Angelus Gabriel Diabolus Sathanas fluvius Orontes but Averna Gadir be Neuters by the Terminations constant to that Gender Mons Ossa but Aetna is feminine referring unto Rupes Ventus Lybs but Ornithiae is feminine Lapis Adamas but Marmor is Neuter and Chrystallus feminine referring unto Gemma Piscis Labrax but Auxumae is feminine Of Feminines following their Appellatives The more known Appellatives being feminines do in like sort transmit their Gender to their respective lesse known Appelâ—atives or to proper names belonging thereunto as Dea Juno furia Alecto mufa Clio regio Persis insula Cyprus Urbs Pergamus but Gabij Hippo Acragas are Masculines Bactra Lugdunum Hispal Proeneste Argos Tibur Zeugma be neuters Herba Baccharis but Helleborus is Masculine Arbor Pinus but Pinaster is Masculine navis Argo comaedia Eunuchus fabula Thyesteâ— but in these last Examples Synthesis doth sway the Gender Of Neuters knowne by signification Any part of Speech taken materially for the elementary parts of the word are of the Neuter Gender as Amicitia for Amicitiae vocabulum Etymologice sumptum dictum est ab amo Or taken figuratively as the Verb or Adverb instead of a Substantive by Enallage as scire tuum â—ihilest for scientia tua Cras aliud veniet for Crastinus alter And such are all Aptote Substantives as Tempe fas
The Latine GRAMMAR OR A Guide teaching a compendious way to attaine exact Skill in the LATINE TONGUE FOR A proper Congruity and elegant variety of Phrases in Prose and Verse Published for the Common good in continuation of a former Guide teaching to read English rightly and Write accordingly By Richard Lloyd LONDON Printed by Thomas Roycroft for the Author Anno Dom. 1653. The Latine Grammar OR A Guide teaching a compendious way to attaine exact skill in the Latine Tongue c. Of Grammar GRammar is a Series oâ— rules directing to write and speak congruously whence the true meaning of words may be certâ—inly known And it hath two parts Etymologie and Syntaxe Of Etymologie Etymologie doth teach the affectious of words specially such as concerne the variations of parts of Speech Of parts of Speech The principall parts of speech are three 1 Nouns that betoken things 2 Verbs that betoken a doing or suffering of the things 3 Adverbs that signifie some circumstance belonging to the things or to the doing or suffering of them All regular Nowns and Verbs are variable by proper affections But Adverbs are invariable saviâ—g bâ— common accidents Of common Accidents The common affections equally belonging to all parts of Speech are two the forme and figure Of the Forme The forme doth consist in the signification of worâ—s for which they were ordained Of the Figure The figure doth consist in the origination of words distinguishing them as Primitives and Derivatives Of a two fold forme or signification of words The signification of Words is either genuine and literall according to their originall institution or Tropologicall and translatitious with Anologie to the literall for words change sense each with other proportionably to the bonds of union or marks of opposition known between them wherefore in a consentaneous sense any part will denominate the whole or the whole any part having essentiall union each with other by a Trope called Synecdoche likewise the cause will denominate its owne effect or a subject it s own adjunct and contrariwise having naturall union amongst themselves by a Trope called Metonymia others having a Relative union as they resemble so accordingly they may denominate one another by a Trope called Metaphora Lastly in a diâ—entaneous sense when the gesture and pronunciation of the speaker compared with a knowne condition of the thing or party spoken of doe evidence a contrariety between the words and meaning it is by a Trope called Ironia Of the Tropologicall forme or borrowed sense of words A Trope doth modifie the sense of words in proportion to their native use instituted either 1 For supply where proper words are wanting or 2 To civilize proper words which seem offensive or 3 When the words are decent to beget variety the main object of delight And it should be regulated with ingenuity perspicuity and moderation for Jewels are not to cloath the body but to adorne some eminent parts thereof besides that the best things growing common become contemptible in fine when the literall sense of words with good Authors doth breed absurdity the Trope must rectifie it And there is no such Author without Tropes nor any student that can attaine their meaning without previous skill therein as principles Of Synecdoche By Synecdoche either the Genus that is common and universall doth give name unto the Species being some particular comprehended under it as Atrides for Agamemnon whereas Atreus had another Sonne Cythaâ—aea for Venus Nequam for Diabolus And thereto belongeth any other Nown used by the figure Antonomasia Orator for Cicero Poeta for Homerus Urbs for Roma quadrupes for Equus mortalis for Homo ventus for Auster ne crede colori for pulchritudini bello virtus dignoscitur for spectatur fortitudo uteris authoritate intemperantius for iracundius semper ebrius for saepe And contrariwise the species doth give name unto the genus as Anglus perit for Angli the singular for the plurall Cato Curii for sapiens frugales Boreas for ventus pontus for Mare nectar for Vinum Charta Papyri â—audex for membrana fides Punica for fallax aut afflicta omnium gemitu triumphas for gaudes vivit bacchanalia for Intemperanter parum abest for nihil aut non The finite for infinite or else the totall or integrall doth give name unto the parte or members as Catone sepulto for Catonis corpore bibit Araâ—im for aquam prosternit silvam for Arbores Graeci for Argivi tertium portu peâ—egit annum for Hyemem mendicant ostiatim for ad Ostia divitum vellet dimicare viritim for singulatim And contrariwise the part doth denominate the whole animaque litavit for homine arbiter est oculus for oculatus aes for nummus ferrum aut mucro for gladius piâ—us prora puppis for Navis imen Janua parâ—es tectum for Domus maenia for Vrbs te septima portat omnibus errantem ter ris et fluctibus aestas for annus quiescit for dormit momentaria caecitate percussus for subita pedetentim venit for tarde Thus whether the whole doth name the part or a part the whole either-way they advance each other the whole naming a majori doth ascribe its entire worth and honour to the part thence named the part naming ab insigniori doth nobilitate the whole by its eminency without which none should denominate Wherefore we call a Foole stultum caput not calcaneum because the heele is uncapable of discretion And a devout person pium pectus not cerebrum the seate of affection complying mostly with devotion Last this trope hath precedence before the rest as grounded on the neerest bond of union to witt the inward causes of matter and forme and is seconded by Metonymia grounded on the outward causes Of Metonymia By Metonymia the externall cause being the 1. efficient 2. instrument or 3. end is put for the effect 1. Aeâ—neadae for Aeneae posteritas Lucanus legitur for poema Aethiopes multum monstrant in corpore solem for nigredinem praeceps ira insolens victoria and most epithets jugulat for occidit segnius inslat for tardius 2. Lingua for sermo manus for scriptura arma for bellum 3. Justitia for patibulum aris imponit honorem for victimam And contrariwise the Effect is put for the Cause 1. Garminibus metus omnis abest for poetis Libycae clades for Scipiadae expalluit for timuiâ— sudavit for laboravit 2. Direxit vulnera for tela 3. serta legunt for flores Onomâ—topoeia doth belong to a Metonymie of the effect as bomhus apum for id soni The subject also doth give name unto the adiuncts taken largly whether inherent therein or adhering thereto which way are used 1. The seat for quality non tibi plus cordis sed minus oris inest for prudentiae verecundiae 2. The continent for the thing contained focus for ignis poculum ebibit for vinum specially places for inhabitants or things done therein Africa belligerat for Africani carcer
be purged caede with blood c. So keeping close to the signes of all affections as good helps at the first assay to know them and their structure Then without losse of time they themselves should give account of every word both in their severall affections and in their Syntax by Grammar Rules in the proper words thereof as followeth 7. Mox by the part of Speech an absolute Adverb by forme of time by Figure primitive by construction as a circumstance referring unto Discant Discant a Verb adjectivall neuter of compleat sense betokening to do primitive by proper affections of the third conjugation and subjunctive mood interpreting another principall Verb and present tense speaking of the time now but with may a Potentiall signe shareth with a continued future called the simple and the third person spoken of and plurall number speaking of many it agreeth in Person and Number with the Rect omnes Vos a Pronounce Demonstrative primitive of a finite quantity by proper affections irregular in Declension the plurall number and Accusative Case having per a Prepositionall Adverb primitive expressely serving thereunto besides that it referreth as the agent or tearme whence to moniti Moniti a Verb Passive of imperfect sense having reference to the Agents derived from the Active moneo the Participle Mood and Preter tense speaking of Time past the second Declension Rect plurall Masculine Gender by termination agreeing with viri an Ellipticall Substantive answering to the Question who Omnes A Pronoune Demonstrative Collective of indefinite quantity Primitive of the third Declension a Rect plurall of the Common of two by termination but Masculine by construction agreeing likewise with the same viri understood Vt a Conjunctive Adverb causall Primitive referring also unto discant Caede a Noune Substantive Primitive of the third Declension an Ablative singular feminine gender by the termination es not increasing construed with luetur as the cause and of the same signification therefore the Preposition is Ellipticall Luetur a verb adjectivall passive derived from the Active luo and that from lavo syncopated or it hath affinity therewith the third Conjugation Indicative mood future tense speaking of the time to come with signe shall the third person singular agreeing with the Rect temnere Divos a Noune Substantive derived of Deus the second Declension Accusative plurall and masculine gender by the termination us it followeth the verbe transitive temnere Temnere a verb Active transient to a sufferer for compleating the sense thereof primitive the infinitive mood present tense by Enallage standing for Rect Substantive Aptote singular that goeth before luetur and answereth to the question what Heu an Interjectionall adverb of sorrow primitive and a circumstance belonging to luetur 8. It may be noted that words which end in exposition must begin at examination in a retrograde course for usually the word following doth referre to former guide saving that it is a property of Interrogatives Relatives conjunctive and prepositionall adverbs to precede inexposition all subsequent guides Likewise it must be remembred that beginners should be used constantly to vary every Noune according to a proper example in their own Declension and every Verb according to their proper terminations with Analagy to the same Conjugation And for finding the Rect of Nouns and theme of verbs youths may take directions page 39. 105. or advise with Dictionaries 9. In this progresse to facillitate all the rest Learners should be made to repeat by parts all the Grammar at least once every week giving as aforesaid a just account of the method and meaning of all Rules therein and moreover should be made to get by hart the first Dictionary in the Janua reading over the next often and deliberatly so as they may be ready to give English for any Latine word therein and contrarywise Latine for every English which will furnish them with good abillity to expound all other Latine Authors and besides to discourse in Latine wheâ—eof more followeth 10. When such performances grow habituall the proficients need not decline all variable words or to account for common structures but in both to expedite the hardest and to notifie in every Syntax the true reason of it wherein they should be then well versed and lastly to distinguish what is regular and what is figurative either in Orthographie by a Metaplasmus or in the sense of words by Tropologie or in the parts of speech and their affections by Enallage or in the structure by other Anomalies specified in the true reason of a right Syntax Nor is it requisite that Learners be tyed to the signes of parts of speech and their affections when such and their Syntax are known without it provided that such without impaire of the Authourss meanin improve their owne Translations whether made lesse or larger as A rationibus delegaâ—us pro sua sibi pâ—ritia inter calculandum â—ibi adesto Let a well skilled Auditor help the at accounts Sus ad lyram The bruit that is undisciplinable will never attaine to make good Musick and for their honour Schollers should be elaborate to advance their mothers tongue for every language hath its idiomes and some elegancies proper to it selfe 12. The next taske in a due procedure should be to strive for a luxuriance in the tongue which the Schollers learne and that is only gained by due variations of the sentences a peculiar product aymed at in this Grammar First as of concernment to finde out the proper structure when it is ambiguous Next as of unavoidable necessity to prepare Phrases for Poeticall measures Likewise as of ornament unto Prose by accesse of copiousnesse Last as of speciall use in the practick of all structure when Masters to confirme their Schollers judgement and to perpetuat the same in lasting memory do appoint them to vary the choisest Phrases in their Lessons so teaching them to use what is good not as it is properly tearmed to make Latine a base Coyne of their own stamp no better then Barbarisme Solaecismes or at best a Neoterisme or Idiotisme of their own tongue 13. When youths are habituated in variations and for that purpose have stored their note books and memories with variety and choise of phrases they may be incouraged to constant exercise of the same in familiar discourses among themselves and no sooner should they be allowed customarily to speak in Latine then they are enabled to speak Latinly At which advance Youths need no more to manage a common calling for then they are fit for any office saving of a perfect Orator which is not to be aymed at by a vulgar wit but by an heroick Genius to be discerned by these ensuing arguments 14. Can Schollers intend their learning all the Schoole time that will suffice only for the precedent progresse Can they abate their recreations if need require some meales that cometh towards it but not home being for the most part desultory Do their studies aim at Honourable Eminencies Are
for captivi sunt pleni ruris for rusticitatis forum for lites id rostra docent for concionatores tibi militat aether for fulgura cum tonitribus 3. The chiefe Authors and Owners for things pertaining to them Junoni templum struxit Sidonia Dido for structurae author erat praecipua Acheloia cornua fregit Hector for Dux cum exercitu so Advocatus for cliens proximus ardet V calegon for domus 4. Things for time proper thereto tertia messis erat for annus 5. The thing signified for the signe Orphea constituit medio sylvasque sequaces for imagines caelatas pallida luna pluit for pluviam prae monstrat populi cor impingua for impinguatum renuncia Hereto belong sacramentall phrases but Sacraments are of a higher nature morally exhibiting like Seales and earnests a present right with assurance of a future full enioyment 6. The Antecedent for the Consequent tegit pedes for alvum exonerat fuit Ilion ingens gloria Dardannium for desiit esse tunc messis in herba for ver so messis in umbra for hyems muner a non sperno for accipio preces exaudiuntur for Conceduntur Some call these instances Litotes some call them Metalepsis and both such and other Examples denominating all the Company by the chiefe Actor have neer affinitie with Synecdoche of the part as contrary-wise Curii for frugales have affinity with a Metonymie of the subiect for the adiunct quality Likewise the adiunct doth give name unto the subiect 1. Vertues Vices and other properties are set for things endued therewith patientia vincit for patiens scelus for scelestus iussit potestas for magistratus artem terra quaevis alit for artificem A Cyathis for Promus 2. Vâ—na coronant for pocula comburuntâ—r lites for fora Mene putas vestris includere â—udis for â—iâ—cis frigus opacum quod umbraculis adiacet 3. Luget Parnassus for Musae hic passim insanitur for ab omnibus vicinis 4. Capiunt oculis pectore noctem for somnum fundit ab antris Aeolus armatas hyemes for procellas solstitio defende pecus for astu Autumno gravidae vites for vuis nulla infaelicior aetas for nullius aetatis homines 5. Vrina sana for sanitatem indicans sceptrum fasces pupura for princeps claves for Ecclesiasticall gladius for civill government pubes lanugo for iuvenlus toga for pax subscripsit for assensit 6. Multa desiderantur for desunt Lavinaque venit littora for ita postmodum vocata scenam calefecimus for implevimus speluncis abdidit atris for profundis which last Metonymies are as more remote so far more elegant but the former between causes and effects are more familiar because more naturall Of Metaphora By Metophora words change their sense according to the likenesse of the thing spoken of to the things which properly they do betoken and that ample ground doth make this trope more capacious then any other as Corvus for nocens Columba for innoxius legis habena for potestas Fulmen fortunae for impetus ferreus est precibus for inexorabilis lae ta seges for uber aurea Phaebe for ruhicunda vites gemmant for germinant laterem lavat for nugatur ramos compesce fluentes for excrescentes fluxae vires for minutae Hebraei ab Hebero fluâ—nâ— for oriuntur mens fluctuat for dubitat Lente venit for cunctanter id lente fert for patienter lente agit for remisse lente rem probat for diu which is derived from lentus properly signifying viscous or clammy This trope as it is more copious then any other so it is more useful to unmaske the nature of things to excite accordingly either love or hatred thereunto and to accomplish both with grace or without offence therefore it is familiar in Adages or Parables of the wise but it will require these cautions following 1. That it doth not admit more disproportion then proportion as Caeli fornices being neither large enough nor circular 2. That it be not too far fetcht Syrtis patrimonii 3. That it be not too obscene as stercus curiae 4. That it doth not imply a contradiction ferreus in studiis puerest 5. That it be not devious from it selfe exundat ardet amore 6. That it be not too familiar a condition requisite to all tropes because they must be rarities Lastly those Metaphors be most emphaticall which add life or reason to inanimate or senselesse things as Pontem indignatus Araxes and having a double analogy they be reciprocall as auriga navis or gubernator â—urrus but terminating in a simple relation they cannot be converted as vulpes may be set for callidus but not contrariwise callidus for vulpes except it be by another trope called Synecdoche generis Of Ironia By Ironia words are carryed from their owne to a cleane contrary sense which is understood by the expression and contradiction of such words to the things which literally they betoken Scilicet hac vitam servatam dote rependis for ingratitudine Me duce Dardanius spartam expugnavit adulter for minime gentium Id facinus in laude ponas egregia for ignominia Credo quam innumerabiles hostium copias in Italia fudisset for nullas so Qui Bavium non odit amet tua carmina as admodum inculta Sic idem iungat vulâ—es mulgeat hircos for ineptias agat which two last are called Astismus En agros metire iacens Satia te Sanguine Cyre both called Sarcasmus These examples Midas pauper for Cui sua desunt bona or Codrus dives for qui nil cupit are not Ironies but Metonymies of the consequent dare classibus austros for classes austris is Hypallage de tuis nildicam periuriis or ut praeteream tua latrocinia are Apophasis and Paralipsis Lucus qui non lucet Parcae quae non parcunt Euxinus for Axenus are Antiphrasis all which resemble this trope but are especially different from it Lastly it is used most in merriments and sometimes in grave but sharpe reproofes of faults no lesse odious then notorious Affections belonging to the former tropes Metalepsis is a graduall progresse of sundry tropes in the same word Stratoque super discumbitur ostro Hinc movet Euphrates illinc Germania bellum Post aliquot mea regna vidâ—ns mirabar aristas Allegoria is the continuation of the same trope in sundry words nostros habemus Curios Mamercos Marios rete accipitri non tenditur neque milvo ne charta nos prodat pertimesco sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus Contrahe sam vento tua turgida vela secundo Filiolas Cadmi profert Nilotis Arundo Quas serit e Cnidio distillans sepia nodo Which last is called Aenigma Catachresis is an usurpation of words enforced from the received to an improper sense faciesque simillima lauro Vltores sperate Deos tibi laeta minatur Vir gregis aut acres tendunt arcus minuto sunt anime Capitis nives Hyperbole doth amplifie
proh or 5. feare as atat or 6. Sorrow hei heu eheu hoi ah or 7. Threat vae malum or 3. Silence aust Of Adverbiall Constructions The imperfect sense accompanying Interjections may be made up to a perfect sentence in the first sorte of them by fide maius est In the second by plaudite in the third by quis abstineat cachinno in the fourth by sordet enim or facessat in the fifth by caveatur in the sixth by res est lugubris In the seaventh by imprecor In the last by obmutescite where may be noted that some Interiections as infandum immane malum are Substantives wherewith est should be supplyed hei and vae stand for Substantives Aptore with a Dative Acquisitive as hei or vae mihi for meus dolor est And others leave the sentence annexed to be finished with knowne supplements as hem tibi Davum supply affero ehodum ad me supply accedito eheu conditionem magistratus administrandi supply defleo proh Deum atque hominum fidem supply obtestor where Verbs of the same signification are easie to be found Adverbs of place time and quantity being made Nounes Aptote are construed the two first with Genitives of their own signification the last with any that may be their Substantives being pronominall Adjectives as nusquam loci tunc temporis for nullo loco eo tempore parum lucri multnm laboris for parvum lucrum multus labor Other Adverbs admit the cases of their Primitives as dixit optime omnium supply numero because we say optimus omnium quo familiarior eo reliquis fidentius accedit propius fertur nunc a terris nunc ad caelos castra propius urbem moventur proxime or pro ximius Pompeium sedebat Tibi similiter vivit utisiter nulli nedum naturae convenienter The kindes of Conjunctive Adverbs Coniunctive Adverbs are some meer Copulatives either 1. Joyning both words and their meaning as et que encliticall quoque ac atque nec neque cum or tum with tum non modo sed eriam Or 2. coupling words but severing their signification as ve encliticall vel aut seu five 2. Some meere Adversatives sed at ast autem tamen vero verum atquiquin alioquin caeteroquin nisi praeterquam 3. Some Adversatives but withall concessive etsi tametsi etiamsi quanquam quanvis licet esto 4. Some Discretibes saltem vel ad minus certe ut minimum 5. Some Causalls nam namque enim etenim ut quid quum quoniam quandoquidem ne non inquantum quatenus siquidem 6. Some conditionalls si sin modo nisi dum dummodo 7. Some Illatives Ergo ideo igitur quare itaque proinde idcirco quapropter quamobrem 8. Some Comparatives as all Adverbs of likenesse 9. Some Electives immo potius magis non adeo ut secus or aliter quam non aeque ac c. 10. Some Continuatives praeterea nec non itidem porro caeterum insuper ad haec 11. Some Ordinative primo deinde demum denique c. 12. Some Completive nam quidem equidem profecto certe aurem ANNOTATIONS The Conjunctive Adverbs have no share in regence of Cases Moods or Tenses whose construction wholly dependeth every where upon some other regents as in the following instance Noster patriae gue tolius extraneis tamen haud aeque patronus Romae ac Venetiis nauci aut pro nihilo habetur non secus acsi de fraude vel furti reus esset where may be noted that Moods and Tenses must be suitable to the matter spoken of without reference to such coniunctive cementaries And subsequent Moods must be regulated by the precedent in every period as hath been instanced in the variation of the Subiunctive Optative Potentiall and Infinitive else they need no guidance The kindes of Prepositionall Adverbs Prepositionall Adverbs commonly attend acircumstance of time or place or persons sette instead of places or else do accompany Nouns that signifie either a part or an entire cause whether of the person or of the thing or otherwse a qualification of the thing And it is proper for the prepositional Cumlike a Copulative to ioyne causes but for absque sine praeter to sever causes The same Prepositions will differ in signification as the cases differ whereon they attend And moreover they will differ in their sense by apposition to or composition with words of different senses as in the examples following Prepositions serving to the Genitive Ergo tenus Virtutis ergo for gratia Cumarum tenus for usque ad earum terminos Prepositions serving to the Acquisitive Obviam praesto propius It obviam hostium conatibus for contra conatus nec ullum est mantellum obviam fucis for pro fucis praesto sum tibi for juxta te sum propius accedit urbi for ad urbem Prepositions serving to the Dative Ablativall A ab abs absque sine cum ex e de prae pro coram palam procul A Scipione superatus est referring to the agent A rationibus a studiis a pugione a secretâ—s supply praefectus officio Ab Romuli gente supply ortus a Cumanis rediit for a Cumis a millibus passuum te praestolatur for millium iutervallo a verberibus impunitas for quantum ad verbera a frigore myrtos defende for contra frigus Catonis a morte for post mortem Abs te stetit Senatus for pro te pastor ab Amphriso for Amphrysius Absque metu for hoc amoto sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus or iis deficientihus cum fratrâ— Quirino Rhemus iura dabant for Rhemus et frater Summa cum humanitate nos excepit for humanissime cum boste pugnatur for contra hostem benefaciendo secum câ—rtant for inter se Ex auro integrum vas for omnino aureum usually referring to the matter ex illo tempore celeberrimus for post id tempus vox e caelo for a cielo audita ex usu or commodo or dignitate nostra for ad usum c. Illud est e republica for pro Republica ex Platonis sententia for seeundum cius sententiam De Senatu audivi for a Senatu de moribus oratio for circa mores or quae in iis versatur Prae amore misera for per amorem prae oculis for ante oculos Caeleri prae te uno viles for praeter te unum or tecum collati And the case of a Demonstrative may be Ellipticall as res omnes relictas habeo prae quod tu velis Pro amicitia feci for amicitiae causa pro maenibus stat for ante maenia pro concione venit for concionaturus pro viribus egit for impensissime pro Praetore for Praetoris vice pro Turribus adstant for Turrium tutela habetur pro vidua for tanquam vidua sanequam pro ec ac debui moleste tuli for non prout debui pro facultate for secundum vires Coram nobis for nostri presentia
doth not alter the sense of the simple words as in praecinctus praeut and it is intire before all letters that begin Latine words Praeter compounded is constant to the same signification and doth remaine intire before a. d. e. f. g. i. l. m. n. p. q. r. v which only it will precede and no other praeterbitans hath b. for Euphony Pro in composition is used for ante providus or procul prophanus prohibitio propuduum or super prominens or ultra progressus or palam promulgo or valde procurvus or longe protentus And it is alwayes intire and goeth before all letters except b. e. o. q. Sub in composition doth signifie parum subiratus or infra subiectus or repente subitus or vicissim suffectus or clam surreptus or super sublimis or post subsequor And it goeth before all letters except q. and is commonly intire only before c. f. g. m. p. r. the same are doubled in steed of b. cut off as in succedens suffugium suggestio summissus suppositio surreptus but suscipiens suspirans sustollens may be compounded with sus for sursum Subter in composition is used for clam subterducens for infra subterfluens subtorlabens and is never impaired or compounded with any other letters Super compounded hath the signification of aâ—plius superadditus of diutius superstes of sursum superveniens And it is never impaired being compounded with all letters except b. and q. Supra in composition referreth only to a place and goeth only before d. p. s being ever intire Trans compounded doth likewise refer to place only and is alwayes entire going before a. c. e. f. g. i. l. m. p. q. t. v. But it casteth away s. before another s as in transumptus Likewise both s. and n. before d. i. u. as in trado traijcio trano Prepositions inseparable so called because they are never used a parte in apposition are six Am or oftner aâ— for amphi Con for cum di for dis Re for retro se for seorsim or sine ve for vi or vae alwayes only used to composition except in few Archaismes as am terminum for ad Am compounded referreth only to place or somewhat equivalent thereunto and goeth before p. as amputans But an goeth before c. h. f. q. ancisus anbelo anfractus anquiro and ambâ— before a. e. i. u. ambages ambesus ambigens ambustus or ambâ— afore d. as amb idexter ambidentes Con compounded doth stand for simul commensalis for contra contendo for valde concâ—tio concrepitus And it is intire before c. d. f. g. i. n. q. s t. v. before b. p. and l. m. r. the letter n. is changed as in these instances combibo compareo colligo commuto corrigo And before h. or any vowel n. is cut off without recompence Comedo alone hath m. instead of n. for Euphony Di or dis compounded stand for non difficiliâ— for seorsim discissus for contra dissensio for valde dispereo for ordinate dispositio Moreover Di is used in composition before words that begin with d. g. l. m. n. r. But dis before b. c. i. p. q. s t. and before f. the same is doubled in recompense of s cut-off as in diffidâ— Re in composition is used for retroe recessus for â—ursum recognosco for reciproce redamo for adversum reluctor for valde redundo for procul remotus for non reclusus And sometimes it addeth nothing to the signification of the simple recaleo And it is put befor b c. d. f. i. l m. n p. q. s t. v. but before h. and a. e. i. o. u. it will take d. for Euphony redhibeo redactus redemptus rediens redolens reduncus and reunctor reunio reedifico without d. In reddo for rem do d. is doubled for a recompence of m. cut off so Re is never impaired Se compounded doth note a separation seiunctus privation securus socors deviation seductus And it cometh in composition before c. d. g. i. l. m. p. v. being alwayes intire Ve in composition doth signifie intension vehemens diminution vegrandis vecors privation vesanus veiovis And it goeth before c. d. g. h. i. p. s being every where entire vetus for vae atas is contracted Annotations Some Prepositions will not be compounded at all as absgue adversum apud circiter citra coram erga intra iuxta penes pone secundum sine ultra being allwayes separable Others have Compounds but very few as quociâ—ca circum circa cisalpinus cispadanus perclam mecum quibuscum extraordinarius extrinsecus infranares propalam propemodum propterea praeter propter supradictus hactenus quadantenus quâ—tenus quoquo versum retrorsum usque quoque Many are found seperable from their cases becoming absolute Adverbs some commonly as ante citra circum circiter clam coram contra infra intra iuxta palam pone post procul prope secus subter super supra ultra some very seldome as prae propter and tenus thus having much affinity with Pronouns Adverbialls will admit of diverse formes in diverse structures Of the figure of Adverbs Adverbs by the figure are some Primitives being many Monosyllables as nunc mox iam cras sed vel praclam ad per c. And others Derivatives which may be Pronominall Monosyllables for they descend from any part of speech and from Nouns or Pronouns in any case hic quod recens penitus facile potius plurimum acerba horrida in the Nominative or Accusative humi domi nauci in the Genitive tempori luci vesperi in the Acquisitive hac forte repente subito recta noctu hodie in the Ablativall All which have the same both termination and signification with their Primitives Others differing in Termination from their Primitives being of the first or of the second Declension will end in atim itus iter itim im or e. as summatim medullitus ostiatim humamtus humaniter viritim enixim caesim raptim male Being of the third they end in atim enter tim ter no as generatim vehementer partim segniter omnino Derivatives by comparison follow the rules of other Adjectives being the same with Adjectives neutrall as minus minimum or Superlatives may endin e. or â— novissime postremo both Comparatives and Superlatives may be derived from Prepositions prae prius primo so extra exterius extreme infra inferius infime c. Of Compound Adverbs Adverbs are compounded some like Pronouns with syllabical additions as tandem ubinam uspiam paulisper hiâ—ce hiccine Some with precedent Substantives dextrorsum pedetentim Some with subsequent Substantives tantopore illico perendie saepenumero Some with subsequent Adiectives denuo praeterea Some with subsequent Verbs Vbivis quolibet Some with two Verbs scilicet videlicet Some with two Adverbs tantammodo velut protinus dein Some with three originalls deinde aliquantisper quamobrem nudiustertius THE TRUE REASON OF A RIGHT SYNTAX THe Syntax is a congruous and orderly disposall
of all the parts of Speech requiring with congruity of words a meet placeing of the same in Prose or Poems And it is two fold Analogicall in the simple and common custom of Construction or Anomalous when swarving thence it hath for Authority the constant practise of approved classick writers And this last doth figurat either the Construction of simple sentences or the elocution of the whole speech Of Analogicall Construction The Analogicall Construction is two fold by Concordance or by Consequence Of Concordance By Concordance a Substantive or any part of Speech put Substantively having a regent power will require any Noune or Verb depending thereon to agree therewith in its proper affections Tum capitale nefas operosa diluit arte vir nequam Of Consequence It was a common error generally received that every oblique did belong to a certaine regence of some particular part of Speech which mistake hath multiplyed Rules and thereby stunned al young Students without cause for the structure of oblique Substantives which are no Appositions do not depend upon the regence of any part of Speech but upon a consequence or in pursuance of a certrine sense and meaning of the precedent leading word what part of Speech soever it be as in that respect indifferent to the structure of any oblique Wherefore either Verb or Noune or Adverb standing for a guide as it shareth in the same signification so it will be joyned to the same oblique in construction as Hostibus occurrite or obvii or obviam ite Sometimes severall oblique Substantives referring to the same leader for limitations of severall circumstances make with it one predicat answering to a rect Substantive precedent as to the Subject Sponte domi trepidante manu sibi detrahit ostrum Of Anomalous Construction The Anomalous construction is made by six figures altering the ordinary Syntax of words to wit by Enallage Hypallage Ellipsis Pleonasmus Zeugma and Syllepsis whereof the two last belong only unto Concordance the fourth only to a Consequence and the three first may concerne either of both Enallage is a figure that changeth parts of Speech and their affections each with another whereof before in the Etymologie Hypallage doth transferre Substantives or Adjectives being the same or different Cases and sometimes different Genders having some mutuall dependance amongst themselves each to the others place as Pectus quoque robor a fiunt where Robora the last of both rects doth stand for regent and pectus put in Apposition thereto is taken collectively for all parts of the breast So Amantium irae amoris est redintegratio where id may be Elliptically understood with irae a Genitive Singular else as a rect of a Noune plurall only it may be apposed to the regent Singular Likewise praeclarae virtutis homo for preclaâ—us virtute Auri sacra fames for sacri Solstitium pecori defende for Solstitio defende pecus date-classibus austros for classes austris In nova fert animus mulatâ—s dicere formas for corpora in novas formas mutata â—llipsis doth figurate the construction when some word that is very obvious but wanting must be supplyed having common instances in most Rules Eleonasmus is a redundance of words where some may be spared were it not of purpose to make the sentence more remarkable as abstinet a Vino pridie eius diei or calendarum ubi gentium quo terrarum abiit nusquam loci invenitur tua solius culpa est hisce oculis egomet vidi meis auribus audivi sic ore locutus vitam voxit improbam morte obiiâ— repentina rebus gaudens secundis laetatu berbae sub sibi succo victitant Zeugma doth figurate the concordance when a Verb or Adiective agreeing with the nearest regent Substantive is to be supplyed in a congruous number person case and gender with all other regents having respect thereto whether set before or after without any Copulatives or with them as Ego de patre Tu de liberis omnes de Bello percontati sunt Socus Classe relicta After Adverbs of exception or comparison the Verb or Aâ—iective will best agree with the remotest regent Cui nemo nisi mulieroulae indignatus esset Ego sicut faenum lotus laresco If a Verb or Adiective be placed with a regent Noune of multitude having parts that follow wherewith it may be supplyed or if the same be placed with any part being understood with the rest then it is called Prolepsis as Populus vivit alâ—i in penuria in deliciis alii Impliciti laqueis nudus uterque iacet where the Distributive uterque must be resolved to the parts Mars nudus Venus nuda being an implicite Prolepsis Syllepsis doth affect the concordance when many regents copulated whereof some or all be singular do govern a Verb or Adiective plurall agreeing with the worthier regent in Person or Gender the first of both being worthiest and the second next in dignity as Tu Uxor estis valetudinarii Ego filia tum servitiis omnibus moribundae sebricitamus So the Preposition cum with the Ablativall case doth often take the place of a rect and copulative Juradabant Rhemus cum fratre Quirino for et Frater But in prose the Verbs or Adiectives would best agree with rects being seldome altered by the oblique except it be with Poets and that harshly if the oblique be a Pronoune as Divellimur inde Iphitus Pelias mecum In things without life the neuter commonly passeth for the worthiest Gender Divitiae Decus honor omnia in oculis sita sunt And sometimes in living things Judaei suem leporem aut cygnum gustare nolunt quae tamen alunt lueri gratia sometimes when the Copulated regents concurre in the same Gender the Adjective doth agree with them Grammatica olim Musica iunctae sunt Sometimes the copulated being adiuncts of men whatsover their own Gender be will admit of adjectives Masculine Inventus praecipueque mancipiae morigeri sunto which is a Metonymie Many Adiectives Singular copulated may agree with a Substantive plurall Magna minorque ferae Colores albus ater viridis in Iride spectantur which are an implicite Prolepsis Lastly if divers regents are included in a Collective or Distributive which may be resolved to hic ille alter alter being equivalent with a Copulate and the Verb or Adiective doth agree with them only in signification not in their proper affections of Number and Gender then it is called of late Writers Synthesis Tota Gens in seipsos armati uterque deluduntur Terrae Titania proles fulmine deiecti for Titanes hoc pecus omne meum multae quoque montibus errant where Oves or Caprae a specificall kind must be supplyed from the generall word pecus Servitia repudiavit qui catervatim concurrebant by a Metonomy of the adiunct Latium Capua multati sunt agro for Latini Capuenses by a Metonomia of the Continent Vos o Calliope placidas praebete Canenti for Musae
with Adverbs or Pronouns partitive they will admit a Verb singular as plurimum or satis leporum facetiarum omni sermone fusum est Of two Rects singular copulated or one Collective singular comeing before a Verb or Adiective plurall in Syllepsis and Synthesis And of Verbs or Adiectives agreeing with the neerest Rects or Substantives whether of divers or of the same kindes as parts of the whole in Zeugma and Prolepsis The Rect being the first or second person singula or plurall is never expressed but to notifie some distinct property either in a common Act or passion resolvible to Pronouns of diversity or to Coniunctions exceptive both with Negatives Quod ego in laude pono tu vertis vitio for alter nullus nos seria quaerimus vos ludo indulgetis for praetere a nulli or nemo nisi vos or praeter vosipsos Or in a singular Act or passion resolvible to a Pronoune demonstrative or individuall or to a Superlative Adverb absolute or Prepositionall Nos colimur Domini Servi sordescitis ipsi for nos soli or vnici so â—os pâ—aecipue or prae aliâ—s Otherwise the first and second person in both numbers are alwayes understood Quid facis ignoro nitimur in vetitum discite iustitiam moniti Likewise a Rect of the third person being a Relative except qui is understood after Adverbs coniunctive or disiunctive or a Negative in place thereof Niâ—edula lucet ac splendescit friget vero non calet Sometimes the coniunctive Adverb is not expressed but may be supplyed by a resolution of the sentence Voce faucibus elapsa reverti nâ—quit or si vox faucibus elaberetur nequit Reverti Quas tibi do literas raro displicent is a figurative structure by Antiptosis The Relative Qui must necessarily be supplyed with any Vocative after obliques of the second person or any possessives derived thence to make the Syntax intire and perfect Vestra Judices sententia stabit for qui estis Judices and by variation vestra Judicum sententia stabit or vestra Judiciaria sententia Te pater obsecro for qui es pater or by variation te patrem oro resolvible in the same manner to qui es pater but not by necessity as in the former that being Ellipticall this a perfect structure Rects that betoken men are commonly understood specially with est fertur ferunt dicunt aiunt praedicaut clamitant tradunt prohibent and such others The Rects are likewise understood with Verbs of exempt power instanced in their Etymologie Saxa pluunt signifying the Stones drop or sweat is a Regular sentence but saxa pluit the Cloud doth shower Haile is Ellipticall where Nubes should be supplyed The Verb Substantive is commonly understood as quot homines tot sententiae rari quippe boni miâ—um immane quantus quantus c. Sometime a Verb Adiective is understood Ego continuo mecum supply cogitabam recte tu quidem vere supply loqueris which is familiar in Dialogues Such Verbs are likewise understood in Proverbs Sus Minervam supply docet Cantharus pillulam supply sapit By the Figure Apostopesis Verbs are omitted having sometimes a known sense of indignation Quos ego supply puniam or of derision Tune illam cantando supply antecellis Sometimes a concealed sense either of obscenesse Tu autem sed Hircum oles or of some other odiousnesse Novimus qui te supply viderunt And of other imperfect sentences accompanying Interiectionall Adverbs it hath been spoken already in their Etymology Lastly Genitives of some proper passion or affection ioyned with Accusatives of the person being construed with the Verbs Impersonall paeâ—itet taedet miseret pudet piget seem to take the place of Nominatives by Aâ—tiplosis as avaros impendii taedet for impendium else some Pronoune Demonstrative is to be supplyed with such as id or tantum impendit taedet And the same will fitly answer to the Question what a Charactaristicall note of Rects to Verbs and Substantive to Adjectives And moreover such Genitives may be changed to Infinitives the usuall Recâ—s of all Impersonalls as tanti laboris nos nil paenituit or Nos nil paenituit tantum tolerasse laboâ—em In like manner is used Platonis mihi in mentem venit supply dictum Civitatis refert supply bonum Of Construction by consequence in Generall The Genitive is construed alwayes with a former Substantive and if it be not expressed it must be supplyed by Elipsis The Acquisitive may be construed with any part of speech having a sense suitable thereunto But the guid or leading word is Ellipticall being a Substantive with two Datives after a Verb Substantive or an Adiective with a Gerundivall Dative whereof in their proper places Ablativals with many Accusatives are usually construed with Prepositions which if they be not expressed are alwaies to bee supplyed with any Ablativals and with all Accusatives being no sufferers All the Obliques being Ellipticall are likewiâ—â— called Synecdochicall Cases because they â—â—â—ctually note that part wherein some proper 〈◊〉 or affection doth reside whereof particular 〈◊〉 is given in the particular Syntax of every Caâ—â— Prepositions in the Compounds do often refer to their proper Cases Oppido abuns transiit Rhenum which are sometimes repeated with their Cases Ad consilium accersunlur Jurisperiti cum legibus collaturi And sometimes they are transferred from Compounds to their Cases by the figure Tmesis sub amplexus ibit amica tuos for subibit Moreover ex and prae in Compounds have the force of extra and praeter egreditur urbem excedit modum praevertitur Hebrum Derivatives are construed with the same Obliques as their Primitives when they continue the same sense not swerving thence Epulum saluti satis commodule apparatur or sat commoda or quae sat commodet optimus or Optime ommum dixit reliquis melior aut melius audit propior aut propius aut proxime nobis aut a nobis aut nos aut ad nos sedet whereof before in Adverbes so Justitia est legibus obtemperatio nil tibi hanc rem curatio est domum reditionis spe sublata Catonis de hoc vitio sententia decretum aut opinio stabit Tuum hominis probi pectus perspexi Some Nounes in the same signification have sundry constructions as pater mihi or mei or meus doctissimus ominum or ante or inter omnes or ex omnibus poeta dignus avis or avorum vacuus irae or it a or ab ira sumus pares aut aequales nobis or inter nos stercus agro vel ad agrum utile Murus triginta pedibus pedes or pedum longus Some Nounes admit of various structures but in various senses Aer est omnium commune where the Guide is put Substantively or omnibus communis where it is put Adjectively with relation or communis inter omnes or nobis cum omnibus aliis by vertue of Con most familiary used in composition to this last structure
mea bona uteris patria commoda potitur officium functus estfaâ— ut amorem fruar allium olet paternam vocem sonat All which ioyned with some Epithets are more familiarly read in the Ablative whereof before in that construction But Hircum olet hominem sonat are Metonymies of the subject for the adiunct and therefore cannot be made Abiatives till they are reduced to a cognat sense as Hiâ—ci faetoâ—â— olet humana voce sonat And such are pertâ— suâ— Ignaviam for Ignâ—viâ— sordibus so auri scrupulus argenti denos valet for Denorum prâ—cio Some Verbs Active with an Accusative of the person admit another of the thing in a cognate signification to their owne and such are Induo doceo moneo hortor suadeo consulo celo taceo percontor postulo rogo flagito posco peto oro obsecro as indâ—o or exuo te vestes doceo te literas id ipsum nos monuisti quod cogitabamus fames nos talia suafit multa vos hortabar amicos hanc rem consulam id parentes celo vos sensum taceo hoc illos percontor pacem te poscimus te veniam oramus vitae rationem vos postulo sententiam vos rogo alimenta vos posco whereof induo will change the Accusative of the person to an Acquisitive or of the thing to an Ablative docoo moneo consulo percontor celo change the Accusative of the thing to an Ablative with de postulo and the rest change the Accusative of the person to an Ablative with ab And all of them retaine the Accusative of the thing being made passive which doth make it probable such cases are Ellipticall having ad circum iuxta secundum or such like understood with them because they do not determine a transient action requisite to regular Accusatives as aforesaid Moreover the Accusatives of the thing being mostly Pronominalls when they have not the same signification with the leading Verb must not be used otherwise then as they are warranted by good Authors in their practise or use thereof These examples Reges vos turba creavit Te virum prâ—esta Tyrannidem latrocinium vocamus arâ— Accusatives of continued not of divers significations Accusatives construed with Verbs or Adjectives of profit likenesse neernesse inclination or the contrary are construed regularly with ad the Preposition and may be changed to the Infinitive or to the Acquisitive instanced in that construction Accusatives of Nouns Appellative or proper names of Countries and commonly of Islands notifying the place whereto a motion tendeth are regularly construed with ad the Preposition Profectus ad Galliam mox ad ur bem exinde ad forum se contulit Denique ad Samum concessit But proper names of Townes and Cities in that signification are constantly Ellipticall Athenas Megara migravit And sometimes proper names of Ilands Cyprum profectus est And seldome of Countries as Italiam petijt so proxime Hispaniam and such like have ad understood with them Elliptically The Accusatives of Rus and Domus in both numbers are Ellipticall in the same sense Nuperrime domos ruâ—a sua redierunt And such are names of Nations used for the Countrey and of speciall actions used for the place wherein they are done both being Metonymies the first of Inhabitants contained for the continent in the last of adjunct acts for the place where they are acted Mauros veniunt for Mauritaniam it inficias exequias suppetias or Cubitum venatum and such like Supines But Accusatives may be regular if the motion reach not to the Town but neare it or the proper names of Townes have Epithets with them Ad Capuam venit for ante juxta or prope Hoc iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas Nounes that answer the question how far determining the space or intervall of place indefinitly like those that referre to particular places by the question whether are Ellipticall Accusatives after Verbs of motion vix pedem aut unguem latum hinc discessit And sometimes they are regular per stadium Olympiae ingreditur Milo surgit tres arbor in ulnas And sometimes they are Ablatives after Verbs that have no expresse mention of moving abest hinc quingentis millibus passuum And such are measures of length breadth or thicknesse umbratres ulnas longa which may be made Ablativalls or Genitives Ellipticall instanced in those constructions Nouns that betoken a continuall time are commonly regular Accusatives per id tempus intra sex annos And sometimes are Ellipticall puer id aetatis majorem vitae partem infaelix And sometimes they are made Ablatives docuit nos quatuor annis And very seldome Genitives instanced in that structure Nounes that betoken the part affected with a property or passion construed with Adjectives or Verbs either Neuter or Passive will be Ellipticall Accusatives being Graecismes Os vocemque Deo similis sed caetera dispar dolet caput redimitus tempora lauro But latinewise such Nounes will properly be made Ellipticall Ablatives instanced in that structure Of the due placing of Words in sentences An orderly disposition of words in sentences doth require a foure fold circumspection 1. That some sentences or parts of speech accustomed to certain places be not removed thence without good warrant 2. That warrantable elegancies may be preferred before vulgar postures 3. That an Euphony be preserved in both 4. That the perspicuity of sense be not impaired by any 1. Of sentences and words designed to certaine places 1 In prose the continued sentences or Ablatives called the absolute do commonly begin the periods 2. Pronouns Relative or conjunctive Adverbs do usually begin such sentences as are continued 3. Adverbs of exciting forbidding shewing or wishing and any Interrogatives pronominall or adverbiall being no Encliticalls should ordinarily begin the principall sentences 4. Moreover in every sentence customarily Adjectives are placed before their Substantives the Antecedents before reciprocalls all kinds of Adverbs before the words whereto they should referre excepting some notified in their proper places And finite Verbs are placed last But in verse all the former Rules will admit variations being then authorised when they are used with approved Poets whose practise is the best guide therein 2. Of Elegance in some postures swarving from the Vulgar Verbs finite whether those called Impersonall or the Neuters referring to sundry causes will best beseem the first place dedecet viros muliebriter rixari vigilat Dominus servi deflorescit formae dignitas aut morbo aut vetustate Some Adverbs are placed elegantly after the words which they do limit mitigati admodum sunt eorum animi postquam diu nimium disputassent impense cnpiunt sed consulunt parum non succedit quod faciunt sedulo futura prospicit longissime so commonly the finall Polisyllables will smooth the sounds of sentences and make the Adjectives at last gratefull nihil isthoc visum est molestius quod ipse facit non putat injustum and specially when such
have before them some Parenthesis parentum dilectio est me judice maxima such are dissyllabicall Adjectives specially Pronouns after Substantives of many syllables inter oratores bonos raro convenit facultas nulla tibi dabitur and the Genitive is handsomely seated between the Adjective and its Substantive or a Preposition and the case whereto it serveth sagacissimus naturae inâ—agator Aristoteles omnes omnium charitates patria complectitur ad illius temporis incommoda hoc accessit Proper naâ—es being Polysyllables placed first grace the sentence else are disgraced except an Epithet of praise or dispraise doth lead them Neoptolemus cognominatur Achillis fillus or Nobillissima Achillis proles Neoptolemus cognominatur qui tyrocinium in Bello adolescentulus posuit where the principall not the continued sentence doth lead the rest And if continued sentences be but short the subject of the principall whereto they refer should lead them Spiritus qui densatur hyâ—mali frigore in nebulam quasi concretus câ—rnitur Last Prose placed versewise or verse placed prosewise will lose their elegance 3. Of Euphony requisite in placing words The good sound of words joyned in composition are the best patterns of Euphony in words joyned by Apposition with this caution that letters sounding well being doubled between words compounded have ill sounds between words appâ—sed wherefore the former may not usually â—nd in the same letter or in another of a cognate sound with that which doth begin the next word after Nor in any wise may the same syllable end the former and begin the next word after for that hath neere Alliance unto stammering 2. The same word repeated without a figure cannot sound well and therefore it should be supplyed by a Relative or a Synonymy 3. Homoteleutons being figures should be used accordingly as rarities 4. Sandy or loose words that will not concatenat like untunable feet ending every where with the words in verses will make sentences have flat and jarring sounds In fine the advise of judicious eare in this Office wil be of singular steed 4. Of cleering the sense of words in every posture As the former Rules conduce thereto so likewise it will much availe for perspicuity of sense in words 1 To preserve in sentences a naturall order by placing the whole before the parts and causes before effects and the worthiest before lesse worthy Omnis familia parentes liberi servitia indefessis laboribus victumquae ritanâ— 2. To shun the multiplying of Relatives answâ—ring either to single or to sundry Antecedents and in stead thereof either to repeat such Antecedents or to use Distributives specially when the Antecedents are of the same Gender and number as Socordes ab ignavis discrepâ—nt deficiunt enim socordes prospiciendo ignavi fortiter agendo hâ— fortitudine illi consilio carent 3. To use Laconisme will conduce thereto for prolixe sentenees will tire the Auditors understanding and with all beget obscurity 4. Lastly to distinguish words by accents according to the Rules thereof specified in their proper place and to give all sentences proper points regulated before in the Rules of Art for writing The FIGVRES of ELOCUTION FIgures swarving from the common course but having Authority from the most learned in the Latine tongue do belong 1. Some to Elementary parts of words being Letters and Syllables 2. Some to intire words consisting either in their sense being Tropologicall or in their Etymology changing the parts of speech and their affections 3. Some to sentences having Anomalous Syntax all which are handled in their proper places 4. Some to the whole speech beeing dressed up with artifice of Oratory called Elocution Wherefore as Trops advance and quicken the sense of words so the figures of Elocution heighten sentences for a subtile and secret operation upon mens Judgements and affections either 1. To perswade them to assent or 2. To introduce a prejudice of their dissent or 3. To amuse them and so to suspend their resolutions The Schems or figures of Elocution being very numerous may be reduced to five kinds proper to so many offices complying with the principal seats of Oratory to wit 1. Some being used exegetically to cleere the sense meet for the Narrative part 2. Some used Apodictically fitting the seat of Arguments in Confirmations 3. Some used Catasceâ—astically mustring a number of Conjectures where the weight of a sollid reason faileth peculiar to Amplifications 4. Some used Analeptically repeating words or sounds with Glosses to make things spoken of more heeded as more concerned suitable with any place where the matter is weighty and the hearers dull 5. Some Pathetically agreeing with any place requiring indignatoin or compassion wrought by a previous passion in the oratour And in each kinde the most usefull are selected and the rest declined Of Figures serving to Narrations In the narrative part the office of a figure is either 1. To distribute the matter handled to its severall branches so making way to remove what is unconcerned And there to will conduce Merismus c. or 2. To determine the question positively whereto serve Brachyepia c. Of distinguishing Merismus doth orderly dispose the whole controversie to sundry parts of purpose to insist upon the point concerned Delatori lubentissime ignoscatur aut ob mandatum coacto aut ob â—gestatem querulo aut ob pietatem spontaneo sâ—d malicioso qui data opera male agit nemo bonus indulgeat Palindromia hath some affinity therewith making diverse words of severall Relations answer orderly each unto the other Pastor arator eques pavi colui superavi Câ—â—ras rus hostes fronde ligone manu 2. Pâ—radiastole doth distinguish things that seemingly are like by cleere unlikelinesse Virtutem fortuna premit non obruit illam Iniquum est pro astuto sapientem pro audaci fortem pro illiberali frâ—galem haberi iniquissimum vero subdolos nuncupari prudentes confidentes magnanimos sordidissimos quosque bonae frugi viros virtutes enim vitijs admixtae a potiori jure denominantur vitia vero ab virtutibus alienissima earum titulis non sunt dignanda 3. Amphidiorthosis used also to distinguish doth preface to a future offence and therewith salve it horrida narro Inculpanda tamen quia pro re sermo paratur Homunciones autboritate exutos hominem vincere est facinus Civem incarcerare scelus necare nefas in crucem toilere ecquid est insolentius Prob malum quid dicâ—m Principem â—olli jugulari subsannari Parricidio plus est Theomachia est 4. Aphorismus or Metanoia doth likewise recall a word and rectifie it Heu Cives si forte licet vos dicere Cives Haec est ultio sceleris nisi forsan aequo durius loquor nam sceleris est prohibitio non ultio 5. Anaclasis Antimetabole Chiasmus Diallelon Enagonion used to the same office determine things with a difference from the vulgar sense Qui sapiunt regnant pax est opulentia regni Cum senibus puer est cum puerisque